Editing Shirley Ann Jackson

{{Short description|American physicist (born 1946)}}
{{about|the scientist and university administrator|the writer|Shirley Jackson}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name         = Shirley Ann Jackson
|image        = Shirley Ann Jackson World Economic Forum 2010.jpg
|office       = Chair of the [[President's Intelligence Advisory Board]]
|term_start   = August 29, 2014
|term_end     = January 20, 2017
|alongside    = [[Jami Miscik]]
|president    = [[Barack Obama]]
|predecessor  = [[David Boren]]<br />[[Chuck Hagel]]
|successor    = [[Steve Feinberg]]
|office1      = [[List of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute people|President of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]]
|term_start1  = July 1, 1999
|term_end1    = July 1, 2022
|predecessor1 = [[Cornelius J. Barton|Cornelius Barton]]
|successor1   = [[Martin A. Schmidt]]
|birth_date   = {{birth date and age|1946|8|5}}
|birth_place  = [[Washington, D.C.]]
|death_date   = 
|death_place  = 
|spouse       = Morris Washington
|education    = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]], [[Master of Science|MS]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
|website      = {{URL|www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/shirley-ann-jackson|Official website}}
}}
'''Shirley Ann Jackson''', {{post-nominals|size=100|sep=,|country=GBR|FREng}} (born August 5, 1946) is an American [[physicist]], and was the 18th president of [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]]. She is the first [[African-American|African American]] woman to have earned a doctorate at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), in Theoretical Elementary Particle Physics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blackhistory.mit.edu/archive/shirley-jackson-mit-1973|title=Shirley Jackson at MIT, 1973|website=MIT Black History|language=en|access-date=2023-02-03}}</ref><ref name="sQ2pz" /> She is also the second African American woman in the United States to earn a doctorate in physics.<ref name="DiscoverMag" />

==Biography==
Jackson was born in [[Washington, D.C.]], and attended [[Roosevelt Senior High School (Washington, DC)|Roosevelt Senior High School]]. After graduation in 1964, she enrolled at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] to study [[theoretical physics]], earning her [[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]] degree in 1968.<ref name="diaspora" /><ref name="olWU4" />

Jackson elected to stay at MIT for her doctoral work, and received her [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] degree in [[nuclear physics]] in 1973, the first African American woman to earn a doctorate degree from MIT. Her research was directed by [[James Edward Young|James Young]], a professor in the [[MIT Center for Theoretical Physics]].<ref name="diaspora" /><ref name="G3JiA" /> Jackson is also the second African American woman in the United States to earn a doctorate in physics. She was featured on the [[PBS]] show "[[Finding Your Roots]]" Season 6 Episode 7, where she is noted as one of the leading global pioneers in science all while knowing little about her ancestry.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Science Pioneers|url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/finding-your-roots/watch/episodes/science-pioneers|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Finding Your Roots|language=en|archive-date=August 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808213015/https://www.pbs.org/weta/finding-your-roots/watch/episodes/science-pioneers|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2002, ''[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]]'' magazine recognized her as one of the 50 most important women in science.<ref name="DiscoverMag" />

=== AT&T Bell Laboratories ===
Jackson joined the Theoretical Physics Research Department at [[Bell Labs|AT&T Bell Laboratories]] in 1976, examining the fundamental properties of various materials.<ref name="NYTimesBio" /> She began her time at Bell Labs by studying materials to be used in the semiconductor industry.<ref name="BorrellSpeaking" /> She worked in the Scattering and Low Energy Physics Research Department from 1978, and moved to the Solid State and Quantum Physics Research Department in 1988. At Bell Labs, Jackson researched the optical and electronic properties of two-dimensional and quasi-two-dimensional systems.<ref name="diaspora" />

Jackson served on the faculty at [[Rutgers University]] in [[Piscataway Township, New Jersey|Piscataway]] and [[New Brunswick, New Jersey]] from 1991 to 1995, in addition to continuing to consult with Bell Labs on semiconductor theory.<ref name="NYTimesBio" /> Her research during this time focused on the electronic and optical properties of two-dimensional systems.

<!-- This paragraph exists to debunk repeatedly false claims, which will tend to recur in future cycles of Wikipedia edits if not guarded against. -->
<!-- It is not a violation of "no original research" because each statement is directly supported as fact. -->
<!-- It should not be viewed as "citation overkill" because multiple citations are needed to demonstrate the pattern of misinformation in the false claims. -->
<!-- It should not be viewed as "citation overkill" because multiple citations are needed to demonstrate who is truly responsible for each such invention, and to substantiate that the actual timeframe of these inventions predated Jackson's arrival at Bell Labs. -->
<!-- To help reduce the visual impact of "citation overkill", information about these inventions has been "bundled" together in a single footnote. -->
Although some sources claim that Jackson conducted scientific research while working at Bell Laboratories that enabled others to invent the portable fax, touch-tone telephone, solar cells, fiber optic cables, and the technology behind caller ID and call waiting,<ref name="HUnKe" /><ref name="sKf1k" /><ref name="q9u1f" /> Jackson herself makes no such claim.<ref name="DnndB" /> Moreover, these telecommunications advancements significantly predated her arrival at Bell Labs in 1976, with these six specifically enumerated inventions actually occurring by others in the time frame between 1954 and 1970.<ref name="nw6l4" />

=== U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission ===
In 1995 she was appointed by President [[Bill Clinton]] to serve as chairman of the US [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] (NRC), becoming the first woman and first African American to hold that position.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nature.org/en-us/newsroom/tnc-appoints-new-global-board-members/ |title=The Nature Conservancy Appoints New Members to its Global Board of Directors |access-date=August 20, 2020 |archive-date=August 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808144256/https://www.nature.org/en-us/newsroom/tnc-appoints-new-global-board-members/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>  At the NRC, she had "ultimate authority for all NRC functions pertaining to an emergency involving an NRC licensee".<ref name="NYTimesBio" /> In addition, while Jackson served on the commission she assisted in the establishment of the International Nuclear Regulators Association.<ref name="auto" /> Jackson served as the chairperson for the International Regulators Association from 1997 to 1999. The association consisted of senior nuclear regulatory officials from countries like Canada, France, Germany and Spain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Honorable Dr. Shirley Ann Jackson, Commissioner|url=https://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/organization/commission/former-commissioners/jackson.html|access-date=2021-02-27|website=NRC Web|language=en-US|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126001418/https://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/organization/commission/former-commissioners/jackson.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ===
On July 1, 1999, Jackson became the 18th president of [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] (RPI). Jackson's goal for Rensselaer is "to achieve prominence in the 21st century as a top-tier world-class technological research university, with global reach and global impact." She was the first woman and first African American to hold this position. Since her appointment to president of RPI, Jackson has helped raise over $1 billion in donations for philanthropic causes.<ref name="BorrellSpeaking" />

She led the development of a strategic initiative called [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute#Rensselaer Plan|The Rensselaer Plan]] and much progress has been made towards achieving the Plan's goals. She oversaw a large capital improvement campaign, including the construction of an [[Experimental Media and Performing Arts Center]] costing $200 million,<ref name="Xp03y" /> and the East Campus Athletic Village.

On April 26, 2006, the faculty of RPI (including a number of ‘’emeritus’’ faculty) voted 155 to 149 against a vote of no-confidence in Jackson.<ref name="sGWnX" />

After arriving at RPI, Jackson's salary and benefits expanded from $423,150 in 1999–2000 to over $1.3 million in 2006–2007.<ref name="times union" /><ref name="kfuPe" /> In 2011 Jackson's salary was $1.75 million.<ref name="JwKeX" /> In 2006–07, and it is estimated she received another $1.3 million from board seats at several major corporations.<ref name="times union" /> The announcement of layoffs at RPI in December 2008 led some in the RPI community to question whether the institute should continue to compensate Jackson at that level, maintain a residence in the Adirondacks for her, and continue to support a personal staff.<ref name="times union" /> Her presidency created much controversy in the student body; in 2011, the RPI Student Senate passed a motion to request that the administration to review her performance and consider her removal due to a “broad sense of dissatisfaction and low morale among students, faculty, staff and alumni, particularly in opposition to the Institute and President Jackson’s leadership" and her "top down leadership, [and] abrasive style."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Franco |first=James |date=November 29, 2011 |title=RPI Student Senate recommends removal of Shirley Ann Jackson |url=https://www.troyrecord.com/2011/11/29/rpi-student-senate-recommends-removal-of-shirley-ann-jackson-update-620-pm/ |access-date=January 9, 2024 |website=The Record}}</ref>

On December 4–5, 2009 Jackson celebrated her tenth year at RPI with a "Celebration Weekend," which featured tribute concerts by [[Aretha Franklin]] and [[Joshua Bell]] among other events.<ref name="J7FuF" /><ref name="nv5Np" /> Following the weekend, the board of trustees announced they would support construction of a new guest house on Jackson's property, for the purpose of "[enabling] the presidents to receive and entertain, appropriately, Rensselaer constituents, donors, and other high-level visitors."<ref name="house" />  The trustees said that "the funds for this new project would not have been available for any other purpose."<ref name="house" /> William Walker, the school's Vice President of Strategic Communications and External Relations noted "The Board sees this very much as a long-term investment... for President Jackson and her successors."<ref name="timesunion house" />

On February 2, 2010, the Troy Zoning Board of Appeals denied RPI's request for a zoning variance allowing them to construct the new house at a height of {{convert|44|ft|m}}, which would exceed the {{convert|25|ft|m|adj=on}} height restriction on buildings in residential areas. The zoning board stated that it is "too big," and two firefighters believed the property would be difficult to access with emergency vehicles.<ref name="FCPUu" /> A new plan was announced on February 25, describing how the president's house will be replaced with a new two-story house.<ref name="house razed" /> The new house will have "9,600 square feet of livable space, divided approximately equally between living space for the president's family and rooms for the president to conduct meetings and events."<ref name="email2" />

In June 2010, it was announced that the Rensselaer Board of Trustees unanimously voted to extend Jackson a ten-year contract renewal, which she accepted.<ref name="UckGc" /> Jackson's compensation ranked first among US private university presidents in 2014.<ref name="rrreC" />

A 2015 ''Money.com'' article cited Jackson as the highest-paid college President and "took home a base salary of $945,000 plus another $276,474 in bonuses, $31,874 in nontaxable benefits".<ref name="aZA6p" />

In the fall of 2018, another contract extension was approved by the board of trustees through the end of June 2022.<ref name="218rA" />

On June 25, 2021, Jackson publicly announced she would be stepping down from her post as president as of July 1, 2022, after 23 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.rpi.edu/news/memo/06/25/2021/retirement-president-rensselaer-polytechnic-institute |title=Retirement as President of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute |date=2021-06-25 |access-date=2022-05-19 |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519133858/https://president.rpi.edu/news/memo/06/25/2021/retirement-president-rensselaer-polytechnic-institute |archive-date=2022-05-19 }}</ref>

=== The Nature Conservancy ===
In February 2020, Jackson joined the Nature Conservancy Global Board. She is expected to be serving on this board until October 2029. Board Chair Tom Tierney says, "To successfully take on the most pressing environmental challenges facing us, TNC needs people with ambition and big ideas."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biography: Shirley Ann Jackson|url=https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/our-people/shirley-ann-jackson/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Nature Conservancy|language=en-US|archive-date=August 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810052121/https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/our-people/shirley-ann-jackson/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Honors and distinctions==
Jackson has received many fellowships, including the [[Martin Marietta]] Aircraft Company Scholarship and Fellowship, the [[Prince Hall Freemasonry|Prince Hall Masons Scholarship]], the [[National Science Foundation]] Traineeship, and a [[Ford Foundation]] Advanced Study Fellowship. She has been elected to numerous special societies, including the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref name="1JmLa" /> In 2014, she was named a recipient of the [[National Medal of Science]].<ref name="MInpo" /><ref name="arWms" />

In the early 1990s, then-New Jersey Governor [[James Florio]] awarded Jackson the [[Thomas Alva Edison]] Science Award for her contributions to physics and for the promotion of science.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clays |first=Jessica |date=2021-10-19 |title=Black History Month – Celebrating Black Tech Heroes |url=https://weareintegrate.com/black-history-month/ |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Integrate |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Jackson received awards for the years 1976 and 1981 as one of the Outstanding Young Women of America.<ref name="auto" /> She was inducted into National Women's Hall of Fame in 1998 for "her significant contributions as a distinguished scientist and advocate for education, science, and public policy."<ref name="R58Wh" /><ref name="kuqP6" /> She received a [[Candace Award]] for Technology from the [[National Coalition of 100 Black Women]] in 1982.<ref name="page2" />

In 2001, she received the [[Richtmyer Memorial Award]] given annually by the [[American Association of Physics Teachers]].  She has also received 53 honorary doctorate degrees.<ref name="rQowA" />

In spring 2007, she was awarded the [[Vannevar Bush Award]] for "a lifetime of achievements in scientific research, education and senior statesman-like contributions to public policy".<ref name="KlOCC" />

In 2007, she received the Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]] presented by Awards Council member [[Ben Carson]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement|website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service|access-date=January 8, 2021|archive-date=December 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023909/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2007 Summit Highlights Photo |url=https://achievement.org/summit/2007/ |quote=University presidents Shirley Ann Jackson and John Sexton with U.S. Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings. |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-date=November 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103030229/https://achievement.org/summit/2007/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2008 she became the University Vice Chairman of the US [[Council on Competitiveness]], a non-for profit group based in [[Washington, DC]]. In 2009, President [[Barack Obama]] appointed Jackson to serve on the [[President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology]], a 20-member advisory group dedicated to public policy.<ref name="iCRXk" />

She was appointed an International [[Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering]] (FREng) in 2012.<ref name="List of Fellows" />

In 2018, she was awarded by the Hutchins Center for African American Research with the W.E.B DuBois medal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-26|title=Shirley Ann Jackson '68 PhD '73 to receive AAPT 2021 Oersted Medal|url=https://physics.mit.edu/news/shirley-ann-jackson-68-phd-73-to-receive-aapt-2021-oersted-medal/|access-date=2021-05-06|website=MIT Physics|language=en-US|archive-date=May 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506174624/https://physics.mit.edu/news/shirley-ann-jackson-68-phd-73-to-receive-aapt-2021-oersted-medal/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, the [[American Physical Society]] Forum on Physics and Society awarded her the Joseph A. Burton Forum Award.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |title=2019 Joseph A. Burton Forum Award Recipient |url=https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?last_nm=Jackson&first_nm=Shirley&year=2019 |publisher=American Physical Society |access-date=3 October 2022}}</ref>

In 2021, she was the recipient of the [[Oersted Medal|Hans Christian Oersted Medal]] from the [[American Association of Physics Teachers]].<ref name=":1" /> Also in 2021, she received, from the [[UC Berkeley]] Academic Senate, the [[Clark Kerr Award]] for distinguished leadership in higher education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Clark Kerr Award {{!}} Academic Senate |url=https://academic-senate.berkeley.edu/awards/clark-kerr-award-2021 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=academic-senate.berkeley.edu}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Jackson is married to Morris A. Washington, a physics professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and they have one adult son.<ref name="profile" /> She is a member of [[Delta Sigma Theta]] sorority.<ref name="MoHpP" />

==Philanthropy==
Jackson and her husband were named to the inaugural class of the Capital Region Philanthropy Hall of Fame in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rulison|first=Larry|date=2019-03-28|title=United Way creates new Philanthropy Hall of Fame|url=https://www.timesunion.com/business/article/United-Way-creates-new-Philanthropy-Hall-of-Fame-13724387.php|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Times Union|language=en-US|archive-date=October 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029165554/https://www.timesunion.com/business/article/United-Way-creates-new-Philanthropy-Hall-of-Fame-13724387.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Timeline of women in science]]

==References==
{{reflist|1=30em|refs=
<ref name="DiscoverMag">{{cite web|last1=Svitil|first1=Kathy A.|title=The 50 Most Important Women in Science|url=http://discovermagazine.com/2002/nov/feat50/|website=Discover Magazine|publisher=Kalmbach Publishing Co.|access-date=December 15, 2014|archive-date=December 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221130712/http://discovermagazine.com/2002/nov/feat50/|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="diaspora">{{cite web|url=http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/physics/jackson_shirleya.html|title=Physicists of the African Diaspora|last=Williams|first=Scott|access-date=December 31, 2009|archive-date=October 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006132036/http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/physics/jackson_shirleya.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|title=American women inventors|last=Ann.|first=Camp, Carole|date=2004|publisher=Enslow Publishers|isbn=0766015386|location=Berkeley Heights, NJ|oclc=48398924}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesBio">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/college/faculty/coll_pres_jacksonbio.html|title=Biography of Shirley Ann Jackson, Ph.D. |author=<!--Not stated-->|date=July 21, 2003|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 1, 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170301093632/http://www.nytimes.com/ref/college/faculty/coll_pres_jacksonbio.html|archive-date=March 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BorrellSpeaking">{{Cite news|url=http://academic.evergreen.edu/z/zita/articles/SciAm/GW_CC/ScienceEducation2011.pdf |title=Speaking Out on the "Quiet Crisis" |last=Borrell |first=Brendan |date=December 1, 2011 |work=Scientific American |access-date=March 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301104308/http://academic.evergreen.edu/z/zita/articles/SciAm/GW_CC/ScienceEducation2011.pdf |archive-date=March 1, 2017 |url-status=live |pages=94–99 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="times union">{{cite web|url=http://timesunion.com/AspStories/story.asp?storyID=754050&category=REGION |title=For RPI, priorities an issue |publisher=Times Union |access-date=December 27, 2008| url-status=dead |archive-date=December 25, 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081225225555/http://timesunion.com/AspStories/story.asp?storyID=754050&category=REGION}}</ref>
<ref name="house">{{cite web|url=http://www.rpinsider.com/archives/2484|title=Breaking News: New Presidential Home to Be Constructed|date=December 7, 2009|access-date=December 31, 2009|archive-date=December 24, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224084614/http://www.rpinsider.com/archives/2484|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="timesunion house">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesunion.com/AspStories/story.asp?storyID=875141 |title=RPI president to get new campus home residence |last=Churchill |first=Chris |work=[[Times Union (Albany)|The Times Union]] |date=December 8, 2009 |access-date=December 31, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215112325/http://www.timesunion.com/AspStories/story.asp?storyID=875141 |archive-date=December 15, 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="house razed">{{cite news|url=http://poly.rpi.edu/?p=1343|title=Jackson house to be razed|last=Sherman|first=Erica|date=March 3, 2010|publisher=[[The Rensselaer Polytechnic]]|access-date=April 4, 2010|archive-date=July 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720041605/http://poly.rpi.edu/?p=1343|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="email2">{{cite web|url=http://rpiisrpi.com/sites/default/files/President%27s%20House%20Project%20email_0.txt|title=RE President's House Project (Email to RPI Community)|last=Rounds|first=Claude|date=February 25, 2010|publisher=RPIisRPI.com|access-date=February 25, 2010}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
<ref name="List of Fellows">{{cite web|title=List of Fellows|url=http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows|access-date=October 28, 2014|archive-date=June 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608094405/http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="page2">{{cite web |website=National Coalition of 100 Black Women |title=Candace Award Recipients 1982–1990, Page 2 |url=http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314212510/http://www.ncbw.org/programs/award2.html |archive-date=March 14, 2003}}</ref>
<ref name="profile">{{Cite web|title=Biography &#124; Shirley Ann Jackson, Ph.D.|url=https://president.rpi.edu/president-biography|access-date=2022-04-04|website=president.rpi.edu|archive-date=July 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709144214/https://president.rpi.edu/president-biography|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="sQ2pz">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMZMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA333|title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience|last1=Appiah|first1=Kwame Anthony|last2=Gates|first2=Henry Louis Jr.|date=March 16, 2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195170559|pages=333|language=en|access-date=March 1, 2017|archive-date=June 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608092637/https://books.google.com/books?id=TMZMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA333|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="olWU4">{{cite web|url=http://www.usfsp.edu/rosengrant-stem-lab/files/2017/07/Shirley-Jackson_superconductors.pdf|title=Shirley Ann Jackson superconductors|publisher=[[USFSP]]|access-date=May 2, 2018|archive-date=March 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303123843/http://www.usfsp.edu/rosengrant-stem-lab/files/2017/07/Shirley-Jackson_superconductors.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="G3JiA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.blackhistory.mit.edunode/122|title=James E. Young, 1983|website=MIT Black History|language=en|access-date=2019-12-30}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
<ref name="HUnKe">{{Cite web |url=http://www.blackinventionsmuseum.org/features4.html |title=International Black Inventions Museum – Featured Inventors – Dr. Shirley A. Jackson |access-date=August 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021207145018/http://www.blackinventionsmuseum.org/features4.html |archive-date=December 7, 2002 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="sKf1k">{{Cite web |url=http://www.black-inventor.com/Dr-Shirley-Jackson.asp |title=Famous Black Inventors – Dr. Shirley Ann Jackson |access-date=August 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060205154828/http://www.black-inventor.com/Dr-Shirley-Jackson.asp |archive-date=February 5, 2006 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="q9u1f">{{cite news |title=BBC 100 Women: Nine things you didn't know were invented by women |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-40923649 |access-date=8 February 2020 |date=4 September 2017 |archive-date=June 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611222542/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-40923649 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="DnndB">{{Cite web|url=https://president.rpi.edu/president-biography |title=Jackson biography at RPI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709144214/https://president.rpi.edu/president-biography |archive-date=July 9, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="nw6l4">Inventions by others during 1954–1970:{{bulleted list |Portable Fax Machine (1961), {{Cite web|url=https://www.inventorsdigest.com/articles/still-changing-world/|title=Still Changing the World|website=www.inventorsdigest.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-10|date=August 4, 2016|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308004715/https://www.inventorsdigest.com/articles/still-changing-world/|url-status=live}} |Touch-tone Telephones (1963), {{Cite web|url=https://www.edn.com/electronics-blogs/edn-moments/4424443/Tone-dialing-telephones-are-introduced--November-18--1963|title=Tone dialing telephones are introduced, November 18, 1963|website=www.edn.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-10|archive-date=September 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901001537/https://www.edn.com/electronics-blogs/edn-moments/4424443/Tone-dialing-telephones-are-introduced--November-18--1963|url-status=live}} |Solar Cells (1954), {{cite patent|country=US|number=2780765|status=patent|title=Solar energy converting apparatus|inventor=Chapin, D. M.; Fuller, C. S.; Pearson, G. L.|url=https://www.google.com/patents/US2780765}} [https://patents.google.com/patent/US2780765] |Fiber Optic Cable (1970), {{cite patent|country=US|number=3711262|status=patent|title=Method of producing optical waveguide fibers|inventor=Keck, D.;Schultz, P.|url=https://www.google.com/patents/US3711262}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404193231/https://patents.google.com/patent/US3711262 |date=April 4, 2022 }} |Caller ID (1970), {{cite patent|country=US|number=3812296|status=patent|title=Apparatus for generating and transmitting digital information|inventor=Paraskevakos, T.|url=https://www.google.com/patents/US3812296}} [https://patents.google.com/patent/US3812296] |Call Waiting (1961), {{cite patent|country=US|number=3133995|status=patent|title=Call awaiting signal telephone circuits|inventor=Zarouni, A.|url=https://www.google.com/patents/US3133995}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404193239/https://patents.google.com/patent/US3133995 |date=April 4, 2022 }}}}</ref>
<ref name="Xp03y">{{cite news|url=https://www.timesunion.com/business/article/Claims-of-EMPAC-rush-job-601502.php|title=Claims of EMPAC rush job|newspaper=Times Union |access-date=May 2, 2018|date=August 4, 2010|archive-date=April 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422132824/https://www.timesunion.com/business/article/Claims-of-EMPAC-rush-job-601502.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="sGWnX">[http://chronicle.com/news/article/343/no-confidence-motion-fails-at-rensselaer-polytechnic No-Confidence Motion Fails at Rensselaer Polytechnic] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416114510/http://chronicle.com/news/article/343/no-confidence-motion-fails-at-rensselaer-polytechnic |date=April 16, 2008}}.</ref>

<ref name="kfuPe">{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/education/2012/12/09/private-college-presidents-pay-was-slightly/43o4xB7bJWx58wRLJV9SYL/story.html|title=Private college presidents pay was up slightly|work=Boston Globe|date=September 12, 2012|access-date=January 5, 2013|archive-date=December 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214090446/http://www.boston.com/news/education/2012/12/09/private-college-presidents-pay-was-slightly/43o4xB7bJWx58wRLJV9SYL/story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="JwKeX">{{cite news| url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2013/12/15/the-highest-paid-college-presidents/| title= The Highest-Paid College Presidents| last= Adams| first= Susan| date= December 15, 2013| work= Forbes| access-date= February 16, 2014| archive-date= February 19, 2014| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140219154411/http://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2013/12/15/the-highest-paid-college-presidents/| url-status= live}}</ref>

<ref name="J7FuF">{{cite web|url=http://www.rpi.edu/about/celebration/ |title=Celebration Weekend: A Tribute to the Renaissance at Rensselaer |access-date=December 31, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123180930/http://www.rpi.edu/about/celebration/ |archive-date=January 23, 2010}}</ref>
<ref name="nv5Np">{{cite web|url=http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey=2661|title=Rensselaer Announces Celebration Weekend Event Lineup|access-date=December 31, 2009|archive-date=July 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720041141/http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey=2661|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="FCPUu">{{cite web|url=http://www.troyrecord.com/articles/2010/02/03/news/doc4b68e5a08bdf0755584868.txt|title=Zoning Board of Appeals denies RPI mansion|access-date=February 19, 2010|archive-date=February 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220121604/http://www.troyrecord.com/articles/2010/02/03/news/doc4b68e5a08bdf0755584868.txt|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="UckGc">{{cite web|url=http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey=2738|title=Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Board of Trustees Votes Unanimously To Appoint President Shirley Ann Jackson for 10 More Years|work=rpi.edu|access-date=June 16, 2010|archive-date=June 24, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624022607/http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey=2738|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="rrreC">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/08/education/rensselaer-president-leads-list-of-highest-paid-private-college-leaders.html|title=Rensselaer President Leads List of Highest-Paid Private College Leaders|date=December 8, 2014|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 3, 2017|archive-date=February 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228161543/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/08/education/rensselaer-president-leads-list-of-highest-paid-private-college-leaders.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="aZA6p">{{cite web|url=https://money.com/highest-paid-private-college-president/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030938/https://money.com/highest-paid-private-college-president/|url-status=live|archive-date=November 12, 2020|title=How Much the 10 Highest Paid Private College Presidents Made|website=Money|access-date=May 2, 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="218rA">{{Cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Board Extends President Jackson's Contract|url=https://news.rpi.edu/content/2018/12/20/rensselaer-polytechnic-institute-extends-president-jackson%25E2%2580%2599s-contract|access-date=2022-04-04|website=news.rpi.edu|language=en|archive-date=August 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815125859/https://news.rpi.edu/content/2018/12/20/rensselaer-polytechnic-institute-extends-president-jackson%E2%80%99s-contract|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="1JmLa">[http://news.rpi.edu/campusnews/update.do?artcenterkey=2136&setappvar=page(1)&setappvar=issueSet(2136,2124,2131,2127,2117,2118,2132,2133,2130,2126)&setappvar=pos(1) "President Jackson Elected Member of American Philosophical Society"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928194541/http://news.rpi.edu/campusnews/update.do?artcenterkey=2136&setappvar=page%281%29&setappvar=issueSet%282136%2C2124%2C2131%2C2127%2C2117%2C2118%2C2132%2C2133%2C2130%2C2126%29&setappvar=pos%281%29 |date=September 28, 2011}}. May 7, 2007.</ref>
<ref name="MInpo">{{cite web|url=http://nationalmedals.org/laureates/shirley-ann-jackson |title=NSTMF |access-date=June 7, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806111405/http://nationalmedals.org/laureates/shirley-ann-jackson |archive-date=August 6, 2016 |df=mdy}}</ref>
<ref name="arWms">{{cite web|title=President Shirley Ann Jackson Named Recipient of National Medal of Science|url=http://news.rpi.edu/content/2015/12/22/president-shirley-ann-jackson-named-recipient-national-medal-science|website=RPI.edu|access-date=February 1, 2016|archive-date=February 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207052057/http://news.rpi.edu/content/2015/12/22/president-shirley-ann-jackson-named-recipient-national-medal-science|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="rQowA">{{cite web|url=http://www.rpi.edu/president/honorarydegrees.html|title=President's Honorary Degrees – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)|work=rpi.edu|access-date=March 26, 2007|archive-date=February 24, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224072403/http://www.rpi.edu/president/honorarydegrees.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="R58Wh">{{Cite web|url=http://rpi.edu/president/profile.html|title=President's Profile – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)|website=rpi.edu|access-date=November 2, 2016|archive-date=April 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407124823/http://www.rpi.edu/president/profile.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="kuqP6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/shirley-ann-jackson/|title=Jackson, Shirley Ann – National Women's Hall of Fame|newspaper=National Women's Hall of Fame|language=en-US|access-date=November 2, 2016|archive-date=December 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221182935/https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/shirley-ann-jackson/|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="KlOCC">{{Cite web|title=Shirley Ann Jackson, Leader in Higher Education and Government, to Receive the Vannevar Bush Award|url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=108494|access-date=2022-04-04|website=www.nsf.gov|language=English|archive-date=May 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523154738/https://nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=108494|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="iCRXk">{{cite press release|url=http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey=2566&setappvar=page(1)|title=Shirley Ann Jackson Appointed to the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology|date=April 27, 2009|publisher=RPI|access-date=April 27, 2009|archive-date=May 18, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518093228/http://news.rpi.edu/update.do?artcenterkey=2566&setappvar=page(1)|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="MoHpP">{{Cite web|url=https://president.rpi.edu/speeches/2004/keeping-connection|title=Jackson speech to Delta Sigma Theta, March 2004|website=president.rpi.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-10|archive-date=August 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807051409/https://president.rpi.edu/speeches/2004/keeping-connection|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
<!-- these refs no loner used
<ref name="TH3KO">{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/RPIconcerns|title=RPIconcerns|via=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name="Ks8dU">[http://www.timesunion.com/AspStories/story.asp?storyID=633371&amp;category=REGION&amp;newsdate=10/26/2007 RPI professors stage '60s-style teach-in]{{dead link|date=October 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="zz3Q8">{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_23_104/ai_111403550|title=Dr. Shirley Ann Jackson is highest-paid university president in the nation|year=2003|access-date=December 27, 2008 |work=Jet}} The "highest-paid" accolade is also sometimes directed at [[Ohio State University]]'s [[E. Gordon Gee|Gordon Gee]].</ref>
<ref name="nU3yu">{{cite news|url=http://wnyt.com/article/stories/S1041136.shtml?cat=300 |title=Mansion causes pollution concern |date=July 21, 2009 |publisher=[[WNYT (TV)|WNYT]] |access-date=July 22, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210044659/http://wnyt.com/article/stories/S1041136.shtml?cat=300 |archive-date=December 10, 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="VoGyu">[https://news.yahoo.com/s/mcclatchy/3387449 Yahoo.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102065123/http://news.yahoo.com/s/mcclatchy/3387449 |date=January 2, 2010}}</ref>
<ref name="z3qlQ">{{cite news|url=http://blog.timesunion.com/realestate/size-of-planned-rpi-home-upped-to-19500-square-feet/3437/|title=City surprised by size of planned RPI presidential home|last=Churchill|first=Chris|date=June 3, 2010|work=The Times Union|access-date=June 8, 2010}}</ref>
 -->

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.rpi.edu/president/profile.html Official Profile from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070630131905/http://www.iwaswondering.org/shirley_homepage.html Shirley Ann Jackson] at IWasWondering.com
*{{cite journal|last=June|first=Audrey|date=June 5, 2007|title=Shirley Ann Jackson Sticks to the Plan|journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education|url=http://www.rpi.edu/president/chronicle-10692-web.pdf}}
*[http://chronicle.com/free/v53/i41/41a02401.htm Article and profile] from the [[Chronicle of Higher Education]]
*[http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Shirley_Ann_Jackson Biography of Jackson from IEEE]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090201025812/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/9027 Discussion with Charlie Rose]
*{{C-SPAN|56395}}
*[http://www.c-span.org/video/?184740-1/qa-shirley-ann-jackson C-SPAN ''Q&A'' interview with Jackson, January 2, 2005]
*[https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/45276 Interview of Shirley Ann Jackson by David Zierler on July 17 and 22, 2020, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD, USA]

{{s-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Cornelius J. Barton|Cornelius Barton]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute people|President of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]]|years=1999–2022}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Martin A. Schmidt]]}}
|-
{{s-gov}}
|-
{{s-vac|last=[[David L. Boren|David Boren]]<br />[[Chuck Hagel]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[President's Intelligence Advisory Board]]|years=2014–2017|alongside=[[Jami Miscik]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Steve Feinberg]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute presidents}}
{{IBM}}
{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jackson, Shirley}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American physicists]]
[[Category:21st-century American women engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century American engineers]]
[[Category:Directors of IBM]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Female fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:National Medal of Science laureates]]
[[Category:Nuclear Regulatory Commission officials]]
[[Category:American particle physicists]]
[[Category:People associated with CERN]]
[[Category:People associated with Fermilab]]
[[Category:People from Troy, New York]]
[[Category:Presidents of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]]
[[Category:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute faculty]]
[[Category:Vannevar Bush Award recipients|2007]]
[[Category:American women physicists]]
[[Category:20th-century American women engineers]]
[[Category:Engineers from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Women heads of universities and colleges]]
[[Category:MIT Center for Theoretical Physics people]]
[[Category:MIT African-American alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the National Society of Black Physicists]]
[[Category:African-American women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American women]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American scientists]]
[[Category:African-American women academic administrators]]
[[Category:American women academic administrators]]
[[Category:African-American academic administrators]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American women]]
[[Category:20th-century American women scientists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]
[[Category:African-American physicists]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]