Editing Sexual ritual

{{Short description|Psychologic and sociologic aspects of sex}}
'''Sexual rituals''' fall into two categories: [[culture]]-created, and natural behaviour, the human animal having developed [[Human sexual behavior|sex]] rituals from [[evolution]]ary instincts for [[reproduction]], which are then integrated into [[society]], and elaborated to include aspects such as [[marriage rite]]s, dances, etc.<ref>Desmond Morris, ''The Naked Ape Trilogy'' (London 1994) p. 246 and p. 34</ref> Sometimes sexual rituals are highly formalized and/or part of religious activity, as in the cases of ''[[hieros gamos]]'', the [[hierodule]], and [[Ordo Templi Orientis]] (O.T.O.).

==Rites of passage==
{{See also|Sexual rites of passage}}
Part of the [[rites of passage]] of growing up are what have been termed "rites of separation from the asexual world... followed by rites of incorporation into the world of sexuality".<ref>Arnold van Gennep, ''The Rites of Passage'' (1977) p. 67</ref> These may be formal or semi-formal—"for some students, going to college is partly a sexual ritual, like the ceremonial dances of the [[whooping crane]]"<ref>Northrop Frue et al, ''Northrop Frye's Writing on Education'' (2000) p. 92</ref>—or take the form of a more private induction: "formal and artificial... the impression that a long-established rite was to be enacted, among Staffordshire figurs and ''papier-mâché'' trays, with the compelling, detached formality of nightmare".<ref>Antony Powell, ''A Buyer's Market'' (1981 )p. 267-8</ref>

[[Freud]] was particularly interested in [[Ethnology|ethnological]] accounts of "the 'ceremonial' (purely formal, ritual, or official) [[coitus]], which takes place" in connection with "the [[taboo]] of virginity".<ref>Sigmund Freud, ''On Sexuality'' (PFL 7) p. 268-9</ref>

===Wedding as orgy===
Freud also noted that in "numerous examples of marriage ceremonies, there can be no doubt that people other than the bridegroom, for example his assistants and companions (our traditional 'groomsmen'), were granted full sexual access to the bride".<ref>Freud, ''Sexuality'' p. 269n</ref> To his followers, "the ''wedding as orgy'', with the bride taking on all the men present, is the clear historical reality behind the modern jokes... and the climactic line-up or 'gang'-kissing of the bride, by all the men present".<ref>G. Legman, ''The Rationale of the Dirty Joke'' Vol II (1973) p. 90-2</ref>

In such a view, "other examples of sacred or permitted public coitus of all women with all men do survive, in similarly modified 'kissing' form", as under the [[Mistletoe#Culture, folklore, and mythology|mistletoe]] "to revive the dying sun at the winter solstice, when the strongest human 'life-magic', namely ritual intercourse, is to be deployed".<ref>Legman, ''Rationale'' p. 90</ref>

==Interaction ritual==

To the [[sociologist]] looking upon "sexual intercourse as interaction ritual... sexual intercourse is the ritual of love; it both creates and recreates the social tie (since [[Émile Durkheim|Durkheimian]] rituals need to be repeated periodically, as solidarity runs down), and symbolizes it".<ref>Randall Collins, ''Interaction Ritual Chains'' (Princeton 2004) p. 235</ref> In similar fashion, [[Margot Anand]] has pointed out that "rituals pervade our daily life and give it a sense of ceremony and celebration (...) a ritual, through your own unique symbolic gestures... will help you transform your lovemaking into a special and sacred act".<ref>Margo Anand, ''The Art of Sexual Ecstasy'' (1990) p. 71</ref>

[[Erving Goffman]] has noted, however, "the considerable informational delicacy of this form of interaction", and how "individuals may use darkness to ensure strategic ambiguity".<ref>Erving Goffman, ''Relations in Public'' (Penguin 1972) p. 235</ref>

==Compulsions==

In [[perversion]], sexual rituals may emerge as a necessary part of sexual activity. For the [[criminologist]], "sexual ritual involves repeatedly engaging in an act or series of acts in a certain manner because of a sexual need".<ref>J. E. Douglas et al, ''Crime Classification Manual'' (2006) p. 296</ref> Within a relationship, "the Compulsive [[libido]] type takes advantages of opportunities to use the specific sexual ritual that causes intense arousal, and in its stronger form, the Compulsive lover can only arouse using the sexual object or ritual".<ref>Sandra Pertot, ''When Your Sex Drives Don't Match'' (2007) p. 8</ref> In any relationship, however, "a sexual habit that becomes routine or stylised... can lead to a sexual ritual", so that "if you don't have a way to talk to your partner about your sexual relationship, you may find yourself... stuck in sexual rituals that could be limiting your sexual enjoyment":<ref>G. Anderson/B. K. Weinhold, ''Connective Bargaining'' (1981) p. 53 and p. 58</ref> as a wife might say, "Same old technique, same old Lewis. It's you all right, I'd know that old routine anywhere."<ref>Mary Stewart, ''Airs Above the Ground'' (1967) p. 98</ref> Thus one's sex life may all "be about rituals: the ritual of sex in the morning, or the ritual of sex at night; and the ritual of sex at anniversaries, and the ritual of sex at Christmas".<ref>Eric Berne, ''Sex in Human Loving'' (1970) p. 47</ref>

==Dharmic art==
In the [[Buddhist art]] of [[India]], [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]] and [[Tibet]], [[yab-yum]] is the male [[deity]] in sexual union with his female [[wikt:consort|consort]]. The symbolism is associated with [[Anuttarayoga tantra]] where the male figure is usually linked to compassion (''{{IAST|karuṇā}}'') and skillful means (''[[upaya|upāya-kauśalya]]''), and the female partner to 'insight' (''prajñā'').<ref>Keown, Damien. (2003). ''A Dictionary of Buddhism'',  p. 338. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-860560-9}}.</ref> The symbolism of union and sexual polarity is a central teaching in [[Tantric Buddhism]], especially in Tibet. The union is realised by the practitioner as a mystical experience within one's own body.<ref>Herrmann-Pfandt, Adelheid. "Yab Yum Iconography and the Role of Women in Tibetan Tantric Buddhism." ''The Tibet Journal''. Vol. XXII, No. 1. Spring 1997, pp. 12-34.</ref> Yab-yum is generally understood to represent the primordial (or mystical) union of wisdom and compassion.<ref>[http://www.seriousseekers.com/News%20and%20Articles/pallis_marriagewisdommethod.pdf The Marriage of Wisdom and Method] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617051023/http://www.seriousseekers.com/News%20and%20Articles/pallis_marriagewisdommethod.pdf |date=2011-06-17 }} By Marco Pallis</ref> Tantric Buddhism is itself an outcrop of [[Tantra|Tantrism]], advanced techniques of which included "the ritual sex act ([[Maithuna]]) which was a feature of Tantric yoga".<ref>Sophie Hoare, ''Yoga'' (London 1977) p. 19</ref> Given that "sex is holy to a Tantric... Tantric art, writings and religious rituals glorify sex".<ref>K. Devi, in Margo Anand, ''The Art of Sexual Ecstasy'' (1990) p. 39</ref>

==Private worship==

A sex organ "makes an admirable fertility symbol, and has been worshipped as such privately from time to time, or even publicly... gives dramatic promise of productivity and protection".<ref>Berne, p. 78-80</ref> Such "worship" may only become more common in [[late modernity]], as "in our secular culture, sexuality often replaces religion as a means of pursuing the meaning of life".<ref>Gail Sheehy, ''New Passages'' (London 1996) p. 328-9</ref> [[Alan Watts]] maintains that "when you are [[falling in love|in love]] with someone, you do indeed see them as a divine being... through a tremendous outpouring of psychic energy in total devotion and worship for this other person".<ref>Watts, in Anand, p. 62</ref> A woman may 'want someone who adores me... like he was adoring my breasts with his hands".<ref>Kate Cann, ''Sea Change'' (London 2007) p. 48 and p. 297</ref> A man (more ambivalently) may muse on "the white breasts he worships; adores; is scared of; detests".<ref>Sean Thomas, ''the cheek perforation dance'' (London 2003) p. 230</ref> For [[Shakespeare]], "this is the liver-vein, which makes flesh a deity, a green goose a goddess; pure, pure idolatry".<ref>G. Blakemore Evans ed., ''The Riverside Shakespeare'' (1997) p. 229</ref>

In the further reaches of [[chick lit]], "the male organ... becomes a tower of strength, a tree trunk in girth, the pillar that sustains the universe... a Pillar of Hercules, sustaining heaven"<ref>Amanda Hemingway, ''Soulfire'' (London 1994) p. 277 and p. 437</ref>—evidence perhaps that "the phallic religious tendency is alive in the modern and the civilized... a compulsive fascination"<ref>C. R. Aldrich, ''The Primitive Mind and Modern Civilization'' (1999) p. 153 and p. 146</ref> with what [[Jung]] termed "the phallus as the quintessence of life and fruitfulness".<ref>C. G. Jung, ''Psychology of the Unconscious'' 9London 1944) p. 57</ref> Correspondingly, the Western adept may borrow, in the quest "to create a Sacred Space... names given to the vagina in the East, including Valley of Joy, Great Jewel, Pearl, Lotus Blossom, Moist Cave, Ripe Peach, Enchanted Garden, and Full Moon".<ref>Anand, p. 72 and p. 215</ref>

==Literature==
In the ''[[Satyricon]]'', the hero is throughout "hounded by the mighty rage of [[Priapus]] of Hellespont"—almost certainly because early on, he "has offended Priapus... by impersonating him in some sexual ceremonies".<ref>Petronius, ''The Satyricon'' (Penguin 1986) p. 157 and p. 17</ref>

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Ambubachi Mela]]
* [[Courtship]]
* [[Dating]]
* [[Lingam]]
* [[Marriage]]
* [[Maypole]]
* [[Neotantra]] 
* [[Sacred prostitution]]
* [[Sex magic]]
* [[Tantric sex]]
* [[Yoni worship]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==Further reading==
*O. E. Wall (2004), ''Sex and Sex Worship''. {{ISBN|9781589633261}}.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sexual Ritual}}
[[Category:Religious sex rituals| ]]
[[Category:Sexuality and society]]