Editing Shōnen manga

{{Short description|Manga aimed at adolescent boys}}
{{Redirect|Shōnen|other uses|Shōnen (disambiguation)}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Shōnen'' manga}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Anime and manga}}

{{nihongo|'''{{Transliteration|ja|Shōnen}} manga'''|少年漫画||{{lit}} "boys' [[comics]]", also [[Romanization of Japanese|romanized]] as '''{{Transliteration|ja|shonen}}''', '''{{Transliteration|ja|shounen}}''' or '''{{Transliteration|ja|syônen}}'''}} is an editorial category of [[Manga|Japanese comics]] targeting an audience of both adolescent boys and young men. It is, along with [[Shōjo manga|{{Transliteration|ja|shōjo}} manga]] (targeting adolescent girls and young women), [[Seinen manga|{{Transliteration|ja|seinen}} manga]] (targeting young adults and adult men), and [[Josei manga|{{Transliteration|ja|josei}} manga]] (targeting adult women), one of the primary demographic categories of manga and, by extension, of [[Anime|Japanese anime]]. {{Transliteration|ja|Shōnen}} manga is traditionally published in dedicated [[List of manga magazines|manga magazines]] that often almost exclusively target the {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} demographic group.

Of the four primary demographic categories of manga, {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} is the most popular category in the Japanese market. While {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga ostensibly targets an audience of young males, its actual readership extends significantly beyond this target group to include all ages and genders. The category originated from Japanese children's magazines at the turn of the 20th century and gained significant popularity by the 1920s. The editorial focus of {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga is primarily on [[Action fiction|action]], [[Adventure fiction|adventure]], and the fighting of monsters or other clearly defined forces of evil. Though action narratives dominate the said category, there is deep editorial diversity and a significant number of genres and sub-genres within {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga, especially compared to other comic cultures outside of Japan, including [[comedy]], [[Crime fiction|crime]], [[List of romance manga|romance]], [[slice of life]], and [[Sports manga|sports]].

==Terminology and etymology==
==={{Transliteration|ja|Shōnen}}===
The Japanese word {{Nihongo|''shōnen''|少年|4=/ɕoːnen/ {{lit}} "few years"}}, meaning "young boy",<ref>{{Cite web |title=「少年(しょうねん)」の意味や使い方 わかりやすく解説 Weblio辞書 |trans-title=Meaning and usage of "shōnen" - easy explanation - Weblio Dictionary |url=https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=www.weblio.jp |at=デジタル大辞泉}}</ref> historically referred to juveniles in a general sense and was used by the Japanese publishing industry until the end of the 19th century to designate publications aimed at children and young people. The word shifted to its current usage of referring specifically to media aimed at adolescent boys, beginning with the practice of segmenting periodicals (especially manga magazines) by sex and age-specific target groups, which was established at the beginning of the 20th century and accelerated starting in the 1960s. This segmentation system is now openly used as a categorization system by manga publishers{{sfn|Johnson-Woods|2010|p=8}}{{sfn|Theisen|2013}} and extends into works that are adapted from manga, such as [[anime]].{{sfn|Fujimoto|2013|p=172}}

==={{Transliteration|ja|Shōnen}} manga===
{{Transliteration|ja|Shōnen}} manga refers to [[manga]] aimed at an audience of adolescent boys, with the primary target audience alternately defined as 10 to 19 years old{{sfn|McCarthy|2014|p=26}} and as 12 to 21 years old.{{sfn|Brenner|2007|p=31}} It is the most popular category in the Japanese market of the four primary demographic categories of manga ({{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}}, [[Shōjo manga|{{Transliteration|ja|shōjo}}]], [[Seinen manga|{{Transliteration|ja|seinen}}]], and [[Josei manga|{{Transliteration|ja|josei}}]]).{{sfn|Ledoux|Ranney|1995|p=212}}{{sfn|Thompson|2007|pp=338-340}}

The actual readership of {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga, as is the case for all demographic categories of manga,{{sfn|Thompson|2007|pp=338-340}}{{sfn|Brunner|2010|p=62}} extends significantly beyond this adolescent male target group to include all ages and genders.{{sfn|Drummond-Mathews|2010|pp=62–64}} For example, a 2006 survey of female manga readers found that ''[[Weekly Shōnen Jump]]'' was the most popular manga magazine among this demographic, placing ahead of magazines that specifically target a female readership.{{sfn|Theisen|2013}} The target group orientation of {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga is particularly evident in the non-manga content of {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga magazines, which include advertising and articles on topics tailored to the interests of young males, such as [[video games]]. Non-manga content often corresponds to a major manga series in a given magazine, for example, advertisements for a video game adaptation of the series or articles about an animated film adaptation of the series.{{sfn|Thompson|2007|pp=338-340}}{{sfn|Brunner|2010|p=73}}

==History==
{{See also|History of manga}}

===Pre-war and wartime era===
[[File:Shōnen Club April 1929.jpg|thumb|Cover of the April 1929 issue of ''[[Shōnen Club]]'']]

Children's magazines with sex-segregated readerships have existed in Japan since the early 1900s. While early youth magazines were ostensibly unisex – ''[[Shōnen Sekai]]'' was the first youth magazine in Japan in 1895, targeting a readership of both boys and girls{{sfn|Theisen|2013}} – in practice, the editorial content of these publications largely concerned topics that were thought to be of interest to boys.{{sfn|Shamoon|2012|p=19}} This provoked the emergence of first exclusively {{Transliteration|ja|shōjo}} (girls) magazines in 1902, and {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} magazines subsequently began to exclusively target a male audience.{{sfn|Theisen|2013}} Initially, these magazines did not publish manga;{{sfn|McCarthy|2014|p=12}} the first {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} magazine to do so was ''[[Shōnen Pakku]]'', first published in 1907. This was followed by ''[[Shōnen Club]]'' in 1914 and later ''[[Yōnen Club]]''. Among the most successful and influential manga series in these early {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} magazines were ''[[Norakuro]]'' by [[Suihō Tagawa]], which follows the life of an [[anthropomorphic]] dog soldier, and ''[[Tank Tankuro]]'' by [[Gajo Sakamoto]], about a robot-like character who can change his appearance.{{sfn|McCarthy|2014|pp=16-21}}

{{Transliteration|ja|Shōnen}} magazines enjoyed significant popularity during the 1920s and 1930s, with ''Yōnen Club'' selling over 950,000 copies. During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] and [[Second World War]], magazine sales declined and publications were used increasingly for [[Propaganda in Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II|wartime propaganda purposes]]. The manga content in these publications was reduced,{{sfn|Schodt|1983|p=51}} and the series that remained typically focused on patriotic and militaristic themes, such as stories about [[samurai]]. In other stories, robots were depicted as fighting in the war against the Allied forces, as analogous to western [[superhero comics]] that depicted superheroes fighting the Axis powers during this same period.{{sfn|Schodt|1983|p=51}}

===Post-war era===
During the post-war [[occupation of Japan]], the Japanese publishing industry was rebuilt under initially strict guidelines. Stories focused on war, combat, and most competitive sports were banned with the aim of discouraging belligerence and hindering the use of manga for pro-Imperial propaganda.{{sfn|Gravett|2006|pp=52–59}} Manga developed during this period under the influence of artist [[Osamu Tezuka]], with series such as ''[[Astro Boy]]'' and ''[[Kimba the White Lion]]''.{{Sfn|Thorn|1996}}{{sfn|Schodt|2007}} Tezuka was inspired by American [[cartoon]]s, and pioneered the so-called "story manga": long-running manga series with a cinematic style and [[Continuity (fiction)|continuity]] across multiple chapters, contrasting what had previously been a medium defined by one-off comic strips.{{sfn|Drummond-Mathews|2010|pp=62–64}} [[Science fiction]] stories about robots, space travel, and heroic space-faring adventures enjoyed popularity during this period;{{sfn|Schodt|1983|pp=64–66}}{{sfn|Gravett|2006|pp=52–59}} many sci-fi stories took themes and concepts from war comics and re-imagined them with pacifist ideals, such as ''[[Tetsujin 28-go]]'' by [[Mitsuteru Yokoyama]].{{sfn|Gravett|2006|pp=52–59}}

One of the first new {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga magazines of the post-war period was ''[[Manga Shōnen]]'', which launched in 1947 and published works by Tezuka, [[Leiji Matsumoto]], and [[Shōtarō Ishinomori]].{{sfn|McCarthy|2014|p=24}}{{sfn|Thompson|2007|pp=338-340}} As post-war censorship codes were repealed and Japan entered a period of significant economic development in the 1950s, sales of manga and the number of manga magazines increased significantly, and {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} and {{Transliteration|ja|shōjo}} manga came to further establish themselves as distinct categories.{{sfn|Drummond-Mathews|2010|pp=62–64}} The first works of [[sports manga]] also emerged from {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga during this time; notable early works include ''{{ill|Igaguri-kun|jp|イガグリくん}}'' by [[Eiichi Fukui]] as the first manga series in the genre,{{sfn|Drummond-Mathews|2010|pp=62–64}} and ''[[Ashita no Joe]]'' by [[Asao Takamori]] and [[Tetsuya Chiba]], which became one of the most commercially successful works in the genre.{{sfn|Gravett|2006|pp=52–59}} 1959 saw the launch of ''[[Shōnen Sunday]]'' and ''[[Weekly Shōnen Magazine]]'', the first weekly {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga magazines.{{sfn|McCarthy|2014|pp=28–34}}{{sfn|Thompson|2007|pp=338-340}} Other weeklies, such as ''[[Shōnen Champion]]'', ''[[Shōnen King]]'', and ''[[Shōnen Ace]]'', emerged in the 1960s.{{sfn|Drummond-Mathews|2010|pp=62–64}}{{sfn|Gravett|2006|pp=52–59}} ''[[Weekly Shōnen Jump]]'' was first published in 1968, and would establish itself as the best-selling manga magazine across demographic categories, a position it holds to this day. Many of the most popular and commercially successful {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} series originated in ''Weekly Shōnen Jump'', including ''[[Dragon Ball (manga)|Dragon Ball]]'' by [[Akira Toriyama]], ''[[Naruto]]'' by [[Masashi Kishimoto]], ''[[Bleach (manga)|Bleach]]'' by [[Tite Kubo]], ''[[One Piece]]'' by [[Eiichiro Oda]], and ''[[Slam Dunk (manga)|Slam Dunk]]'' by [[Takehiko Inoue]].{{sfn|Thompson|2007|pp=338-340}}

===Modern era===
[[seinen manga|{{Transliteration|ja|Seinen}} manga]] became formalized as a category of manga aimed at an older male audience in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and many {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} artists associated with the realist {{Transliteration|ja|[[gekiga]]}} movement migrated to {{Transliteration|ja|seinen}} manga. The demise of the {{Transliteration|ja|[[kashi-hon]]}} (rental manga) market led many {{Transliteration|ja|kashi-hon}} artists to move into magazine publishing, including {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga, bringing their distinct themes and style with them. As a result, {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga came to deal with more serious and political themes, and saw an increase in depictions of violent and explicit subjects, as well as an increase in profanity. Significant artists of this era include [[Shigeru Mizuki]],{{sfn|McCarthy|2014|pp=28–34}} creator of the horror series ''[[GeGeGe no Kitarō]]''; and [[George Akiyama]], whose {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga series ''Ashura'' depicts cannibalism, child abuse, and mass murder.<ref name="ComiPress"/> Although this provoked a public backlash, it did not lead to the decline for the industry: series with anarchic, offensive humor became popular in {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} and {{Transliteration|ja|seinen}} manga alike, with ''[[Crayon Shin-Chan]]'' by [[Yoshito Usui]] becoming an internationally famous example of this phenomenon.{{sfn|Drummond-Mathews|2010|pp=62–64}} Manga artist [[Go Nagai]] originated the sexually-charged {{Transliteration|ja|[[ecchi]]}} genre with ''[[Harenchi Gakuen]]'', which was serialized in ''Weekly Shōnen Jump''.<ref name="Mainichi"/>
 
The stylistic and thematic differences between {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} and {{Transliteration|ja|shōjo}} began to narrow considerably beginning in the 1980s, with widespread exchange of stylistic devices and themes. For example, the characteristic [[Shōjo manga#Large eyes|large eyes]] of {{Transliteration|ja|shōjo}} manga became common in {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga to convey the emotions of characters, and female characters have enjoyed greater prominence as both supporting and primary characters in {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga. Other graphic storytelling techniques that originated in {{Transliteration|ja|shōjo}} manga, such as montages of multiple [[Panel (comics)|panels]], were imported into {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga and have become common stylistic devices.{{sfn|Prough|2010|pp=94, 97}} In the 1980s, combat-focused "battle manga" stories became popular, with ''Dragon Ball'' and ''[[Fist of the North Star]]'' emerging as representative works of this development. Manga critic [[Jason Thompson (writer)|Jason Thompson]] credits the success of ''Dragon Ball'', first published in 1984, as originating a trend that has persisted to contemporary {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga of favoring cartoonish art styles over the more mature art styles of {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} titles such as ''[[City Hunter]]'' and ''Fist of the North Star''.<ref name="ANNDragonBall"/>

Female manga artists also began to enjoy increasing critical and commercial success as {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga creators.{{Sfn|Levi|1996|p=14}} As a result of the combined influence of {{Transliteration|ja|ecchi}} and the rise of female artists, [[List of romance manga|romance]] emerged as a subgenre of {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga, especially [[romantic comedy]].{{sfn|Drummond-Mathews|2010|pp=70–75}}{{sfn|Thompson|2007|p=301}} When manga began to emerge in the Western world in the early 1990s, the {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} category was so dominant in these new markets that it came to shape the image of manga as a whole.{{sfn|Prough|2010|pp=94, 97}} While {{Transliteration|ja|shōjo}} made gains in popularity by the 2000s, {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} remains the most popular category of manga, both in Japan and internationally.{{sfn|Drummond-Mathews|2010|pp=70–75}}

==Characteristics==
===Themes and genres===
This thematic orientation of {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga is readily inferred from the formal [[Business value|values]] or slogans that {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga magazines assign themselves: for example, "friendship, perseverance, and victory" for ''Weekly Shōnen Jump'',{{sfn|Thompson|2007|p=339}} and "courage, friendship and fighting spirit" for ''[[CoroCoro Comic]]''.{{sfn|Schodt|1996|pp=82–84}} The editorial focus of {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga is primarily on [[Action fiction|action]], [[Adventure fiction|adventure]], and the fighting of monsters or other forces of evil.{{sfn|Knigge|1996|p=247}} Action stories are so dominant in {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga that some manga and non-manga works are occasionally designated as {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} not because of their ostensible target group, but because of their content focus on action and adventure.{{sfn|Levi|1996|pp=9, 163}} Though action narratives dominate the category, there is deep editorial diversity and a significant number of genres and subgenres within {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga, especially when compared to other comic cultures outside of Japan.{{sfn|Gravett|2006|pp=52–59}} This includes but is not limited to [[comedy]], [[Crime fiction|crime]], [[romance film|romance]], [[slice of life]], and stories about activities such as [[Sports manga|sports]] and the lives of different types of working professionals.{{sfn|Thompson|2007|pp=338-340}}

The action genre is itself is expressed through a variety of subgenres, from [[historical drama|historical]] and contemporary drama to [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]].{{sfn|Thompson|2007|pp=338-340}} {{Transliteration|ja|Shōnen}} war fiction has been alternately jingoistic or critical of militarism and violence, with ''[[Barefoot Gen]]'' by [[Keiji Nakazawa]] as a notable example of the latter.{{sfn|Drummond-Mathews|2010|p=66}} [[Samurai]] appeared frequently as idealized role models for boy readers in early {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}}, analogous to representations of [[cowboy]]s in western comics; samurai stories shifted to comedy and sportsmanship in the post-war period, before returning to themes of idealized themes of good versus evil.{{sfn|Drummond-Mathews|2010|p=68}} Though {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga typically attempts to convey a message of peace, the category has been criticized by individuals such as director [[Hayao Miyazaki]] for promoting overly simple good/evil dichotomies.{{sfn|Lamarre|2009|p=51}}

===Narrative conventions===
A {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} protagonist is often characterized by contradictory qualities: short-tempered and cool, mischievous and rebellious, serious and cynical, clumsy and infallible, or who appears as a good-for-nothing but possesses hidden abilities. In some cases, the contradiction takes on a literal form in the form of {{nihongo|''henshin''|変身||{{lit}} 'transformation'}}, where the hero is able to switch between two personas with different appearances and personalities; examples of this device include ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh]]'' by [[Kazuki Takahashi]] and ''[[Samurai Deeper Kyo]]'' by [[Akimine Kamijyo]]. Transformation abilities are often linked with bonds to a spirit, monster or robot.{{sfn|Thompson|2007|pp=338-340}} A major narrative device in {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga is rivalry between the protagonist and his opponent,{{sfn|Levi|1996|p=9}} with a fight or a quest often appearing as a central element; ''Dragon Ball'' is among the most popular and commercially successful examples of this archetypal story.{{sfn|Drummond-Mathews|2010|pp=64–68}}

Typically, a {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} protagonist is an outsider, or in some way disadvantaged compared to others, but who through training, perseverance, and willpower eventually succeeds against all odds.{{sfn|Gravett|2006|pp=52–59}} Plots typically follow the basic structure of the [[hero's journey]], with much of the story focused on the protagonist's training and transformation into a hero, and on characters who earn their status as heroes through effort and tenacity rather than by virtue of birth or assignment. For long-running series, the hero's journey repeats itself; as a new [[story arc]] begins, the enemy becomes more powerful and the danger to be overcome becomes greater.{{sfn|Drummond-Mathews|2010|pp=70–75}} In addition to these external conflicts, a {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} protagonist often also faces internal conflicts, typically focused around maturity and growing older.{{sfn|Drummond-Mathews|2010|pp=70–75}} In contrast to {{Transliteration|ja|shōjo}} manga, which often focuses on the thoughts and [[interior monologue]] of the hero, {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} typically advances plot through dialogue and action.{{sfn|Prough|2010|pp=94, 97}}{{sfn|Levi|1996|p=9}} [[Happy ending]]s are common in {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga, but are not obligatory,{{sfn|Thompson|2007|pp=338-340}} with writers expressing the happy ending fitting for the demography even if it not comes up as a suitable.<ref>{{cite book|author=Watsuki, Nobuhiro|page=96|title=''Rurouni Kenshin'' Volume 24|publisher=Viz Media|isbn=978-1-4215-0338-7|year=2006}}</ref><ref name="war">{{cite web |title=Interview with Masashi Kishimoto Pt. 2 - Feb 13, 2012 |url=https://www.viz.com/blog/posts/interview-with-masashi-kishimoto-pt-2-204 |accessdate=April 16, 2022 |website=[[Viz Media]]}}</ref>

===Visual style===
[[File:Cosplay - AWA15 - Naruto Uzumaki derivate.png|upright=0.8|thumb|A [[cosplay]]er dressed as [[Naruto Uzumaki]] from ''[[Naruto]]'', displaying the characteristic "spiky" hairstyle]]

Comics theorist [[Neil Cohn]] regards the art style of {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} as generally "edgier" than that of {{Transliteration|ja|shōjo}} manga, and notes how most regular manga readers are able to easily distinguish between {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} and {{Transliteration|ja|shōjo}} based on visual appearance alone.{{sfn|Cohn|2010|p=189}} Visually, a {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} protagonist often possesses what manga critic [[Jason Thompson (writer)|Jason Thompson]] describes as "insanely spiky hair" that distinguishes the protagonist's [[silhouette]] from that of other characters.{{sfn|Thompson|2007|pp=338-340}} The eyes of {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} characters in the post-war period are [[Manga iconography#Facial features|significantly smaller than those of characters in {{Transliteration|ja|shōjo}} manga]]; large eyes are used in {{Transliteration|ja|shōjo}} manga to better convey the emotions of the characters, an aspect which has historically been given less focus in {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga.{{sfn|Levi|1996|p=9}} A common visual device in {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} action scenes is to depict the contours of figures with rough, coarse [[motion lines]] to give the appearance of movement.{{sfn|Hui|2013|p=229}}

===Role of women===
Historically, the protagonists of {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga were almost exclusively men and boys; women and girls appeared primarily in supporting roles as sisters, mothers, or girlfriends, if at all. This was especially true of {{Transliteration|ja|[[ecchi]]}} stories that developed out of {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga beginning in the 1970s, with ''[[The Abashiri Family]]'' by Go Nagai as one of the earliest representative works of this development, as well as an early example of a {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga with a female protagonist. Since the 1980s, women and girls have played a more active role in {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga, fighting alongside male characters and not merely as passive support.{{sfn|Schodt|1983|p=75}} ''[[Dr. Slump]]'' by [[Akira Toriyama]] was an early representative work of this development, with its mischievous child protagonist [[Arale Norimaki]] being among the first {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga to depict this type of archetypal character as a girl rather than a boy. The 1980s also saw female {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga artists rise to greater prominence: notably horror manga artist [[Kei Kusunoki]], and [[Rumiko Takahashi]] with her romantic comedies ''[[Urusei Yatsura]]'' and ''[[Ranma ½]]''.{{Sfn|Ledoux|Ranney|1995|p=56}}

Especially in {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} series that are aimed at an older audience, female characters are often presented in a manner that is attractive to the male target audience as {{Transliteration|ja|[[bishōjo]]s}} (literally "beautiful young girls"). They exist as objects of romantic or sexual desire not merely for the male characters, but also for the ostensibly heterosexual male reader as a form of [[fan service]].{{sfn|Lamarre|2009|p=216}} While these objectifying tropes have persisted in {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga, women have also developed more active roles in these fan service-oriented stories. A common romantic comedy trope in {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga since the 1980s has been to pair a weak male protagonist with a strong female love interest who is not only the target of his romantic and sexual desire, but also his good friend and confidante.{{sfn|Schodt|1983|p=75}} In the [[Harem (genre)|harem]] genre, which originated from {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga, a male protagonist is surrounded by several female characters who desire him, and who are often more confident and assertive than he is; examples include ''[[Negima! Magister Negi Magi]]'' by [[Ken Akamatsu]] and ''[[Hanaukyo Maid Team]]'' by [[Morishige]]. In other cases, the male protagonist is unsuccessful in his attempts to woo the female character, or the story is focused around the originally naïve and infantile male protagonist maturing and learning how to develop healthy relationships with women.{{sfn|Perper|Cornog|2007|pp=201–214}}

For certain {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} series, a female readership who read in or interpret subtextual [[homoerotic]] relationships between canonically heterosexual male characters constitute a significant proportion of the series' audience; this is especially true of series featuring male characters who are {{Transliteration|ja|[[bishōnen]]}} (literally "beautiful boys"), or who are perceived as such by readers. This reading of {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga is expressed in the form of [[fan works]] such as {{Transliteration|ja|[[dōjinshi]]}} (self-published amateur manga) and the [[boys' love]] (BL) genre of manga and anime, which includes both original and [[derivative works]]. Manga scholar [[Yukari Fujimoto]] notes in her analysis of the female readership of the {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} titles ''One Piece'', ''Naruto'', and ''[[The Prince of Tennis]]'' that homoerotic interpretations of {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} manga tend to be most common among titles that do not include prominent female characters that a female readership is able to identify with.{{sfn|Fujimoto|2013|pp=172, 184}}

==Magazines==
{{Main|List of manga magazines}}
[[File:Weekly Shōnen Magazine and Weekly Shōnen Sunday in Feb 2005.jpg|thumb|Stacks of ''Weekly Shōnen Magazine'' and ''Shōnen Sunday'' in 2005]]

{{Transliteration|ja|Shōnen}} manga is traditionally published in dedicated [[List of manga magazines|manga magazines]] that specifically target an audience of {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}}. At the industry's peak in the mid-1990s, there were 23 total {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} magazines, which collectively sold 662 million copies in 1995. The total manga magazine market that year included 265 magazines, with a total of 1.595 billion copies sold.{{Sfn|Schodt|1996|pp=82–84}}

A manga magazine is typically several hundred pages long, and contains over a dozen series or [[One-shot (comics)|one-shots]].{{sfn|Schodt|1983|p=13}} The largest Japanese {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} magazines in terms of circulation are ''[[Weekly Shōnen Jump]]'' by [[Shueisha]], ''[[Weekly Shōnen Magazine]]'' by [[Kodansha]], and ''[[Weekly Shōnen Sunday]]'' by [[Shogakukan]]; these publishers are also the largest publishers of manga generally. The fourth largest magazine, albeit by a significant margin, is ''[[Weekly Shōnen Champion]]'' by [[Akita Shoten]], which was among the most popular manga magazines in the 1970s and 1980s. The magazines ''[[CoroCoro Comic]]'' and the now-defunct ''[[Comic BomBom]]'' technically belong to the {{Transliteration|ja|[[Children's anime and manga|kodomo]]}} (children's manga) demographic, but are often counted as {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} magazines as they target an audience of school-aged boys.{{sfn|Thompson|2007|pp=338-340}}{{Sfn|Schodt|1996|pp=82–84}} A list of the top {{Transliteration|ja|shōnen}} magazines by circulation as of 2015 are listed below:<ref>{{cite web |title=印刷部数公表 |url=http://www.j-magazine.or.jp/magadata/index.php?module=list&action=list&cat1cd=1&cat3cd=14&period_cd=30 |website=Japan Magazine Publishers Association |access-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221004130/http://www.j-magazine.or.jp/magadata/index.php?module=list&action=list&cat1cd=1&cat3cd=14&period_cd=30 |archive-date=December 21, 2015 |language=Japanese}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Circulation
|-
|''[[Weekly Shōnen Jump]]''
|style="text-align:right" | 2,380,000
|-
|''[[Weekly Shōnen Magazine]]''
|style="text-align:right" | 1,110,000
|-
|''[[CoroCoro Comic]]''
|style="text-align:right" | 920,000
|-
|''[[Monthly Shōnen Magazine]]''
|style="text-align:right" | 540,000
|-
|''[[Weekly Shōnen Sunday]]''
|style="text-align:right" | 370,000
|-
|''[[Jump Square]]''
|style="text-align:right" | 260,000
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="ANNDragonBall">{{cite web|last=Thompson |first=Jason|author-link=Jason Thompson (writer)|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/house-of-1000-manga/2011-03-10|title=Jason Thompson's House of 1000 Manga – Dragon Ball|website=[[Anime News Network]]|date=March 10, 2011|access-date=January 31, 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="ComiPress">{{cite web |title=George Akiyama: the unstoppable king of trauma manga |url=https://www.comipress.com/special/manga-zombie/incredibly-strange-manga-part-2/george-akiyama |website=ComiPress |access-date=September 6, 2022 |date=November 24, 2007}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name="Kotaku">{{cite web |last1=Eisenbeis |first1=Richard |title=How to Identify the Basic Types of Anime and Manga |url=https://kotaku.com/how-to-identify-the-basic-types-of-anime-and-manga-1538285518 |website=[[Kotaku]] |access-date=September 6, 2022 |date=March 7, 2014}}</ref> -->

<ref name="Mainichi">{{cite web |last1=Connell |first1=Ryann |title=40-year veteran of ecchi manga Go Nagai says brains more fun than boobs |url=http://mdn.mainichi.jp/culture/waiwai/archive/news/2007/03/20070330p2g00m0dm024000c.html |website=[[Mainichi Shimbun]] |access-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317060218/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/culture/waiwai/archive/news/2007/03/20070330p2g00m0dm024000c.html |archive-date=March 17, 2008 |date=March 30, 2007}}</ref>

}}

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{{refbegin|30em}}
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{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shonen Manga}}
[[Category:Shōnen manga| ]]
[[Category:Anime and manga terminology]]
[[Category:Boys]]
[[Category:Men in Japan]]
[[Category:Men's entertainment]]