Editing Shishmaref, Alaska

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name            = Shishmaref
| native_name              = {{native name|ik|Qigiqtaq}}<br><small>{{native name|ru|Шишмарёв}}</small>
| settlement_type          = [[City (Alaska)|City]]
| image_skyline            = Shishmaref- Erin (53) edit (15653586503).jpg
| image_caption            = 
| image_flag               = 
| image_seal               = 
| nickname                 = 
| motto                    = 
| pushpin_map              = USA Alaska
| pushpin_map_caption      = Location in Alaska
<!-- Coordinates -->| coordinates              = {{coord|66|15|20|N|166|04|20|W|region:US-AK|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes    = 
| subdivision_type         = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name         = [[United States]]
| subdivision_type1        = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1        = [[Alaska]]
| subdivision_type2        = [[List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska|Census Area]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[Nome Census Area, Alaska|Nome]]
| established_title        = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
| established_date         = July 13, 1969<ref>{{cite book|title=1996 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory|location=[[Juneau]]|publisher=Alaska Municipal League/[[Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development|Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs]]|date=January 1996|page=142}}</ref>
| government_type          = <!-- Government -->
| government_footnotes     = 
| leader_title             = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name              = Donna Barr<ref>{{Cite book|title=2015 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory|location=Juneau|publisher=Alaska Municipal League|year=2015|page=147}}</ref>
| leader_title1            = [[Alaska Senate|State senator]]
| leader_name1             = [[Donny Olson|Donald Olson]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
| leader_title2            = [[Alaska House of Representatives|State rep.]]
| leader_name2             = [[Neal Foster]] (D)
| unit_pref                = Imperial
| area_footnotes           = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_02.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 29, 2021}}</ref>
| area_total_km2           = 18.82
| area_total_sq_mi         = 7.27
| area_land_km2            = 6.06
| area_land_sq_mi          = 2.34
| area_water_km2           = 12.76
| area_water_sq_mi         = 4.93
<!-- Elevation -->| elevation_footnotes      = 
| elevation_m              = 5
| elevation_ft             = 16
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 576
| population_as_of         = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| pop_est_footnotes        = 
| population_est           = 
| pop_est_as_of            = 
| population_density_km2   = 95.08
| population_density_sq_mi = 246.26
<!-- General information -->| timezone                 = [[Alaska Time Zone|Alaska (AKST)]]
| utc_offset               = -9
| timezone_DST             = AKDT
| utc_offset_DST           = -8
| postal_code_type         = [[ZIP code]]
| postal_code              = 99772
| area_code_type           = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
| area_code                = [[Area code 907|907]]
| blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS]] code
| blank_info               = {{FIPS|02|69770}}
| blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info              = {{GNIS4|1409434}}, {{GNIS4|2418855}}
| website                  = 
}}

'''Shishmaref''' ({{IPAc-en||ˈ|ʃ|ɪ|ʃ|m|ə|r|ɛ|f}} {{respell|SHISH|mə|ref}};<ref>
 {{cite web
 | url = http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm?Comm_Boro_name=Shishmaref
 | title = Shishmaref
 | publisher = Division of Community and Regional Affairs, [[Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development]]
 | access-date = January 23, 2013
}}
</ref> {{langx|ik|Qigiqtaq}}, {{IPA|ik|qixiqtaq|IPA}} or ''Kigiqtaq''; {{lang-rus|Шишмарёв|p=ʂɨʂmɐˈrʲɵf}}) is a [[City (Alaska)|city]]<ref name="2010 Census">
 {{cite web
 | url = http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/1600000US0269770
 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20200212111429/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/1600000US0269770
 | url-status = dead
 | archive-date = February 12, 2020
| title = Shishmaref city, Alaska
 | work = Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data
 | publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]]
 | access-date = January 23, 2013
}}
</ref><ref>
 {{cite web
 |url=http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/osa/pub/11Taxable.pdf 
 |title=Alaska Taxable 2011: Municipal Taxation - Rates and Policies 
 |publisher=Division of Community and Regional Affairs, [[Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development]] 
 |date=January 2012 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425132818/http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/osa/pub/11Taxable.pdf 
 |archive-date=April 25, 2013 
}}
</ref> in the [[Nome Census Area, Alaska|Nome Census Area]], [[Alaska]], [[United States]]. It is located on [[Sarichef Island]] in the [[Chukchi Sea]], just north of the [[Bering Strait]] and five miles from the mainland. Shishmaref lies within the [[Bering Land Bridge National Preserve]].  The population was 563 at the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]],<ref name="2010 Census"/> up from 562 in 2000.

==Etymology==
Shishmaryov is probably a variant of [[Russian language|Russian]] ''Shyshmánov'' from Turkic ''šyšman'' ‘fat’, but there is also Old Russian ''šiš'' ‘rogue, knave’ and ''Maréev'' ‘(son of) marine’.<ref>Boris O. Unbegaun: ''Russian surnames'', Oxford, 1972, Oxford University Press.</ref> The name was assigned in 1821 to a nearby inlet by explorer Otto von Kotzebue of the Russian Imperial Marine, in honor of a member of his expedition, the commander [[Gleb Shishmaryov|Gleb S. Shishmaryov]] (Глеб Семёнович Шишмарёв).

In the [[Iñupiaq language]], ''Qigiqtaq'' (formally ''Ḳigiḳtaḳ'') means ‘island’.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Webster|first1=Donald H.|title=Iñupiat Eskimo Dictionary|last2=Zibell|first2=Wilfried|publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics|year=1970|language=English}}</ref> The water to the south of it is called ''Qigiqtam Imaġrua'' ‘waters of Qikiqtaq’, shown in the map of the area in the [[Bering Land Bridge National Preserve]].<ref>Michael Arvaarluk Kusugak, Vancouver Island, 2020.</ref>

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|7.3|sqmi|km2}}, of which, {{convert|2.8|sqmi|km2}} of it is land and {{convert|4.5|sqmi|km2}} of it (61.62%) is water.

Shishmaref was named in 1821 by explorer Lt. [[Otto von Kotzebue]], of the [[Imperial Russian Navy]], after Capt. Lt. [[Gleb Shishmaryov]] who accompanied him on his exploration.

Sarichef Island (on which Shishmaref is located) is part of a dynamic, 100&nbsp;km-long barrier island chain that records human and environmental history spanning the past 2000 years; the oldest subaerial evidence for the formation of this system is about 1700 years before present, according to carbon 14 dating (see References, below). Erosion at Shishmaref is unique along the islands because of its fetch exposure and high tidal prism, relatively intense infrastructure development during the 20th century, and multiple shoreline defense structures built beginning in the 1970s.

=== Global warming ===
The effect of [[global climate change]] upon Shishmaref is sometimes seen as the most dramatic in the world.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3940399.stm | work=BBC News | title=Sea engulfing Alaskan village | date=July 30, 2004 | access-date=March 27, 2010}}</ref> Rising temperatures have resulted in a reduction in the [[sea ice]] which serves to buffer Shishmaref from [[storm surge]]s. At the same time, the [[permafrost]] that the village is built on has also begun to melt, making the shore even more vulnerable to [[erosion]]. In recent years the shore has been receding at an average rate of up to 10 feet (3.3 m) per year.<ref>''Field Notes from a Catastrophe: Man, Nature, and Climate Change'', 2006, {{ISBN|978-1-59691-130-7}}</ref> Although a series of barricades has been put up to protect the village, the shore has continued to erode at an alarming rate.  The Army Corps of Engineers has built a series of walls but none have been completely effective against waves.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Tip of the iceberg : my 3,000-mile journey around wild Alaska, the last great American frontier|author=Adams, Mark|isbn=9781101985113|location=New York, New York|oclc=1021063881|date = May 15, 2018}}</ref>  The town's homes, water system and infrastructure are being undermined.<ref>Jordan, J.W., and O.K. Mason, 1999. A 5000 year record of intertidal peat stratigraphy and sea- level change from northwest Alaska. Quaternary International 60:37-47</ref><ref>Jordan, J.W., 1989. Rhythmic berm ridge deposition on the coastal barriersof northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska. In: Coastal Sediment Mobility;Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Coastal Sedimentology, W.F. Tanner ed., Department of Geology, Florida State University, Tallahassee. pp.137-150.</ref><ref>Jordan, J.W., 1987. Erosion characteristics and retreat rates along the north coast of Seward Peninsula. Chapter 7, In: Bering Land Bridge National Preserve: an Archeological Survey, J. Schaaf ed., National Park Service, Alaska Region, Anchorage.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Human and Economic Indicators - Village of Shishmaref, North Alaska |url=https://www.arctic.noaa.gov/detect/human-shishmaref.shtml |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041115071930/https://www.arctic.noaa.gov/detect/human-shishmaref.shtml |archive-date=November 15, 2004 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=NOAA}}</ref> Currently,{{when|date=January 2024}} Shishmaref has obtained funds to construct seawalls that protect some of the shoreline.

The village had plans to relocate several miles to the south, on the mainland to the Tin Creek site. However, Tin Creek proved unsuitable for long term settlement due to melting permafrost in the area. The Shishmaref Erosion and Relocation Coalition, made up of the city, the IRA Council and other organizations, is seeking{{when|date=January 2024}} federal, state and private funding for a move elsewhere.  The cost of moving Shishmaref is estimated at $180 million, nearly $320,000 per resident. The village was told by the Obama administration that no federal money was available, therefore tensions arose in 2013 when John Kerry announced Vietnam would receive $17 million to deal with climate change.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Erosion rates along the island front exceed (and are not comparable with) those along adjacent sectors. Erosion is occurring along the entire island chain, but it is exacerbated at Sarichef Island in part because of the hydrographic impacts of hard armoring of a sandy shoreface and permafrost degradation that is accelerated by infrastructure.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} Residents are experiencing the effects of coastal retreat on residential and commercial properties.

Residents voted on town relocation several times, as early as 1975 and then in 2002 which approved it.<ref name=":0" /> On August 16, 2016, the village voted to move the town to the mainland.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thorbecke |first=Catherine |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Leaving Their Ancestral Home: Alaska Village Votes to Move Due to Climate Change |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/leaving-ancestral-home-alaska-village-votes-move-due/story?id=41482755 |newspaper=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |access-date=August 18, 2016}}</ref> The town's residents prefer to think of the move to the mainland as an "expansion" rather than a "relocation", but although a site on the mainland called '''West Tin-Creek Hills''' was selected in 2016, there’s still a lot of planning and research to be done before that can be determined viable.<ref name=knom>{{cite web|title=Amid an Erosion Crisis, Shishmaref Takes Small Steps Toward Expansion|author=Emily Hofstaedter|language=en|website=KNOM Radio Mission|date=June 28, 2019|format=Audio with Text|url=https://www.knom.org/wp/blog/2019/06/28/amid-an-erosion-crisis-shishmaref-takes-small-steps-toward-expansion/}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Eskimo women from the village of Shishmaref (33421584781).jpg|thumb|Women from the village of Shishmaref, c. 1970s]]
Sometimes referred to as "the friendliest village in Alaska,"<ref>{{cite web|title=Shishmaref|url=https://www.nps.gov/bela/planyourvisit/shishmaref.htm|website=National Park Service|access-date=April 8, 2017}}</ref> Shishmaref is an [[Iñupiaq]] village. Researchers, journalists and the occasional tourist visit Shishmaref, and the city has acquired a reputation for being a gracious host.

Residents rely heavily on a subsistence lifestyle, that is, hunting and gathering much of their food. Primary food sources include sea mammals such as ''ugruk'' ([[bearded seal]]), other seals, and [[walrus]], fish, birds (such as [[rock ptarmigan|ptarmigan]]), [[caribou]] and [[moose]]. The village is well known in the region for its high-quality seal oil and [[fermented meat]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}

Shishmaref is known for its Native art. Local artists carve sculptures from whalebone and walrus ivory, that are much sought after by galleries in Alaska and the Lower 48 states. [[George Aden Ahgupuk]] (1911–2001), a prominent Iñupiaq sculptor and draftsman lived in Shishmaref.<ref>{{cite web |title=George Twok Aden Ahgupuk |url=https://www.askart.com/artist/George_Twok_Aden_Ahgupuk/102770/George_Twok_Aden_Ahgupuk.aspx |website=AskArt |access-date=December 1, 2020}}</ref>

Shishmaref was home to one of Alaska's most-beloved dog mushers. [[Herbie Nayokpuk]] (1929–2006), known as the "Shishmaref Cannonball," finished the [[Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race]] numerous times, including a second-place finish.

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1920= 131
|1930= 223
|1940= 257
|1950= 194
|1960= 217
|1970= 267
|1980= 394
|1990= 456
|2000= 562
|2010= 563
|2020= 576
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}
Shishmaref first appeared on the 1920 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It formally incorporated in 1969.

As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2000, there were 562 people, 142 households, and 110 families residing in the city.  The population density was {{convert|202.0|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}.  There were 148 housing units at an average density of {{convert|53.2|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}.  The racial makeup of the city was 93.24% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]] (mainly [[Inupiat people|Inupiat]]), 5.34% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], and 1.42% from two or more races.  [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.53% of the population.

Of the 142 households, 52.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.6% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 19.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.5% were non-families. 21.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 3.96 and the average family size was 4.59.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 40.9% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 12.6% from 45 to 64, and 5.7% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 125.7 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 121.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,714, and the median income for a family was $29,306. Males had a median income of $35,357 versus $25,000 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $10,487.  About 16.2% of families and 16.3% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 21.2% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over.

==Education==
Shishmaref is served by the [[Bering Strait School District]]. Shishmaref School is the only school in town and serves grades Pre-K through 12 with a population of 183 students and 33 pre-school children.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wiki.bssd.org/index.php/Shishmaref_School |title=Shishmaref School - OpenContent Curriculum |access-date=September 27, 2013 |archive-date=June 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601155230/http://wiki.bssd.org/index.php/Shishmaref_School |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are 19 teachers at Shishmaref School and is the largest and newest building in settlement.

==Transportation==

There are three main roads, Main Street-Airport Road, Housing Trail and Clinic Road. Roads are not paved but have street lighting and do not connect to the outside beyond Shishmaref. Vehicles are mostly ATVs with a few private vehicles and dirt motorcycles.

Some residents will travel by wood vessels around Sarichef Island and a barge delivers goods and materials to Shishmaref when it is ice free.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://avec.org/portfolio/shishmaref-crowley-barge-making-delivery/ |title=Alaska Village Electric Cooperative {{!}} Shishmaref – Crowley barge making delivery |website=avec.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331115107/http://avec.org/portfolio/shishmaref-crowley-barge-making-delivery/ |archive-date=March 31, 2017}}</ref>

[[Shishmaref Airport]] is the only means of connecting the town to the rest of Alaska. The airport replaced an earlier airport which is now occupied by housing near the lagoon.

==Housing==

Houses in Shishmaref are pre-fabricated and mostly single story. Construction material is mostly wood board and sometimes metal. The homes are often damaged from erosion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://alaskaconservation.org/conservation-issues/arctic/shishmaref-home-lost-to-erosion/ |title=Arctic Shishmaref home lost to erosion – Alaska Conservation Foundation |website=alaskaconservation.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918152435/http://alaskaconservation.org/conservation-issues/arctic/shishmaref-home-lost-to-erosion/ |archive-date=September 18, 2011}}</ref>

==Local businesses and other places of interest==

===Government===
* US Post Office 
* New Airport 
* City Offices
* Shishmaref School

===Business===
* Shishmaref Native Store 
* Nayokpuk General Store  
* Washeteria 
* Tannery

===Services===
* Friendship Center  
* Bingo Hall - near Main Street and Clinic Road
* Shishmaref Lutheran Church and Cemetery
* IRA Building
* Bulk Fuel Tank - city owned
*etc

==Services==

Local healthcare services are provided by the Katherine Miksruag Olanna Health Clinic, a member of the Norton Sound Health Corporation (NSHC) based in Nome, AK. Certified health aides provide general services including lab work, vaccinations, health screenings, and treatment of acute health issues. The clinic utilizes NSHC's electronic medical record system, as well as other modern technologies including video teleconferencing and remote medication dispensing, in order to provide quality care to its patients. Healthcare providers of various specialties also routinely visit the clinic to provide additional services, screenings, and chronic disease state management.

Policing is provided by Shishmaref Police Department and fire services are provided by Shishmaref Volunteer Fire Department.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Alaska}}
* [http://www.explorenorth.com/library/communities/alaska/bl-Shishmaref.htm The History of Shishmaref]
* [http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/detect/human-shishmaref.shtml Arctic Change: Village of Shishmaref, North Alaska], [[NOAA]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103072719/http://podcast.prx.org/nature/audio/NSP015.mp3 "Moving the Village" - an audio documentary about Shishmaref and Climate Change]
* {{cite web|title=Climate change threatens life in Shishmaref, Alaska|author=John D. Sutter|language=en|date=December 3, 2009|website=CNN|format=Video & Text|url=https://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/science/12/03/shishmaref.alaska.climate.change/index.html}}
* {{cite web|title=Tragedy of a village built on ice|author=John D. Sutter|language=en|date=March 29, 2017|website=CNN|format=Video & Text|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/03/29/us/sutter-shishmaref-esau-tragedy/?iid=ob_homepage_deskrecommended_pool}}
* [http://www.thelastdaysofshishmaref.nl A Dutch multimediaproject in progress on the consequences of climate change to the social life of the villagers]
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.dod.dimoc.30148|name=ALASKAN SCOUT (1963)}}

{{Nome Census Area, Alaska}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Chukchi Sea]]
[[Category:Cities in Alaska]]
[[Category:Cities in Nome Census Area, Alaska]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Alaska on the Arctic Ocean]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Seward Peninsula]]
[[Category:Managed retreat]]