Editing Scrophulariaceae

{{Short description|Figwort family of flowering plants}}
{{automatic taxobox
|name = Figwort family
|image = Scrophularia nodosa8.jpg
|image_caption = ''Scrophularia nodosa''
|taxon = Scrophulariaceae
|authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
|subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
|subdivision = See text
|synonyms =
* Bontiaceae <small>Horan.</small>
* [[Buddlejaceae]] <small>K.Wilh.</small>, nom. cons.
* Hebenstretiaceae <small>Horan.</small>
* Limosellaceae <small>J.Agardh</small>
* Myoporaceae <small>R.Br.</small>, nom. cons.
* [[Oftiaceae]] <small>Takht. & Reveal</small>
* Selaginaceae <small>Choisy</small>, nom. cons.
* Spielmanniaceae <small>J.Agardh</small>, nom. illeg.
* Verbascaceae <small>Bercht. & J.Presl</small><ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?1023 |title=Family: ''Scrophulariaceae'' Juss., nom. cons. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2003-01-17 |access-date=2011-10-17}}</ref>
}}

The '''Scrophulariaceae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s, commonly known as the '''figwort family'''.  The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs.  Flowers have bilateral ([[zygomorphic]]) or rarely radial  ([[actinomorphic]]) symmetry.  The Scrophulariaceae have a [[cosmopolitan distribution]], with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains.  The family name is based on the name of the included genus ''[[Scrophularia]]'' [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]

==Taxonomy==
{{Expert needed|botany|talk=|reason=This article needs a comparison between the current and obsolete circumscriptions of the group, its current composition, and the present location of excluded taxa. None of these issues is adequately dealt with here|date=August 2015}}
In the past, it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular [[phylogenies]] have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly [[polyphyletic]].<ref>Fischer says that, if we consider morphology, it has been obvious for the last decades that the Scrophulariaceae do not represent a monophyletic group. See [[#fischer2004scrophulariaceae|FISCHER (2004)]], p. 346.</ref>  Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the [[Lamiales]], notably [[Plantaginaceae]] and [[Orobanchaceae]], but also several new families.<ref name="olmstead2001">{{cite journal |author = Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A.|title = Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae | journal= American Journal of Botany| volume= 88| pages = 348–361| year=2001 | doi = 10.2307/2657024 | pmid = 11222255 |issue = 2 |jstor = 2657024| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Olmstead, R. G. | title =  Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae? | journal=Fremontia|volume = 30| pages= 13–22|year=2003}} - on line [http://www.cnps.org/cnps/publications/fremontia/Fremontia_Vol30-No2.pdf here]</ref>  Several families of the Lamiales have had their circumscriptions enlarged to accommodate genera transferred from the Scrophulariacae ''[[sensu lato]]''.

Fischer (2004) considered the family to consist of three subfamilies – [[Antirrhinoideae]], [[Gratioloideae]], and [[Digitalidoideae]]. He further divided the Gratioloideae into five tribes – [[Gratioleae]], [[Angeloniaeae]], [[Stemodieae]], [[Limoselleae]], and [[Lindernieae]]. He then divided the Gratioleae, with its 16 genera (and about 182 species) into three subtribes – [[Caprarinae]], [[Dopatrinae]], and [[Gratiolinae]]. The Gratiolinae had 10 genera (about 121 species) distributed through temperate and tropical America – ''[[Bacopa]]'' and ''[[Mecardonia]]'' (formerly ''[[Herpestis]]''), ''[[Gratiola amphiantha|Amphianthus]]'', ''[[Gratiola]]'', ''[[Sophronanthe]]'', ''[[Benjaminia (plant)|Benjaminia]]'', ''[[Scoparia (plant)|Scoparia]]'', ''[[Boelkea]]'', ''[[Maeviella]]'', and ''[[Braunblequetia]]''. Many of these were transferred to the family Plantaginaceae, in the tribe Gratioleae.

==Uses==
The family includes some [[Herbalism|medicinal plants]], among them:
* ''[[Scrophularia]]'', figworts
* ''[[Verbascum]]'', mulleins

==Genera==
The family Scrophulariaceae in its [[APG IV system|APG IV (2016)]]<ref name="apgiv">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–20 |doi= 10.1111/boj.12385|doi-access=free }}</ref> circumscription includes 62 genera and about 1830 known species.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal | author = Christenhusz, M. J. M., and Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | doi-access = free }}</ref> As of May 2024, [[Plants of the World Online]] accepts 58 genera.<ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30466893-2 Scrophulariaceae Juss.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 13 May 2024.</ref>
[[File:Leucophyllum frutescens (Purple Sage) W2 IMG 1125.jpg|thumb|''[[Leucophyllum frutescens]]'' ]]
[[File:FHG776.jpg|thumb|''[[Verbascum]]'' sp. near [[Shiraz]], [[Iran]]]]
{|
|- valign=top
|
;Tribe Androyeae<ref name = Villaverde>Villaverde, T., Larridon, I., Shah, T., Fowler, R.M., Chau, J.H., Olmstead, R.G. and Sanmartín, I. (2023), Phylogenomics sheds new light on the drivers behind a long-lasting systematic riddle: the figwort family Scrophulariaceae. New Phytol, 240: 1601-1615. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18845</ref>
*''[[Androya]]'' {{small|H.Perrier}}

;Tribe Aptosimeae<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=1611 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Aptosimeae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2015-11-28}}</ref>
*''[[Anticharis]]'' <small>Endl.</small>
*''[[Aptosimum]]'' <small>Burch. ex Benth.</small>
*''[[Peliostomum]]'' <small>E.Mey. ex Benth.</small>

;Tribe Buddlejeae<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=2282 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Buddlejeae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2015-11-28}}</ref>
*''[[Buddleja]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; Butterfly-bush
*''[[Gomphostigma]]'' <small>Turcz.</small>

;Tribe Camptolomeae<ref name = Villaverde/>
*''[[Camptoloma (plant)|Camptoloma]]'' <small>Benth.</small>

;Tribe Hemimerideae<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=1610 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Hemimerideae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2015-11-28}}</ref>
*''[[Alonsoa]]'' <small>Ruiz & Pav.</small>
*''[[Colpias]]'' <small>E.Mey. ex Benth.</small>
*''[[Diascia (plant)|Diascia]]'' <small>Link & Otto</small>
*''[[Diclis]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
*''[[Hemimeris]]'' <small>L.f.</small>
*''[[Nemesia (plant)|Nemesia]]'' <small>Vent.</small>

;Tribe Leucophylleae<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=1609 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Leucophylleae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2015-11-28}}</ref>
*''[[Capraria]]'' <small>L.</small><ref>{{cite journal |first=Etelvina |last=Gándara |author2=Victoria Sosa |title=Testing the monophyly and position of the North American shrubby desert genus ''Leucophyllum'' (Scrophulariaceae: Leucophylleae) |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=171 |number=3 |pages=508–518 |date=March 2013 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01327.x|doi-access=free }}</ref>
*''[[Eremogeton]]'' <small>Standl. & L.O.Williams</small>
*''[[Leucophyllum]]'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl.</small>

;Tribe Limoselleae<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=2280 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Limoselleae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2015-11-28}}</ref>
*''[[Barthlottia]]'' <small>Eb.Fisch.</small>
*''[[Chaenostoma (plant)|Chaenostoma]]'' <small>Benth.</small> (sometimes included in ''[[Sutera (plant)|Sutera]]'' but separated by Kornhall and Bremer<ref name="kornhall2004">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00341.x | title = New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae |author1=Kornhall, Per  |author2=Bremer, Birgitta  |name-list-style=amp | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 146 | pages = 453–467 | issue = 4 | year = 2004 | doi-access = free }}</ref>)
*''[[Chenopodiopsis]]'' <small>Hilliard</small>
*''[[Cromidon]]'' <small>Compton</small>
*''[[Dischisma]]'' <small>Choisy</small>
*''[[Glekia]]'' <small>Hilliard</small>
*''[[Globulariopsis]]'' <small>Compton</small>
*''[[Glumicalyx]]'' <small>Hiern</small>
*''[[Gosela]]'' <small>Choisy</small>
*''[[Hebenstretia]]'' <small>L</small>
*''[[Jamesbrittenia]]'' <small>Kuntze</small><ref name="kornhall2004"/>
*''[[Limosella]]'' <small>L.</small><ref> [[Plants of the World Online]] and [[World Flora Online]] place ''Limosella'' in family Plantaginaceae – [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:37777-1 ''Limosella'' L. (POWO)], [https://wfoplantlist.org/taxon/wfo-4000021811-2023-12 ''Limosella'' L. (WFO)], Retrieved 13 May 2024.</ref>
*''[[Lyperia]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
*''[[Manulea (plant)|Manulea]]'' {{small|L.}}
*''[[Manuleopsis]]'' <small>Thell. ex Schinz</small>
*''[[Melanospermum]]'' <small>Hilliard</small>
*''[[Microdon (plant)|Microdon]]'' <small>Choisy</small>
|
*''[[Phyllopodium (plant)|Phyllopodium]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
*''[[Polycarena]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
*''[[Selago]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Strobilopsis]]'' <small>Hilliard & B.L.Burtt</small>
*''[[Sutera (plant)|Sutera]]'' <small>Roth</small> &ndash; Dwarf snapdragon, "bacopa"
*''[[Tetraselago]]'' <small>Junell</small>
*''[[Trieenea]]'' <small>Hilliard</small>
*''[[Zaluzianskya]]'' <small>F.W.Schmidt</small>

;Tribe Myoporeae<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=2281 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Myoporeae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2015-11-28}}</ref>
*''[[Bontia]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Calamphoreus]]'' <small>Chinnock</small> (synonym of ''[[Eremophila (plant)|Eremophila]]'')
*''[[Diocirea]]'' <small>Chinnock</small> (synonym of ''[[Eremophila (plant)|Eremophila]]'')
*''[[Eremophila (plant)|Eremophila]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''[[Glycocystis]]'' <small>Chinnock</small>
*''[[Myoporum]]'' <small>Sol. ex G.Forst.</small>

;Tribe Scrophularieae<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=1612 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2015-11-28}}</ref>
*''[[Antherothamnus]]'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>
*''[[Nathaliella]]'' <small>B.Fedtsch.</small> <!-- note Kadereit has Subtribe "Oreosoleninae" which contains ''[[Nathaliella]]'' and ''Oreosolen'' -->
*''[[Rhabdotosperma]]'' <small>Hartl</small> (synonym of ''[[Verbascum]]'')
*''[[× Scrophulari-verbascum]]'' {{small|P.Fourn.}}
*''[[Scrophularia]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; Figwort
*''[[Verbascum]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; Mullein

;Tribe Teedieae<ref name = Villaverde/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=1621 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae tribe Scrophularieae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2015-11-28}}</ref>
*''[[Dermatobotrys]]'' <small>Bolus</small>
*''[[Freylinia]]'' <small>Colla</small>
*''[[Oftia]]'' <small>Adans.</small>
*''[[Phygelius]]'' <small>E.Mey. ex Benth.</small> &ndash; Cape fuchsia<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=tribe&id=1023 |title=Genera of Scrophulariaceae |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2015-11-28}}</ref>
*''[[Ranopisoa]]'' <small>J.F.Leroy</small>
*''[[Teedia]]'' <small>Rudolphi</small>

;Not placed in a tribe or unknown tribe
*''[[Ameroglossum]]'' <small>Eb.Fisch., S.Vogel & A.V.Lopes</small>
*''[[Chamaecrypta]]'' {{small|Schltr. & Diels}}
*''[[Dolichostemon]]'' {{small|Bonati}} 
|}

===Excluded genera===
The following genera, traditionally included in the Scrophulariaceae, have been transferred to other families as indicated:
{|
|- valign=top
|
*''[[Acanthorrhinum]]'' <small>Rothm.</small> → [[Plantaginaceae]]
*''[[Agalinis]]'' <small>Raf.</small> → [[Orobanchaceae]]
*''[[Angelonia]]'' <small>Humb. & Bonpl.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Antirrhinum]]'' <small>L.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Asarina]]'' <small>Mill.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Bacopa]]'' <small>Aubl.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Bartsia]]'' <small>L.</small> → Orobanchaceae
*''[[Basistemon]]'' <small>Turcz.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Besseya]]'' <small>Rydb.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Calceolaria]]'' <small>L.</small> → [[Calceolariaceae]]
*''[[Castilleja]]'' <small>Mutis ex L.f.</small> → Orobanchaceae
*''[[Chaenorhinum]]'' <small>(DC.) Rchb.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Chelone (plant)|Chelone]]'' <small>L.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Chionophila]]'' <small>Benth.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Collinsia]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Cordylanthus]]'' <small>Nutt. ex Benth.</small> → Orobanchaceae
*''[[Craterostigma]]'' <small>Hochst.</small> → Linderniaceae<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.92.2.297 | title = Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae | year = 2005 | author = Albach, D. C. | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 92 | pages = 297–315 | last2 = Meudt | first2 = H. M. | last3 = Oxelman | first3 = B. | issue = 2 | pmid = 21652407 }}</ref> or as part of ''Lindernia''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=12&taxon_id=118628 | work = A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar | title = Lindernia All. | publisher = Missouri Botanical Garden and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle }}</ref>
*''[[Cymbalaria]]'' <small></small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Dasistoma]]'' <small>Raf.</small> → Orobanchaceae<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30015204-2 ''Dasistoma'' Raf.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 13 May 2024.</ref>
*''[[Digitalis]]'' <small>L.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Dopatrium]]'' <small>Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Epixiphium]]'' <small>(Engelm. ex A.Gray) Munz</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Euphrasia]]'' <small>L.</small> → Orobanchaceae
*''[[Galvezia]]'' <small>Dombey ex Juss.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Gambelia (plant)|Gambelia]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Glossostigma]]'' <small>Wight & Arn.</small> → [[Phrymaceae]]
*''[[Gratiola]]'' <small>L.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Hebe (plant)|Hebe]]'' <small>Comm. ex Juss. </small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Holmgrenanthe]]'' <small>Elisens</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Howelliella]]'' <small>Rothm.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Keckiella]]'' <small>Straw</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Kickxia]]'' <small>Dumort.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Lagotis (plant)|Lagotis]]'' <small>Gaertn.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Leucosalpa]]'' <small>Scott Elliot</small> → Orobranchaceae<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:37771-1 ''Leucosalpa'' Scott Elliot]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 13 May 2024.</ref>
*''[[Limnophila (plant)|Limnophila]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Linaria]]'' <small>Mill.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Lindernia]]'' <small>All.</small> → [[Linderniaceae]]<ref>{{cite journal| last =Haston, E.| first = Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. | title = A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families| journal = Taxon| volume =  56| issue = 1| year = 2007| pages = 7–12| doi =10.2307/25065731 | jstor = 25065731 | doi-access = free}}</ref>
*''[[Lophospermum]]'' <small>D.Don</small> → Plantaginaceae
|
*''[[Mabrya]]'' <small>Elisens</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Maurandella]]'' <small>(A.Gray) Rothm.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Maurandya]]'' <small>Ortega</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Mazus]]'' <small>Lour.</small> → [[Mazaceae]]
*''[[Mecardonia]]'' <small>Ruiz & Pav.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Melampyrum]]'' <small>L.</small> → Orobanchaceae
*''[[Micranthemum]]'' <small>Michx.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Mimulus]]'' <small>L.</small> → Phrymaceae
*''[[Misopates]]'' <small>Raf.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Mohavea]]'' <small>A.Gray</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Neogaerrhinum]]'' <small>Rothm.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Nothochelone]]'' <small>(A.Gray) Straw</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Nuttallanthus]]'' <small>D.A.Sutton</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Odontites]]'' <small>Ludw.</small> → Orobanchaceae
*''[[Orobanche]]'' <small>L.</small> → Orobanchaceae
*''[[Orthocarpus]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> → Orobanchaceae
*''[[Parentucellia]]'' <small>Viv.</small> → Orobanchaceae
*''[[Paulownia]]'' <small>Siebold & Zucc.</small> → [[Paulownia]]ceae
*''[[Pedicularis]]'' <small>L.</small> → Orobanchaceae
*''[[Peltanthera]]'' <small>Benth.</small> → Gesneriaceae (or Peltantheraceae)
*''[[Penstemon]]'' <small>Schmidel</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Pseudorontium]]'' <small>(A.Gray) Rothm.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Rhinanthus]]'' <small>L.</small> → Orobanchaceae
*''[[Russelia]]'' <small>Jacq.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Sairocarpus]]'' <small>D.A.Sutton</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Sanango]]'' <small>G.S.Bunting & Duke</small> → Gesneriaceae
*''[[Schistophragma]]'' <small>Benth. ex Endl.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Scoparia (plant)|Scoparia]]'' <small>L.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Stemodia]]'' <small>L.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Striga]]'' <small>Lour.</small> → Orobanchaceae<ref name="olmstead2001"/><ref>{{cite journal | title = The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series |author1=Nelson D. Young |author2=Kim E. Steiner |author3=Claude W. dePamphilis | journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume = 86 | issue = 4 | date = Autumn 1999 | pages = 876–893 | doi = 10.2307/2666173 | jstor=2666173|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/28632 }}</ref>
*''[[Synthyris]]'' <small>Benth.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Tonella]]'' <small>Nutt. ex A.Gray</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Torenia]]'' <small>L.</small> → Linderniaceae
*''[[Tozzia]]'' <small>L.</small> → Orobanchaceae
*''[[Triphysaria]]'' <small>Fisch. & C.A.Mey.</small> → Orobanchaceae
*''[[Veronica (plant)|Veronica]]'' <small>L.</small> → Plantaginaceae
*''[[Veronicastrum]]'' <small>Heist. ex Fabr.</small> → Plantaginaceae<ref name="GRINExcluded">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnothlist.pl?1023 |title=GRIN genera sometimes placed in ''Scrophulariaceae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2011-10-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924062306/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnothlist.pl?1023 |archive-date=2015-09-24 }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book
 | author = Fischer, E.
 | editor = Kubitzki, K.
 | editor2 = Kadereit, J. W.
 | title = Flowering Plants – Dicotyledons: Lamiales
 | ref = fischer2004scrophulariaceae
 | pages = 333−432
 | chapter = Scrophulariaceae
 | series = The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants
 | volume = VII
 | year = 2004
 | publisher = Springer
 | isbn = 978-3-540-40593-1
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19970102054059/http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cgi-bin/web.dbs/genlist.pl?SCROPHULARIACEAE Kew list of Scrophulariaceae]
* [http://flowersinisrael.com/FamScrophulariaceae.html Family Scrophulariaceae] Flowers in Israel
* [http://www.verbascum.org verbascum.org]

{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q53473}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Scrophulariaceae| ]]
[[Category:Lamiales families]]