Editing Shuriken

{{Short description|Throwable Japanese concealed weapon}}
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Japanese words and phrases]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Shaken.JPG|thumb|upright|Five types of shuriken]]
[[File:Edo period shuriken.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Edo period]] ''shuriken'' in [[Odawara Castle]] Museum, Japan. Note the ''senbon'' darts.]]

A {{Nihongo|'''''shuriken'''''|[[wikt:手裏剣|手裏剣]]||lead=yes|extra={{lit|hand-hidden blade}}}} is a Japanese [[concealed weapon]] used by [[samurai]] or [[ninja]] or in [[martial arts]] as a hidden [[dagger]] or ''[[metsubushi]]'' to distract or misdirect.<ref>{{Cite book|last= Fletcher |first= Daniel|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dUTRAgAAQBAJ&q=shuriken|title= Japanese Throwing Weapons: Mastering Shuriken Throwing Techniques (Downloadable Media Included)|date= 2012-08-21|publisher= Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0985-8|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last= Mol|first= Serge|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzIXkFec0e8C&q=history+of+shuriken&pg=PA156|title= Classical Weaponry of Japan: Special Weapons and Tactics of the Martial Arts|date= 2003|publisher= Kodansha International|isbn= 978-4-7700-2941-6|language=en}}</ref>

Shuriken are also known as '''throwing stars''', or '''ninja stars''', although they were originally constructed in many different shapes. The major varieties of shuriken are the {{nihongo3|stick shuriken|棒手裏剣|bō shuriken}} and the {{nihongo3|flat shuriken|平手裏剣|hira shuriken}} or {{nihongo3|wheel shuriken|車剣|shaken|also read as {{nihongo|||kurumaken}}}}.

Shuriken functioned as supplementary weapons to the [[Japanese sword|sword]] or to other weapons in a samurai's arsenal, although they often had an important tactical effect in battle.<ref name =bmbb>{{cite journal | last = Malmstrom | first = Bud| title = How To Make a Throwing Star| journal = Black Belt| volume = 22| issue = 10| pages = 61–64| publisher = Active Interest Media| year = 1984 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last= Gruzanski|first= Charles|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8YPQAgAAQBAJ&q=shuriken|title= Ninja Weapons: Chain and Shuriken|date= 2012-01-17 |publisher= Tuttle Publishing|isbn= 978-1-4629-0322-1|language= en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last= Toda |first= Katsumi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdtTAAAACAAJ|title=The Ninja Star: Art of Shuriken Jutsu |date= 1984|publisher=Dragon Books|isbn=978-0-946062-10-2|language=en}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason= Citation is non-scholarly and potentially unreliable source (commercial non-news magazine).|date=November 2020}} The art of wielding the shuriken is known as [[shurikenjutsu]]<ref name=":3" /> and was taught as a minor part of the martial-arts curriculum of many famous schools, such as [[Yagyū Shinkage-ryū]], [[Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū]], [[Ittō-ryū]], [[Kukishin-ryū]], and [[Togakure-ryū]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">
{{Cite book |last1= Musashi|first1= Miyamoto|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ivO9zQEACAAJ|title= Miyamoto Musashi & Shuriken |last2= Seiko|first2= Fujita|date= September 2020|publisher= Eric Michael Shahan|isbn= 978-1-950959-29-7|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last= Seiko|first= Fujita|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4v2azQEACAAJ|title= Shuriken|date= July 2020|publisher= Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US|isbn= 978-1-950959-22-8|language=en}}</ref>

==Bo-shuriken==
A ''bo-shuriken'' is a throwing weapon consisting of a straight iron or steel spike, usually four-sided but sometimes round or octagonal in section. Some examples have points on both ends. The length ranges from {{convert|12|to|21|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} and the average weight from {{convert|35|to|150|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref name=mol>{{cite book | last = Mol | first =Serge|title = Classical weaponry of Japan: special weapons and tactics of the martial arts | publisher = Kodansha International | year =2003 | location =Tokyo | pages =159–160| isbn =978-4-7700-2941-6   }}</ref> They should not be confused with the [[kunai]], which is a thrusting and stabbing implement that is sometimes thrown.

''Bo-shuriken'' were constructed from a wide variety of everyday items, and as such came in many shapes and sizes. Some derived their names from the materials of which they were made, such as ''kugi-gata'' (nail form), ''hari-gata'' (needle form) and ''[[tantō]]-gata'' (knife form); some were named after an object of similar appearance, such as ''hoko-gata'' (spear form), ''matsuba-gata'' (pine-needle form); while others have names that are purely descriptive, such as ''kankyuto'' (piercing tool form), ''kunai-gata'' (utility tool form), or ''teppan'' (plate metal) and ''biao'' (pin).<ref name="mol" />

The ''bo-shuriken'' is thrown in a number of ways, such as overhead, underarm, sideways and rearwards, but in each case the throw involves the blade sliding out of the hand through the fingers in a smooth, controlled flight. The major throwing methods are the ''jiki da-ho'' (direct-hit method), and the ''han-ten da-ho'' (turning-hit method). These two are technically different, in that the former does not allow the blade to spin before it hits the target, while the latter requires that the blade spin''.''
[[File:4 bo shuriken.JPG|thumb|upright|Four antique forged Japanese ''bo shuriken'' (iron throwing darts with linen flights)]]

Other items such as hairpins, ''kogata'' (utility knife), and chopsticks were thrown in the same way as ''bo-shuriken'', although they were not associated with any particular school of shurikenjutsu.

The origins of the ''bo-shuriken'' in Japan are still unclear, despite continuing research. This is partly because shurikenjutsu was a secret art and also due to the fact that throughout early Japanese history there were many independent exponents of the skill of throwing long, thin objects. The earliest-known reference to a school teaching shurikenjutsu is Ganritsu Ryu, active during the 17th century. This school utilized a long, thin implement with a bulbous head, thought to be derived from the arrow. Surviving examples of blades used by this school appear to combine an arrow's shape with that of a needle traditionally used in Japanese leatherwork and armor manufacture.<ref name=mol/>

There are earlier mentions in written records,{{clarify|reason=Earlier than Ganritsu ref?|date=September 2014}} such as the {{nihongo3|the military records of [[Osaka]]|大阪軍記|Osaka Gunki}}, of the standard knife and short sword being thrown in battle. [[Miyamoto Musashi]] is said to have won a duel by throwing his short sword at his opponent, killing him.

==Hira shuriken/shaken==
[[File:Ninja museum shuriken.jpg|thumb|Various types of shuriken at the [[Iga-ryū Ninja Museum]]]]

''Hira-shuriken'' generally resemble the popular conception of shuriken. They are constructed from thin, flat plates of metal derived from a variety of sources including ''hishi-gane'' (coins), ''kugi-nuki'' (carpentry tools), spools, and ''senban'' (nail removers).

They often have a hole in the center and possess a fairly thin blade sharpened mainly at the tip. The holes derive from their source in items that had holes—old coins, washers, and nail-removing tools. This proved convenient for the shuriken user as the weapons could be strung on a string or dowel in the belt for transport, and the hole also had aerodynamic and weighting effects that aided the flight of the blade.<ref name=mol/>

There are a wide variety of forms of ''hira-shuriken,'' and they are now usually identified by the number of points the blades possess. As with ''bo-shuriken'', the various shapes of ''hira-shuriken'' were usually representative of a particular school (''[[Ryū (school)|ryū]]'') or region that preferred the use of such shapes, and it is therefore possible to identify the school by the type of blade used.<ref name=mol/>

==Usage==
[[File:Various Shuriken.jpg|thumb|250px|Various forms of Shuriken]]

Shuriken targets were primarily the more exposed parts of the body: the eyes, face, hands, or feet.<ref name=bmbb/><ref name=":2" />{{Better source needed|reason=Citation is non-scholarly and potentially unreliable source (commercial non-news magazine).|date=November 2020}} Shuriken, despite low mass, were capable of dealing lethal blows at short ranges. In some cases, shuriken were capable of partially disemboweling targets.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20642255/|pmid = 20642255|year = 2010|last1 = Kettner|first1 = M.|last2 = Gade|first2 = G.|last3 = Ramsthaler|first3 = F.|last4 = Shah|first4 = S.|last5 = Pape|first5 = A.|last6 = Theisen|first6 = A.|last7 = Schmidt|first7 = P.|title = Experimental studies on the wounding capacity of recently developed shuriken/Throwing stars and their legal categorization--an interdisciplinary view|journal = Archiv für Kriminologie|volume = 225|issue = 5–6|pages = 167–180}}</ref>

Shuriken, especially ''hira-shuriken'', were also used in novel ways—they could be embedded in the ground, injuring those who stepped on them (similar to a [[caltrop]]), wrapped in a [[Incendiary device|fuse to be ignited and thrown]] to cause fire, or wrapped in a cloth soaked in poison and lit to cover an area with a [[List of highly toxic gases|cloud of poisonous smoke]].<ref name=DD>{{cite book | last = Draeger | first =Donn F.|title = Ninjutsu: The Art of Invisibility | publisher = Tuttle martial arts | year =2008 | location =Tokyo | pages =72–73| isbn =978-0-8048-3937-2 }}</ref> They could also be used as a handheld weapon in close combat.<ref name =aabb>{{cite journal | last = Adams | first = Andy| title = The Battle for Ninja Supremacy| journal = Black Belt| volume = 23| issue = 12| pages = 21–24| publisher = Active Interest Media| year = 1985 }}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Citation is non-scholarly and potentially unreliable source (commercial non-news magazine).|date=November 2020}}

There are reports of shuriken being coated with poison, intended either as a throwing weapon or to be left in a conspicuous place for a victim to pick up.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Steele| first = David|  title = Japanese Daggers| journal = Black Belt| volume = 19| issue = 2| pages =55–60 | publisher = Black Belt, Inc.| year = 1981 }}</ref><ref name=":2" />{{Better source needed|reason=Citation is non-scholarly and potentially unreliable source (commercial non-news magazine).|date=November 2020}} Other reports indicate that shuriken may have been buried in dirt or animal feces and allowed to harbor the bacterium ''[[Clostridium tetani]]''—if the point penetrated a victim deeply enough, the bacteria transferred into the wound could cause a then-incurable [[tetanus]] infection.<ref name=":2" />

Shuriken are simple weapons, but their historical value has increased.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Unlike the ''[[katana]]'' and other bladed weapons, antique shuriken are not often well preserved (although some are blackened in ash to prevent corrosion), largely due to their expendable nature.<ref name=cvg>{{cite book | last = Gruzanski | first =Charles V.|title = Ninja Weapons: Chain and Shuriken | publisher = Tuttle martial arts | year =1991 | location =Tokyo | pages =91–92| isbn =978-0-8048-1705-9 }}</ref>

==Legality==
Modern commercially available shuriken, which are sold in [[Europe]] and [[North America]], are often made of [[stainless steel]]. However, in many countries and jurisdictions, they are illegal to possess or carry, such as in [[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Canada]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/regu/sor-98-462/latest/sor-98-462.html |title=Regulations Prescribing Certain Firearms and other Weapons, Components and Parts of Weapons, Accessories, Cartridge Magazines, Ammunition and Projectiles as Prohibited or Restricted, SOR/98-462|website=www.canlii.org}}</ref> [[Germany]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/waffg_2002/anlage_2.html |title=Point 1.3.3 |date=17 May 2022|website=www.gesetze-im-internet.de}}</ref> and the [[United Kingdom]] (manufacture, sale, distribution and import).<ref>{{Cite legislation UK | type = si | year = 1988 | number = 2019 | si = Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Offensive Weapons) Order 1988}}</ref> In the United States, they are prohibited in some states, such as [[California]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?division=9.&part=6.&lawCode=PEN&title=3|title=California Penal Code Section 22410|website=www.leginfo.legislature.ca.gov}}</ref> and [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref>{{cite web|title=New York Penal Law| quote= § 265.01 – Criminal Possession of a Weapon in the Fourth Degree|url=http://law.onecle.com/new-york/penal/PEN0265.01_265.01.html |website=www.law.onecle.com}}</ref> In some cases they may be allowed, but may still be subject to specific local legislation. Owners may be required to possess a certificate for possession.

==See also==
{{Portal|Japan}}
{{colbegin}}
* [[List of martial arts weapons]]
* [[Batarang]]
* [[Boomerang]]
* [[Chakram]]
* [[Kunai]]
* [[Makibishi]]
* [[Throwing knife]]
* [[Plumbata]]
* [[Wind and fire wheels]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*Nawa, Yumio (1962) ''Kakushi Buki Soran'' (An Overview of Hidden Weapons)
*[[Seiko Fujita]] (June 1964) [http://fr.scribd.com/doc/164109400/Fujita-Seiko-Zukai-Shurikenjutsu ''Zukai Shurikenjutsu'' / 図 解 手 裏 剣 術] (An Overview of Shuriken-jutsu)
*Finn, Michael (1983) ''Art of Shuriken Jutsu''
*Hammond, Billy (1985) ''Shuriken jutsu: The Japanese Art of Projectile Throwing'' A.E.L.S
*Shirakami, Eizo (1985) ''Shurikendo: My Study of the Way of Shuriken''
*Iwai, Kohaku (1999) ''Hibuki no Subete ga Wakaru Hon'' (Hidden Weapons) BAB, Japan
*Kono, Yoshinori (1996) ''Toru Shirai: Founder of Tenshin Shirai Ryu'' in ''Aikido Journal'' #108
*Saito, Satoshi in Skoss, Diane ed. (1999) ''Sword & Spirit: Classical Warrior Traditions of Japan Vol. 2'' Koryu Books
*{{cite book |title = Classical Weaponry of Japan: Special Weapons and Tactics of the Martial Arts |last=Mol|first=Serge|publisher = Kodansha |year = 2003 |isbn=4-7700-2941-1|pages = 1–217}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary | shuriken}}
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Japanese (samurai) weapons, armour and equipment}}

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[[Category:17th-century introductions]]
[[Category:Japanese martial arts terminology]]
[[Category:Ninjutsu artefacts]]
[[Category:Throwing weapons|Throwing blades]]
[[Category:Samurai weapons and equipment]]
[[Category:Weapons of Japan]]
[[Category:Japanese inventions]]