Editing Sherden

{{Short description|2nd millennium BC Mediterranean ethnic group}}
[[File:Medinet Habu Ramses III. Tempel Schakaluscha 01.jpg|thumb|300px|The Sherden in battle as depicted at [[Medinet Habu (temple)|Medinet Habu]]]]
The '''Sherden''' ([[Egyptian language|Egyptian]]: ''šrdn'', ''šꜣrdꜣnꜣ'' or ''šꜣrdynꜣ''; [[Ugaritic]]: ''šrdnn(m)'' and ''trtn(m)''; possibly [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]: ''šêrtânnu''; also glossed "Shardana" or "Sherdanu") are one of the several [[ethnic group]]s the [[Sea Peoples]] were said to be composed of, appearing in fragmentary historical and iconographic records ([[ancient Egypt]]ian and [[Ugarit]]ic) from the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] in the late 2nd millennium BC.

On reliefs, they are shown carrying [[round shield]]s and [[spear]]s, [[dirk]]s or [[sword]]s, perhaps of [[Bronze Age sword#Europe|Naue II]] type.  In some cases, they are shown wearing corslets and kilts, but their key distinguishing feature is a [[horned helmet]], which, in all cases but three, features a circular accouterment at the crest. At [[Medinet Habu (temple)|Medinet Habu]] the corslet appears similar to that worn by the [[Philistines]]. The Sherden sword, it has been suggested by archaeologists since [[James Henry Breasted]], may have developed from an enlargement of European daggers and been associated with the exploitation of [[Bohemia]]n tin. [[Robert Drews]] suggested that use of this weapon by groups of Sherden and Philistine mercenaries made them capable of withstanding attacks by chariotry and so made them valuable allies in warfare,<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Robert Drews |last=Drews |first=Robert |year=1993 |title=The End of Bronze Age |publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref> but Drews's theory has been widely criticised by contemporary scholars.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cline |first=Eric H. |year=1997 |title=Review of Robert Drews' 'The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in warfare and the catastrophe ca.&nbsp;1200&nbsp;B.C.' |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=127–129|doi=10.1086/468535 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dickinson |first=Oliver T.P.K. |year=1999 |article=Robert Drews' theories about the nature of war in the late Bronze Age |editor-first=R. |editor-last=Laffineur |title=Polemos: Le Contexte Guerrier en Egee a l'Age du Bronze |series=Aegaeum |volume=19 |publisher=Universite de Liege |pages=21–25}}</ref>

==Early historical references==
[[File:Relief Sherden Breasted.jpg|thumb|280px|Members of Ramesses II's Sherden personal guard in a relief in Abu Simbel.]]
The earliest known mention of the people called ''Srdn-w'', more usually called ''Sherden'' or ''Shardana'', is generally thought to be the [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] reference to the "še-er-ta-an-nu" in the [[Amarna Letters]] correspondence from [[Rib-Hadda]], mayor (''hazannu'') of [[Byblos]],<ref>EA&nbsp;81, EA&nbsp;122, EA&nbsp;123 in Moran (1992) pp.&nbsp;150-151, 201-202{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}</ref> to the Pharaoh [[Amenhotep III]] or [[Akhenaten]] in the 14th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC. Though they have been referred to as sea raiders and mercenaries, who were prepared to offer their services to local employers, these texts do not provide any evidence of that association, and they shed no light on what the function of these "širdannu-people" was at the time.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Emanuel |first=Jeffrey P. |date=2013 |title=Sherden from the Sea: The arrival, integration, and acculturation of a Sea People |journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=14–27 |doi=10.2458/azu_jaei_v05i1_emanuel |url=https://www.academia.edu/2445831|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |conference=AIA annual meeting |year=2012 |last=Emanuel |first=Jeffrey P. |title=Šrdn of the Sea: A reassessment of the Sherden and their role in Egyptian Society |url=https://www.academia.edu/1716287}}</ref>

The first certain mention of the Sherden is found in the records of [[Ramesses II]] (ruled 1279-1213&nbsp;BC), who defeated them in his second year (1278&nbsp;BC) when they attempted to raid Egypt's coast. The pharaoh subsequently incorporated many of these warriors into his personal guard.<ref>{{cite book |author=Grimal, N. |title=A History of Ancient Egypt |pages=250–253}}</ref> An inscription by Ramesses&nbsp;II on a stele from Tanis that recorded the Sherden pirates' raid and subsequent defeat, speaks of the constant threat which they posed to Egypt's Mediterranean coasts:{{blockquote|the unruly Sherden whom no one had ever known how to combat, they came boldly sailing in their warships from the midst of the sea, none being able to withstand them.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Kenneth Kitchen |author=Kitchen, Kenneth |title=Pharaoh Triumphant: The life and times of Ramesses&nbsp;II, King of Egypt |publisher=Aris & Phillips |year=1982 |pages=40–41}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Giacomo |last=Cavillier |year=2008 |title=Gli shardana e l'Egitto ramesside |journal=BAR |issue=1438 |publisher=Archaeopress |location=Oxford, UK}}</ref>}}

[[File:Relief Sherden Breasted 2.jpg|thumb|200px|A rendering of two guards from the relief above, in a 19th-century drawing; their equipment is clearly visible.]]
After Ramesses&nbsp;II succeeded in defeating the invaders and capturing some of them, Sherden captives are depicted in this Pharaoh's bodyguard, where they are conspicuous by their helmets with horns with a ball projecting from the middle, their round shields and the great [[Bronze Age sword#Naue II|Naue&nbsp;II]] swords,<ref>Gardiner 1968: 196-197</ref> with which they are depicted in inscriptions about the [[Battle of Kadesh]], fought against the [[Hittites]]. Ramesses stated in his [[Kadesh inscriptions]] that he incorporated some of the Sherden into his own personal guard at the Battle of Kadesh.<ref>Battle Inscriptions in Lichtheim 1976: 63ff{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}</ref>

Years later, other waves of Sea People, the Sherden included, were defeated by [[Merneptah]], son of Ramesses&nbsp;II, and father of [[Ramesses III]]. An Egyptian work written around 1100&nbsp;BC, the [[Onomasticon of Amenope]], documents the presence of the Sherden in [[Canaan]].<ref>Giovanni Garbini, cit., p.&nbsp;52{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}</ref> After being defeated by Pharaoh Ramesses&nbsp;III, they, along with other "Sea Peoples", would be allowed to settle in that territory, subject to Egyptian rule.

The Italian [[oriental studies|orientalist]] Giovanni Garbini identified the territory colonized by the Sherden as that occupied, according to the [[Bible]], by the [[Israelites|Israelite]] [[tribe of Zebulun]] going by the [[eponym]] of ''Sared'', which had established themselves in the northern territory of [[Canaan]].<ref>cf. Garbini, G., ''I Filistei'', Rusconi, Milano, 1997: passim</ref><ref>Contu 2001 b/37-38 and 41-45</ref><ref>Contu 2002: 537 and 546-547</ref> Archaeologist [[Adam Zertal]] suggests that some Sherden settled in what is now northern Israel. He hypothesizes that biblical [[Sisera]] was a Sherden general and that the archaeological site at [[el-Ahwat]] (whose architecture resembles [[nuraghe]] sites in [[Sardinia]]) was Sisera's capital, [[Harosheth Haggoyim]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeological mystery solved |date=July 1, 2010 |publisher=University of Haifa |df=dmy-all |url=http://newmedia-eng.haifa.ac.il/?p=3309 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705114906/http://newmedia-eng.haifa.ac.il/?p=3309 |archive-date=July 5, 2010}}</ref> though this theory has not received wide acceptance in the scholarly community.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Emanuel, Jeffrey P. |year=2012–2013 |title=Review of Adam Zertal (ed.), 'El-Ahwat: A fortified site from the early Iron Age near Nahal' Iron, Israel: Excavations 1993-2000 |journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=57–60 |publisher=Brill |url=https://www.academia.edu/3100219}}</ref>

== Connection to Sea Peoples ==
The Sherden seem to have been one of the more prominent groups of pirates that engaged in coastal raiding and the disruption of trade in the years around the 13th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC. They are first mentioned by name in the [[Tanis]]&nbsp;II rhetorical stele of [[Ramesses II]], which says in part, "As for the Sherden of rebellious mind, whom none could ever fight against, who came bold-hearted, they sailed in, in warships from the midst of the Sea, those whom none could withstand; but he plundered them by the victories of his valiant arm, they being carried off to Egypt."<ref>{{cite book |author=Kitchen, Kenneth A. |title=Ramesside Inscriptions Translated and Annotated |volume=II: Translations: Ramesses&nbsp;II, Royal Inscriptions |location=Cambridge |publisher=Wiley |year=1996 |at=p.&nbsp;120 §73}}</ref> It is possible that some of the Sherden captured in the battle recounted in Tanis II were pressed into Egyptian service, perhaps even as [[shipwright]]s or advisers on maritime [[technology]], a role in which they may have assisted in the construction of the hybrid Egyptian warships seen on the monumental relief at [[Medinet Habu (temple)|Medinet Habu]] that shows the naval battle between Egyptians and Sea Peoples.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Aegean Studies |volume=1 |pages=21–56 |date=2014 |url=https://www.academia.edu/5303290 |author=Emanuel, Jeffrey P. |title=The Sea Peoples, Egypt, and the Aegean: Transference of maritime technology in the late Bronze–early Iron transition (LH IIIB–C)}}</ref>

[[Michael Wood (historian)|Michael Wood]] has suggested that their raids contributed greatly to the collapse of the [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] civilization.<ref>{{cite book |author=Wood, Michael |title=In Search of the Trojan War |year=1987 |isbn=0452259606 |publisher=BBC Books}}</ref> However, while some Aegean attributes can be seen in the material culture of the [[Philistines]], one of the Sea Peoples who established cities on the southern coastal plain of [[Canaan]] at the beginning of the [[Iron Age]], the association of the Sherden with this geographic area is based entirely on their association with that group and the Sea Peoples phenomenon writ large, rather than on physical or literary evidence (of which almost all testifies to their presence in Egypt, rather than their port of origin).<ref>{{cite conference |publisher=American Research Center in Egypt annual meeting |date=2012 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1716293 |author=Emanuel, Jeffrey P. |title=Šrdn of the strongholds, Šrdn of the Sea: The Sherden and their role in Egyptian society, reassessed}}</ref>

==Origins==
No mention of the Sherden has ever been found in Hittite or Greek legends or documents.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

===Eastern origin theory===
[[File:Ludy Morza (Sea Peoples).jpg|thumb|Theorized Sea Peoples migrations from the East]]
English archaeologist [[Margaret Guido]] (1912–1994)<ref>{{cite book |author=Guido, Margaret |year=1963 |title=The Sardinians |publisher=Thames Books |series=People and Places}}</ref> concludes the evidence for the Sherden, Shekelesh, or Teresh coming from the western Mediterranean is flimsy. Guido in 1963 suggests that the Sherden may ultimately derive from [[Ionia]], in the central west coast of [[Anatolia]], in the region of [[Gediz River|Hermos]], east of the island of [[Chios]]. It is suggested that [[Sardis]], and the Sardinian plain nearby, may preserve a cultural memory of their name.

Until recently{{dubious|Recently as in 1963? Or 2010s?|date=July 2018}} it was assumed that Sardis was only settled in the period after the [[Greek dark ages|Anatolian and Aegean Dark Age]], but American excavations have shown the place was settled in the [[Bronze Age]] and was a site of a significant population.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}} If this is so, the Sherden, pushed by Hittite expansionism of the Late Bronze Age and prompted by the famine that affected this region at the same time, may have been pushed to the [[Aegean Islands]], where shortage of space led them to seek adventure and expansion overseas. It is suggested that from here they may have later migrated to Sardinia. Guido suggests that <blockquote>[if a] few dominating leaders arrived as heroes only a few centuries before [[Phoenicia]]n trading posts were established, several features of Sardinian prehistory might be explained as innovations introduced by them: Oriental types of armour, and fighting perpetuated in the bronze representation of warriors several centuries later; the arrival of the [[Cyprus|Cypriot]] copper [[ingot]]s of the [[Nuragus|Serra Ilixi]] [[oxhide ingot|type]]; the sudden advance in and inventiveness of design of the Sardinian [[nuraghe]]s themselves at about the turn of the first millennium; the introduction of certain religious practices such as the worship of water in sacred wells – if this fact was not introduced [later] by the Phoenician settlers.<ref>{{cite book |author=Guido, Margaret |title=The Sardinians |pages=187–188}}</ref></blockquote>

It has been stated that the only weapons and armour similar to those of the Sherden found in Sardinia have been dated to several centuries after the period of the Sea Peoples, which mainly covered the 13th–12th&nbsp;centuries&nbsp;BC. If the theory that the Sherden moved to Sardinia only after their defeat around 1178–1175&nbsp;BC by Ramesses&nbsp;III is true, then it could be inferred from this that the finds in Sardinia are survivals of earlier types of weapons and armour.{{dubious|Either the wording is very awkward, or the whole concept is illogical. Or both. See talk page. Maybe "immediately after their defeat", leaving centuries without finds that would be expected?|date=July 2018}} On the other hand, if the Sherden only moved into the Western Mediterranean in the ninth century, associated perhaps with the movement of early Etruscans and even Phoenician seafaring peoples into the Western Mediterranean at that time, this would solve the problem of the late appearance of their military gear in Sardinia; but it would remain unknown where they were located between the period of the Sea Peoples and their eventual appearance in Sardinia.

===Western origin theory===
[[File:Bronzetto nuragico Sulcis.jpg|thumb|left|100px|[[Nuragic bronze statuettes|Sardinian bronze statuette]] of a Nuragic warrior]]
The theory that postulates a migration of peoples from the Eastern Mediterranean to [[Sardinia]] during the Late Bronze Age was firmly rejected by Italian archaeologists like [[Antonio Taramelli]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Taramelli|first=Antonio|title=Scavi e scoperte. 1903-1910|publisher=Carlo Delfino editore|year=1982|location=Sassari|language=it|oclc=643856632|quote=Ma io ritengo che le conseguenze della nostra osservazione sulla continuità degli elementi eneolitici in quelli della civiltà nuragica abbiano una portata maggiore di quella veduta dal collega mio; che cioè la civiltà degli Shardana siasi qui elaborata completamente, dai suoi germi iniziali, sia qui cresciuta, battagliera, vigorosa, e che lungi dal vedere nella Sardegna l'estremo rifugio di una razza dispersa, inseguita, come una fiera fuggente, dall'elemento semitico che venne qui ad azzannarla e a soggiogarla, noi dobbiamo vedere il nido donde essa spiegò un volo ardito, dopo aver lasciato una impronta di dominio, di lotta, di tenacia, sul suolo da lei guadagnato alla civiltà.}}</ref> and [[Massimo Pallottino]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Massimo |last=Pallotino |page=119 |title=La Sardegna Nuragica}}</ref> and by [[V. Gordon Childe|Vere Gordon Childe]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gordon Childe|first=Vere|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/childe/1930/bronzeage/ch06.htm|title=The Bronze Age|year=1930|quote=In the nuragic sanctuaries and hoards we find an extraordinary variety of votive statuettes and models in bronze. Figures of warriors, crude and barbaric in execution but full of life, are particularly common. The warrior was armed with a dagger and bow-and-arrows or a sword, covered with a two-horned helmet and protected by a circular buckler. The dress and armament leave no doubt as to the substantial identity of the Sardinian infantryman with the raiders and mercenaries depicted on Egyptian monuments as "Shardana". At the same time numerous votive barques, also of bronze, demonstrate the importance of the sea in Sardinian life.}}</ref> and more recently by Giovanni Ugas, who instead identifies the Sherden with the indigenous Sardinian [[Nuragic civilization]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Giovanni |last=Ugas |year=2016 |title=Shardana e Sardegna. I popoli del mare, gli alleati del Nordafrica e la fine dei Grandi Regni |publisher=Cagliari, Edizioni Della Torre}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nuovo studio dell'archeologo Ugas |date=3 February 2017 |quote=“È certo, i nuragici erano gli Shardana.” |url=http://www.sardiniapost.it/culture/nuovo-studio-dellarcheologo-ugas-e-certo-i-nuragici-erano-gli-shardana/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |series=Sp Intervista |title=Giovani Ugas: Shardana |website=Sardiniapoint |language=IT |url=http://www.sardiniapoint.it/5085.html |access-date=3 May 2015}}</ref> He excavated the accidentally-discovered [[Hypogeum of Sant'Iroxi]] in Sardinia, where several [[arsenical bronze]] swords and daggers dating back to 1600&nbsp;BC were found. The discovery suggested that the Nuragic tribes actually used these kind of weapons since the mid-2nd&nbsp;millennium&nbsp;BC, as is also demonstrated by the Nuragic bronze sculptures dating back to as far as 1200&nbsp;BC and depicting warriors with a horned helmet and a round shield. [[File:Bronzetto sardo 2.JPG|thumb|100px|[[Nuragic bronze statuettes|Sardinian bronze statuette]] of a Nuragic archer]] Similar swords are also depicted on the [[statue menhir]] of [[Filitosa]], in [[southern Corsica]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Giovanni |last=Ugas |year=2005 |title=L'alba dei Nuraghi}}</ref> [[Giovanni Lilliu]] noted that the period in which the Sherden are mentioned in the Egyptian sources coincides with the height of the Nuragic civilization.<ref>{{cite book |first=Giovanni |last=Lilliu |title=La Civiltà Nuragica |page=111}}</ref> According to Robert Drews, Sardinians from the [[Gulf of Cagliari]] and the nearby areas were encouraged to become warriors and leave their island in order to improve their life conditions in the kingdoms of the Eastern Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Drews |year=1993 |title=The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in warfare and the catastrophe ca.&nbsp;1200&nbsp;BC |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/endbronzeage00drew/page/n81 218]-219 |url=https://archive.org/details/endbronzeage00drew |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Since 2008, the "Shardana Project" has been developed in Corsica and Sardinia by the Centre of Studies J.-Fr. Champollion on Egyptology and Coptic Civilization, based in Genoa in cooperation with the [[University of Genoa]] and the University of the Mediterranean in Taranto. The project aims to gather as many data available about the Sherden culture inside and outside the Pharaonic Egypt.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cavillier, G. |year=2003 |title=Gli Shardana dell'Egitto o l'Egitto degli Shardana: la visione del mercenario nell'Egitto ramesside |journal=Aegyptus |volume=LXXXII |pages=67–80}}</ref> The project, conducted by the Egyptologist Giacomo Cavillier, aims to verify the possible interconnections and contacts between the Sherden and the local culture of these islands, in a broader Mediterranenan view, and to reassess all data available on this phenomenon.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Giacomo |last=Cavillier |year=2010 |title=Shardana Project: Perspectives and researches on the Sherden in Egypt and Mediterranenan |journal=Syria |volume=87 |issue=87 |pages=339–345|doi=10.4000/syria.695 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The identification of the Sherden with the Nuragic Sardinians has also been supported by [[Sebastiano Tusa]] in his last book<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tusa|first=Sebastiano|title=I popoli del Grande Verde : il Mediterraneo al tempo dei faraoni|publisher=Edizioni Storia e Studi Sociali|year=2018|isbn=9788899168308|location=Ragusa|language=it|oclc=1038750254|author-link=Sebastiano Tusa}}</ref> and in its presentations,<ref>{{Cite video|url=https://www.facebook.com/MVOEM/videos/1998695170385144/|title=Presentazione del libro "I Popoli del Grande Verde" di Sebastiano Tusa presso il Museo del Vicino Oriente, Egitto e Mediterraneo della Sapienza di Roma|date=2018-03-21|language=it|time=12:12}}</ref> and by Carlos Roberto Zorea, from the [[Complutense University of Madrid]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zorea|first=Carlos Roberto|url=https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/65302/1/T42277.pdf|title=Sea peoples in Canaan, Cyprus and Iberia (12th to 10th centuries BC)|publisher=[[Complutense University of Madrid]]|year=2021|location=Madrid}}</ref>

Another one to support it has been the Cypriot archaeologist [[Vassos Karageorghis]], that found Nuragic pottery in Cyprus and wrote about the Nuragic role in places like the Syrian city of [[Tell Kazel]].<blockquote>It is most probable that among the Aegean immigrants there were also some refugees from Sardinia. This may corroborate the evidence from Medinet Habu that among the Sea Peoples there were also refugees from various part of the Mediterranean, some from Sardinia, the Shardana or Sherden. [...] It is probable that these Shardana went first to Crete and from there they joined a group of Cretans for an eastward adventure.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Karageorghis|first=Vassos|title=On cooking pots, drinking cups, loomweights and ethnicity in bronze age Cyprus and neighbouring regions: an international archaeological symposium held in Nicosia, November 6th-7th, 2010|date=2011|isbn=978-9963-560-93-6|page=90|language=en|chapter=Handmade Burnished Ware in Cyprus and elsewhere in the Mediterranean|publisher=A.G. Leventis Foundation |oclc=769643982}}</ref></blockquote>

[[Adam Zertal]], and more recently Bar Shay from [[Haifa University]], have also argued that the Shardana were Nuragic Sardinians, and connected them to the site of [[El-Ahwat|El-Awat]] in Canaan.

<blockquote>When you look at plans of sites of the Shardana in Sardinia, in the second millennium BCE, throughout this entire period, you can see wavy walls, you can see corridors... you can see high heaps of stones, which were developed into the classical nuraghic culture of Sardinia. The only good architectural parallels are found in Sardinia and the Shardana culture<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-27 |title=Archaeological site could cast light on life of Biblical Villain Sisera |url=https://www.jpost.com/israeli-life-in-docs/archaeological-site-could-cast-light-on-life-of-biblical-villain-609189 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en-US}}</ref></blockquote>

According to [[Malcolm H. Wiener]] "some of the Sea Peoples are likely to have started from Sardinia, Sicily, Italy, or the Balkans. Sardinia has long been viewed as a likely or possible homeland of the Sherdana in light of the similarity in names and Egyptian depictions of helmets resembling helmets found in Sardinia" while for the Austrian archeologist [[Reinhard Jung]] "the hypothesis of a connection between Šardana and Nuragic Sardinians is as old as the archaeology, but it could not be proven so far." (2017).<ref name=Fischer>{{Citation|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345713228|title=Sea Peoples" Up-to-Date: New Research on Transformation in the Eastern Mediterranean in 13th-11th Centuries BCE|editor=Peter M. Fischer and Teresa Bürge|year=2017|access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref>

Late Bronze Age Nuragic pottery had been found in the Aegean and in the Eastern Mediterranean particularly in [[Crete]] at [[Kommos (Crete)|Kommos]] and on the island of [[Cyprus]], at [[Kokkinokremnos]], a site attributed to the Sea Peoples,<ref>{{cite magazine |author1=Karageorghis, V. |author2=Karageorghis, J. |year=2013 |title=L´Isola di Afrodite |magazine=Archeologia Viva |issue=159 |pages=40–53}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Gale, N.H. |year=2011 |contribution=Source of the lead metal used to make a repair clamp on a Nuragic vase recently excavated at Pyla-Kokkinokremos on Cyprus |editor1=Karageorghis, V. |editor2=Kouka, O. |title=On Cooking Pots, Drinking Cups, Loomweights and Ethnicity in Bronze Age Cyprus and Neighbouring Regions |location=Nicosia}}</ref> and [[Hala Sultan Tekke]].<ref name=Fischer /> Nuragic pottery were also found in a tomb of the [[Ugarit]] harbour of [[Minet el-Beida]].<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.academia.edu/resource/work/105519232|title=Observations on the Pottery of the 2014-2019 Campaigns|author=Ioanna Kostopoulou, Reinhard Jung|work=J. Bretschneider/A. Kanta/J. Driessen, Excavations at Pyla-Kokkinokremos. Report on the 2014–2019 Campaigns. Aegis 24 |date=January 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Paleo-Sardinian language]]
* [[List of ancient Corsican and Sardinian tribes]]
* [[History of Sardinia]]

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography==
*Giovanni Garbini, ''I Filistei. Gli antagonisti di Israele'', Rusconi, Milano, 1997
*{{cite book|author=N. K. Sandars|date=1987|edition=edizione riveduta|language=en|location=London|orig-date=1978|publisher=Thames and Hudson|ref=Sandars|title=The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the ancient Mediterranean|isbn=978-0-500-27387-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/seapeopleswarrio00sand}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->
*{{Cite book|title=Shardana e Sardegna : i popoli del mare, gli alleati del Nordafrica e la fine dei Grandi Regni (XV-XII secolo a.C.)|last=Ugas|first=Giovanni|publisher=Edizioni della Torre|year=2016|isbn=9788873434719|location=Cagliari|language=it|oclc=976013893}}
*{{Cite book|title=I popoli del Grande Verde : il Mediterraneo al tempo dei faraoni|last=Tusa|first=Sebastiano|publisher=Edizioni Storia e Studi Sociali|year=2018|isbn=9788899168308|location=Ragusa|language=it|oclc=1038750254|author-link=Sebastiano Tusa}}
* Mohamed Raafat Abbas, “A Survey of the Military Role of the Sherden Warriors in the Egyptian Army during the Ramesside Period”, Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne 10 (2017), p.&nbsp;7–23.

==External links==
*[https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sherden Academic papers on the Sherden], a resource of peer-reviewed publications and lectures that deal with, or relate to, the Sherden.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020619125300/http://www.courses.psu.edu/cams/cams400w_aek11/amarnal.html The Amarna letters], letters written in Akkadian and found at el-Amarna in Egypt, of which three (EA 81, 122, 123) ''may'' mention the Sherden.
*[http://www.sardiniapoint.it/5085.html Interview with Giovanni Ugas] (in Italian)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020619122856/http://www.courses.psu.edu/cams/cams400w_aek11/www/pharris.html The Papyrus Harris]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040603201027/http://www.courses.psu.edu/cams/cams400w_aek11/www/shardana.htm Review of relevant literature] with links to some (translated) original sources
*[http://www.salimbeti.com/micenei/sea.htm The Sea People] (in English)
*[https://www.academia.edu/3642799/GLI_SHARDANA_E_LEGITTO_RAMESSIDE_-_BAR_1438 Sources and discussion about the Sherden] (in Italian)

[[Category:Ancient peoples]]
[[Category:History of Sardinia]]
[[Category:Sea Peoples]]
[[Category:Iron Age Greece]]
[[Category:Ancient Egypt]]
[[Category:Bronze Age]]
[[Category:Mycenaean Greece]]
[[Category:Horned helmets]]