Editing Senecio

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae}}
{{About|a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family|the painting by Paul Klee|Senecio (Klee)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Illustration Senecio vulgaris0.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Senecio vulgaris]]'', an illustration from 1885
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Senecio
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Senecio vulgaris]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = Some 1,250; see text
| synonyms = ''[[Dendrosenecio]]''<br />
''[[Jacobaea]]'' <small>L.</small><br />
''[[Vendredia]]'' <small>Baill.</small><br />
''[[Culcitium]]'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="GRIN"/>
}}

'''''Senecio''''' {{IPAc-en|s|ᵻ|ˈ|n|iː|ʃ|i|.|oʊ}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a [[genus]] of flowering plants in the daisy family ([[Asteraceae]]) that includes '''ragworts''' and '''groundsels'''.

Variously [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] taxonomically, the genus ''Senecio'' is one of the largest genera of flowering plants.

==Description==

===Morphology===
The [[flower head]]s are normally rayed with the heads borne in branched clusters, and usually completely yellow, but green, purple, white and blue flowers are known as well.

In its current circumscription, the genus contains species that are [[annual plant|annual]] or [[perennial]] herbs, shrubs, small trees, aquatics or climbers. The only species which are trees are the species formerly belonging to ''[[Robinsonia (plant)|Robinsonia]]'' occurring on the [[Juan Fernández Islands]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pelser |first1=Pieter B. |last2=Tepe |first2=Eric J. |last3=Kennedy |first3=Aaron H. |last4=Watson |first4=Linda E. |date=2013-06-10 |title=The fate of Robinsonia (Asteraceae): sunk in Senecio , but still monophyletic? |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=31–46 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.5.1.2 |issn=1179-3163}}</ref>

===Chemistry===
[[Pyrrolizidine alkaloids]] are found in all ''Senecio'' species. These alkaloids serve as a natural [[biocide]]s to deter or even kill animals that would eat them. Livestock generally do not find them palatable.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Ronald J. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25708726 |title=Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary |publisher=Mountain Press Pub. Co |year=1994 |isbn=0-87842-280-3 |edition=rev. |location=Missoula, MT |pages=156 |language=en |oclc=25708726 |orig-year=1992}}</ref> ''Senecio'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species that have developed tolerance for these alkaloids.

==Taxonomy==
The traditional circumscription of ''Senecio'' is artificial, being [[polyphyletic]], even in its new circumscription which is based on [[genetic data]].<ref name="Senecioneae" /><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Nicodemo G. |last1=Passalacqua |first2=Lorenzo |last2=Peruzzi |first3=Giuseppe |last3=Pellegrino |date=August 2008 |title=A Biosystematic Study of the Jacobaea maritima Group (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) in the Central Mediterranean Area |journal=Taxon |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=893–906 |jstor=27756716 |doi=10.1002/tax.573018}}</ref> Despite the separation of many [[species]] into other genera, the genus still contains {{circa|1,250}} species and is one of the [[List of the largest genera of flowering plants|largest genera of flowering plants]].<ref name="Frodin">{{cite journal |first1=David G. |last1=Frodin |year=2004 |title=History and concepts of big plant genera |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=753–76 |jstor=4135449 |doi=10.2307/4135449}}</ref>

As no morphological [[Synapomorphy|synapomorphies]] are known to determine which species belong to the genus or not, no exact species number is known. The genus has an almost worldwide distribution<ref name="Senecioneae" /> and evolved in the mid- to late [[Miocene]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Patterns and causes of incongruence between plastid and nuclear Senecioneae (Asteraceae) phylogenies|journal = American Journal of Botany|date = 2010-05-01|issn = 0002-9122|pmid = 21622451|pages = 856–873|volume = 97|issue = 5|doi = 10.3732/ajb.0900287|first1 = Pieter B.|last1 = Pelser|first2 = Aaron H.|last2 = Kennedy|first3 = Eric J.|last3 = Tepe|first4 = Jacob B.|last4 = Shidler|first5 = Bertil|last5 = Nordenstam|first6 = Joachim W.|last6 = Kadereit|first7 = Linda E.|last7 = Watson|doi-access = free}}</ref>

===Phylogeny===
As of 2007, many genera and the whole tribe are in need of revision. Many species currently placed in the genus need to be transferred to other or new genera, and others have been retransferred to ''Senecio''. In its new delimitation the genus is still not [[Monophyly|monophyletic]].<ref name="Senecioneae" />

Genera that have been included are the following:<ref name="Senecioneae" />
* ''[[Aetheolaena]]''
* ''Culcitum''
* ''[[Hasteola]]''
* ''[[Iocenes]]'' B. Nord.
* ''[[Lasiocephalus]]'' Willd. ex Schltdl.
* ''[[Robinsonia (plant)|Robinsonia]]''

====Synonyms====
[[File:Senecio serpens 06.jpg|thumb|Some of the popular [[succulent]] species that were included within Senecio, such as ''[[Curio repens|Senecio serpens]]'' (pictured) and ''[[Curio rowleyanus|Senecio rowleyanus]]'', are now placed in the ''[[Curio (plant)|Curio]]'' genus.]]
[[Image:Senecio.barbertonicus.7074.jpg|thumb|190px|''[[Senecio barbertonicus|S. barbertonicus]]'' Succulent Bush Senecio]]
The following genera contain species that are or have been included within ''Senecio''.<ref name="Senecioneae">{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/25065905|jstor=25065905|title=An ITS Phylogeny of Tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae) and a New Delimitation of Senecio L|journal=Taxon|volume=56|issue=4|pages=1077|year=2007|last1=Pelser|first1=Pieter B.|last2=Nordenstam|first2=Bertil|last3=Kadereit|first3=Joachim W.|last4=Watson|first4=Linda E.}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
* ''[[Antillanthus]]'' B. Nord.
* ''[[Barkleyanthus]]'' H. Rob. & Brettell
* ''[[Brachyglottis]]'' J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.<ref name="RecentChanges">{{cite journal
  | last =Norton
  | first =D.A.
  | title =Recent changes in the names of New Zealand tree and shrub species
  | journal =New Zealand Journal of Forestry
  | url =http://www.nzjf.org/free_issues/NZJF31_3_1986/8B94A164-BF7A-4A5B-A45B-3ACE982D0C7C.pdf
  | volume =31
  | pages =39–40
  | year =1986
  | access-date =2008-04-10
  | archive-date =2010-08-16
  | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100816050902/http://www.nzjf.org/free_issues/NZJF31_3_1986/8B94A164-BF7A-4A5B-A45B-3ACE982D0C7C.pdf
  | url-status =dead
  }}</ref>
* ''[[Canariothamnus]]'' B. Nord.
* ''[[Curio (plant)|Curio]]'' P.V. Heath
* ''[[Dauresia]]'' B. Nord. & Pelser
* ''[[Dendrophorbium]]'' C. Jeffrey
* ''[[Dendrosenecio]]'' (Hauman ex Hedberg) B. Nord. - Giant groundsels occurring in the [[high altitude]] areas of [[East Africa]]
* ''[[Dorobaea]]'' Cass.
* ''[[Dresslerothamnus]]'' H. Rob.
* ''[[Elekmania]]'' B. Nord.
* ''[[Herreranthus]]'' B. Nord.
* ''[[Hubertia]]'' Bory
* ''[[Jacobaea]]'' Mill.''[[Leonis (plant)|Leonis]]'' B. Nord.
* ''[[Ligularia]]'' 
* ''[[Lundinia]]'' B. Nord.
* ''[[Mesogramma (plant)|Mesogramma]]'' DC.
* ''[[Monticalia]]'' C. Jeffrey
* ''[[Nelsonianthus]]'' H. Rob. & Brettell
* ''[[Nesampelos]]'' B. Nord., nom. inval.
* ''[[Oldfeltia]]'' B. Nord. & Lundin
* ''[[Packera]]'' Á. Löve & D. Löve
* ''[[Pentacalia]]'' Cass.
* ''[[Pippenalia]]'' McVaugh
* ''[[Pittocaulon]]'' H. Rob. & Brettell
* ''[[Pojarkovia]]'' Askerova
* ''[[Psacaliopsis]]'' H. Rob. & Brettell
* ''[[Pseudogynoxys]]'' (Greenm.) Cabrera
* ''[[Pseudojacobaea]]'' (Hook. f.) R. Mathur
* ''[[Roldana]]'' La Llave
* ''[[Sinosenecio]]'' B. Nord.
* ''[[Synotis]]'' (C. B. Clarke) C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Chen
* ''[[Telanthophora]]'' H. Rob. & Brettell
* ''[[Tephroseris]]'' (Rchb.) Rchb.
* ''[[Vendredia]]'' Baill.<ref name="GRIN" />
* ''[[Zemisia]]'' B. Nord.<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web
 | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11063
 | title = Genus: ''Senecio'' L.
 | access-date = 2008-02-27
 | author = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)
 | author-link = Germplasm Resources Information Network
 | date = 2007-05-04
 | work = Taxonomy for Plants
 | publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland
}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
===Etymology===
The [[scientific name]], ''[[wikt:senecio|Senecio]]'', derives from the latin 'senex' wich means "old man".

===Selected species===
{{Stack|clear=true|
[[Image:Senecio haworthii-PICT2616.jpg|thumb|190px|''[[Senecio haworthii|S. haworthii]]'' Woolly Senecio]]
[[File:Senecio madagascariensis 7th Brigade Park Chermside IMGP1941.jpg|thumb|190px|''[[Senecio madagascariensis]]'', Fireweed]]
[[File:Senecio angulatus habitat.jpg|thumb|190px|''[[Senecio angulatus]]'', Cape Ivy]] 
}}
{{Main|List of Senecio species|l1=List of ''Senecio'' species}}
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
*''[[Senecio ampullaceus]]'' — Texas ragwort, Texas squaw-weed, Texas groundsel, clasping-leaf groundsel<ref name="kyledaily">{{cite web
 | url = http://kyledailyphoto.blogspot.com/2007_04_01_archive.html#1746781956987590057
 | title = Proceed With Caution
 | access-date = 2008-04-10
 | author = Sean Claes
 | date = 2007-04-16
 | work = Kyle, Texas Daily Photo
}}</ref>
*''[[Senecio angulatus]]'' L.f. — creeping groundsel
*''[[Senecio antisanae]]''
*''[[Senecio arborescens]]''
*''[[Senecio barbertonicus]]'' Klatt — succulent bush senecio
*''[[Senecio bigelovii]]'' — nodding groundsel
*''[[Senecio bosniacus]]'' G. Beck — Bosnian ragwort
*''[[Senecio brasiliensis]]'' (Spreng.) Less. — flor-das-almas
*''[[Senecio candicans]]'' — angel wings
*''[[Senecio cambrensis]]'' — Welsh groundsel, Welsh ragwort
*''[[Senecio crassissimus]]''
*''[[Senecio elegans]]'' — purple groundsel
*''[[Senecio falklandicus]]''
*''[[Senecio flaccidus]]'' Less. — Douglas senecio, threadleaf groundsel, threadleaf ragwort
*''[[Senecio gallicus]]'' Chaix — French groundsel
*''[[Senecio glaucus]]'' L. — Jaffa groundsel
*''[[Senecio howeanus]]'' 
*''[[Senecio inaequidens]]'' — South African ragwort
*''[[Senecio iscoensis]]'' — Hieron.
*''[[Senecio keniophytum]]''
*''[[Senecio lamarckianus]]''
*''[[Senecio leucanthemifolius]]'' Poir. — coastal ragwort
*''[[Senecio madagascariensis]]'' — Madagascar ragwort
*''[[Senecio macroglossus]]'' — Natal ivy, wax ivy
*''[[Senecio neowbsteri]]'' Olympic Mountain groundsel
*''[[Senecio patagonicus]]''
*''[[Senecio pauciradiatus]]''
*''[[Senecio pokohinuensis]]'' — Mokohinau groundsel
*''[[Senecio pulcher]]''
*''[[Senecio sanmarcosensis]]''
*''[[Senecio scandens]]'' — climbing Senecio
*''[[Senecio squalidus]]'' — Oxford ragwort
*''[[Senecio trapezuntinus]]'' 
*''[[Senecio triangularis]]'' — arrowleaf groundsel
*''[[Senecio tropaeolifolius]]'' — false nasturtium
*''[[Senecio vaginatus]]''
*''[[Senecio vernalis]]'' — eastern groundsel
*''[[Senecio viscosus]]'' — sticky ragwort
*''[[Senecio vulgaris]]'' — common groundsel, old-man-in-the-spring

'''Formerly in ''Senecio'' '''
* ''[[Brachyglottis greyi]]'' (as ''S. greyi'')
* [[Pericallis × hybrida|''Pericallis'' × ''hybrida'']] (as ''S. cruentus'')
* ''[[Rugelia nudicaulis]]'' — Rugels ragwort
{{div col end}}
==Distribution==
The genus ''Senecio'' is distributed almost worldwide.<ref name="Senecioneae" /> It is one of the few genera occurring in all five regions with a [[Mediterranean climate]]. Furthermore, species are found in mountainous regions, including tropical alpine-like areas.

==See also==
* [[Ragwort Control Act 2003]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web
 | url = https://planetdesert.com/pages/search-results-page?q=senecio
 | title = Senecio Succulents
 | access-date = 2022-02-18
 | publisher = Planet Desert
}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11063 |title=Genus: ''Senecio'' L. |access-date=2008-03-06 |author=Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) |author-link=Germplasm Resources Information Network |date=2005-10-26 |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001020120140/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11063 |archive-date=2000-10-20 }}
* {{cite web
 | url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=36084
 | title = ''Senecio'' L.
 | access-date = 2008-02-23
 | author-link = Integrated Taxonomic Information System
 | author =Integrated Taxonomic Information System Organization (ITIS)
 | date = 20 December 2007<!-- 16:00:49 MST -->| work = Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database
}}
*{{cite web
 | url = http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=122653&PTRefFk=7000000
 | title = Details for: ''Senecio''
 | access-date = 2008-03-06
 |author1=Botanic Garden |author2=Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem
 |name-list-style=amp | author-link = Botanical Garden in Berlin
 | work = Euro+Med PlantBase
 | publisher = [[Free University of Berlin|Freie Universität Berlin]]
}}
*{{cite web
 | url = http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast?onda=N40035317
 | title = Seneco L.
 | access-date = 2008-03-27
 | author = Missouri Botanical Garden
 | author-link = Missouri Botanical Garden
 | year = 1753
 | work = Tropicos Nomenclatural Data Base
 | archive-date = 2003-07-24
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030724074511/http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast?onda=N40035317
 | url-status = dead
 }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.flora.huji.ac.il/browse.asp?action=freesearch&q=Senecio |title=Search Results For 'senecio' |access-date=2008-03-06 |author=Flora of Israel Online |author-link=Hebrew University of Jerusalem |publisher=Hebrew University of Jerusalem|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807065430/http://www.flora.huji.ac.il/browse.asp?action=freesearch&q=Senecio |archive-date=2010-08-07 }}
*{{cite web
 | url = http://www.botanic.co.il/a/holiday/IMGMAP/PlantsNames.HTML#S
 | title = LIST OF ALL PLANTS NAMES -WITH PHOTO '''S'''
 | access-date = 2008-03-06
 | author = Jerusalem Botanical Gardens
 | author-link = Jerusalem Botanical Gardens
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071004115501/http://www.botanic.co.il/a/holiday/IMGMAP/PlantsNames.HTML#S <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-10-04}}
*{{cite journal
  | last =Flora of North America
  | author-link =Flora of North America
  | title = Family List: 215. ''Senecio'' Linnaeus
  | volume =20
  | pages =540, 541, 542, 543, '''544''', 545, 570, 615
  | url =http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=130085
  | access-date = 2008-03-06 }}
*{{cite web
 | url = http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/bd/africa/genre.php?langue=an&id=3152
 | title = ''Senecio'' L.
 | access-date = 2008-03-06
 |author1=Cyrille Chatelain |author2=Laurent Gautier |author3=Raoul Palese | work = African Flowering Plants Database
 | publisher = Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.darwin.edu.ar/Publicaciones/CatalogoVascII/asteraceae.zip |title=Asteraceae |access-date=2008-03-06 |author=Instituto Darwinion |format=PDF |work=Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de la República Argentina. II |publisher=[[Universidad de Buenos Aires]] |pages=255 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821142558/http://www.darwin.edu.ar/Publicaciones/CatalogoVascII/asteraceae.zip |archive-date=August 21, 2007}} 
*{{cite web
 | url = http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/search/quick?q=Senecio
 | title = search term: ''Senecio''
 | access-date = 2008-03-06
 | author = Helen Coleman, FloraBase: Flora of Western Australia
 | author-link = Western Australian Herbarium
 | date = 1997-06-18
 | work = Flora Descriptions
 | publisher = [[Government of Western Australia]]
 | archive-date = 2010-08-08
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100808011705/http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/search/quick?q=Senecio
 | url-status = dead
 }}
*{{cite web |url=https://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/Taxon.aspx?id=_052a7e9e-a00f-4666-a5a0-9f792748eb41&fileName=Flora%204.xml |title=Senecio L. |access-date=2008-04-01 |author=Landcare Research |work=Flora of New Zealand: Taxa |publisher=Landcare Research Allan Herbarium and New Zealand Plant Names Database}}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.calflora.org/entry/psearch.html?where-genus=Senecio&orderby=taxon&ttime=1202537565 |title=Search for:genus:Senecio |access-date=2008-02-09 |work=Species Information |publisher=Calflora — 1700 Shattuck Ave. #198, Berkeley, CA 94709}}
*{{cite journal
  | last =Flora of Chile
  | author-link =Flora of North America
  | title = Volume 4 Asteraceae ''Senecio'' L
  | volume =4
  | url =http://www.efloras.org/web_page.aspx?flora_id=60&page_id=1094
  | access-date = 2008-03-06 }}
*{{cite web |url=http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Results.aspx |title=Search Results For Search String: Senecio |access-date=2008-03-06 |author=Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen |author-link=University of South Florida |year=2006 |work=Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants |publisher=Institute for Systematic Botany|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702202737/http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Results.aspx |archive-date=2010-07-02 }}
*{{cite web |url=https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&search=yes&namesearch=Senecio&showsyn=OK&dist= |title=Search terms: ''Senecio'' |access-date=2008-03-06 |author=PlantNET — The Plant Information Network System of Botanic Gardens Trust |author-link=Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney |publisher=Botanic Gardens Trust}}
*{{cite web |url=http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/photolink.asp?Spcode=SEN- |title=''Senecio'' L. |access-date=2008-03-06 |author=University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point |author-link=University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point |publisher=Robert W. Freckmann Herbarium|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901160409/http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/photolink.asp?Spcode=SEN- |archive-date=2006-09-01 }}{{Gutenberg | no=9550 | name=Manual of Gardening (Second Edition)}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q209596}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Senecio| ]]
[[Category:Asteraceae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]