Editing Seleucus VI Epiphanes

{{Short description|King of Syria from 96 to 94 BC}}
{{featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Seleucus VI Epiphanes
| image        = File:Seleukos_VI.jpg
| alt          = A coin bearing the portrait of the Seleucid king Seleucus VI
| caption      = Seleucus VI's portrait on the obverse of a [[tetradrachm]] minted in [[Antioch]]
| succession   = [[King of Syria]]
| moretext     = ([[Seleucid Empire]])
| reign        = 96–94 BC
| predecessor  = [[Antiochus VIII]], [[Antiochus IX]]
| pre-type     = Predecessors 
| successor    = [[Demetrius III Eucaerus|Demetrius III]], [[Antiochus X]], [[Antiochus XI]], [[Philip I Philadelphus|Philip I]]
| suc-type     = Successors
| regent       = {{ubl|Antiochus IX (96–95 BC)|Demetrius III (96–94 BC)|Antiochus X (95–94 BC)}}
| reg-type     = Contenders
| birth_date   = 
| birth_place  =
| death_date   = 94 BC
| death_place  = [[Mopsuestia]] in [[Cilicia]]<br />(modern-day [[Yakapınar, Yüreğir|Yakapınar]], [[Yüreğir]], [[Adana Province|Adana]], [[Turkey]])
| burial_date  =
| burial_place =
| regnal name  = Seleucus Epiphanes Nicator
| dynasty      = [[Seleucid dynasty|Seleucid]]
| father       = [[Antiochus VIII]]
| mother       = [[Tryphaena]]
}}

'''Seleucus VI Epiphanes Nicator''' ({{langx|grc|Σέλευκος Ἐπιφανής Νικάτωρ|translit=Séleukos Epiphanís Nikátor}}; between 124 and 109 BC – 94 BC) was a [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] monarch who [[List of Syrian monarchs|ruled Syria]] between 96 and 94 BC. He was the son of [[Antiochus VIII]] and his [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic Egyptian]] wife [[Tryphaena]]. Seleucus VI lived during a period of civil war between his father and his uncle [[Antiochus IX]], which ended in 96 BC when Antiochus VIII was assassinated. Antiochus IX then occupied the capital [[Antioch]] while Seleucus VI established his power-base in western [[Cilicia]] and himself prepared for war. In 95 BC, Antiochus IX marched against his nephew, but lost the battle and was killed. Seleucus VI became the master of the capital but had to share Syria with his brother [[Demetrius III Eucaerus|Demetrius III]], based in [[Damascus]], and his cousin, Antiochus IX's son [[Antiochus X]].

According to the ancient historian [[Appian]], Seleucus VI was a violent ruler. He taxed his dominions extensively to support his wars, and resisted allowing the cities a measure of autonomy, as had been the practice of former kings. His reign did not last long; in 94 BC, he was expelled from Antioch by Antiochus X, who followed him to the Cilician city of [[Mopsuestia]]. Seleucus took shelter in the city where his attempts to raise money led to riots that eventually claimed his life in 94 BC. Ancient traditions have different versions of his death, but he was most probably burned alive by the rioters. Following his demise, his brothers [[Antiochus XI]] and [[Philip I Philadelphus|Philip I]] destroyed Mopsuestia as an act of revenge and their armies fought those of Antiochus X.

==Name, family and early life==
[[File:Antiochus VIII.jpg|264px|thumb|alt=A coin struck by Antiochus VIII of Syria (reigned 125-96 BC). Portrait of Antiochus VIII on the obverse; depiction of Zeus holding a star and staff on the reverse|Coin of [[Antiochus VIII Grypus|Antiochus VIII]], father of Seleucus VI]]
"Seleucus" was a dynastic name in the [[List of Seleucid rulers|Seleucid dynasty]],{{#tag:ref|It was customary to name the eldest son after the dynasty's founder [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus I]], while a younger son would be named Antiochus.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=CIJsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 9]}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Bevan|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=T4g9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 56]}}{{sfn|Hoover|1998|p= [https://archive.org/stream/AJNSecond1998Vols10to10#page/n89/mode/2up 81]}} and it is the [[Ancient Macedonian language|Macedonian]] variant of the Greek {{lang|grc|Ζάλευκος}} ({{Transliteration|grc|zaleucus}}), meaning 'the shining white'.{{efn|The linguist [[Radoslav Katičić]] considered it comparable to {{lang|grc|λευχός}}, meaning 'white'.{{sfn|Katičić|1976|p= [https://archive.org/stream/AncientLanguagesOfTheBalkans/Ancient%20Languages%20of%20the%20Balkans#page/n55/mode/2up 113]}} The name Zaleucus is etymologically related to brightness. The historian [[Frank Adcock]] agreed with the linguist [[:de:Otto Hoffmann (Sprachwissenschaftler)|Otto Hoffmann]] who considered Seleucus and Zaleucus different pronunciations of the same name.{{sfn|Adcock|1927|p= 97}}{{sfn|Hoffmann|1906|p= [https://archive.org/stream/diemakedonenihre00hoffuoft#page/174/mode/2up 174]}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Libanius|1992|p= 111}}{{sfn|Ogden|2017|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=-M8oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 11]}} [[Antiochus VIII Grypus|Antiochus VIII]] married the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic]] Egyptian princess [[Tryphaena]] in {{circa}} 124{{spaces}}BC,{{sfn|Otto|Bengtson|1938|pp= 103, 104}} shortly after his ascension to the throne; Seleucus VI was the couple's eldest son.{{#tag:ref|Ancient sources do not mention the name of Seleucus VI's mother but it is generally assumed by modern scholars that she was Tryphaena, who was mentioned explicitly by [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]] as the mother of Seleucus VI's younger brothers [[Antiochus XI Epiphanes|Antiochus XI]] and [[Philip I Philadelphus|Philip I]].{{sfn|Bennett|2002|p= note 7}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Ogden|1999|pp= 153, 156}} From 113{{spaces}}BC, Antiochus VIII had to contend with his half-brother [[Antiochus IX Cyzicenus|Antiochus IX]] for the throne. The civil war continued for more than a decade;{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23]}} it claimed the life of Tryphaena in 109 BC,{{sfn|Wright|2012|pp=11}} and ended when Antiochus VIII was assassinated in 96{{spaces}}BC.{{sfn|Ogden|1999|pp=153–154}} In the aftermath of his brother's murder, Antiochus IX advanced on the capital [[Antioch]] and took it; he also married the second wife and widow of Antiochus VIII, [[Cleopatra Selene of Syria|Cleopatra Selene]].{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|pp= 260–261}} According to an inscription, the city of [[Priene]] sent honors to "Seleucus son of King Antiochus son of King [[Demetrius II Nicator|Demetrius]]"; the embassy probably took place before Seleucus VI ascended the throne as the inscription does not mention him as a king.{{sfn|Sumner|1978|p=150}} The embassy of Priene probably met Seleucus VI in [[Cilicia]]; Antiochus VIII might have sent his son to that region as a [[strategos]].{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 262}}

==Reign==
[[File:Seleuco VI Epífanes Nikator, tetradracma.jpg|264px|thumb|alt=Coin struck by Seleucus VI in Seleucia on the Calycadnus, modern Silifke. The obverse contain a portrait of the king and the reverse depicts the goddess Athena and has the king's name and titles inscribed.|Tetradrachm of Seleucus VI from [[Silifke|Seleucia on the Calycadnus]], which served as his first capital]]
[[File:Horned Seleucus VI.jpg|264px|thumb|alt=Coin of Seleucus VI. Obverse depict the king horned. Reverse depicts the god Zeus.|Tetradrachm minted in Antioch depicting Seleucus VI with horns]]
[[File:Bearded Seleucus VI.jpg|264px|thumb|alt=Coin of Seleucus VI. Obverse depict the king bearded. Reverse depicts the god Zeus.|Tetradrachm depicting Seleucus VI bearded]]

Following his father's death, Seleucus VI declared himself king and took the city of [[Silifke|Seleucia on the Calycadnus]] in western Cilicia as his base,{{sfn|Josephus|1833|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9sA5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA420 420]}}{{sfn|Houghton|1989|p= 98}} while his brother [[Demetrius III Eucaerus|Demetrius III]] took [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Houghton|Müseler|1990|p= 61}} The volume of coins minted by the new king in Seleucia on the Calycadnus surpassed any other mint known from the late Seleucid period, and most of the coins were produced during his preparations for war against Antiochus IX,{{#tag:ref|Historian [[Henry Noel Humphreys]] considered the coins of Seleucus VI to be the beginning of decadence in Syro-Greek art.{{sfn|Humphreys|1853|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=8POHjT8eLmoC&pg=PA134 134]}} The coins minted at Seleucia on the Calycadnus were also reduced {{cvt|0.5|g}} in weight compared to the coins minted during the reigns of Antiochus VIII and Antiochus IX in Antioch.{{sfn|Houghton|1992|p= 133}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Houghton|1989|pp= 97–98}} a conflict that would end in the year 96/95 BC (217 [[Seleucid era|SE (Seleucid year)]]).{{#tag:ref|Some dates in the article are given according to the [[Seleucid era]]. Each Seleucid year started in the late autumn of a [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian year]]; thus, a Seleucid year overlaps two Gregorian ones.{{sfn|Biers|1992|p= 13}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 262}} This led the numismatist Arthur Houghton to suggest an earlier death for Antiochus VIII and a longer reign for Seleucus VI beginning in 98 or 97{{spaces}}BC instead of 96{{spaces}}BC.{{sfn|Houghton|1989|p= 98}} The numismatist [[Oliver D. Hoover]] contested Houghton's hypothesis, as it was not rare for a king to double his production in a single year at times of need,{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 286}} and the academic consensus prefers the year 96{{spaces}}BC for the death of Antiochus VIII.{{sfn|Houghton|1989|p= 97}}

===Titles and royal image===
Ancient [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] kings did not use [[regnal number]]s. Instead, they employed epithets to distinguish themselves from other kings with similar names; the numbering of kings is a modern practice.{{sfn|McGing|2010|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=D8kjH-4ehf4C&pg=247 247]}}{{sfn|Hallo|1996|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SbsEtMon-dEC&pg=PA142 142]}} Seleucus VI appeared on his coins with the epithets ''Epiphanes'' (God Manifest) and ''Nicator'' (Victorious).{{#tag:ref|The author of [[4 Maccabees]] mentions a king called "Seleucus Nicanor", but no Seleucid king is known to have borne this epithet. The academic consensus considers this to be a historical error on the side of the author.{{sfn|Den Dulk|2014|p= 133}} Historian Matthijs den Dulk suggested that this was not a mistake; all Greek manuscripts of 4 Maccabees, aside from one, have "Nicanor", but the Syriac manuscripts have "Nicator". Despite Nicator being the official rendering used by the only two kings who bore the epithet, Seleucus I and Seleucus VI, "Nicanor" was also used by ancient historians, such as [[Polybius]], [[Josephus]] and [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]], in reference to Seleucus I.{{sfn|Den Dulk|2014|p= 134}} Historian Jan Willem van Henten suggested that the intended king was Seleucus VI rather than Seleucus I. Den Dulk rejected this hypothesis because the author of 4 Maccabees mentioned that "Seleucus Nicanor" reigned before the time of the Jewish high priest [[Onias III]], who is separated from Seleucus VI by almost a century. This makes the identification of "Seleucus Nicanor" with Seleucus VI difficult.{{sfn|Den Dulk|2014|p= 135}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Humphreys|1853|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=8POHjT8eLmoC&pg=PA134 134]}} As being the son of Antiochus VIII was the source of his legitimacy as king, Seleucus VI sought to emphasize his descent by depicting himself on the coinage with an exaggerated hawk-nose in the likeness of his father.{{sfn|Wright|2011|p= 46}}

Another iconographic element of Seleucus VI's coinage is the short vertical stubby horns above the [[Temple (anatomy)|temple]] area; the meaning of this motif has been debated among scholars. It is likely an allusion to Seleucus VI's descent from his grandfather [[Demetrius II Nicator|Demetrius II]], who utilized the same motif. The specific meaning of the horns is not clear, but it could have been an indication that the king was a manifestation of a god;{{sfn|Houghton|Lorber|Hoover|2008|p= 562}} the stubby horns sported by Seleucus VI probably carried the same meaning as those of his grandfather.{{#tag:ref|In the case of Demetrius II, different scholars suggested several interpretations. [[R. R. R. Smith|Roland Smith]] and Robert Fleischer suggested that it indicated the god [[Dionysus|Dionysus Taureos]]. Niklaus Dürr suggested that the horns represented a [[:wikt:heifer|heifer]], and was meant to represent [[Io (mythology)|Io]]. [[:de:Thomas Fischer (Althistoriker)|Thomas Fischer]] and Kay Ehling considered it a possible allusion to [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus I]], the founder of the dynasty.{{sfn|Houghton|Lorber|Hoover|2008|p= 411}} Hoover and Arthur Houghton considered it a sign of divine attributes, utilized by Demetrius II following the example of his ancestors, such as Seleucus I, [[Seleucus II Callinicus|Seleucus II]] and [[Antiochus III the Great|Antiochus III]].{{sfn|Houghton|Lorber|Hoover|2008|p= 412}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Houghton|Lorber|Hoover|2008|p= 552}} In the Seleucid dynasty, currency struck during campaigns against a rival (or usurper) showed the king with a beard.{{sfn|Lorber|Iossif|2009|p= 112}} Seleucus VI was depicted with a beard, which was later removed from coins, indicating the fulfilment of a vengeance vow to avenge his father.{{sfn|Houghton|Lorber|Hoover|2008|p= 552}}

===Struggle against Antiochus IX===
In Seleucia on the Calycadnus, Seleucus VI prepared for war against his uncle, whose forces probably occupied central Cilicia and confined his nephew to the western parts of the region.{{sfn|Houghton|1989|p= 98}} The king needed a harbor for Seleucia on the Calycadnus and probably founded the city of [[Elaiussa Sebaste|Elaiussa]] to serve that purpose.{{#tag:ref|The earliest Seleucid coins attributed to Elaiussa were struck by Seleucus VI.{{sfn|Equini Schneider|1999b|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=pI6efHdZopcC&pg=PA34 34]}} The archaeologist [[Alfred Bellinger]] attributed rare issues of Antiochus VIII to Elaiussa, but this has not been widely accepted by scholars.{{sfn|Houghton|Moore|1988|pp= 67–68}}{{sfn|Houghton|1989|p= 78}} The earliest mention of the name "Elaiussa" comes from coins autonomously issued by the city after the demise of Seleucus VI.{{sfn|Equini Schneider|1999b|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=pI6efHdZopcC&pg=PA34 34]}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Tempesta|2013|p= 31}} Seleucus VI gathered funds for his coming war from the cities of Cilicia, including [[Mopsuestia]], which seems to have been taxed on several occasions.{{sfn|Bellinger|1949|p= 73}} During his reign, it is estimated that Seleucus VI produced 1,200 [[Talent (measurement)|talents]] of coins to support his war effort, enough to pay ten thousand soldiers for two years.{{sfn|Aperghis|2004|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=39aLI4nkDqUC&pg=PA239 239]}} On the reverse of bronze coins produced in a mint whose location is not known, coded uncertain mint 125, a motif depicting a [[chelys]] formed in the shape of a Macedonian shield appeared on the reverse. This motif was probably meant to rally the support of military Macedonian colonists in the region.{{sfn|Houghton|Lorber|Hoover|2008|p= 552}} Those coins were probably produced in Syria, in a city half the way between [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]] in Cilicia and Antioch; therefore, they were probably minted in the course of Seleucus VI's campaign against Antiochus IX.{{sfn|Houghton|Lorber|Hoover|2008|p= 560}}
[[File:Syria under the Seleucids 95 BC.svg|264px|thumb|alt=Map depicting the kingdom of Syria in the year 95 BC when it was divided between Seleucus VI in the north with his capital at Antioch; Demetrius III in the south with his capital at Damascus; and Antiochus X in the west with his base at Arwad.|Syria in 95 BC]]

Antiochus IX took note of Seleucus VI's preparations; after the latter started his march on Antioch in 95{{spaces}}BC,{{sfn|Downey|2015|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=gTTWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 133]}} Antiochus IX left the capital and moved against his nephew. Seleucus VI emerged victorious while his uncle lost his life, either by committing suicide according to the 3rd-century historian [[Eusebius]], or by being executed according to the 1st-century historian [[Josephus]].{{sfn|Bellinger|1949|pp= 72–73}} Soon afterwards, Seleucus VI entered the capital; Cleopatra Selene probably fled before his arrival.{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 262}}

===Policy and the war against Antiochus X===
In 144 SE (169/168 BC), King [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes|Antiochus IV]] allowed nineteen cities to mint municipal bronze coinage in their own names, indicating his awareness of the mutual dependency of cities and the monarchy on each other.{{#tag:ref|Antiochus IV needed the cities' loyalty, and thus, conferred the prerogative on them.{{sfn|Meyer|2001|p= 506}} Minting coinage was a sign of autonomy, derived from the tradition of Greek [[polis|poleis]] (i.e. city states).{{sfn|Howgego|1995|pp=41, 43}} The autonomy of Seleucid cities did not affect the cities' obligations towards the king so long as the monarchy was strong, but when the center became weaker, during the era of Antiochus VIII and Antiochus IX, the cities acquired traditional powers of Greek poleis.{{sfn|Bar-Kochva|1976|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_sAi7EkTLkC&pg=PA219 219]}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Meyer|2001|p= 506}} This movement towards greater autonomy continued as the cities sought to emancipate themselves from the central power, adding the phrase "sacred and autonomous" to their coinage.{{sfn|Equini Schneider|1999a|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=pI6efHdZopcC&pg=PA380 380]}} Seleucus VI did not follow the policy of his forebears. In Cilicia, as long as he reigned, autonomy was not granted; a change in the political status of Cilician cities was apparently not acceptable for Seleucus VI.{{sfn|Houghton|Bendall|1988|p= 85}}

Seleucus VI controlled Cilicia and Syria Seleucis (Northern Syria).{{#tag:ref|Regarding the geographical extent of Seleucus VI's dominions:
* The [[Roman Republic|Romans]] established a province of [[Cilicia (Roman province)|Cilicia]] in 102 BC, but it did not include areas geographically in the region, and the city of [[Side, Turkey|Side]] was the easternmost point of that province.{{sfn|Oktan|2011|pp= 268, 273}}
* The Italian numismatist [[Nicola Francesco Haym]], based on a coin of Seleucus VI, proposed that the king's realm extended beyond the [[Euphrates]] river to the [[Tigris]], and that he held court in the city of [[Nusaybin|Nisibis]]. Haym reached his conclusion by reading the monogram on the coin, which he thought represented the city of Nisibis.{{sfn|Haym|1719|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=V3hQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA42 42]}} This coin was minted in Seleucia on the Calycadnus according to modern numismatists, such as Houghton.{{sfn|Houghton|1989|p= 93}} Following the defeat of [[Antiochus VII Sidetes|Antiochus VII]] (died 129 BC) in his war against [[Parthian Empire|Parthia]], the Euphrates became Syria's eastern border.{{sfn|Hogg|1911|p=[[:s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mesopotamia|184]]}} Parthia established the river as its western border and included the region of [[Osroene]].{{sfn|Kia|2016|p= 55}} |group=note}}{{sfn|Houghton|1989|p= 78}} Antiochus IX had a son, [[Antiochus X Eusebes|Antiochus X]]; according to Josephus, he fled to the city of [[Arwad|Aradus]] where he declared himself king.{{sfn|Josephus|1833|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=9sA5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA421 421]}} Seleucus VI attempted to kill his cousin and rival but the plot failed,{{sfn|Appian|1899|p= [https://archive.org/stream/romanhistoryapp01whitgoog#page/n426/mode/2up 324]}} and Antiochus X married Cleopatra Selene to enhance his position.{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|p= 264}} The archaeologist [[Alfred Bellinger]] believed that Seleucus VI prepared for his coming war against Antiochus X in Elaiussa.{{sfn|Houghton|1989|p= 78}} In 94{{nbsp}}BC, Antiochus X advanced on the capital Antioch and drove Seleucus VI out of northern Syria into Cilicia.{{sfn|Houghton|1989|p= 97}} According to Eusebius, the final battle took place near Mopsuestia, and ended with the defeat of Seleucus VI.{{sfn|Eusebius|1875|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=1iNSAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA259 259]}}

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Seleucus VI's statue.jpg|thumb|264px|alt=Drawing of an inscription in Ancient Greek.|Drawing of an inscription found on the base of statue erected on the island of [[Delos]] for Seleucus VI (reconstructed by [[Théophile Homolle]], 1884){{efn|In Greek:

{{poemquote|{{lang|grc|[Βασιλ]έα Σ[έλευκον Ἐπιφανῆ]
[βασιλ]έως Ἀν[τιόχου Φιλομήτορος]
[Διον]ύσιος [...]
[Ἀθη]ναῖος τ[...]
[Ἀπό]λλωνι, Ἀ[ρτέμιδι, Λητοῖ].}}}}

English translation:

{{poemquote|(implied: Dedicated to the) King S[eleukos Epiphanes],
(son) of king An[tiochos Philometor],
[Dion]ysios [...]
the [Athe]nian [...]
to [Apo]llo, A[rtemis, Leto].}}}}]]
[[File:Jugate coin of Antiochos XI and Philip I.jpg|thumb|264px|alt=Coin minted by [[Antiochus XI Epiphanes|Antiochus XI]] and [[Philip I Philadelphus|Philip I]]. The obverse depict them together with Antiochus XI appearing ahead of Philip. The reverse contain the kings' names to the right and their epithets to the left. In the middle of the reverse, Zeus is depicted sitting on a throne holding a sceptre and holding a Nike in his hand which is stretched toward the inscription of the epithets.|[[Jugate]] coin of [[Antiochus XI Epiphanes|Antiochus XI]] and [[Philip I Philadelphus|Philip I]], who sought revenge for the death of their brother Seleucus VI]]

Described by the 2nd-century historian [[Appian]] as "violent and extremely tyrannical",{{sfn|Langer|1994|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=m87841o3StQC&pg=PA244 244]}} Seleucus VI took shelter in Mopsuestia,{{sfn|Ogden|1999|p= 154}} and attempted to tax the residents again, which led to his death during riots.{{sfn|Houghton|1998|p= 66}}{{sfn|Bellinger|1949|pp= 73–74}} The year of his demise is not clear; Eusebius placed it in 216 SE (97/96 BC), which is impossible considering that a market weight of Seleucus VI from Antioch dated to 218 SE (95/94 BC) has been discovered. The 4th-century historian [[Jerome]] has 219 SE (94/93 BC) as the year of Seleucus VI's demise, which is more plausible.{{sfn|Hoover|2007|p= 289}} The year 94{{spaces}}BC is the academically accepted date for the death of Seleucus VI.{{sfnm|1a1=Houghton|1a2=Lorber|1a3=Hoover|1y=2008|1p=551|2a1=Houghton|2y=1987|2p=79|3a1=Lorber|3a2=Iossif|3y=2009|3pp=102–103|4a1=Roussel|4a2=Launey|4y=1937|4p=47|5a1=Habicht|5y=2006|5p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DC0QP77vIP4C&pg=PA172 172]|6a1=Wright|6y=2011|6p=42}} No spouse or children were recorded for Seleucus VI.{{sfn|Ogden|1999|p= 156}} According to the 1st-century biographer [[Plutarch]], the 1st-century BC [[Roman Republic|Roman]] general [[Lucullus]] said that the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenian]] king, [[Tigranes the Great|Tigranes II]], who conquered Syria in 83{{spaces}}BC, "put to death the successors of [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]], and [carried] off their wives and daughters into captivity". Given the fragmentary nature of ancient sources regarding the late Seleucid period, the statement of Lucullus leaves open the existence of a wife or daughter of Seleucus VI.{{sfn|Dumitru|2016|pp= 269–270}}

Ancient traditions preserve three accounts regarding Seleucus VI's death: the oldest, by Josephus, has a mob burning the king and his courtiers in the royal palace. Appian shares the burning account but has the city's gymnasium as the scene. According to Eusebius, Seleucus VI discovered the intention of the residents to burn him, and took his own life. Bellinger considered the account of Josephus to be the most probable; he noted that Eusebius presented suicide accounts for other Seleucid kings who were recorded as having been killed by other historians, such as [[Alexander Balas|Alexander I]] and Antiochus IX. Bellinger believed that the 3rd-century historian [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]], the source of Eusebius' stories about the Seleucids, was attempting to "tone down somewhat the horrors of the Seleucid house".{{sfn|Bellinger|1949|p= 74}}

The city of [[Athens]] shared a close relation with the Seleucid kings, and statues of Syrian monarchs set up by Athenian citizens on the island of [[Delos]] testify to this;{{sfn|Habicht|2006|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=DC0QP77vIP4C&pg=PA171 171]}} a citizen named Dionysius dedicated a statue for Seleucus VI between 96 and 94{{spaces}}BC.{{#tag:ref|The inscription is damaged; it was reconstructed by [[Théophile Homolle]],{{sfn|Roussel|Launey|1937|p= 47}} then by [[Pierre Roussel (epigrapher)|Pierre Roussel]], who read the damaged king's name as "Seleucus".{{sfn|Roussel|1916|p= [https://archive.org/stream/deloscolonieathe111rous#page/66/mode/2up 67]}} Homolle identified the king as Seleucus VI and this identification has been accepted by many scholars, including Roussel.{{sfn|Roussel|Launey|1937|p= 47}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Habicht|2006|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=DC0QP77vIP4C&pg=PA172 172]}}{{sfn|Grainger|1997|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=eqxipjRXCf4C&pg=PA65 65]}} In deference to his late brother, King [[Antiochus XI Epiphanes|Antiochus XI]] adopted the epithet ''Philadelphus'' (brother loving).{{sfn|Coloru|2015|p= 177}} Along with his twin [[Philip I Philadelphus|Philip I]], Antiochus XI proceeded to avenge Seleucus VI; the brothers sacked and destroyed Mopsuestia.{{sfn|Houghton|1987|p= 79}} Antiochus XI then headed to Antioch in 93{{spaces}}BC and expelled Antiochus X.{{sfn|Houghton|Lorber|Hoover|2008|p= 573}}

==Family tree==
{{chart top|Family tree of Seleucus VI}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart|border=1| |Se4|y|La4| | |Pt5|y|Cl1| |Se4=[[Seleucus IV Philopator|Seleucus IV]]<ref group=lower-roman name="Hoover 2000b">{{harvnb|Hoover|2000|p=107}}</ref>|La4=[[Laodice IV]]<ref group=lower-roman name="Hoover 2000b"/><ref group=lower-roman name="Hoover 2000a"/>|Pt5=[[Ptolemy V Epiphanes|Ptolemy V]]<ref group=lower-roman name="Ogden 1999c">{{harvnb|Ogden|1999|p=82}}</ref>|Cl1=[[Cleopatra I Syra|Cleopatra I]]<ref group=lower-roman name="Ogden 1999c"/>}}
{{chart|border=1| | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|-|.| }}
{{chart|border=1| |De1|y|La5| |Pt6|y|Cl2| | | |!|De1=[[Demetrius I Soter|Demetrius I]]<ref group=lower-roman name="Hoover 2000a">{{harvnb|Hoover|2000|p=108}}</ref>|La5=[[Laodice V]]<ref group=lower-roman name="Hoover 2000a"/>|Pt6=[[Ptolemy VI Philometor|Ptolemy VI]]<ref group=lower-roman name="Ogden 1999b">{{harvnb|Ogden|1999|p=83}}</ref>|Cl2=[[Cleopatra II of Egypt|Cleopatra II]]<ref group=lower-roman name="Ogden 1999b"/>}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | |!| | | | | |,|-|^|-|-|.| | | |!| }}
{{chart|border=1| | | |De2|~|y|~|Clt| | |Cl3|y|Pt8| |De2=[[Demetrius II Nicator|Demetrius II]]<ref group=lower-roman name="Wright 2012">{{harvnb|Wright|2012|p=iii}}</ref>|Clt=[[Cleopatra Thea]]<ref group=lower-roman name="Ogden 1999a">{{harvnb|Ogden|1999|p=149}}</ref>|Cl3=[[Cleopatra III of Egypt|Cleopatra III]]<ref group=lower-roman name="Ogden 1999d"/>|Pt8=[[Ptolemy VIII Physcon|Ptolemy VIII]]<ref group=lower-roman name="Ogden 1999d">{{harvnb|Ogden|1999|p=87}}</ref>}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | |An8|~|~|~|y|~|~|~|Try| |An8=[[Antiochus VIII Grypus|Antiochus VIII]]<ref group=lower-roman name="Ogden 1999f">{{harvnb|Ogden|1999|pp=153, 156}}</ref>|Try=[[Tryphaena]]<ref group=lower-roman name="Ogden 1999f"/>}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |}}
{{chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | |Se6| | | | |Se6=Seleucus VI}}
{{chart/end}}
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|'''Citations:'''
{{notelist-lr|30em}}<!--- use either{{Efn-lr}} and/or <ref group=lower-roman /> To fill this notelist -->
|-
{{chart bottom}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Asia}}
* [[List of Syrian monarchs]]
* [[Timeline of Syrian history]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist|group=note|colwidth=40em}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist|25em}}

===Sources===
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* {{cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/252851|title=Coins from Asia Minor and the East: Selections from the Colin E. Pitchfork Collection|chapter=The Iconography of Succession Under the Late Seleukids|editor-first=Nicholas L.|editor-last=Wright|first=Nicholas L.|last=Wright|year=2011|publisher=The Numismatic Association of Australia|pages=41–46|isbn=978-0-646-55051-0}}
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{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.seleukidempire.org/porphyry.html Seleukid history according to the Chronika of Porphyrios of Tyre (AD 232/3–305) preserved in the Chronikon (1.40) of Eusebios of Caesarea (AD 260–340)] from the website of numismatist Oliver D. Hoover.
* [http://www.seleukidtraces.info/information/gb_seleukos_vi The biography of Seleucus VI] in the website of the numismatist Petr Veselý.

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[List of Seleucid rulers|Seleucid dynasty]]||Unknown||94 BC}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Antiochus VIII Grypus|Antiochus VIII]]<br />[[Antiochus IX Cyzicenus|Antiochus IX]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of Syria]]|years=96–94 BC
|regent1=Antiochus IX<small> (96–95 BC)</small>
|regent2=[[Demetrius III Eucaerus|Demetrius III]]<small> (96–94 BC)</small>
|regent3=[[Antiochus X Eusebes|Antiochus X]]<small> (95–94 BC)</small>}}
{{s-aft|after=Demetrius III<br />Antiochus X<br />[[Antiochus XI Epiphanes|Antiochus XI]]<br />[[Philip I Philadelphus|Philip I]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Hellenistic rulers}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seleucus 06}}
[[Category:2nd-century BC births]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:90s BC deaths]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Seleucid monarchs]]