Editing Serene Velocity

{{for|the Stereolab album|Serene Velocity (album)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = Serene Velocity
| image          = 
| alt            = 
| caption        = 
| director       = [[Ernie Gehr]]
| released       = {{film date|1970}}
| runtime        = 23 minutes
| country        = United States
| language       = Silent
}}
'''''Serene Velocity''''' is a 1970 American experimental short film directed by [[Ernie Gehr]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://walkerart.org/calendar/2012/the-renegades-american-avant-garde-film-1960|title=The Renegades: American Avant-Garde Film, 1960–1973|website=walkerart.org|accessdate=Apr 11, 2020}}</ref> Gehr filmed it in the basement hallway of a [[Binghamton University]] academic building, using a static camera position and changing only the [[focal length]] of the camera. It is recognized as a key work of [[structural film]]making and has been inducted into the U.S. [[National Film Registry]].

==Description==
''Serene Velocity'' lasts twenty-three minutes and is silent. To make the film, Gehr locked his camera down in the center of a hallway, shooting several individual frames at a time. After each set of exposures, he changed the focal length on the lens, zooming in and then out in increasing increments.<ref name="mekas-film-culture">{{cite journal |last=Mekas |first=Jonas |author-link=Jonas Mekas |year=1972 |title=Ernie Gehr Interviewed by Jonas Mekas, March 24, 1971 |journal=[[Film Culture]] |issue=53–55 |pages=25–36}}</ref> What begins as a small difference in apparent distance several frames at a time expands to extreme closeups and wide shots jumping back and forth. By the end of the film, the zoom into the end of the hallway reveals a set of double doors with daylight filtering through.<ref name="macdonald-film-quarterly">{{cite journal |last=MacDonald |first=Scott |year=1990 |title=Ernie Gehr: Camera Obscura/Lens/Filmstrip |journal=[[Film Quarterly]] |volume=43 |issue=4 |page=13|doi=10.2307/1212718 |jstor=1212718 }}</ref>

==Production==
[[File:Ernie Gehr 2.jpg|thumb|upright|Director [[Ernie Gehr]] in 2017]]
In early 1970 Gehr was at SUNY Binghamton while [[Larry Gottheim]] was beginning to form a film department.<ref name="MacDonald 2005, p. 374">MacDonald 2005, p. 374.</ref><ref name="MacDonald 2015, p. 40">MacDonald 2015, p. 40.</ref><ref>[https://www.splittoothmedia.com/ernie-gehr-serene-velocity-1970/ Avant Horror: Ernie Gehr’s ‘Serene Velocity’ (1970) - Split Tooth Media]</ref> Gottheim was impressed with Gehr's earlier short films ''Morning'' and ''Wait'', and the two became acquainted when Gottheim replaced a damaged print of one of Gehr's works.<ref name="MacDonald 2015, p. 40"/> With the encouragement of Gottheim and [[Ken Jacobs]], Gehr taught two courses there during the summer session.<ref name="MacDonald 2005, p. 374"/><ref>MacDonald 2015, p. 235.</ref> He had been interested in making a film that explored "the intervals between frames–activating the screen plane from frame to frame more dynamically".<ref name="MacDonald 2005, p. 374"/> One day during the session, Gehr was on his way to the film department's editing rooms in a basement and thought of the hallway as an ideal place to film. A long, plain area appealed to him as a good space to "maximize the tension between representation and abstraction".<ref>MacDonald 2005, pp. 374–375.</ref>

Gehr began shooting test footage in the basement hallway. He tested mid-range and extreme focal lengths in "bars" of 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 frames. He decided to use bars of 4 frames, projected at 16 [[frames per second]]. This would have been roughly equivalent to 6 frames at 24 frames per second, but Gehr chose a lower frame rate so that each frame would remain on screen longer, accentuating the optical effects.<ref name="mekas-film-culture"/> He was surprised by the physical effect of watching the footage and felt nauseated afterward.<ref>MacDonald 2005, p. 375.</ref>

The footage for ''Serene Velocity'' was shot over the course of one night. Gehr began filming once it was dark outside, planning to take a break for several hours and finish filming during sunrise.<ref>MacDonald 2005, pp. 375–377.</ref> He started by alternating between focal lengths of 50&nbsp;mm and 55&nbsp;mm. After roughly {{convert|60|ft|m}} of film, he moved each of the lengths apart by 5&nbsp;mm, to 45&nbsp;mm and 60&nbsp;mm, then 40&nbsp;mm and 65&nbsp;mm, and so on.<ref name="mekas-film-culture"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Feldman |first=Ellen |year=1976 |section=1970-1972 |title=A History of the American Avant-Garde Cinema |publisher=[[American Federation of Arts]] |page=147 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica00amer_0/page/146/mode/2up}}</ref> He marked off lengths in intervals of 5&nbsp;mm on a piece of tape and gradually moved the lengths farther apart throughout filming. He manually recorded each frame, and without the use of a [[cable release]] his fingers became swollen from holding the [[shutter button]]. The process took longer than he had expected; he took only one break to use a restroom and held his head under water to keep awake.<ref>MacDonald 2005, p. 377.</ref>

==Analysis and interpretations==
[[File:Serene Velocity.jpg|thumb|right|''Serene Velocity'' shows a [[one-point perspective]] view of the hallway that divides it into the ceiling, walls, floor, and doors.]]
Watching ''Serene Velocity'' produces the appearance of motion and other optical effects, positioning it as a cinematic version of [[op art]]. Gehr has noted that the effects of watching the film vary significantly based on which part of the screen the viewer focuses on.<ref name="MacDonald 2015, p. 236">MacDonald 2015, p. 236.</ref> The composition of the screen is divided into five sections: the ceiling's fluorescent lights and exit signs; the doors, water fountains, and ashtrays on the left and right walls; the reflections on the floor; and the doors in the center of the frame. The perspective lines point to the center of the frame, which would normally be the center of interest, but the motion along the margins of the frame draws attention away.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Perez |first=Gilberto |author-link=Gilberto Perez |date=October 1999 |title=Film in Review |journal=[[The Yale Review]] |volume=87 |issue=4 |page=179}}</ref> Viewing the images as flat, two-dimensional spaces transforms the work into an abstract, flashing sign. Focusing on individual features of the successive images produces the illusion of motion.<ref name="macdonald-film-quarterly"/> The illusion of [[depth perception]] can transform the image into an upright pyramid pointing into or out of the screen.<ref name="cowan-take-one">{{cite magazine |last=Cowan |first=Bob |year=1972 |title=Letter from New York |magazine=[[Take One (Canadian magazine)|Take One]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=36–37 }}</ref> Ken Jacobs emphasized this sense of thrusting and described ''Serene Velocity'' as a "sexual metaphor, or sex-become cinema",<ref name="MacDonald 2015, p. 236"/> and [[J. Hoberman]] described it as a "piston-powered mandala".<ref>{{cite book |last=Hoberman |first=J. |author-link=J. Hoberman |year=1995 |chapter=Ernie Gehr: A Walker in the City |title=Ernie Gehr: The 1995 Adaline Kent Award Exhibition |page=12}}</ref>

Critics have often evaluated ''Serene Velocity'' as a [[metacinema]]tic work. [[Noël Carroll]] pointed to the simplified procedure with which it was photographed as an example of [[minimalist cinema]]. Carroll wrote that the film, with its lack of movement, is an argument for "the impression of movement" as the essential characteristic of cinema.<ref name="carroll-jaac">{{cite journal |last=Carroll |first=Noël |author-link=Noël Carroll |year=2006 |title=Philosophizing Through the Moving Image: The Case of ''Serene Velocity'' |journal=[[The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism]] |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=173–185|doi=10.1111/j.0021-8529.2006.00239.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> Critics have drawn parallels with [[Andy Warhol]]'s 1964 film ''[[Empire (1964 film)|Empire]]'', an extended, continuous shot of the [[Empire State Building]]. Both films advance a philosophical argument with a lack of movement and an emphasis on the recording process.<ref name="carroll-jaac"/><ref>Faucher 2008, p. 195.</ref>

[[Gilberto Perez]] characterized the building's design as a descendant of [[Bauhaus architecture]], calling it "barren and dehumanizing". He interpreted ''Serene Velocity'' as "neither a celebration–nor exactly a condemnation" of Bauhaus minimalism.<ref name="perez">Perez 2006, pp. 284–285.</ref>

==Reception and legacy==
''Serene Velocity'' received a positive reaction from many of Gehr's contemporaries, including [[Ken Jacobs]], [[Michael Snow]], [[Hollis Frampton]], [[Richard Foreman]], [[Steve Reich]], and [[Andrew Noren]]. However, the film received little coverage from the press upon its 1970 release, save for a mention by [[Jonas Mekas]].<ref>MacDonald 2005, pp. 378–379.</ref> In 1972, Bob Cowan wrote in his column for ''[[Take One (Canadian magazine)|Take One]]'' that ''Serene Velocity'' was "one of the few really unique films I have seen during the last few years…It is rare that a film, which on the surface seems to be only a technical tour-de-force, can lift one to such emotional heights as it develops from surprise to surprise."<ref name="cowan-take-one"/> ''Serene Velocity'' cemented Gehr's reputation as a [[structural film]]maker. He demurred to the term, stating "I don't know what that word really means–[Labels] stop people from actually seeing, actually experiencing the work."<ref name="mekas-film-culture"/>

''Serene Velocity'' is part of [[Anthology Film Archives]]' Essential Cinema Repertory collection.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://anthologyfilmarchives.org/about/essential-cinema |title=Essential Cinema |publisher=[[Anthology Film Archives]] |access-date=June 1, 2022}}</ref> In 2001, the United States [[Library of Congress]] named the film "culturally significant" and entered it into the [[National Film Registry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/ |title=Complete National Film Registry Listing |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref> The film was preserved in 2006 by [[The Museum of Modern Art]], which enlarged the original [[16 mm]] print to [[35mm movie film|35 mm]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moma.org/collection/works/107462 |title=Ernie Gehr. ''Serene Velocity''. 1970 |publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]] |access-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/hfa/films/2008janfeb/gehr.html |title=Ernie Gehr's Marvelous Cinema |publisher=[[Harvard Film Archive]] |access-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref>

Director [[Laura Poitras]] began making films while taking a course that Gehr taught at the [[San Francisco Art Institute]]. The first film Gehr screened was ''Serene Velocity'', and Poitras has identified it as an influence on her work.<ref>MacDonald 2015, pp. 237–238.</ref> For their 2008 short film ''Lossless #4'', Rebecca Baron and Douglas Goodwin used a digital reproduction of ''Serene Velocity'' as source material. They fed it through a [[motion estimation]] algorithm to create a vector representation of the apparent motion in the film.<ref>Baron and Goodwin, pp. 72–74.</ref> In the 2012 [[Sight & Sound#The Sight & Sound Poll of the Greatest Films of All Time|''Sight & Sound'' Poll of the Greatest Films of All Time]], Noël Carroll listed ''Serene Velocity'' in his submission.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/sightandsoundpoll2012/voter/242 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512073202/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/sightandsoundpoll2012/voter/242 |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 12, 2016 |title=Noel Carroll |year=2012 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of American films of 1970]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |editor-last=Guerin |editor-first=Frances |last1=Baron |first1=Rebecca |last2=Goodwin |first2=Douglas |year=2015 |chapter=The Rest Is Noise |title=On Not Looking: The Paradox of Contemporary Visual Culture |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-58740-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Faucher |first=Luc |editor1-last=Tremblay |editor1-first=Pierre |editor2-last=Poissant |editor2-first=Louise |chapter=Empathie, imagination et cinéma |year=2008 |title=Proliferation of Screens |language=fr |publisher=Presses de l'Université du Québec |isbn=978-2-7605-2196-4}}
* {{cite book |last=MacDonald |first=Scott |author-link=Scott MacDonald (media scholar) |date=2005 |title=A Critical Cinema 5: Interviews with Independent Filmmakers |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-93908-0}}
* {{cite book |last=MacDonald |first=Scott |year=2015 |title=Binghamton Babylon: Voices from the Cinema Department, 1967–1977 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |isbn=978-1-4384-5889-2}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Perry |editor-first=Ted |last=Perez |first=Gilberto |author-link=Gilberto Perez |year=2006 |chapter=Gehr's ''Still'' |title=Masterpieces of Modernist Cinema |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34771-8}}

==External links==
* [https://canyoncinema.com/catalog/film/?i=3779 ''Serene Velocity''] at [[Canyon Cinema]]
* {{IMDb title|id=0159727}}
*[http://www.fredcamper.com/Film/GehrL.html Ernie Gehr links page]

[[Category:1970 films]]
[[Category:1970s avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:1970 short films]]
[[Category:American silent short films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ernie Gehr]]
[[Category:Films shot in 16 mm film]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Non-narrative films]]
[[Category:Silent films in color]]
[[Category:United States National Film Registry films]]
[[Category:1970s American films]]
[[Category:American avant-garde and experimental short films]]