Editing Shoreham-by-Sea

{{Short description|Town in West Sussex, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox UK place
| official_name = Shoreham-by-Sea
| country = England
| region = South East England
| static_image_name = East Street, Shoreham by Sea - geograph.org.uk - 3822254.jpg
| static_image_caption = East Street, a pedestrianised street in Shoreham-by-Sea
| area_footnotes = <ref name="WSCC2011">{{cite web
  | url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census-analysis/coastal-communities/rft-coastal-communities.xls
  | title=Census 2011: Coastal Communities Data
  | publisher=Office of National Statistics
  | access-date=28 September 2015
  | archive-date=13 February 2015
  | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213204011/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census-analysis/coastal-communities/rft-coastal-communities.xls
  | url-status=live
  }}</ref>
| area_total_sq_mi = 3.80
| population = 20,547
| population_ref = [[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011 Census]]
| os_grid_reference = TQ220051
| coordinates = {{coord|50.834|-0.273|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| post_town = Shoreham-by-Sea
| postcode_area = BN
| postcode_district = BN43
| dial_code = 01273
| constituency_westminster = [[East Worthing and Shoreham (UK Parliament constituency)|East Worthing and Shoreham]]
| london_distance = {{convert|47|mi}} north
| shire_district = [[Adur (district)|Adur]]
| shire_county = [[West Sussex]]
| website = 
}}
'''Shoreham-by-Sea''' (often shortened to '''Shoreham''') is a [[coastal]] town and port in the [[Adur District|Adur]] district, in the county of [[West Sussex]], England. In 2011 it had a population of 20,547.

The town is bordered to its north by the [[South Downs]], to its west by the Adur Valley, and to its south by the [[River Adur]] and Shoreham Beach on the [[English Channel]]. The town lies in the middle of the ribbon of urban development along the English south coast, approximately equidistant from the city of [[Brighton and Hove]] to the east and the town of [[Worthing]] to the west. Shoreham covers an area of {{Convert|2430|acre}} and has a population of 20,547 (2011 census).

== History ==
[[File:Old Town Hall, High Street, Shoreham-by-Sea (IoE Code 297294).jpg|thumb|[[Shoreham Town Hall]]]]
[[File:St Nicolas' Church, Old Shoreham, West Sussex.jpg|thumb|left|[[St Nicolas' Church, Shoreham-by-Sea|St Nicolas' Church]]]]
[[File:ShorehamChurch(BobEmbleton)Apr2006.jpg|thumb|left|[[St Mary de Haura Church, Shoreham-by-Sea|St Mary de Haura Church]]]]
Old Shoreham dates back to pre-Roman times.<ref name="oldandnew1">{{cite web
| url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18237&strquery=roman+shoreham
| title='Old and New Shoreham', A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 6 Part 1: Bramber Rape (Southern Part) pp. 138-149
| year=1980
| access-date=27 January 2011
| archive-date=25 October 2012
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025134129/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18237&strquery=roman+shoreham
| url-status=live
}}</ref>
[[St Nicolas' Church, Shoreham-by-Sea|St Nicolas' Church]], inland by the River Adur, is partly Anglo-Saxon in its construction.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://achurchnearyou.com/old-shoreham-st-nicolas
| title=St Nicolas, Shoreham-by-Sea – West Sussex &#124; Diocese of Chichester
| publisher=aChurchNearYou.com
| access-date=26 April 2013
| archive-date=15 January 2013
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115125829/http://www.achurchnearyou.com/old-shoreham-st-nicolas/
| url-status=live
}}</ref>
The name of the town has an Old English origin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glaucus.org.uk/Toponymy.htm|title=Shoreham: Toponymy|work=glaucus.org.uk|access-date=16 July 2007|archive-date=16 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716043342/http://www.glaucus.org.uk/toponymy.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The town and [[port]] of New Shoreham was established by the [[Norman Conquest|Norman conquerors]] towards the end of the 11th century.

[[St Mary de Haura Church, Shoreham-by-Sea|St Mary de Haura Church]] (St Mary of the Haven) was built in the decade following 1103 (the [[Domesday Book]] was dated 1086), and around this time the town was laid out on a grid pattern that, in essence, still survives in the town centre. The present church is approximately half the size of the original structure – the former [[nave]] was already in ruins by the time of the [[English Civil War]], although evidence of the original west façade survive in the churchyard to this day. 

Muslim geographer [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]], writing {{Circa|1153}}, described Shoreham as "a fine and cultivated city containing buildings and flourishing activity".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cartographyunchained.com/pdfs/cgid1_pdf.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 December 2016 |archive-date=22 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922081246/http://www.cartographyunchained.com/pdfs/cgid1_pdf.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Shoreham had status as a [[Royal Port]].

An 18th-century naval chartist and artist, Captain [[Henry Roberts (Royal Navy officer)|Henry Roberts]], who was once a lieutenant under [[Captain Cook]], was a native of Shoreham.<ref>[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000235/17900108/018/0004 >Kentish Gazette - Friday 08 January 1790]</ref>

The rapid growth of the neighbouring towns of Brighton, Hove and Worthing – and in particular the arrival of the railway in 1840 – prepared the way for Shoreham's rise as a [[Victorian era|Victorian]] [[sea port]], with several [[shipyard]]s and an active coasting trade. Shoreham Harbour remains in commercial operation today. The area became an [[Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland)|urban district]], with [[Shoreham Town Hall]] as its headquarters, in 1910.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10073972|title=Shoreham-by-Sea UD| publisher=Vision of Britain|accessdate=15 March 2021}}</ref>

==Kingston Buci old village==
{{Main|Kingston by Sea}}
Originally the people of Kingston Buci may have lived at Thundersbarrow.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} This may have been the centre of a large estate in the post-Roman Dark Ages. However, in early or mid-Saxon times, the people may have re-located down off the hill to Kingston Buci ({{gbmappingsmall|TQ 235 052}}), which sits to the east of Shoreham-by-Sea. It has a medieval church, rectory, manor house, and huge old barn which still make it a remarkable cluster – and, like [[Cissbury]] (where the people came off the hill to form [[Findon, West Sussex|Findon]]) and at [[Mount Caburn]] (where people re-located down at [[Beddingham]]), this stranded settlement is three quarters of a mile from the Downs. The church here was extensively re-modelled in the thirteenth century when the shifting river estuary temporarily made Kingston a port town.

The 'king' of the name 'Kingston' may have referred to a Saxon king of Sussex.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} The 'Buci' part of the name comes from the Anglo-Norman owners' hometown of Bouce in [[Normandy]].

== Shoreham Beach ==
Shoreham Beach, to the south of the town, is a [[slate|shingle]] [[Spit (landform)|spit]] deposited over millennia by [[longshore drift]]. This blocks the southerly flow of the [[River Adur]] which turns east at this point to discharge into the [[English Channel]] further along the coast at a point that has varied considerably over time. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the mouth of the river shifted eastwards which restricted trade to the port; by 1810, it was almost opposite [[Aldrington]] church. In 1816, work had been completed to fix the position of the river in its present position, flowing into the sea between two piers. Once the harbour mouth was stabilised, it was defended by [[Shoreham Redoubt|Shoreham Fort]], which was built in 1857.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shorehamfort.co.uk/content/history-of-the-fort/history/ |title=Shoreham Fort – History |last1=Baines |first1=Gary |website=www.shorehamfort.co.uk |publisher=Friends of Shoreham Fort |access-date=7 November 2013 |archive-date=31 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031135646/http://www.shorehamfort.co.uk/content/history-of-the-fort/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Converted railway carriages became summer homes around the start of the 20th century, and 'Bungalow Town', as it was then known, became home to the early [[United Kingdom|British]] [[film]] industry.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2011 |title=Bungalow town |journal=The Southern Way |issue=15 |pages=54–56 |isbn=9781906419547}}</ref> [[Francis L. Lyndhurst]] founded the Sunny South Film Company, which made its first commercial movie on [[Shoreham Beach]] in 1912 and built a film studio there.<ref>[http://www.shorehamfort.co.uk/page19.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920073753/http://www.shorehamfort.co.uk/page19.html|date=20 September 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.worthingherald.co.uk/CustomPages/CustomPage.aspx?SectionID=14109] {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Shoreham Beach officially became part of Shoreham-by-Sea in 1910. Much of the housing in the area was cleared for defence reasons during the [[Second World War]] and most of what remained after the war is now long gone, having been replaced by modern houses.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/80/a4502080.shtml BBC – WW2 People's War: Evacuation of Shoreham Beach] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118044727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/80/a4502080.shtml |date=18 November 2006 }}</ref> The Church of the Good Shepherd, built in 1913, still stands. Along the Adur mud flats adjacent to Shoreham Beach sits (and at high tides floats) a large collection of [[houseboat]]s made from converted barges, tugs, mine sweepers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shorehamhouseboats.co.uk/|title=Main Page|work=shorehamhouseboats.co.uk|access-date=22 April 2014|archive-date=30 December 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230144829/http://www.shorehamhouseboats.co.uk/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=primary source|date=September 2022}} and [[motor torpedo boat]]s. The seaside shingle bank of Shoreham beach extends further east past the harbour mouth, forming the southern boundary of the commercial harbour in [[Southwick, West Sussex|Southwick]], [[Portslade]], and [[Hove]]. The [[Monarch's Way]] long-distance footpath, commemorating the escape route of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] to [[France]] after the [[Battle of Worcester]], follows the beach westwards from Hove past Portslade and Southwick, ending by the harbour mouth's east breakwater.

==Downland areas==
{{Geographic Location 
|title     = '''Nearest parishes'''
|Centre    = Shoreham-by-Sea
|Northwest = [[Coombes]]
|North     = [[Upper Beeding]]
|East      = [[Brighton and Hove]]
|West      = [[Lancing, West Sussex|Lancing]]
|South     = [[English Channel]]
}}

{{maplink
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|text=Notable areas around Southwick
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The [[River Adur]], the downs, and the sea support a diverse wildlife flora and fauna in the area.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Adur Valley , West Sussex, England|url=https://www.glaucus.org.uk/Adur-3.htm|access-date=2022-01-14|website=www.glaucus.org.uk}}</ref> The mudflats support wading birds and gulls, including the [[ringed plover]] which attempts to breed on the coastal shingle.<ref name=":2" /> The [[pied wagtail]] is common in the town in the winter months. Insects include dragonflies over the flood plains of the river. The south- and west-facing downs attract at least 33 species of butterfly, including a nationally important population of the [[chalkhill blue]] butterfly on Mill Hill.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glaucus.org.uk/MillHill2007.html|title=Mill Hill 2007|work=glaucus.org.uk|access-date=26 April 2007|archive-date=12 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612220440/http://www.glaucus.org.uk/MillHill2007.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The underlying rock is chalk on the downs, with alluvium in the old river channels. The Adur district has a variety of habitats in a small area, including natural chalk downs and butterfly meadows, freshwater and reed beds, salt marsh and estuary, brackish water lagoons, woodland, shingle seashore, chalk platform undersea, and large expanses of sand.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-19|title=Celebrating the amazing rivers of the South Downs National Park|url=https://www.southdowns.gov.uk/celebrating-amazing-rivers-south-downs-national-park/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=South Downs National Park|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Southwick Hill and the smaller sites connected to it are the second biggest surviving complex of ancient Down pasture on the entire plateau of the Brighton Downs (the biggest is around Castle Hill, near [[Woodingdean]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Bangs|first=Dave|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/701098669|title=A freedom to roam Guide to the Brighton Downs : from Shoreham to Newhaven and Beeding to Lewes|date=2008|publisher=David Bangs|isbn=978-0-9548638-1-4|location=Brighton|oclc=701098669}}</ref><sup>:209</sup>

The town is the end-point of the [[Monarch's Way]], a {{convert|615|mile|adj=on}} [[long-distance footpaths in the United Kingdom|long-distance footpath]], based on the escape route taken by [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] in 1651 after being defeated by [[Cromwell]] in the [[Battle of Worcester]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ldwa.org.uk/ldp/members/show_path.php?path_name=Monarch%27s+Way|title=Monarch's Way|website=Long Distance Walkers Association|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=1 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901153157/https://www.ldwa.org.uk/ldp/members/show_path.php?path_name=Monarch%27s+Way|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Mill Hill===
{{Main|Mill Hill, Shoreham}}
[[File:Shoreham Bank Butterfly Site - geograph.org.uk - 354544.jpg|thumb|left|Shoreham Bank (Mill Hill) butterfly site]]
[[Mill Hill, Shoreham|Mill Hill]] ({{gbmappingsmall|TQ 212 071}}) is also known as Shoreham bank, as the hillside falls sharply to the [[River Adur]]. It is a [[Local Nature Reserve]] and has been famous for its butterflies since the 1820s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Mill Hill & the Butterflies|url=https://www.glaucus.org.uk/MillHill2009Article.htm|access-date=2022-01-08|website=www.glaucus.org.uk}}</ref> In May, the hillside is dusted yellow with [[horseshoe vetch]]: the butterflies' food plant. In August, the hillside is colourful with knapweeds, pink [[Centaurium erythraea|centaury]], the tiny white pinpoints of [[eyebright]], and the white umbels of [[wild carrot]], [[Pastinaca sativa|wild parsnip]], [[St John's wort]], and [[wild thyme]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mill Hill LNR|url=https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteLNRDetail.aspx?SiteCode=L1009032&SiteName=&countyCode=46&responsiblePerson=&SeaArea=&IFCAArea=|access-date=2022-01-08|website=Natural England - Designated Sites}}</ref> The Hill is known for its [[dingy skipper]]s and grizzled skippers in the spring, and in summer the [[chalkhill blue]] and [[Adonis blue]] are 'flagship' species of this Hill.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Knight|first=Colin|date=August 2017|title=Mill Hill - Walking the Line|url=https://www.sussex-butterflies.org.uk/features/archives/2012-mill-hill.php|access-date=2022-01-08|website=Butterfly Conservation - Sussex Branch}}</ref>

From Mill Hill it is possible to see Applesham Farm, which was a village at the time of the Domesday Book in 1086. To the north end is another Saxon farm, Old Erringham, which King Alfred's successors fortified to defend the estuary. To the south is the Norman church of Old Shoreham, almost on the banks of the Adur, and next to it are the wooden piers of the 1781 toll bridge, which collected traffic tolls up to the 1960s.<ref name=":0" /><sup>:203</sup>

Mill Hill now suffers from [[Noise pollution|traffic and aircraft noise]]. The special mosses and lichens have gone, and the [[Helicella itala|Heath]] and [[Monacha cartusiana|Carthusian]] snails are now gone. Despite efforts by volunteers and rangers, the hill still carries far too great an area of dense and simplified scrub, which has flourished at the expense of the biodiverse turf.<ref name=":0" /><sup>:203</sup>

===Southwick Hill===
[[File:A27 Southwick Hill Tunnels - geograph.org.uk - 1053864.jpg|thumb|left|A27 Southwick Hill Tunnels]]
Southwick Hill ({{gbmappingsmall|TQ 237 077}}) is owned by the [[National Trust]] and has some special wildlife areas. In 1985, local residents were presented with the plan for the [[A27 road]] bypass cutting through the Hill. Through the vigorous campaigning of activists from ABBA (the Anti-Brighton Bypass Association) the road was re-routed through a [[Southwick Hill Tunnel|tunnel under the Hill]] rather than a cutting through it.<ref>{{cite web |title=Southwick Hill Tunnel |url=https://www.sabre-roads.org.uk/wiki/index.php?title=Southwick_Hill_Tunnel |website=Sabre |publisher=Reader's Digest |access-date=September 19, 2024}}</ref>

In high summer, on the hill ('bostal') path, there is [[round-headed rampion]], blue [[scabious]], and [[autumn gentian]]. On the south side of the bridlepath, there is an un-grazed triangle with a taller sward. Here, there are still rabbits playing on the lawns amongst the [[Linum catharticum|purging flax]], [[Lotus corniculatus|eggs and bacon]], [[squinancywort]], [[eyebright]], and [[wild thyme]], which themselves mingle with tall herb patches of [[parsnip]], [[greater knapweed]], [[ragwort]], [[hogweed]], and [[St John's wort]]. There are bushes of [[raspberry]] and [[Chamerion angustifolium|rose-bay willowherb]]. Butterflies in the area include [[common blue]], [[clouded yellow]], [[Small heath (butterfly)|small heath]], [[Polygonia c-album|comma]], [[Vanessa atalanta|red admiral]], [[painted lady]], and day-flying moths like [[treble-bar]] and [[Dusky Sallow|dusky sallow]]. There are [[glowworm]]s too. In autumn, parts of the short turf may be colourful from the many [[waxcap]] and other old meadow fungi. Additional mushrooms include [[puffball]]s, [[Lepista saeva|blue legs]], and [[Flammulina velutipes|velvet shank]]; [[fairy ring]]s also form.<ref name=":0" /><sup>:211</sup>

However, Southwick Hill is not what it was. Until recent years, it was the best place on the Brighton Downs to get a sense of what Down pasture was like during late Victorian and Edwardian times through to 1940. The tenant farmer continuously grazed the whole Hill and, as a result, it was something of a time capsule from a particular period of Downland history, that of the long agricultural depression from 1876 to 1940, when scrub took over many old pastures and cattle replaced many sheep flocks.<ref name=":0"/><sup>:210</sup> In recent years, however, the Hill has been split by fencing into a southern half which is seriously under-grazed, with simplified tussocky grassland, and a northern half which remains better grazed. The southern half has now lost its close-bitten down pasture, with its flowerings of tiny herbs and fruitings of old pasture fungi. Nevertheless, as a whole the Hill still has a mixture of archaic pasture and scrub thickets, sometimes mature enough to harbour small maiden oaks, and it retains much of the wildlife lost elsewhere on the Brighton Downs.

===The Crooked Moon Hedge===
Hedges are very rare on these Downs (except around farmsteads). The Crooked Moon Hedge ({{gbmappingsmall|TQ 233 070}}) lies on the top of a prehistoric field [[lynchet]]; these southern slopes of Southwick Hill were covered with an [[Iron Age]] field system whose banks lay regularly on east–west and south–north axes. At its northern end, it is the boundary between Kingston Buci and Southwick parishes, and at its southern end it bounded Kingston Buci sheep Down to the west, and one of the parish open fields to the east.

The hedge contains a lot of [[maple]] and [[ash tree|ash]] and may have been bird-sown. As per [[Hooper's rule]], the hedge is three to four centuries old.<ref name=":0"/><sup>:209</sup>

===The 'Rest and Be Thankful' stone===
[[File:Rest and Be Thankful - geograph.org.uk - 27444.jpg|thumb|left|Rest and Be Thankful]]
There is a large flat block of lichen-covered stone ({{gbmappingsmall|TQ 238 069}}) by the path to Southwick Hill from Southwickhill Barn, which marks a corner on the old parish boundary between Kingston Buci and Southwick. It was notable enough to show on the Victorian Ordnance Survey maps.<ref name=":0"/><sup>:210</sup>

===Thundersbarrow Hill===
{{Main|Thundersbarrow Hill}}
[[File:Thundersbarrow Hill - geograph.org.uk - 54113.jpg|thumb|left|Thundersbarrow Hill]]
Thunders Barrow ({{gbmappingsmall|TQ 229 083}}) is a large [[tumulus|barrow]], although it was partially dug away on its south side in the nineteenth century to make way for a [[dew pond]]. It sits just north of Southwick Hill. The origins of its name are unknown.

It is only at this distance from the bypass that the silence of the Downs and the sound of the birds are bigger than the noise of the road. This point marks the beginning of Downland tranquility. The ramparts of Thundersbarrow's late [[Bronze Age]] and [[Iron Age]] camp are still tall enough to walk around, although they get a bit vague on the eastern side because of plough damage, and because the Romano-British villagers built their houses just outside the rampart and right up against the barrow on that side. When the village was excavated in 1932, two corn-drying ovens were found, still with soot in the flues and bits of charred grain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Martin Down style enclosure, bowl barrow, Iron Age hillfort, Romano-British village and associated field system on Thundersbarrow Hill, Non Civil Parish - 1015124 {{!}} Historic England|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1015124|access-date=2022-01-06|website=historicengland.org.uk|language=en}}</ref>

===Erringham Hole===
Erringham Hole ({{gbmappingsmall|TQ 231 082}}) is the bushy [[combe]] to the east of Thundersbarrow, whose Celtic villagers built the huge field [[lynchet]]s, parts of which are up to 12 feet in height. It was called 'Erringham Hole' because it was part of Old Erringham Farm. Old Erringham Hole (not to be confused with Whitelot Bottom, which is the ploughed land further east down the combe) has flowery chalk grassland, scrub, rank grassland, and lots of rabbits. The rabbits encourage rabbit-resistant plants like tall woolly [[Verbascum thapsus|mullein]] (complete with [[Shargacucullia verbasci|mullein moth]] caterpillars, [[Verbena officinalis|hound's-tongue]], [[ground ivy]], and eyebright. Until 25 years ago, the combe remained substantially open and the ancient lynchet system was plain to see, but cessation of grazing and a lack of scrub control has allowed the species-rich Down pasture to be lost to simplified scrub and even secondary woodland.<ref name=":0"/><sup>:212</sup>

===Hazelholt Bottom===
[[File:Farmland at Hazelholt Bottom - geograph.org.uk - 2581871.jpg|thumb|left|Farmland at Hazelholt Bottom]]
Hazelholt Bottom ({{gbmappingsmall|TQ 235 084}}) is a tranquil slope with large flowery glades. There are often [[Roe Deer|roe deer]] in the wide corn field below the slope. The [[National Trust]] own the south slope and Whitelot Bottom further south, but Whitelot was ploughed up after 1945 and has never been returned to public use.

Hazelholt has rich old chalk grassland with [[Cowslip (European plant)|cowslips]] in spring and [[devil's-bit scabious]] in September. In mid-summer, there are many butterflies, including [[adonis blue]] and [[Chalkhill Blue|chalkhill blue]]. At the head of the combe, there are more old grassland and great [[blackberry]] thickets. Since 1945, scrub has taken over much of this former open slope. The remaining grassland is only lightly grazed, allowing growth of bramble and thorn and a loss of its ancient down pasture character.<ref name=":0"/><sup>:212</sup>

===Freshcombe===
[[File:Freshcombe and Summersdene Farm, Truleigh Hill, West Sussex - geograph.org.uk - 1805381.jpg|thumb|left|Freshcombe and Summersdene Farm, Truleigh Hill]]
Freshcombe ({{gbmappingsmall|TQ 230 092}}) is owned by the National Trust, but was leased away from their management{{When|date=January 2023}}. It is threatened by scrub expansion and insufficient grazing. Its slopes have very old [[gorse]] thickets; they are shown as well-established on the 1873 [[OS map]], and may be centuries older than that.

This is the only site in the [[South Downs]] that contains the plant [[saw-wort]], which looks like a slimmer version of [[knapweed]], and still blooms profusely in a little glade amongst the gorse. It is a survivor from the days of the Downland heaths. It survives here because the soil must have a strong clay-with-flints influence. The glade where it blooms also contains flowers of [[Betonica officinalis|betony]], [[red clover]], [[hawkbit]], and [[St John's wort]].<ref name=":0" /><sup>:213</sup>

===Old Erringham Farmstead===
[[File:Stile, Old Erringham - geograph.org.uk - 1072832.jpg|thumb|left|Stile, Old Erringham farm]]
Old Erringham Farmstead ({{gbmappingsmall|TQ 205 076}}) has an old flint farmhouse with great chimneys and part-Horsham slab roofing{{Clarification needed|reason=What is this roofing style / material?|date=January 2023}}, and ramshackle old flint barns. It has one of only two remaining medieval manorial chapels on the Brighton Downs (the other at [[Swanborough Manor]]), which now functions as a front garden shed for one of the modern farm workers cottages just to the south of the old farmhouse. It has a tiny ecclesiastical window on its south face.

The farm is designated as an [[ancient monument]], incorporating the remains of a medieval settlement and an eleventh century [[ringwork]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Shrunken medieval settlement at Old Erringham, Buckingham, West Sussex|url=https://ancientmonuments.uk/113337-shrunken-medieval-settlement-at-old-erringham-adur-buckingham-ward|access-date=2022-01-08|website=Ancient Monuments UK}}</ref> It was presumably built as a defence against the Vikings{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}, though it's difficult to pick it out amongst the grassy plats now.

It is a mixed farm with corn crops, beef cattle, a bit of livery stabling, and hay meadows. The farm manages the sites of Old Erringham Combe and Anchor Bottom to preserve their natural value. Around the farmstead there is [[red star-thistle]] (a Brighton Downs speciality), [[musk thistle]], [[spear thistle]], [[welted thistle]], [[creeping thistle]], [[teasel]], and [[viper's bugloss]], all adding summer colour.<ref name=":0" /><sup>:204</sup>

===Old Erringham Combe and Shaw===
[[File:Downland near Erringham - geograph.org.uk - 1072739.jpg|thumb|left|Downland near Erringham]]
Old Erringham Combe ({{Gbmappingsmall|TQ 205 081}}) is an old-fashioned mosaic of habitats, making it a great refuge for Downland wildlife. The south-facing bank is the hottest place, but below it there are willows and a tiny tongue of wet grassland where [[lesser marsh grasshopper]], [[autumn lady's-tresses]] orchid, [[bastard toadflax]], rockrose, [[Betonica officinalis|betony]], [[wild thyme]], and other herbs grow.<ref name=":0" /><sup>:205</sup>

Summer butterflies in the area include [[wall brown]] and [[clouded yellow]], and day-flying moths like [[yellow belle]], [[Dusky Sallow|dusky sallow]], [[common carpet]], and [[grass moths]] enjoy the drying grassland. The rare [[Monacha cartusiana|Carthusian snail]] (''Monacha cartusiana)'' still exists in this combe, possibly due to centuries of cattle grazing.<ref name=":0" /><sup>:205</sup>

Old Erringham Shaw is a tangled wood of [[sycamore]], [[ash (tree)|ash]], [[elm]], and thorn. It's more open at the northern end facing the combe, where the remains of four big old broken [[beech]]es and lots of [[may blossom]] make it a good place for insects.<ref name=":0" /><sup>:205</sup>

=== Slonk Hill ===
[[File:Track between Slonk Hill Farm and Mossy Bottom Barn - geograph.org.uk - 712703.jpg|thumb|left|Track between Slonk Hill Farm and Mossy Bottom Barn]]
Slonk Hill ({{gbmappingsmall|TQ 222 070}}): there were at least two [[Bronze Age]] [[tumulus|barrows]] and a little [[Iron Age]] settlement on the Hill.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historic England Research Records: Slonk Hill|url=https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=398691&resourceID=19191|access-date=2022-01-08|website=Heritage Gateway}}</ref> They were surrounded by a rectangular ditched enclosure and perhaps made into a 'temenos' or temple. Ritual deposits of animals and coins were buried at the site.<ref>Rudling, David (2003). ''The Archaeology of Sussex to AD 2000'',

Heritage Marketing Publications Ltd</ref><sup>:122</sup> Evening shadows reveal dips and hummocks at the Hill's southern end, although they are probably due to the trench digging of the large army camp that came here during the First World War.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

There are three places that were spared the damage of decades of [[agribusiness]] on the hill: an island of old Down pasture on the eastern slope, an old bostal track, which winds down the slope at its southern end, and a patch of hillside a few hundred yards north, surrounded by [[Iron Age]] field [[lynchet]]s. More recently, the use of agrochemicals has stopped, and the hillside is again colourful with herbs. The intact areas have [[pyramidal orchid]], [[Dactylorhiza fuchsii|spotted orchid]], [[meadow oat-grass]], [[crested hair-grass]], and [[round-headed rampion]].<ref name=":0" /><sup>:206</sup>

=== Mossy Bottom ===
Mossy Bottom ({{Gbmappingsmall|TQ 226 082}}) derives its name from 'Muster' Bottom, where the shepherd mustered his sheep. Mossy Bottom slope is statutory [[access land]] under the right to roam 'CROW' Act (2000), but public usage is heavily challenged by prohibitive notices and poor access provision. It has boney [[Iron Age]] [[lynchet]]s across it made by the peasant farmers who lived in Thundersbarrow village. They used to be called "Thunder's Steps." There are big old anthills, and plants such as [[large thyme]], dropwort, cowslip, basil, [[harebell]], and [[round-headed rampion]].<ref name=":0" /><sup>:206</sup>

== Transport ==
[[Shoreham Airport]] (Also known as Brighton City Airport) lies to the west of the main town and has been in private ownership since 2006. It is the UK's oldest licensed airport still in operation and has a [[Shoreham Airport#Inter-war period|1936 Grade II*-listed Art Deco terminal building]]. The terminal has been a filming location for an episode of ''[[Agatha Christie's Poirot]]'' ("[[Lord Edgware Dies]]"),<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7528601151226033144&hl=en |title=Fiona Mont GPS 02 "Come fly with me" }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> a [[Crimewatch#Show format|Crimewatch-type reconstruction]] (2000, [[ITV Meridian]]), [[Tenko (TV series)|BBC ''Tenko'' series]] episode, scenes of [[The Da Vinci Code (film)|''The Da Vinci Code'']], and the film [[Woman in Gold (film)|''Woman in Gold'']].<ref>{{cite web
                       | url=        http://imdb.com/search/title?endings=on&&locations=Shoreham+Airport,Shoreham-by-Sea,West+Sussex,England,UK
                       | title=        Titles with locations which include Shoreham Airport, Shoreham-by-Sea, West Sussex, England, UK
                       | publisher=        [[IMDb]]
                       | access-date=        20 September 2013
                       | archive-date=        21 September 2013
                       | archive-url=        https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055431/http://www.imdb.com/search/title?endings=on&&locations=Shoreham+Airport,Shoreham-by-Sea,West+Sussex,England,UK
                       | url-status=        live
                       }}</ref>

The town is served by [[Shoreham-by-Sea railway station]], located on the [[West Coastway Line]].

Local bus services are provided by the [[Brighton & Hove (bus company)|Brighton & Hove bus company]], [[Stagecoach South]], and a local town route is operated by Compass Travel.

[[Shoreham Tollbridge]] crosses the River Adur in the west of the town. This bridge is a [[Grade II* listed building]] and was the last Sussex [[toll bridge]] in use. The bridge was part of the [[A27 road]] until it was closed to traffic in 1968. The structure is now too weak to carry vehicles and underwent extensive restoration, then was ceremonially re-opened for pedestrians on 23 October 2008, by [[Prince Andrew, Duke of York]].<ref>{{cite web
                         | url=      http://www.adur.gov.uk/tourism/old-tollbridge.htm
                         | archive-url=      https://web.archive.org/web/20120207130928/http://www.adur.gov.uk/tourism/old-tollbridge.htm
                         | archive-date=      7 February 2012
                         | title=      Adur District Council : The Old Toll Bridge
                         | access-date= 28 September 2013}}</ref> Adur Ferry Bridge in the south of the town (replacing the old Shoreham footbridge) crosses the River Adur to Shoreham Beach. It was opened to the public by [[Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester|the Duke of Gloucester]] on 13 November 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Adur Ferry Bridge - Shoreham footbridge|url=https://www.adur-worthing.gov.uk/adur-ferry-bridge/|website=Adur & Worthing Councils|access-date=28 November 2016|archive-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129023213/https://www.adur-worthing.gov.uk/adur-ferry-bridge/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Local media ==
Local news and television programmes is provided by [[BBC South East]] and [[ITV Meridian]]. Television signals are received from the [[Whitehawk Hill transmitting station|Whitehawk Hill]] TV transmitter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Whitehawk_Hill | title=Whitehawk Hill (Brighton and Hove, England) Full Freeview transmitter | date=May 2004 }}</ref> The town’s local radio stations are [[BBC Radio Sussex]] on 95.3 FM, [[Heart South]] on 103.5 FM, [[More Radio Worthing]] on 107.7 FM and [[Seaside Hospital Radio]] that broadcast from the [[Southlands Hospital]] in Shoreham. Local newspapers are the Shoreham Herald, West Sussex Gazette and [[The Argus (Brighton)|The Argus]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://arena.westsussex.gov.uk/-/shoreham | title=Shoreham - Shoreham - West Sussex }}</ref>
''INSIDE Shoreham & Southwick'' started in 2005 and is a free A5 magazine that goes to houses in Shoreham and neighbouring Southwick each month and carries articles about local people, local history as well as upcoming events and topics of local interest. It is supported by local businesses who advertise in the publication.

== Sport and leisure ==
Shoreham-by-Sea has a [[non-League football]] club, [[Shoreham FC]], who play at Middle Road stadium with a 2,000-seat capacity, and a rugby union club, Shoreham RFC, who play at Buckingham Park.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shoreham RFC information |url=https://www.shorehamrugby.co.uk/information |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=www.shorehamrugby.co.uk}}</ref>

Southdown Golf Club was founded in 1902, but ceased to operate in the 1940s.<ref>[http://www.golfsmissinglinks.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=849 "Southdown Golf Club"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313214801/http://www.golfsmissinglinks.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=849 |date=13 March 2016 }}, "Golf's Missing Links".</ref>

Shoreham is home to a detachment of the Sussex [[Army Cadet Force]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sussex Army Cadets |url=https://armycadets.com/county/sussex-acf/ |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=Army Cadets UK |language=en-GB}}</ref> a volunteer youth organisation, sponsored by the Ministry of Defence, which accepts cadets aged between 12 and 18 years of age.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-26 |title=The Ministry of Defence cadet forces |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/the-cadet-forces-and-mods-youth-work |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>

The town centre hosts monthly farmers' and artisans' markets in East Street on the second and fourth Saturday of the month, respectively, together with the annual 'Light up Shoreham' Christmas market and event.

== Climate ==
{{Weather box
 | width       = auto
 | metric first = yes
 | single line = yes
 | location    = Shoreham (1991–2020)
 | Jan high C = 8.1
 | Feb high C = 8.3
 | Mar high C = 10.4
 | Apr high C = 13.1
 | May high C = 16.3
 | Jun high C = 19.0
 | Jul high C = 20.9
 | Aug high C = 21.0
 | Sep high C = 18.9
 | Oct high C = 15.4
 | Nov high C = 11.6
 | Dec high C = 8.8
 | year high C = 14.4
 | Jan low C = 2.3
 | Feb low C = 2.2
 | Mar low C = 3.5
 | Apr low C = 5.1
 | May low C = 8.1
 | Jun low C = 10.9
 | Jul low C = 13.0
 | Aug low C = 13.0
 | Sep low C = 10.9
 | Oct low C = 8.3
 | Nov low C = 5.2
 | Dec low C = 2.8
 | year low C = 7.1
 | rain colour = green
 | Jan rain mm = 80.4
 | Feb rain mm = 56.7
 | Mar rain mm = 45.6
 | Apr rain mm = 45.1
 | May rain mm = 45.9
 | Jun rain mm = 46.6
 | Jul rain mm = 54.1
 | Aug rain mm = 58.7
 | Sep rain mm = 59.1
 | Oct rain mm = 82.2
 | Nov rain mm = 90.3
 | Dec rain mm = 87.4
 | year rain mm = 752.6
 | unit rain days = 1 mm
 | Jan rain days = 12.7
 | Feb rain days = 10.2
 | Mar rain days = 9.0
 | Apr rain days = 9.1
 | May rain days = 8.3
 | Jun rain days = 7.7
 | Jul rain days = 7.6
 | Aug rain days = 8.4
 | Sep rain days = 8.2
 | Oct rain days = 11.5
 | Nov rain days = 13.1
 | Dec rain days = 12.6
 | year rain days = 118.8
| source 1 = [[Met Office]]<ref name="MetOffice">{{cite web
|url = https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcpc1q7m5
|title = Shoreham (West Sussex) UK climate averages - Met Office
|publisher = Met Office
|access-date = July 5, 2024}}</ref>
}}

== Airshow crash ==
{{Main|2015 Shoreham Airshow crash}}
Most years, in late summer, [[Brighton City Airport|Shoreham Airport]] hosts the [[Royal Air Forces Association]] (RAFA) [[Shoreham Airshow]]. On 22 August 2015, a [[Hawker Hunter]] jet fighter taking part in the airshow crashed onto the busy A27 road just outside the airport, killing eleven people and injuring several others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34027260|title=Shoreham plane crash: Seven dead after Hawker Hunter hits cars|access-date=22 August 2015|date=22 August 2015|publisher=BBC News|archive-date=22 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822161657/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34027260|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Air show jet crashes into cars on dual carriageway after loop-the-loop fail|url=http://www.westerndailypress.co.uk/Air-jet-crashes-cars-dual-carriageway-loop-loop/story-27657458-detail/story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829220821/http://www.westerndailypress.co.uk/Air-jet-crashes-cars-dual-carriageway-loop-loop/story-27657458-detail/story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 August 2015|access-date=22 August 2015|work=Western Daily Press|publisher=Local World|date=22 August 2015|quote=Around seven people were initially feared dead after the 1950s plane collided with cars in Shoreham-by-Sea, West Sussex at around 1.20pm.}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=July 2020}}
* Writer [[Brian Behan]] lived on a boat moored in the town in the late 1960s.
* Playwright [[Charles Bennett (screenwriter)|Charles Bennett]] was born in Shoreham-by-sea in 1899.
* [[Mark Benson]], former England cricketer and now a cricket umpire, was born in Shoreham-by-Sea in 1958.
* [[Havergal Brian]], English composer, moved from London to Shoreham-by-Sea in 1958. He wrote twenty symphonies there over the next ten years.
* [[Paul Chaloner]], shoutcaster in the [[Esports]] community, was born in Shoreham in 1971.
* [[Raymond O. Faulkner]], [[philologist]] and compiler of the standard [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|hieroglyphic]] [[dictionary]], was born in Shoreham in 1894.
* [[Vanessa Howard]], a [[horror film|horror]] and [[exploitation film|exploitation]] film actress, was born in Shoreham-by-Sea in 1948.
* [[Mel Hopkins]], a former footballer with [[Tottenham Hotspur]], [[Brighton and Hove Albion]] and [[Welsh international football team|Wales]] retired to [[Shoreham Beach]].
* Artist [[Alison Lapper]] lives in Shoreham.
* [[Bert Longstaff]], professional footballer who played for [[Shoreham F.C.]] and made over 400 appearances for [[Brighton & Hove Albion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shorehambysea.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=445 |title=Bert Longstaff – Shoreham's First Professional Footballer |date=May 2010 |access-date=26 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222132136/http://www.shorehambysea.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=445 |archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>
* Broadcaster [[Mike Mendoza (broadcaster)|Mike Mendoza]] lives on [[Shoreham Beach]].
* Comedian [[Max Miller (comedian)|Max Miller]], lived in Kingston Lane for a period of time as indicated by a plaque on the building called ''Ashcroft''.
* [[Fiona Mont]], who was dubbed "Britain's most wanted woman" in 2000. It was claimed she was smuggled out of the country in a light aircraft from [[Shoreham Airport]] in 1999.<ref name="autogenerated1" />
* [[Kjetil Mørland]] of the band [[Absent Elk]] lives in Shoreham-by-Sea.
* Actor [[Luke Newton]] was born in Shoreham-by-Sea in 1993.
* [[Hugh Nicol (chemist)|Prof Hugh Nicol]], bacteriologist and agricultural chemist.
* [[Cecil Pashley]], aviation pioneer.
* [[Phyllis Pearsall]], painter, writer, and creator of the ''[[Geographers' A–Z Street Atlas]]'' of London, lived on Shoreham Beach before her death in 1996.
* [[Harry Ricardo]] founded [[Ricardo Consulting Engineers]] in Shoreham-by-Sea, where it still has its main offices.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mendoza|first=Mike|title=Jobs to follow as Ricardo wins planning bid|url=http://www.shorehamherald.co.uk/news/local/jobs-to-follow-as-ricardo-wins-planning-bid-1-6161312|work=Shoreham Herald|access-date=16 July 2014|archive-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728001229/http://www.shorehamherald.co.uk/news/local/jobs-to-follow-as-ricardo-wins-planning-bid-1-6161312|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Captain [[Henry Roberts (Royal Navy officer)|Henry Roberts]] (1725–1796) was a native of Shoreham, where he raised his six children. He sailed with [[Captain James Cook]] on the [[Second voyage of James Cook|second]] and [[Third voyage of James Cook|third]] voyages and acted as cartographer.
* [[David Ryall]], actor, was born in the town in 1935.
* [[Leo Sayer]], British singer and recording artist, was born in 1948 in Shoreham-by-Sea.
* [[Hubert Scott-Paine]], aircraft and boat designer, was born in 1890 in Shoreham and had a yacht in Stowe's Yard, before moving to Southampton.<ref>{{cite book|first=Adrian|last=Rance|title= Fast Boats and Flying Boats|publisher=Ensign Publications|location= Southampton, England|year= 1989| isbn= 1-85455-026-8|page=10}}</ref>
* [[Gemma Spofforth]], Olympic swimmer, was born in Shoreham.
* [[Michael Standing (footballer)|Michael Standing]], a professional footballer, was born in Shoreham-by-Sea in 1981.
* [[Marcus Tudgay]], footballer, was born in Shoreham-by-Sea.
* [[Darren Tulett]], football presenter on French television.<ref>{{cite web|last=Honeyball|first=Lee|title=Brits abroad: Darren Tulett|url=https://www.theguardian.com/observer/osm/story/0,,1404051,00.html|work=The Observer|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-date=12 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212051433/http://observer.theguardian.com/osm/story/0,,1404051,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Judy Upton]], playwright, was born in Shoreham-by-Sea in 1966 and has written several plays associated with [[Brighton]].{{citation needed|reason=not mentioned in article about her|date=September 2022}}
* [[Nicholas van Hoogstraten]], notorious British property tycoon, was born in Shoreham-by-Sea in 1946 and was educated at a local Jesuit school.
* [[Ted Walker]], writer, was married in Shoreham. Many works describe the Shoreham coastline and Adur estuary.
* [[Amon Henry Wilds]], English architect, moved to Old Shoreham in 1857.
* [[Nathaniel Woodard]], the founder of [[Lancing College]] and the [[List of Woodard Schools|Woodard Schools]], became the [[curate]]-in-charge of St. Mary's, New Shoreham in 1846. His experience there inspired him to create schools to improve the level of middle-class education. He also greatly developed the use of choral music in the Church.

== Twin towns ==
Shoreham (along with the other urban districts of [[Adur (district)|Adur]]) is [[sister city|twinned]] with:
*  [[Żywiec]], Poland
* [[Riom]], France

== See also ==
[[File:Shoreham Bay, May 1828, by John Constable.JPG|thumb|''Shoreham Bay'' by [[John Constable]] (1828)]]
* [[Marlipins Museum]]
* [[Red Lion Inn, Shoreham-by-Sea]]
* [[Shoreham Harbour Lifeboat Station]]
* [[Southlands Hospital]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Shoreham-by-Sea}}
* [http://www.adur-worthing.gov.uk/ Shoreham-by-Sea comes under Adur & Worthing Council]

{{Adur}}
{{West Sussex}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Shoreham-by-Sea| ]]
[[Category:Towns in West Sussex]]
[[Category:Beaches of West Sussex]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in West Sussex]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of West Sussex]]
[[Category:Unparished areas in West Sussex]]
[[Category:Former civil parishes in West Sussex]]
[[Category:Adur District]]