Editing Shaanxi

{{Short description|Province in Northwestern China}}
{{Distinguish|Shanxi}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Shaanxi
| native_name        = {{lang|zh|陕西}}
| settlement_type    = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| translit_lang1     = Name
| translit_lang1_type1 = {{nobold|Abbreviation}}
| translit_lang1_info1 = SN{{\}}{{linktext|lang=zh|陕}} {{tlit|zh|Shǎn}}{{\}}{{linktext|lang=zh|秦}} {{tlit|zh|Qín}}
| image_skyline= {{Photomontage
| photo1a = 1 mount hua shan china 2011.jpg
| photo2a = Giant_Wild_Goose_Pagoda.jpg
| photo2b = Yanan Shaanxi maoist city IMG 8475.JPG 
| photo3a = China - Terracotta Warriors (4824192896).jpg
| photo3b = Qianling Mausoleum 25 2013-08.JPG
| position = center
| size = 300
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise: {{hlist|class=inline|View from [[Mount Hua]] | [[Yan'an]] | [[Qianling Mausoleum]] | [[Terracotta Army]] | [[Giant Wild Goose Pagoda]], Xi'an}}
| image_map          = Shaanxi in China (+all claims hatched).svg
| mapsize            = 275px
| map_caption        = Location of Shaanxi in China
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = China
| seat_type          = Capital<br />{{nobold|(and largest city)}}
| seat               = [[Xi'an]]
| parts_type         = Divisions
| parts_style        = para
| p1                 = 10 [[Prefectures of China|prefectures]]
| p2                 = 107 [[Counties of China|counties]]
| p3                 = 1745 [[Townships of China|townships]]
| government_type    = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| governing_body     = [[Shaanxi Provincial People's Congress]]
| leader_title       = [[Party Secretary of Shaanxi|Party Secretary]]
| leader_name        = [[Zhao Yide]]
| leader_title1      = [[Shaanxi Provincial People's Congress|Congress]] chairman
| leader_name1       = Zhao Yide
| leader_title2      = [[Governor of Shaanxi|Governor]]
| leader_name2       = [[Zhao Gang (born 1968)|Zhao Gang]]
| leader_title3      = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] chairman
| leader_name3       = [[Xu Xinrong]]
| leader_title4      = [[National People's Congress]] Representation
| leader_name4       = 71 deputies
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="mofcom">{{cite web|title = Doing Business in China – Survey|url = http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/|publisher = [[Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China]]|access-date=5 August 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140526181645/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/|archive-date=26 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 205800
| area_rank          = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by area|11th]]
| elevation_max_m    = 3771
| elevation_max_point = [[Mount Taibai]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name="stats.gov.cn">{{Cite web|date=11 May 2021|title=Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html|url-status=live|access-date=11 May 2021|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]|archive-date=1 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001130717/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html}}</ref>
| population_total   = 39,530,000
| population_as_of   = 2020
| population_rank    = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population|16th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population density|21st]]
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = Ethnic composition
| demographics1_info1 = {{ubl|[[Han Chinese|Han]]{{snd}}99.5%|Others{{snd}}0.5%}}
| demographics1_title2 = Languages and dialects
| demographics1_info2 = {{hlist|[[Central Plains Mandarin]]|[[Jin Chinese]]}} 
| demographics_type2   = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] {{normal|(2023)}}<ref name="GDPdata">{{cite web|url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|title=National Data|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China|China NBS]]|date=March 2024|access-date=June 22, 2024}}; see also {{cite web|url=http://www.shaanxi.gov.cn/xw/sxyw/202403/t20240326_2324079.html |title=zh: 2023年陕西省国民经济和社会发展统计公报|publisher=shaanxi.gov.cn|date=March 26, 2024|access-date=June 22, 2024|language=zh}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = {{CNY|3,779 billion}} ([[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP|14th]]; US$479 billion) 
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = {{CNY|85,448}} {{nwr|([[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP per capita|12th]]; US$12,126)}}
| iso_code           = CN-SN
| blank4_name_sec2   = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{normal|(2022)}}
| blank4_info_sec2   = 0.792<ref name="SHDI">{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices (8.0)- China |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/CHN/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Global Data Lab}}</ref> ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by HDI|12th]]){{snd}}{{color|#090|high}}
| website            = {{URL|shaanxi.gov.cn}}
}}

'''Shaanxi'''{{notetag|{{IPAc-en|ʃ|A:|n|ˈ|ʃ|iː}},<ref name="lexico">{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Shaanxi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518053439/https://www.lexico.com/definition/shaanxi |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 18, 2021 |title=Shaanxi |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> alternatively '''Shensi''' {{IPAc-en|ʃ|E|n|ˈ|s|iː}},<ref name="lexico-shensi">{{Cite dictionary |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/Shensi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182054/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Shensi |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |title=Shensi |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> see {{slink||Name}}; {{lang-zh|c={{Audio|zh-Shaanxi.ogg|陕西|help=no}}}}}} is a [[Provinces of China|province]] in north [[Central China]]. It borders the province-level divisions of [[Inner Mongolia]] to the north; [[Shanxi]] and [[Henan]] to the east; [[Hubei]], [[Chongqing]], and [[Sichuan]] to the south; and [[Gansu]] and [[Ningxia]] to the west. Shaanxi covers an area of over {{cvt|205000|sqkm|sp=us}} with about 37 million people, the 16th-largest in China. [[Xi'an]]{{snd}}which includes the sites of the former capitals [[Fenghao]] and [[Chang'an]]{{snd}}is the provincial capital and largest city in Northwest China<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elivecity.cn/html/yijuyanjiu/yijuyanjiu1/645.html|script-title=zh:最新中国城市人口数量排名（根据2010年第六次人口普查）|website=www.elivecity.cn |language=zh |access-date=2019-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303135707/http://www.elivecity.cn/html/yijuyanjiu/yijuyanjiu1/645.html|archive-date=2015-03-03|url-status=live}}</ref> and also one of the [[oldest cities in China]] and the oldest of the [[Historical capitals of China|Four Ancient Capitals]], being the capital for the [[Western Zhou]], [[Western Han]], [[Sima Jin|Jin]], [[Sui dynasty|Sui]] and [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] [[List of Chinese dynasties|dynasties]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Xi'an|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572407/Xi%E2%80%99an.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228105855/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572407/Xi%E2%80%99an.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-02-28|encyclopedia=MSN Encarta|date=2008-02-28|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> [[Xianyang]], which served as the capital of the [[Qin dynasty]] (221–206&nbsp;BC), is just north across the Wei River. The other [[Prefectures of China|prefecture]]-level [[prefecture-level city|cities]] into which the province is divided are [[Ankang]], [[Baoji]], [[Hanzhong]], [[Shangluo]], [[Tongchuan]], [[Weinan]], [[Yan'an]] and [[Yulin, Shaanxi|Yulin]].

The province is geographically divided into three parts, namely [[Northern Shaanxi|Northern]] (or "[[Shaanbei]]"), [[Guanzhong|Central]] ("Shaanzhong") and [[Southern Shaanxi]] (or "[[Shaannan]]"). Northern Shaanxi makes up the southeastern portion of the [[Ordos Basin]] and mainly comprises the two prefectural cities of [[Yulin, Shaanxi|Yulin]] and [[Yan'an]] on the northern [[Loess Plateau]], demarcated from the [[Ordos Desert]] and the grasslands of [[Inner Mongolia]]'s [[Ordos City]] by the [[Ming Great Wall]].  Central Shaanxi is also known as the [[Guanzhong]] region, and comprises the [[drainage basin]] of lower [[Wei River]] east of [[Mount Liupan]] and north of the [[Qinling Mountains]], where the majority of Shaanxi's population reside. Southern Shaanxi comprises the three prefectural cities in the edge of the [[historical region|historical]] Bashu region south of the Qinling Mountains and includes the three mountainous cities of [[Hanzhong]], [[Ankang]] and [[Shangluo]].

The area comprising Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Henan formed the cradle of Chinese civilization. During the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republican era]], the city of [[Yan'an]] was near the endpoint of the [[Long March]] by the [[Chinese Red Army]], who fled from [[Jiangxi]] after the [[Chinese Soviet Republic]] was destroyed by the [[Kuomintang]] armies, and became the birthplace of the [[Chinese Communist Revolution]] from late 1935 to early 1947 and the Communists formed the [[Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region]] in constituent parts of Shaanxi.

The vast majority of the population of Shaanxi is [[Han Chinese]], with [[Hui people|Hui]], [[Manchu]] and [[Mongol]] being the more significant [[ethnic minorities in China|ethnic minorities]]. [[Mandarin Chinese]] is the main spoken language in Shaanxi, including [[Central Plains Mandarin]] and [[Southwestern Mandarin]] dialects; another [[variety of Chinese]], [[Jin Chinese]], is also spoken in the regions neighboring Shanxi.

Shaanxi is China's [[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP|15th largest economy]], ranking within the middle tier among China's administrative divisions. The [[fossil fuel]] and [[high technology]] sectors compose the two largest industries in Shaanxi Province. The high technology sector includes [[aerospace manufacturer|aircraft and aerospace industries]] and Shaanxi produces more than 50% of the [[R&D]] and [[manufacturing]] equipment for the country's domestic [[commercial aviation]] industry.<ref name="thechinaperspective.com" />

==Name==
{| class="wikitable floatright plainrowheaders"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Language !! scope="colgroup" colspan="2" | Pronunciation
|-
! scope="col" | {{langn|zh|陝西}} !! scope="col" | {{langn|zh|山西}} 
|-
! scope="row" | [[Jin Chinese]]<ref name="Wubu">{{cite book|script-title=zh:吴堡方言调查研究|date=2014|last1=Xing |first1=Xiangdong |author1-mask=Xing Xiangdong (邢向东) |last2=Wang |first2=Zhaofu |author2-mask=Wang Zhaofu (王兆富)|pages=40, 47, 52|publisher=Zhonghua shuju }} Informant: Wang Zhaofu, born in 1948, {{lang|zh|吴堡县寇家源镇东王家山村}}.</ref>
| {{IPA|cjy|ʂje sɛe̯|}}  || {{IPA|cjy|sã sɛe̯|}} 
|-
! scope="row" | 13th-century Mandarin<ref name="Shen 2015">{{cite book|script-title=zh:《蒙古字韻》集校|last=Shen |first=Zhongwei |author-mask=Shen Zhongwei (沈钟伟)|pages=287, 295, 261|date=2015|publisher=The Commercial Press}} Locality: [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan-era]] North China {{circa|1269}}.</ref>
| [ʃem si] || [ʃan si]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Xi'an dialect|Xi'an Mandarin]]<ref>{{cite book|title=西安方言词典|date=1996|last=王军虎|pages=151, 214, 27|publisher=江苏教育出版社}} Audio released as {{cite book|title=西安话音档|last=王军虎|editor=侯精一|publisher=上海教育出版社|date=1997}} Informant: 杨绳信, born in 1932, Xi'an.</ref>
| [ʂæ̃ ɕi] || [sæ̃ ɕi]
|- 
! scope="row" | Beijing Mandarin
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | [ʂan ɕi]
|}

The meaning of the province, 'west of Shan', is attested {{circa|1000&nbsp;BC}}, when the dukes of [[Duke of Shao|Shao]] and [[Duke of Zhou|Zhou]] marked their borders along the [[Shanzhou District|Shan]] plateau ({{lang|zh|陝塬}}, now the Zhanbian plateau).<ref name="Duke">{{cite news|script-title=zh:为何说《新华字典》切断了中华文化之根？|work=Financial Times |date=2014-02-27|last=Lao |first=Yu |author-mask=Lao Yu (老愚)|url=http://cnforum.pangu.org/index.php?topic=2613.0|access-date=16 July 2023|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716003439/http://cnforum.pangu.org/index.php?topic=2613.0|url-status=live}} Reprinted on {{cite journal|script-title=zh:《新华字典》切断了中华文化之根？|last=Lao |first=Yu |author-mask=Lao Yu (老愚)|script-journal=zh:读写月报(高中版) |date=2014|issue=5|pages=2–3 |language=zh}}</ref> In [[Chinese input methods for computers|Chinese typing]], the toponym {{lang|zh|陝}} often got mixed up with 'valley' {{lang|zh|陜}} (note: distinguish {{lang|zh|㚒}} and {{lang|zh|夾}}).<ref name="yxhenan"/> [[Simplified characters]] merged the two as {{lang|zh|陕}}.<ref name="yxhenan">{{cite news|script-title=zh:再说"陝"（陕）字|work=崤函网|via=印象河南网|date=2012-02-01|url=http://www.yxhenan.com/info/smx/sanmenxiaqh_14409_1834.html|access-date=16 July 2023|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716003437/http://www.yxhenan.com/info/smx/sanmenxiaqh_14409_1834.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Shaanxi (Chinese characters).svg
| picupright = 0.4
| piccap = "Shaanxi" in simplified (top) and traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
| s = 陕西
| t = 陝西
| order = st
| l = {{nowrap|"West of the Shan Pass"}}
| p = Shǎnxī<ref name="thepaper2016"/>
| psp = Shensi<ref name="Shensi romanization"/>
| w = Shan<sup>3</sup>-hsi<sup>1</sup>
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|sh|an|3|.|x|i|1}}
}}
The romanizations of Shaanxi ({{lang|zh|陝西}}) and its neighboring province [[Shanxi]] ({{lang|zh|山西}}) are troublesome in Beijing Mandarin because their pronunciation differs only in tone (rendered as Sh'''ǎ'''nxī and Sh'''ā'''nxī in [[pinyin]] transcription, 1958). To avoid confusion, mainland China recognized the [[Gwoyeu Romatzyh]] transcription (1928) for {{lang|zh|陝}}, "Sh'''aa'''n".<ref name="thepaper2016"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=中文罗马化书目记录编制研究|journal=图书馆研究|date=2014|issue=3|last=崔明明|page=56|url=http://tsgyj.jxlibrary.net/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=789|access-date=16 July 2023|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716003438/http://tsgyj.jxlibrary.net/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=789|url-status=live}}</ref>

Nonetheless, the vowels and consonants of {{Transliteration|cmn|shǎn}} {{lang|zh|陝}} and {{Transliteration|cmn|shān}} {{lang|zh|山}} are distinguished in the more conservative [[Jin Chinese]] languages native to the two provinces, as shown on the chart to the right (refer to [[Help:IPA/Jin Chinese|IPA for Jin Chinese]] for further information). This conservative phonology is reflected in the historical spelling of Shaanxi, "'''Shensi'''", known to the Europeans in the 18th century.<ref name="Shensi romanization">{{cite book|first=Ernst Ludewig|last=Rathlefs|title= Pastoris primarii zu Diepholz, Akridotheologie Oder historische und theologische Betrachtungen über die Heuschrekken, Volume 1|date=1748|page=38|quote=der Landschaft Shensi|language=German}}</ref> "Shensi" was recognized in the 1906 [[Chinese postal romanization]]. "Shensi" continued to be popular until 1987 when the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]] banned pre-PRC romanizations.<ref name="thepaper2016">{{cite news|title=陕西为什么拼作Shaanxi，而不是Shanxi|work=澎湃新闻|date=2016-07-07|last1=官雪晖|last2=蒋子文|url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1495089|access-date=12 June 2022|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519001131/http://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1495089|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:大夏国都统万城 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Tongwancheng]], capital of [[Northern Xia]] (407–431)]]
[[File:Hong Shi Xia 红石峡 (4647141266).jpg|thumb|Cliff inscriptions in [[Red Stone Gorge]] from 1587 to 1949]]
[[File: 双山堡古民居 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|A typical [[yaodong]] residence]]
[[File:Terracotta Warriors (24137068936).jpg|thumb|[[Terracotta Warriors]]]]
Shaanxi is considered one of the cradles of Chinese civilization. Thirteen feudal dynasties established their capitals in the province during a span of more than 1,100 years, from the Zhou dynasty to the Tang dynasty.

The province's principal city and current capital, [[Xi'an]], is one of the [[Historical capitals of China|four great ancient capitals of China]] and is the eastern terminus of the [[Silk Road]], which leads to Europe, the Arabian Peninsula, and Africa.

The region was briefly governed as the [[Three Qins]] after the fall of the [[Qin dynasty]]. This is the origin of one of Shaanxi's two abbreviations, {{lang|zh|秦}} (''Qin''), the other being {{lang|zh|陝}} (''Shaan''). Then it was conquered by [[Liu Bang]] during the [[Chu-Han Contention]]. Under the Han dynasty, the [[Northern Silk Road]] was expanded to advance exploration and military purposes to the west. This Northern Silk Road is the northernmost of the [[Silk Road]]s and is about {{convert|2600|km|mi|sigfig=2}} in length. It connected the ancient Chinese capital of Xi'an to the west over the [[Wushao Ling Pass]] to [[Wuwei, Gansu|Wuwei]] and emerging in [[Kashgar]] before linking to ancient [[Parthia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18006 |title=''Silk Road, North China'', C.Michael Hogan, the Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham |access-date=2007-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002140921/http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18006 |archive-date=2013-10-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Xiongnu]]-led kingdom [[Northern Xia]] (407–431) set its capital in [[Tongwancheng]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Obrusanszky|first=Borbala |title=Tongwancheng, the city of Southern Huns|journal=Transoxiana|volume= 14|date= August 2009|url=https://www.academia.edu/1361886}}</ref>

The Northern [[Song dynasty]] and the [[Tangut people|Tangut]]-led [[Western Xia]] contested their border in Shaanxi. Western Xia found the Luōwùchéng (罗兀城) frontier fort in 1071 but was taken by Song in 1081.<ref>{{cite news|title=罗兀城：无定河边的千年守望|date=2017-11-24|work=陕西日报  |page=10|last=白亮|url=https://www.sohu.com/a/206752144_204488|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928144627/https://www.sohu.com/a/206752144_204488|archivedate=2023-09-28}}</ref>

Under the [[Ming dynasty]], Shaanxi was established with the founding of the Shaanxi Provincial Administration Commission in 1376, whose administration also included the modern provinces of [[Gansu]], [[Ningxia]], and part of [[Qinghai]].<ref name="Ben Cao Gang Mu"/> During this dynasty, most visitors from Central and West Asia entered the country via Shaanxi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Yuan Julian |date=2021-10-11 |title=Between the Islamic and Chinese Universal Empires: The Ottoman Empire, Ming Dynasty, and Global Age of Explorations |url=https://www.academia.edu/59068575 |journal=Journal of Early Modern History |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=422–456 |doi=10.1163/15700658-bja10030 |s2cid=244587800 |issn=1385-3783 |access-date=24 March 2022 |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417192653/https://www.academia.edu/59068575 |url-status=live }}</ref>

One of the most devastating [[earthquakes]] in history occurred near [[Mount Hua|Hua Shan]] in southeastern Shaanxi on January 23, 1556,  killing an estimated 100,000 people and causing a regional reduction in population by an estimated 830,000 due to emmigration and famine (see [[1556 Shaanxi earthquake]]).

The end of the short-lived [[Jiangxi Soviet]] signaled the beginning of the [[Long March]] by [[Mao Zedong]] and the [[Chinese Communists]] to the [[Shaanxi Soviet]] at Yan'an.

The administrative evolution of Shaanxi: The Northern Song established the Shaanxi Lu (circuit), governed from modern Xi'an in 997. The [[Yuan dynasty]] established [[Shaanxi Province (Yuan dynasty)]], governed by a [[Branch Secretariat]] in 1286.<ref name="Ben Cao Gang Mu">Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu, Volume 2: Geographical and Administrative Designations First Edition, Paul Unschuld, Series Editor Edition by Hua Linfu (Author), Paul D. Buell (Author), Paul U. Unschuld (Editor)</ref> After the founding of the Qing dynasty, Gansu was split from Shaanxi, but both provinces were governed under the [[Viceroy of Shaan-Gan]].

===Prehistoric site===
The [[Lantian Man]] site, with hominin fossils from approximately one million years ago, was found in Lantian County in northwestern Shaanxi province, near the city of Xi'an. Scientists classify Lantian Man as a subspecies of ''[[Homo erectus]]''. The fossils are displayed at the [[Shaanxi History Museum]], Xi'an, China.

==Geography==
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2014}}
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}}
[[File:Yellow River bridge connecting Wubu and Liulin.jpg|thumb|The [[Yellow River]] is the natural provincial border between [[Wubu County|Wubu]], Shaanxi (right) and [[Liulin County|Liulin]], Shanxi (left), both being the heartland of [[Jin Chinese]] language. The [[Taiyuan–Zhongwei–Yinchuan railway]] ran across the bridge.]]

The geography of the area is described as being part of the [[Ordos Desert]] in the north along the border with Inner Mongolia, the [[Loess Plateau]] in the central part of the province, the [[Qin Mountains]] (Qinling) running east to west in the south central part, and subtropical climate south of the Qinling. In between the Loess Plateau and the Qinling lies the [[Wei River]] Valley, or [[Guanzhong]], a cradle of early Chinese civilization.

Going clockwise, Shaanxi borders [[Shanxi]] (E, NE), [[Henan]] (E), [[Hubei]] (SE), [[Chongqing]] (S), [[Sichuan]] (SW), [[Gansu]] (W), [[Ningxia]] (NW), and Inner Mongolia (N). In terms of number of bordering provincial-level divisions, Shaanxi ties Inner Mongolia.

Due to its large span in latitude, Shaanxi has a variety of climates. Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], the [[Shanbei|northern parts]], including the Loess Plateau, have either a [[Cold desert climate|cold arid]] (Köppen ''BWk'') or [[Cold semi-arid climate|cold semi-arid]] (Köppen ''BSk''), with cold and very dry winters, dry springs and autumns, and hot, humid summers. The area known as Guanzhong is mostly semi-arid, though there are a few areas with a [[humid subtropical climate]] (Köppen ''Cwa''), with cool to cold winters, and hot, humid summers that often see early-season heatwaves. The [[Shannan (region)|southern portion]] is much more humid and lies in the humid subtropical zone, with more temperate winters and long, hot, humid summers. Annual mean temperature is roughly between {{convert|8|and|16|°C|°F}}, with January temperatures ranging from {{convert|−11|to|3.5|°C|°F}} and July temperatures ranging from {{convert|21|to|28|°C|°F}}.

Besides the provincial capital of Xi'an, other cities include: [[Baoji]], [[Hanzhong]], [[Lintong]], [[Tongchuan]], [[Xianyang]], [[Yan'an]] and [[Ankang]].

[[File:The Chess Pavilion, Huashan, China.jpg|thumb|center|upright=1.36|[[Mount Hua]], a famous attraction.]]

==Administrative divisions==
{{main|List of administrative divisions of Shaanxi|List of township-level divisions of Shaanxi}}

Shaanxi consists of ten [[prefecture-level division]]s: all [[Prefecture-level city|prefecture-level cities]] (including a [[Sub-provincial divisions in the People's Republic of China|sub-provincial city]]):

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; font-size:smaller; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="9" |'''Administrative divisions of Shaanxi'''
|-
| colspan="9" style="font-size:larger" | <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Map Shaanxi adm.png|width={{{1|500}}}|link=|font-size=85%}} 
{{Image label|x=610|y=1330|scale={{{1|380}}}/870|text='''[[Xi'an]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=620|y=1090|scale={{{1|380}}}/870|text='''[[Tongchuan]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=355|y=1275|scale={{{1|380}}}/870|text='''[[Baoji]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=550|y=1200|scale={{{1|380}}}/870|text='''[[Xianyang]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=780|y=1160|scale={{{1|380}}}/870|text='''[[Weinan]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=750|y=820|scale={{{1|380}}}/870|text='''[[Yan'an]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=280|y=1530|scale={{{1|380}}}/870|text='''[[Hanzhong]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=800|y=480|scale={{{1|380}}}/870|text='''[[Yulin, Shaanxi|Yulin]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=620|y=1620|scale={{{1|380}}}/870|text='''[[Ankang]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=780|y=1420|scale={{{1|380}}}/870|text='''[[Shangluo]]'''}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Division code]]<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-hans |url=http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 |publisher=[[Ministry of Civil Affairs]] |access-date=2015-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113603/http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |archive-date=2015-04-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Division
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Area in km<sup>2</sup><ref name="nj2013">{{lang-zh}}{{cite book|language=zh-hans|author=Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics|publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |script-title=zh:《深圳统计年鉴2014》|url=http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm|access-date=2015-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512184740/http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm|archive-date=2015-05-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Population 2010<ref>{{cite book| author1=Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China| author2=Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China | script-title=zh:中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料|date=2012|publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |location=Beijing|isbn=978-7-5037-6660-2|edition=1}}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Seat
!! scope="col" colspan="3" | Divisions<ref>{{cite book |language=zh-hans |author=Ministry of Civil Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Civil Affairs |script-title=zh:《中国民政统计年鉴2014》|date=August 2014 |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn= 978-7-5037-7130-9}}</ref>
|-
!! scope="col" style="width:45px;"| [[District (China)|Districts]]
!! scope="col" style="width:45px;"| [[Counties of the People's Republic of China|Counties]]
!! scope="col" style="width:45px;"| [[County-level city|CL cities]]
|- style="font-weight: bold"
! 610000 !! Shaanxi Province
| 205,800.00 || 37,327,378 || [[Xi'an]] city || 30 || 71 || 6
|- style="background:#98fb98;"
! 610100 !! [[Xi'an]] city
| 10,096.81 || 8,467,837 || [[Weiyang District, Xi'an|Weiyang District]] || 11 || 2 || style="background:gray;"| 
|-
! 610200 !! [[Tongchuan]] city
| 3,884.81 || 834,437 || [[Yaozhou District]] || 3 || 1 || style="background:gray;"| 
|-
! 610300 !! [[Baoji]] city
| 18,116.93 || 3,716,731 || [[Jintai District]] || 3 || 9 || style="background:gray;"| 
|-
! 610400 !! [[Xianyang]] city
| 10,323.99 || 4,894,834 || [[Qindu District]] || 3 || 9 || 2
|-
! 610500 !! [[Weinan]] city
| 13,030.56 || 5,286,077 || [[Linwei District]] || 2 || 7 || 2
|-
! 610600 !! [[Yan'an]] city
| 37,030.54 || 2,187,009 || [[Baota District]] || 2 || 10 || 1 
|-
! 610700 !! [[Hanzhong]] city
| 27,096.43 || 3,416,196 || [[Hantai District]] || 2 || 9 || style="background:gray;"| 
|-
! 610800 !! [[Yulin, Shaanxi|Yulin]] city
| 42,920.18 || 3,351,437 || [[Yuyang District]] || 2 || 9 || 1
|-
! 610900 !! [[Ankang]] city
| 23,536.31 || 2,629,906 || [[Hanbin District]] || 1 || 9 || style="background:gray;"| 
|-
! 611000 !! [[Shangluo]] city
| 19,587.31 || 2,341,742 || [[Shangzhou District]] || 1 || 6 || style="background:gray;"| 
|- 
| colspan = "11" | {{legend|#98FB98|[[Sub-provincial divisions in the People's Republic of China|Sub-provincial cities]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-font:90%; width:auto; text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
! colspan="5" |Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
|-
! English !! Chinese !! Pinyin
|-
| '''Shaanxi Province''' || {{lang|zh|陕西省}} || '''Shǎnxī Shěng'''
|-
| [[Xi'an]] city || {{lang|zh|西安市}} || Xī'ān Shì
|-
| [[Tongchuan]] city || {{lang|zh|铜川市}} || Tóngchuān Shì
|-
| [[Baoji]] city || {{lang|zh|宝鸡市}} || Bǎojī Shì
|-
| [[Xianyang]] city || {{lang|zh|咸阳市}} || Xiányáng Shì
|-
| [[Weinan]] city || {{lang|zh|渭南市}} || Wèinán Shì
|-
| [[Yan'an]] city || {{lang|zh|延安市}} || Yán'ān Shì
|-
| [[Hanzhong]] city || {{lang|zh|汉中市}} || Hànzhōng Shì
|-
| [[Yulin, Shaanxi|Yulin]] city || {{lang|zh|榆林市}} || Yúlín Shì
|-
| Ankang city || {{lang|zh|安康市}} || Ānkāng Shì
|-
| [[Shangluo]] city || {{lang|zh|商洛市}} || Shāngluò Shì
|}

The ten prefecture-level cities of Shaanxi are subdivided into 107 [[county-level division]]s (30 [[District of China|district]]s, four [[county-level cities]], and 73 [[County (People's Republic of China)|counties]]).

=== Urban areas ===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size:90%;"
! colspan=5 | Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
|-
! # !! Cities !! style="background-color: #aaaaff;"| 2020 Urban area<ref name="2020PRCcensus">{{cite book |author=国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 |date=2022 |script-title=zh:中国2020年人口普查分县资料 |location=Beijing |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn=978-7-5037-9772-9}}</ref> !! style="background-color: #aaaaff;"| 2010 Urban area<ref name="2010PRCcensus">{{cite book |author=国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 |date=2012 |script-title=zh:中国2010年人口普查分县资料 |location=Beijing |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn=978-7-5037-6659-6}}</ref> !! style="background-color: #ffaaaa;" | 2020 City proper
|-
|1||'''[[Xi'an]]'''||9,392,938||5,206,253{{efn|name=Xi'an|New districts established after 2010 census: [[Gaoling District|Gaoling (Gaoling County)]], [[Huyi District|Huyi (Huxian County)]]. These new districts not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}}||12,183,280
|-
|2||[[Xianyang]]{{efn|name=Yangling}}||1,192,776||730,704||4,983,340
|-
|3||[[Baoji]]||1,107,702||871,940||3,321,853
|-
|4||[[Yulin, Shaanxi|Yulin]]||884,292||429,189{{efn|name=Yulin|New district established after 2010 census: [[Hengshan District, Yulin|Hengshan (Hengshan County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}}||3,624,750
|-
|5||[[Hanzhong]]||673,476||350,167{{efn|name=Hanzhong|New district established after 2010 census: [[Nanzheng District|Nanzheng (Nanzheng County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}}||3,211,462
|-
|6||[[Weinan]]||642,594||347,484{{efn|name=Weinan|New district established after 2010 census: [[Huazhou District|Huazhou (Huaxian County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}}||4,688,744
|-
|7||[[Yan'an]]||577,851||336,856{{efn|name=Yan'an|New district established after 2010 census: [[Ansai District|Ansai (Ansai County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}}||2,282,581
|-
|8||[[Ankang]]||514,068||379,707||2,493,436
|-
|9||[[Tongchuan]]||417,324||463,866||698,322
|-
|10||[[Shenmu]]||403,133||bgcolor="lightgrey"|{{efn|name=Shenmu|Shenmu County is currently known as Shenmu CLC after 2010 census.}}||{{small|''see Yulin''}}
|-
|11||[[Xingping]]||309,463||247,539||{{small|''see Xianyang''}}
|-
|12||[[Hancheng]]||268,583||196,574||{{small|''see Weinan''}}
|-
|13||[[Shangluo]]||228,426||156,781||2,041,231
|-
|14||[[Yangling District|Yangling]]{{efn|name=Yangling|Yangling is a satellite urban area separated from Xianyang and it is not included in the urban area count.}}||169,254||104,944||{{small|''see Xianyang''}}
|-
|15||[[Binzhou, Shaanxi|Binzhou]]||160,298||bgcolor="lightgrey"|{{efn|name=Binzhou|Binxian County is currently known as Binzhou CLC after 2010 census.}}||{{small|''see Xianyang''}}
|-
|16||[[Zichang]]||160,298||bgcolor="lightgrey"|{{efn|name=Zichang|Zichang County is currently known as Zichang CLC after 2010 census.}}||{{small|''see Yan'an''}}
|-
|17||[[Huayin]]||109,472||127,987||{{small|''see Weinan''}}
|}
{{notelist}}

== Politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Shaanxi}}
[[File:榆林古城.JPG |thumb|Walled City of [[Yulin, Shaanxi]].]]
[[File:陕西省人民政府2017.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Shaanxi People's Government]]
[[File:陕西省教育厅.jpg|thumb|Education Department of Shaanxi Province]]

The politics of Shaanxi is structured in a triple party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.

The [[Governor of Shaanxi]] is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Shaanxi. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is considered to have less power than the [[Party Secretary of Shaanxi|Shaanxi Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary]]; since the Governor is always ranked as the First-Deputy Secretary in the Shaanxi Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee.

Shaanxi was established as a provincial government since [[Qing dynasty]]. On 10 January 1950, the People's Government of Shaanxi was established in [[Xi'an]]. Ma Minfang was then appointed as the first Governor of Shaanxi.

==Economy==
As of the mid-19th century, Shaanxi exported animal skins, wine, liquor, and [[musk]]. Money loans were also common, with Shaanxi business people involved in the Guangzhou loan business. Shaanxi commonly imported European animal skins, watches, Chinese language books, and cloth.<ref name=Roberts1>{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Edmund|title=Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat|year=1837|publisher=Harper & Brothers|location=New York|page=123|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/123/|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016074209/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/123/|archive-date=2013-10-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shaanxi was a major recipient of China's investment in industrial capacity during the [[Third Front (China)|Third Front]] campaign.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Lan |first=Xiaohuan |title=How China Works: An Introduction to China's State-led Economic Development |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2024 |isbn=978-981-97-0079-0 |translator-last=Topp |translator-first=Gary |doi=10.1007/978-981-97-0080-6}}</ref>{{Rp|page=298}}

The fossil fuel and high technology sectors compose the two largest industries in Shaanxi province. During 2009, the province ranked third in China for production of coal, natural gas and crude oil.<ref name="thechinaperspective.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/shaanxi-province/ |title=China Economy @ China Perspective<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2011-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008045729/http://thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/shaanxi-province/ |archive-date=2011-10-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As the home of several of the leading universities and research institutes in Western China, Shaanxi province also plays a major role in China's burgeoning aircraft and aerospace industries, producing more than 50% of the R&D and manufacturing equipment for the country's domestic commercial air industry.<ref name="thechinaperspective.com"/> Nominal GDP for 2011 was 1,239&nbsp;billion RMB ([[US Dollar|US$]]196.7&nbsp;billion) and GDP per capita was 21,729 RMB (US$3,179), ranking 17th in the PRC.

In the first half of 2019, Shaanxi's total production value reached 1,162.557 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 5.4%. The added value of the primary industry was 55.319 billion yuan, an increase of 4.5%; the second industry was 557.935 billion yuan, an increase of 4.2%; the tertiary industry was 549.303 billion yuan, an increase of 6.8%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cilitech.com/shaanxi-gdp-in-1st-half-of-2019-up-by-5-4/|title=Shaanxi GDP in 1st Half of 2019: Up by 5.4% – Cilitech|website=cilitech.com|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731014711/http://cilitech.com/shaanxi-gdp-in-1st-half-of-2019-up-by-5-4/|archive-date=2019-07-31|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Economic and technological development zones===
====Baoji Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone====
Established in 1992, Baoji Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was approved as a national hi-tech zone by the State Council. It has a long-term planned area of {{convert|40|km2|abbr=on}}. The transportation system around the zone includes Xi'an-Xianyang International Airport and National Highway 310, and industries operating within the zone include auto parts, electronics, IT, pharmaceuticals and bioengineering industries and new materials.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/baoji-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/ |title=RightSite.asia {{!}} Baoji Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone |access-date=2010-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126131343/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/baoji-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone |archive-date=2010-01-26 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Shaanxi Xi'an Export Processing Zone====
Shaanxi Xi'an Export Processing Zone (XEPZ) was approved on 21 June 2002 by the State Council for its establishment and was put on 5 April 2004. As the first state-level export processing zone in northwest China, XEPZ has become one of the seven pioneer EPZs with the function of bonded logistics in China. XEPZ is under the leadership of the Administrative Committee of Xi'an Economic and Technological Development Zone (XETDZ), which is designated by Xi'an municipal government to exercise economic and administrative power within the zone. XEPZ is a special economic zone. By now, there are more than 40 enterprises home and abroad settled in XEPZ. The pillar industries feature aviation, machinery, electronics and new energy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/xian-export-processing-zone/ |title=RightSite.asia {{!}} Shaanxi Xi'an Export Processing Zone |access-date=2010-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125144101/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/xian-export-processing-zone |archive-date=2010-01-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Western Triangle====
The [[West Triangle Economic Zone|Western Triangle]] is a new economic zone composing the three major city-level economies of Western China: [[Xi'an]], [[Chongqing]] and [[Chengdu]]. It is believed that the addition of Xi'an to the Triangle will spur economic growth in the region and allow the city an opportunity to capitalize on the commercial potential of its high-technology industries.<ref name="thechinaperspective.com"/>

====Xi'an Economic and Technological Development Zone====
Established in 1993, Xi'an Economic and Technology Development Zone was approved as a national zone in 2000. The zone is 20 minutes from Xi'an Xianyang International Airport, and national highways pass through. It has formed four pillar industries: automotive, electronics, food, and new materials industries. So far, the zone has attracted more than 1,700 enterprises.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/xian-economic-technology-development-zone/ |title=RightSite.asia {{!}} Xi'an Economic & Technological Development Zone |access-date=2010-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128001717/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/xian-economic-technology-development-zone |archive-date=2010-01-28 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Xi'an High-tech Industrial Development Zone====
Xi'an HTDZ opened its gates in 1991. It was established as a "pivotal location" for investment by high-tech industry companies in central and northwest China. Established in 1991, Xi'an Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone is a national high-tech zone. It is surrounded by national highways and it is 30 minutes from Xi'an-Xianyang International Airport. Furthermore, it is ranked in the top three high-tech zones in China.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/xian-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/ |title=RightSite.asia {{!}} Xi'an High-tech Industrial Development Zone |access-date=2010-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129055343/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/xian-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone |archive-date=2010-01-29 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Xi'an Software Park====
Xi'an Software Park, established in December 1998, is the professional park for Xi'an to develop scale software and service outsourcing industries. The park has been appraised as a software industry base under the National Torch Program, national software industry base, national software export base, city demonstrational area of national service outsourcing base. It is one of the four parks with "double bases" of software in China. Xi'an Software Park assembles 90% of enterprises engaging in software and service outsourcing in Xi'an. There were nearly 780 companies, of which foreign-funded enterprises account for 170, and over 71,000 jobholders in the park by the end of 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/xian-software-park/ |title=RightSite.asia {{!}} Xi'an Software Park |access-date=2010-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430103050/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/xian-software-park |archive-date=2010-04-30 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Yangling Agriculture Hi-Tech Industrial Zone====
Yangling Agriculture Hi-Tech Industrial Zone was approved as a national-level hi-tech development zone by State Council in 1997. It is {{convert|82|km|abbr=on}} from Xi'an to the east and {{convert|70|km|abbr=on}} from Xi'an Xianyang International Airport.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/yangling-agriculture-hi-tech-industrial-zone/ |title=RightSite.asia {{!}} Yangling Agriculture Hi-Tech Industrial Zone |access-date=2010-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128015200/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/yangling-agriculture-hi-tech-industrial-zone |archive-date=2010-01-28 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics==
Nearly all the people in Shaanxi are ethnic [[Han Chinese]], with pockets of [[Hui people|Hui]] population in the northwestern region (adjacent to Ningxia). Shaanxi province is one of the centers of ancient Chinese civilization. The central part of Shaanxi, known as [[Guanzhong]], where the provincial capital Xi'an is located, is more populous compared to the others ([[Southern Shaanxi|Shaannan]] and [[Shaanbei]]).
{{Historical populations
|title       = Historical population
|align = none | cols = 2
|footnote    = Xi'an part of Shaanxi Province until 1947; dissolved in 1954 and incorporated into Shaanxi Province.
|1912<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:1912年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html|access-date=6 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032922/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |9,364,000
|1928<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:1928年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm|access-date=6 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032924/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |11,802,000
|1936–37<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:1936–37年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm|access-date=6 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032925/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |9,780,000
|1947<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:1947年全国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm|access-date=6 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913053600/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm|archive-date=13 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> |10,011,000
|1954<ref name="census1954">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174810/http://www.stats.gov.cn/TJGB/RKPCGB/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |archive-date=2009-08-05 }}</ref> |15,881,281
|1964<ref name="census1964">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm |script-title=zh:第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914173158/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm |archive-date=2012-09-14 }}</ref> |20,766,915
|1982<ref name="census1982">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510075429/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |archive-date=2012-05-10 }}</ref> |28,904,423
|1990<ref name="census1990">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619002216/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |archive-date=2012-06-19 }}</ref> |32,882,403
|2000<ref name="census2000">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |script-title=zh:现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829052024/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |archive-date=2012-08-29 }}</ref> |35,365,072
|2010<ref name="census2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |title=Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727021210/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |archive-date=2013-07-27 }}</ref> |37,327,378
|2020<ref name="stats.gov.cn" />|39,528,999
}}

===Religion===
[[File:二郎山_-_panoramio_-_鲍向阳.jpg|thumb|Temple at Erlangshan (二郎山) overlooking [[Shenmu]].]]
[[File:Daoist_temple_on_the_yellow_river.jpg |thumb|Daoist temple by the Yellow River]]
{{Pie chart
| caption = Religion in Shaanxi<ref name="Wang2015">China General Social Survey 2009, Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2007. Report by: [https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925123928/https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 |date=2015-09-25 }}</ref>{{NoteTag|The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)<ref name="Wang2015" /> in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised into [[Chinese lineage associations|lineage "churches"]] and [[ancestral shrine]]s). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.}}
| label1 = [[Chinese ancestral religion]]
| value1 = 7.58
| color1 = FireBrick
| label2 = [[Christianity]]
| value2 = 1.57
| color2 = DodgerBlue
| label3 = [[Islam in china|Islam]]
| value3 = 0.8
| color3 = Green
| label4 = Other religions or not religious people{{NoteTag|This may include:
* [[Buddhism|Buddhists]];
* [[Confucianism|Confucians]];
* [[Chinese folk religion|Deity worshippers]];
* [[Taoism|Taoists]];
* Members of [[Chinese salvationist religions|folk religious sects]];
* And people not bounded to, nor practicing any, institutional or diffuse religion.}}
| value4 = 90.05
| color4 = Honeydew
}}

The predominant religions in Shaanxi are [[Chinese folk religion]]s, [[Taoism|Taoist traditions]] and [[Chinese Buddhism]]. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 7.58% of the population believes and is involved in [[Chinese ancestral religion|ancestor veneration]], while 1.57% of the population identifies as Christian.<ref name="Wang2015" /> The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 90.85% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in [[Chinese folk religion|worship of nature deities]], Buddhism, [[Confucianism]], Taoism, [[Chinese salvationist religions|folk religious sects]], and small minorities of [[Muslim]]s.

{|
|<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%;" heights="160px">
File:The Temple of the Town Deity in Weinan 02 2012-09.JPG|Temple of the [[Chenghuangshen]] (City God) of [[Weinan]].
File:Guangren Temple 01 2011-07.JPG|Guangren Temple of the [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist tradition]] in [[Xi'an]].
File:Road to Famen Temple.jpg|Road to the [[stupa]] of the [[Famen Temple]] (Chinese Buddhist).
File:Xuanyuan Temple in Yan'an, Shaanxi (2).jpg|Temple of [[Yellow Emperor|Xuanyuan]] in [[Huangling County|Huangling]], [[Yan'an]].
</gallery>
|}

* [[Catholic Church in Shaanxi]]
* [[Catholic Church in Zhifang]], destroyed in 2017
* [[Golden Lampstand Church]], destroyed in 2018

==Culture==
[[Image:Shaanxi cuisine.JPG|thumb|Shaanxi cuisine]]
* [[Shaanxi cuisine]]
* [[Qinqiang]], the representative folk opera of Shaanxi
* Shaanxi [[shadow play]]
* [[Xintianyou]]
* Also see [[Xi'an#Culture and religion]]

==Media==
* [[Shaanxi Radio]] serves Xi'an and the surrounding Shaanxi province area with music and news.
* ''[[Yue Fei#Story of Yue Fei|The Story of Yue Fei]]'', a 17th–18th century [[wuxia]] novel about the life of [[Song dynasty]] general [[Yue Fei]], says his military arts teacher, [[Zhou Tong (archer)|Zhou Tong]], was from Shaanxi.<ref>Qian, Cai. ''General Yue Fei''. Trans. Honorable Sir T.L. Yang. Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., Ltd., 1995. {{ISBN|978-962-04-1279-0}}.</ref>

==Sports==
Professional sports teams based in Shaanxi include:
* [[Chinese Basketball Association]]
** National Basketball League (NBL): [[Shaanxi Wolves]]
** Women's Chinese Basketball Association (WCBA): [[Shaanxi Red Wolves]]

==See also==
* [[List of prisons in Shaanxi]]
* [[Major national historical and cultural sites (Shaanxi)|Major national historical and cultural sites in Shaanxi]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Wiktionary|Shaanxi|Shensi}}
{{Wikivoyage|Shaanxi}}
* {{Official website|http://www.shaanxi.gov.cn/}}{{nbsp}}{{in lang|zh}}
* [http://info.hktdc.com/mktprof/china/shaanxi.htm Economic profile for Shaanxi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226214006/http://info.hktdc.com/mktprof/china/shaanxi.htm |date=26 February 2009 }} at [[Hong Kong Trade Development Council|HKTDC]]

{{Geographic location
|Center    = Shaanxi
|North     = [[Inner Mongolia]]
|Northeast = [[Shanxi]]
|East      = [[Henan]]
|Southeast = [[Hubei]]
|South     = [[Chongqing]]
|Southwest = [[Sichuan]]
|West      = [[Gansu]]
|Northwest = [[Ningxia]]
}}

{{Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Shaanxi}}
{{Shaanxi topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Shaanxi| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Western China]]