Editing Shravanabelagola

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{for|historic Hindu site with a circular plan temple|Belagola}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Shravanabelagola
| settlement_type         = Town
| image_skyline           = File:Shravanabelagola Hillview.jpg
| image_alt               =   Shravanabela viewed from a hill
| image_caption           = The [[Gommateshwara statue]] dated 978-993 on [[Vindhyagiri Hill]]
| map_alt                 = Shravanabelagola
| map_caption             = Shravanabelagola to dinka 10 km 
| pushpin_map             = India#India Karnataka
| pushpin_relief          = yes
| pushpin_label_position  = far right
| pushpin_map_alt         = Shravanabelagola
| pushpin_map_caption     = Shravanabelagola
| coordinates             = {{coord|12.859|N|76.489|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = India
| subdivision_type1       = State
| subdivision_type2       = District
| subdivision_name1       = Karnataka
| subdivision_name2       = [[Hassan district|Hassan]]
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_total_km2          = 7.60
| elevation_m             = 871
| population_total        = 6485<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/615/download/2108/DH_2011_2920_PART_B_DCHB_HASSAN.pdf|access-date= 28 July 2023|title=Census Data Handbook Hassan 2011}}</ref>
| population_as_of        = 2011
| timezone1               = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1             = +5:30
| postal_code_type        = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| area_code_type          = Telephone code
}}

'''Shravanabelagola''' (pronunciation: {{IPA|lang=kn|1=[[International Phonetic Alphabet chart |[ɕɾɐ.ʋɐˈɳɐ bɛ.ɭɐ.go.ɭɐ]]]}}) is a town located near [[Channarayapatna]] of [[Hassan district]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]] and is {{cvt|144|km|mi}} from [[Bengaluru]]. The [[Gommateshwara statue|Gommateshwara Bahubali statue]] at Shravanabelagola is one of the most important [[Tirtha (Jainism)|tirtha]]s (pilgrimage destinations) in [[Jainism]], one that reached a peak in architectural and sculptural activity under the patronage of [[Western Ganga dynasty]] of [[Talakad]]. [[Chandragupta Maurya]] is said to have died on the hill of [[Chandragiri hill|Chandragiri]], which is located in Shravanabelagola, in 298 BCE after he became a [[Jain monasticism|Jain monk]] and assumed an ascetic life style.<ref>{{citation |title=Rude Travel: Down The Sages |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/rude-travel-down-the-sages/article1-1121641.aspx  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518135901/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/rude-travel-down-the-sages/article1-1121641.aspx  |url-status=dead  |archive-date=18 May 2015  |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |author=Vir Sanghvi }}</ref>

[[Gommateshwara statue]], [[Akkana Basadi]], [[Chandragupta basadi]], [[Chamundaraya Basadi]], [[Parshvanatha basadi, Shravanabelgola|Parshvanath Basadi]] and inscriptions of Shravanabelagola group of monuments are listed as '''Adarsh Smarak Monument''' by [[ Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="asibengalurucircle">{{cite web | url=http://asibengalurucircle.in/adarsh-smarak-monuments | title=Adarsh Smarak Monument | publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] | access-date=19 July 2021 | archive-date=2 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502052702/http://asibengalurucircle.in/adarsh-smarak-monuments | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Location==
Shravanabelagola is located at {{cvt|11|km|mi}} to the south-east of [[Channarayapatna]] in the Channarayapatna taluk of [[Hassan district]] of [[Karnataka]]. It is at a distance of {{cvt|51|km|mi}} south-east of [[Hassan, Karnataka]], the district centre. It is situated at a distance of {{cvt|12|km|mi}} to the south from the [[National Highway 48 (India)(old numbering)|Bengaluru-Mangaluru road (NH-75)]], {{cvt|18|km|mi}} from [[Hirisave]], {{cvt|78|km|mi}} from  [[Halebidu]], {{cvt|89|km|mi}} from [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]], {{cvt|83|km|mi}} from [[Mysuru]], {{cvt|144|km|mi}} from [[Bengaluru]], the capital of Karnataka and {{cvt|222|km|mi}} from [[Mangaluru]].

Sacred places are spread over two hills, [[Chandragiri hill|Chandragiri]] and [[Vindhyagiri Hill|Vindyagiri]], and also among the villages at the foothills.{{sfn|Krishna|2017|p=99}}

==Etymology==
[[File:Shravanabelagola and Chandragiri hill.jpg|thumb|left|The pond in the middle of the town, after which it is named, ''Beḷagoḷa'' “White Pond”]]
''Shravanabelagola'' "White Pond of the [[Shravana]]" is named with reference to the colossal image of Gommaṭa - the prefix ''Śravaṇa'' serves to distinguish it from other Belagolas with the prefixes Hale- and Kodi-, while ''Beḷagoḷa'' "white pond" is an allusion to the pond in the middle of the town.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=223}}{{sfn|Krishna|2017|p=99}} The [[Sanskrit]] equivalents ''Śvetasarovara'', ''Dhavalasarovara'' and ''Dhavalasarasa'' used in the inscriptions that support this meaning.{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=9}} There are more than 560 inscriptions in Shravabelagola.<ref name="asibengalurucircle"/>

Some inscriptions mention the name of the place as Beḷgoḷa, which has given rise to another derivation from the plant ''[[Solanum ferox]]'' (hairy-fruited eggplant). This derivation is in allusion to a tradition which says that a pious old woman completely anointed the colossal image with the milk brought by her in a ''gullakayi'' or eggplant. The place is also designated as ''Devara Beḷgoḷa'' "White Pond of the God" and ''Gommaṭapuram'' "city of Gommaṭa" in some epigraphs.{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=9}}

==History==
[[File:Bharata Chakravartin - Chandragiri.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Statue of Emperor [[Bharata Chakravartin|Bharata]].]]
Shravanabelagola has two hills, [[Chandragiri Hill|Chandragiri]] and [[Vindhyagiri Hill|Vindhyagiri]]. ''[[Acharya (Jainism)|Acharya]]'' [[Bhadrabahu]] and his pupil [[Chandragupta Maurya]] are believed to have meditated there.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=204}}<ref>S. Settar, ''Inviting Death: Historical experiments on sepulchral hill'', Karnatak University, Dharwar, 1986</ref> Chandragupta Basadi, which was dedicated to Chandragupta Maurya, was originally built there by [[Ashoka]] in the third century BCE.{{sfn|Subbanna|2014|p=166}} Chandragiri also has memorials to numerous monks and [[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|Śrāvaka]]s who have meditated there since the fifth century CE, including the last king of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] of [[Manyakheta]]. Chandragiri also has a famous temple built by [[Chavundaraya]].{{Sfn|Biswas|2014|p=275}}

The 58-feet tall monolithic statue of Gommateshwara is located on Vindyagiri.{{sfn|Thurston|2011|p=153}}<ref>{{citation |title=Delegates enjoy a slice of history at Śravaṇa Beḷgoḷa |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/01/stories/2006010109510400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104093108/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/01/stories/2006010109510400.htm |archive-date=4 November 2012 |author=Staff Correspondent |date=1 January 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=[[Chennai]] }}</ref> It is considered to be the world's largest monolithic statue. The base of the statue has an inscriptions in [[Prakrit]], dating from 981 CE. The inscription praises the king who funded the effort and his general, Chavundaraya, who erected the statue for his mother.{{sfn|Thurston|2011|p=153}} Every twelve years, thousands of devotees congregate here to perform the [[Mahamastakabhisheka]], a spectacular ceremony in which the statue is anointed  with Water, Turmeric, Rice flour, Sugar cane juice, Sandalwood paste, saffron, and gold and silver flowers.{{sfn|Krishna|2017|p=182}}{{sfn|Raman|1994|p=57}} Recently Mahamastakabhisheka was held in 2018 during feb month. The next [[Mahamastakabhisheka]] will be held in 2030.<ref>{{cite web |author=Special Correspondent |date=17 August 2017|work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Hassan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mahamastakabhisheka-works-will-be-completed-on-time-a-manju/article19505005.ece|title=Mahamastakabhisheka works will be completed on time: A. Manju}}</ref>

Shravanabelagola, nestled by the Vindhyagiri and Chandragiri Hills, protected by the monolith Bhagwan [[Bahubali]], and home to over 2,300 years of Jain heritage, is a veritable picture postcard of our history and heritage spanning the centuries.{{sfn|Biswas|2014|p=275}} In the town of Shravanabelagola, stands a colossal rock-cut statue of Gommateshwara Shri Bahubali. About eight hundred odd inscriptions which the [[Karnataka State Department of Archaeology|Karnataka Archeological Department]] has collected at the place are mostly Jaina and cover a very extended period from 600 to 1830 CE. Some refer even to the remote time of Chandragupta Maurya and also relate the story of the first settlement of Jains at Shravanabelagola.{{sfn|Singh|2010|p=43}} That this village was an acknowledged seat of learning is proved from the fact that a priest from here named Akalanka was in 788 CE summoned to the court of Himasitala at Kanchi where having confuted the Buddhists in public disputation, he was instrumental in gaining their expulsion from the South of India to Ceylon.{{Sfn|Rice|2001|p=366}}{{Sfn|Rice|1985|p=12}}

==Inscriptions==
[[File:Inscriptions 3.jpg|left|thumb|Kannada inscription at Odegal Basadi]]

More than 800 inscriptions have been found at Shravanabelagola, dating to various times from 600 CE to 1830 CE. A large number of these are found in the Chandragiri and the rest can be seen in the Vindhyagiri Hill and the town. Most of the inscriptions at the Chandragiri date back before the 10th century. These inscriptions include texts in the Kannada. The second volume of [[Epigraphia Carnatica]], written by [[B. Lewis Rice]], is dedicated to the inscriptions found here. It is said to be the oldest Marathi inscription. The inscriptions are written in ''Purvahalagannada'' (Ancient Kannada) and ''Halegannada'' ([[Old Kannada]]) characters. Some of these inscriptions mention the rise and growth in power of the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]], the Rashtrakutas, the [[Hoysala Empire]], the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and the Udaiyaar dynasty. These inscriptions have helped modern scholars to understand the nature and development of the Kannada language and its literature.<ref>Introduction in ''Epigraphia Carnatica Vol.2'' Institute of Kannada Studies, Mysore, 1972.</ref>

[[Tyagada Brahmadeva Pillar]] is a decorated freestanding pillar (''lit'', ''[[Stambha]]''), {{cvt|2.3|m|ft}} tall, commissioned by [[Chamundaraya]].{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=45}} The pillar dates to around 983 CE and exists on the Vindyagiri hill (called ''Dodda Betta'' in local Kannada language.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=52}} On the base of the pillar, on the north side, is an inscription in old [[Kannada language]] of the same period.{{sfn|Rice|1889b|p=[{{Google books|EMUUAAAAYAAJ|page=33|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} 33]}}

==Basadi==
[[File:Gommateshwara.jpg|thumb|Odegal basadi on Vindhyagiri hill]]
[[File:View of Akkana Basadi from northeastern side at Shravanabelagola.jpg|thumb|Akkana Basadi]]

; Vindhyagiri hill
# [[Odegal basadi]] is the largest basadi on Vindhyagiri hill.{{sfn|Raman|1994|p=57}} The temple derives the name from 'Odega', that is, soapstone used for strengthening the walls of the temple.{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=14}} The temple houses image of Rishabhanatha, Neminatha and Shantinatha.{{sfn|Knapp|2008|p=496}}

; Chandragiri hill
# [[Chandragupta basadi]] was established in the 9th century. The middle cell of this temple has the figure of [[Parshvanatha]], the one to the right the figure of [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavathi]] and the one to the left the figure of [[Ambika (Jainism)|Kushmandini]], all in a seated posture.{{sfn|Raman|1994|p=57}}
# [[Chamundaraya Basadi]] is one of the largest temples on the hill. It is also known as '''Chavundaraya Basadi'''. It is dedicated to [[Neminatha]], the 22nd [[Tirthankara]]. The sukhanasi consists of good figures of Sarvahna and Kushmandini, the yaksha and yakshi of Neminatha. It is dated back to 982 CE.{{sfn|ASI|Chamundaraya Basati}} 
# [[Parshvanatha basadi, Shravanabelgola|Parshvanath Basadi]] is one of the two tallest temple tallest structure in Shravanabelagola. the temple houses a {{convert|18|ft|m}} monolithic colossal of [[Parshvanatha]]. The temple dates back to 12th century. The front of the temple has a {{convert|65.6|ft|m}} tall [[manastambha]].{{sfn|Chugh|2016|pp=289-290}}
# '''Kattale Basadi''' is the largest temple on the hill. The temple features a [[garbhagriha]], [[Parikrama|pradakshinapatha]], [[sukanasa]] and a navranga joined by 16 pillars. the temple's front is joined with Chandragupta basadi. The temple houses an idol of [[Rishabhanatha]] flanked by chauri bearers.{{sfn|Chugh|2016|p=290}}

The Sasana Basadi, Savitagandharva Basadi, Terina Basadi and Santiswara Basadi are other important temples on the Chandragiri hill.{{sfn|Chugh|2016|p=289}}

; In town
# [[Akkana Basadi]] was built in 1181 CE. Akkana Basadi has 23rd [[Tirthankara]] Parshwanath as main deity of the temple.{{sfn|Hardy|1995|p=343}}{{sfn|ASI|Akkana Basati}}
# [[Bhandari basadi]] is the largest temple in Shravanabelagola and enshrines idols of 24 tirthankar in arranged in a single row.{{sfn|Knapp|2008|p=496}} The temple was constructed by ''Hula Raja'', a general and ''bhandari'' ({{translation|treasurer}}) during the reign of King [[Narasimha I]] of [[Hoysala Empire]] in 1159 CE.{{Sfn|Sangave|1981|p=18}}

== Mahamastakabhisheka ==
[[File:Mahamastakabhisheka - Gommateshwara statue (1)-01.jpg|[[Mahamastakabhisheka]] of Gommateshwara statue|thumb|upright]]
{{Main|Mahamastakabhisheka}}

The [[Mahamastakabhisheka]] (Grand Consecration/The Great Indian Festival), refers to the ''abhiṣheka'' (anointment) of the [[Jainism|Jain]] images when held on a large scale. The most famous of such consecrations is the anointment of the [[Bahubali]] [[Gommateshwara Statue]] located at Shravanabelagola. It is an important Jain festival held once in every 12 years.{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=49}}{{sfn|Prasad|2018|p=22}} It is an integral part of the ancient and composite Jain tradition. The festival is held in veneration of a {{convert|17.3736|m}} high monolithic statue of the Siddha Bahubali. The anointing last took place in February 2018, and the next ceremony is going to take place in 2030.<ref name=toi>{{cite news|agency=TNN|date=8 February 2006|title=Mahamastakabhisheka of Bahubali begins today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mahamastakabhisheka-of-Bahubali-begins-today/articleshow/1405368.cms |access-date=19 December 2012|url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126045715/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-02-08/india/27796348_1_bahubali-mahamastakabhisheka-shravanabelagola |archive-date=26 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> During this festival, the statue is then bathed and anointed with libations such as milk, sugarcane juice, and [[saffron]] paste, and sprinkled with powders of [[sandalwood]], [[turmeric]], and [[vermilion]].{{sfn|Davey|2016|p=327}}

The event has been attended by multiple political personalities including [[Krishna-Rajendra Wodeyar]] in 1910, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in 1951, [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1967 and 1981, [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] in 2006, and [[Narendra Modi]] and [[Ramnath Kovind]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite news | last=Roychowdhury | first=Adrija |date=19 February 2018 |title=Bahubali Mahamastakabhisheka Mahotsav: Here is the history of the Jain festival PM Modi attended today |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/research/bahubali-mahamastakabhisheka-mahotsav-history-of-the-jain-festival-pm-narendra-modi-shravanabelagola-5070113/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kalam inaugurates Mahamastakabhisheka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kalam-inaugurates-mahamastakabhisheka/articleshow/1381678.cms |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 January 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Satish |first1=D. P. |title=PM Modi may not shower flowers on Bahubali from helicopter |url=https://www.news18.com/news/immersive/kumbh-of-south.html |access-date=27 January 2023 |agency=[[News18 India]] |date=9 February 2018}}</ref>

==Other notable things==
[[File:A spectacular overview of the tableau of Karnataka depicting Mahamastabhisheka of Lord Gommateshwara, passing through Rajpath during the Republic Day Parade-2005, in New Delhi on January 26, 2005 (cropped).jpg|thumb|The tableau of Karnataka depicting Mahamastabhisheka of Gommateshwara, during the [[Republic Day Parade]] in 2005]]

Shravanabelagola is the seat of the ancient [[Bhattaraka]] [[Matha]],{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=125}} belonging to the [[Desiya Gana]] lineage of [[Mula Sangh]], from the [[Digambara]] [[Jain monasticism|monastic tradition]].{{sfn|Flügel|2006|p=386}} [http://www.bce.org.in Bahubali College of Engineering] is an educational institute at Shravaṇabeḷagoḷa.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=700}}

Shravanabelagola is also part of the route followed by the luxury tourist train, the [[Golden Chariot]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-golden-chariot.com/prideofthesouth.html|title=Pride of the South }}</ref>

The government of Karnataka showcased the statue of Gometashwara at the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] Parade of 2005 where it received the first prize from the then President of India Honourable [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/R-Day-parade-state-tableau-wins-first-prize/articleshow/1008113.cms | title=R-Day parade: state tableau wins first prize | work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

On August 5, 2007, the statue at Shravanabelagola was voted by the readers of ''Times of India'' as the first of the Seven Wonders of India with 49% votes in favor of the statue.<ref>{{citation |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2256323.cms |work=[[The Times Of India]] |title=And India's 7 wonders are |date=5 August 2007 }}</ref>

[[Archaeological Survey of India]] has listed the group of monuments in Shravanabelagola as ''Adarsh Smarak Monument''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://asibengalurucircle.in/adarsh-smarak-monuments | title=Adarsh Smarak Monument | publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] | access-date=19 July 2021 | archive-date=2 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502052702/http://asibengalurucircle.in/adarsh-smarak-monuments | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Bhattaraka]] Charukeerthi Swamiji, pontiff of the Shravanabelagola Jain Mutt

== See also ==
* [[Channarayapatna]]
* [[Kantharajapura]]
* [[Shravaneri]]
* [[Belur, Karnataka]]
* [[Halebidu]]
* [[Venur]]
* [[Dharmasthala]]
* [[Mangaluru]]
* [[Karkala]]
* [[Jainism in Karnataka]]
* [[List of Jain temples]]
* [[Jain temples, Halebidu]]
* [[Kalya (Kalyana pura)|Kalya Jaina-Srivaishnava conflict resolution Inscription]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
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* {{Citation | last=Knapp | first=Stephen | title=Seeing Spiritual India | publisher=[[iUniverse]] | date=2008 |isbn=9780595614523 | url={{Google books|d1JJCgAAQBAJ|pg=PT496|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }} 
* {{cite web|url=http://asibengalurucircle.in/akkana-basti-sravanabelagola|title=Akkana Basti, Sravanabelagola|work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]], Bengaluru Circle|publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle|access-date=22 December 2013|ref={{sfnref|ASI|Akkana Basati}}|archive-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017002220/http://asibengalurucircle.in/akkana-basti-sravanabelagola|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|url=http://asibengalurucircle.in/chamundaraya-basti-sravanabelagola|title=Chamundaraya Basti, Sravanabelagola|work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]], Bengaluru Circle|publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle|access-date=22 December 2013|ref={{sfnref|ASI|Chamundaraya Basati}}|archive-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017003242/http://asibengalurucircle.in/chamundaraya-basti-sravanabelagola|url-status=dead}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Shravanabelagola}}
* {{wikivoyage-inline|Shravanabelagola}}
* [http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/bhattaraka.html The Bhattarakas of Shravanabelgola and Mudabidri]
* [https://www.karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/shravanabelagola  More About Shravanabelgola From Karnataka Tourism Department]
* [http://www.mahamasthakabhisheka.com Shravanabelgola Bahubali Mahamasthakabhisheka / Mahamastakabhisheka Mahotsava]

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Hassan district]]
[[Category:Holy cities]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hassan district]]
[[Category:Jain temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]
[[Category:Jain pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:10th-century Jain temples]]