Editing Scorpaeniformes

{{Short description|Obsolete order of ray-finned fishes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Scorpaeniformes
| image = Pterois_antennata-3.jpg
| image_caption = [[Scorpaenidae]]: ''[[Pterois antennata]]''
| taxon = Scorpaeniformes
| authority = Greenwood et al., 1966
| type_species = ''[[Scorpaena porcus]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| subdivision_ranks = Suborders
| subdivision = see text
}}

The '''Scorpaeniformes''' {{IPAc-en|s|k|ɔr|ˈ|p|iː|n|ᵻ|f|ɔːr|m|iː|z}} are a diverse [[Order (biology)|order]] of [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]], including the [[lionfish]]es and sculpins, but have also been called the '''Scleroparei'''. It is one of the five largest orders of bony fishes by number of species, with over 1,320.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.biokids.umich.edu/critters/Scorpaeniformes| title = Umich.edu}}</ref>

They are known as "mail-cheeked" fishes due to their distinguishing characteristic, the suborbital stay: a backwards extension of the third circumorbital bone (part of the lateral head/cheek skeleton, below the eye socket) across the cheek to the pre[[operculum (fish)|operculum]], to which it is connected in most species.<ref name=EoF>{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N.|author= Eschmeyer, William N.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|page=175|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}}</ref>

Scorpaeniform fishes are [[carnivore|carnivorous]], mostly feeding on crustaceans and on smaller fish. Most species live on the sea bottom in relatively shallow waters, although species are known from deep water, from the midwater, and even from fresh water. They typically have spiny heads, and rounded [[pectoral fin|pectoral]] and [[caudal fin]]s. Most species are less than {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, but the full size range of the order varies from the [[velvetfish]]es belonging to the family Aploactinidae, which can be just {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on}} long as adults,<ref name=EoF/> to the [[skilfish]] (''Erilepis zonifer''), which can reach {{convert|183|cm|ft|abbr=on}} in [[total length]].<ref name = FishBase>{{FishBase|Erilepis|zonifer|month=June |year=2021}}</ref>

One of the suborders of the Scorpaeniformes is the [[Scorpaenoidei]]. This suborder is usually found in the benthic zone, which is the lowest region of any water body like oceans or lakes. 

There are two groups of the Scorpaenoidei. The sea robins is the first, which are further classified into two families: the sea robins and the armored sea robins. One significant difference between the two families of sea robins is the presence of spine-bearing plate on the armored sea robins which is absent in the sea robins family.

The second group of the Scorpaenoidei suborder is the scorpionfishes, which according to Minouri Ishida's work in 1994 and recent studies, have twelve families. The scorpionfishes are very dynamic in size with the smallest one having a range of 2–3&nbsp;cm, while the largest have a length of approximately 100&nbsp;cm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/scorpaeniformes-ii-scorpionfishes-and-relatives|title=Scorpaeniformes II (Scorpionfishes and Relatives) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref>

==Classification==
The division of Scorpaeniformes into families is not settled; accounts range from 26<ref>{{ITIS |id=166702 |taxon=Scorpaeniformes |access-date=31 March 2006}}</ref> to 35 families.<ref>{{cite book | title = Catalog of Fishes |author1=William N. Eschmeyer |author2=Carl J. Ferraris |author3=Mysi D. Hoang |author4=Douglas J. Long | publisher = California Academy of Sciences | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-940228-47-5}}</ref><ref>{{FishBase order | order = Scorpaeniformes | month = February | year = 2006}}</ref> The 5th edition of ''[[Fishes of the World]]'' classifies the order as follows:<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=467–495 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |access-date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194051/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name = VDLEF>{{cite journal | author1 = Richard van der Laan | author2 = William N. Eschmeyer | author3 = Ronald Fricke | name-list-style = amp | year = 2014 | title = Family-group names of Recent fishes | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268078514 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3882 | issue = 2 | pages = 001–230 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 | pmid = 25543675 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

[[Image:Setarches guentheri1.jpg|thumb|[[Setarchinae]]: [[Deepwater scorpionfish]], ''Setarches guentheri'']]
[[Image:Sebastes marinus.jpg|thumb|[[Sebastinae]]: [[Rose fish]], ''Sebastes '''norvegicus''''']]
[[Image:Pontinus longispinis.jpg|thumb|[[Scorpaenidae]]: [[Longspine scorpionfish]], ''Pontinus longispinis'']]

Order '''Scorpaeniformes'''
*Suborder [[Scorpaenoidei]]
** Superfamily [[Congiopodoidea]]
*** Family [[Aploactinidae]] <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & [[Edwin Chapin Starks|Starks]], 1904</small> (Velvetfishes)
*** Family [[Congiopodidae]] <small>Gill, 1889</small> (Racehorses, pigfishes or horsefishes)
** Superfamily [[Pataecoidea]]
*** Family [[Pataecidae]] <small>[[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1872</small> (Australian prowfishes)
*** Family [[Gnathanacanthidae]] <small>Gill, 1892</small> (Red velvetfish)
** Superfamily [[Scorpaenoidea]]
*** Family [[Eschmeyeridae]]  <small>Mandrytsa, 2001</small> (the cofish)
*** Family [[Scorpaenidae]] <small>[[Antoine Risso|Risso]], 1827</small> (Scorpionfishes)
*Suborder [[Platycephaloidei]]
** Superfamily [[Platycephaloidea]]
*** Family [[Bembridae]] <small>[[Johann Jakob Kaup|Kaup]], 1873</small> (Deepwater flatheads)
*** Family [[Platycephalidae]] <small>[[William Swainson|Swainson]], 1839</small> (True flatheads)
*** Family [[Hoplichthyidae]] <small>Kaup, 1873</small> (Ghost flatheads)
** Superfamily [[Trigloidea]]
*** Family [[Triglidae]] <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815</small> (Common searobins)
*** Family [[Peristediidae]] <small>Jordan & [[Charles Henry Gilbert|Gilbert]], 1883</small> (Armored searobins)
* Suborder [[Normanichthyiodei]]
** Family [[Normanichthyidae]] <small>[[Howard Watson Clarke|Clark]], 1837</small> (the Barehead scorpionfish or mote sculpin)
* Suborder [[Zoarcoidei]]
** Superfamily [[Anarhichadoidea]]
*** Family [[Anarhichadidae]] <small>[[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1835</small> (Wolffishes)
*** Family [[Cryptacanthodidae]] <small>Gill, 1861</small> (Wrymouths)
*** Family [[Stichaeidae]] <small>Gill, 1864</small> (Pricklebacks)
*** Family [[Pholidae]] <small>Gill, 1893</small> (Gunnels)
** Superfamily [[Bathymasteroidea]]
*** Family [[Bathymasteridae]] <small>Jordan & Gilbert, 1883</small> (Ronquils)
*** Family [[Ptilichthyidae]] <small>Jordan & Gilbert, 1883</small> (Quillfish)
** Superfamily [[Zoarcoidea]]
*** Family [[Eulophiidae]] <small>[[Hugh McCormick Smith|H. M. Smith]], 1902</small> (Spinous eelpouts)<ref name = K&K2013>{{cite journal |author1=Hyuck Joon Kwun |author2=Jin-Koo Kim |year=2003 |title=Molecular phylogeny and new classification of the genera Eulophias and Zoarchias (PISCES, Zoarcoidei) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=787–795|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.025|pmid=23845463 }}</ref>   
*** Family [[Zoarcidae]] <small>Swainson, 1839</small> (True Eelpouts)
** Superfamily [[Zaproroidea]]
*** Family [[Scytalinidae]] <small>Jordan & Starks, 1895</small> (Graveldivers)
*** Family [[Zaproridae]] <small>Jordan, 1896</small> (Prowfishes)
* Suborder [[Gasterosteoidei]]
** Family [[Hypoptychidae]] <small>[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1880</small> (the Korean Sandlance)
** Family [[Aulorhynchidae]] <small>Gill (1861)</small> (Tubesnouts)
** Family [[Gasterosteidae]] <small>Bonaparte, 1831</small> (Sticklebacks)
* Suborder [[Cottoidei]]
** Superfamily [[Anoplopomatoidea]] <small>([[Jay C. Quast|Quast]], 1965)</small><ref name = Meecklenburg2003>{{cite journal | author = Catherine W. Mecklenburg | year = 2003 | title = Family Anoplopomatidae Jordan & Gilbert 1883 sablefishes | journal = California Academy of Sciences Annotated Checklists of Fishes | volume = 2 | url = https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/docs/anoplopomatidae.pdf}}</ref>
*** Family [[Anoplopomatidae]] <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & [[Charles Henry Gilbert|Gilbert]], 1883</small> (Blackcod)
** Superfamily [[Zaniolepidoidea]]  <small>[[Gento Shinohara|Shinohara]], 1994</small><ref name = M&E2003>{{cite journal | author1 = Catherine W. Mecklenburg | author2 = [[William N. Eschmeyer]] | name-list-style = & | year = 2003 | title = Family Hexagrammidae Gill 1889 Greenlings | journal = California Academy of Sciences Annotated Checklists of Fishes | volume = 2 | url = https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/docs/hexagrammidae.pdf}}</ref>
*** Family [[Zaniolepididae]] <small>Jordan & Gilbert, 1883</small> (Combfishes)
** Superfamily [[Hexagrammoidea]] <small>[[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1889</small>
*** Family [[Hexagrammidae]] <small>Jordan, 1888</small> (Greenlings)
** Superfamily [[Trichodontoidea]] <small>Nazarkin & Voskoboinikova, 2000</small><ref name = Mecklenburg2003a>{{cite journal | author = Catherine W. Mecklenburg | year = 2003 | title = Family Trichodontidae Bleeker 1859 — sand fishes | journal = California Academy of Sciences Annotated Checklists of Fishes | volume =15 | url = https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/docs/trichodontidae.pdf}}</ref>
*** Family [[Trichodontidae]] <small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1859</small> (Sandfishes)
** Superfamily [[Cottoidea]] <small>Gill, 1889</small><ref name = Yabe>{{cite journal | author = Mamoru Yabe | year = 1985 | title = Comaprative Osteology and Myology of the Superfamily Cottoidea OPisces:Scorpaeniformes), and its Phylogenetic Classification | journal = Memoirs off the Faculty of Fishes Hokkaido University | volume= 32 | issue =1 | pages = 1–130 | s2cid = 81835479 }}</ref>
*** Family [[Jordaniidae]] <small>Jordan & [[Barton Warren Evermann|Evermann]], 1898</small> (Longfin sculpins)
*** Family [[Rhamphocottidae]] <small>Jordan & Gilbert, 1883</small> (Grunt sculpins)
*** Family [[Scorpaenichthyidae]] <small>Jordan & Evermann, 1898</small>
*** Family [[Agonidae]] <small>[[William Swainson|Swainson]], 1839</small> (Poachers and searavens)
*** Family [[Cottidae]] <small>[[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1831</small> (Sculpins)
*** Family [[Psychrolutidae]] <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1861</small> (Bighead sculpins)
*** Family [[Bathylutichthyidae]] <small>[[Arkady Vladimirovich Balushkin|Balushkin]] & [[Olga Stepanovna Voskoboinikova|Voskoboinikova]], 1990</small> (Antarctic sculpins)
** Superfamily [[Cyclopteroidea]] <small>Gill, 1873</small><ref name =M&S2003>{{cite journal | author1 = Catherine W. Mecklenburg | author2 = Boris A. Sheiko | name-list-style = & | year = 2003 | title = Family Cyclopteridae Bonaparte 1831 - lumpsuckers | volume = 6 | url = https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/docs/cyclopteridae.pdf}}</ref>
*** Family [[Cyclopteridae]] <small>Bonaparte, 1831</small> (lumpfishes or lumpsuckers)
*** Family [[Liparidae]] <small>Gill, 1861</small> (Snailfishes)
This classification is not settled, however, and some authorities classify these groupings largely within the Order [[Perciformes]] as the [[suborder]]s Scorpaenoidei, Platycephaloidei, Triglioidei and Cottoidei, Cottodei including the infraorders Anoplopomatales, Zoarcales, Gasterosteales, Zaniolepidoales, Hexagrammales and Cottales. These [[infraorder]]s largely correspond with the [[Superfamily (biology)|superfamilies]] in the Cottoidei set out in the 5th edition of Fishes of the World.<ref name = Deepfin>{{cite journal | author1 = Ricardo Betancur-R | author2 = Edward O. Wiley | author3 = Gloria Arratia | author4 = Arturo Acero | author5 = Nicolas Bailly | author6 = Masaki Miya | author7 = Guillaume Lecointre | author8 = Guillermo Ortí | display-authors = 3 | title =Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 162 | year = 2017 | page = 162 | doi = 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 | pmid = 28683774 | pmc = 5501477 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==Timeline of genera==
<timeline>
ImageSize  = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px
PlotArea   = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px

Period      = from:-66.0 till:10
TimeAxis    = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor  = unit:year increment:5 start:-65
ScaleMinor  = unit:year increment:1 start:-65
TimeAxis    = orientation:hor
AlignBars   = justify

Colors =
 #legends
  id:CAR	  value:claret
  id:ANK 	 value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196)
  id:HER	  value:teal
  id:HAD	  value:green
  id:OMN	  value:blue
  id:black        value:black
  id:white        value:white
  id:cenozoic     value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258)
  id:paleogene     value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32)
  id:paleocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37)
  id:eocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42)
  id:oligocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48)
  id:neogene     value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1)
  id:miocene     value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0)
  id:pliocene     value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68)
  id:quaternary   value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5)
  id:pleistocene   value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68)
  id:holocene   value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88)

BarData=
 bar:eratop
 bar:space
 bar:periodtop
 bar:space
 bar:NAM1
 bar:NAM2
 bar:NAM3
 bar:NAM4
 bar:NAM5
 bar:NAM6
 bar:NAM7
 bar:NAM8
 bar:NAM9
 bar:NAM10
 bar:NAM11
 bar:NAM12
 bar:NAM13
 bar:NAM14
 bar:NAM15
 bar:NAM16
 bar:NAM17
 bar:NAM18
 bar:NAM19
 bar:NAM20
 bar:NAM21
 bar:NAM22
 bar:NAM23
 bar:NAM24
 bar:NAM25
 bar:NAM26
 bar:NAM27
 bar:NAM28
 bar:NAM29
 bar:NAM30
 bar:NAM31
 bar:NAM32
 bar:space
 bar:period
 bar:space
 bar:era

PlotData=
 align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25
 shift:(7,-4)

 bar:periodtop
 from: -66.0   till:  -55.8    color:paleocene  text:[[Paleocene]]
 from: -55.8   till:  -33.9    color:eocene  text:[[Eocene]]
 from: -33.9   till:  -23.03    color:oligocene  text:[[Oligocene]]
 from: -23.03    till: -5.332    color:miocene    text:[[Miocene]]
 from: -5.332    till: -2.588    color:pliocene    text:[[Plio.]]
 from: -2.588    till: -0.0117   color:pleistocene    text:[[Pleist.]]
 from: -0.0117    till: 0    color:holocene    text:[[Holocene|H.]]

 bar:eratop
 from: -66.0   till:  -23.03    color:paleogene  text:[[Paleogene]]
 from: -23.03    till: -2.588    color:neogene    text:[[Neogene]]
 from: -2.588    till: 0   color:quaternary    text:[[Quaternary|Q.]]

PlotData=
 align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left

 color:eocene bar:NAM1  from:-55.8    till:-48.6 text:[[Eosynanceja]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM2  from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:[[Eocottus]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM3  from:-55.8    till:-5.33 text:[[Ctenopomichthys]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM4 from:-55.8    till:0 text:[[Platycephalus]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM5 from:-37.2    till:0 text:[[Lepidotrigla]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM6 from:-37.2    till:0 text:[[Notesthes]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM7 from:-37.2    till:0 text:[[Podothecus]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM8  from:-37.2    till:0 text:[[Scorpaena]]
 color:oligocene bar:NAM9  from:-33.9    till:0 text:[[Agonus]]
 color:oligocene bar:NAM10  from:-33.9    till:0 text:[[Pontinus]]
 color:oligocene bar:NAM11 from:-33.9    till:0 text:[[Sebastes]]
 color:oligocene bar:NAM12 from:-33.9    till:0 text:[[Trigla]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM13 from:-23.03    till:0 text:[[Neoplatycephalus]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM14  from:-23.03    till:0 text:[[Peristedion]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM15 from:-15.97    till:0 text:[[Hoplichthys]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM16  from:-11.61    till:-5.33 text:[[Achrestogrammus]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM17  from:-11.61    till:-5.33 text:[[Lirosceles]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM18  from:-11.61    till:0 text:[[Sebastodes]]
 color:pliocene bar:NAM19 from:-5.33    till:0 text:[[Artedius]]
 color:pliocene bar:NAM20 from:-5.33    till:0 text:[[Chitonotus]]
 color:pliocene bar:NAM21 from:-5.33    till:0 text:[[Enophrys]]
 color:pliocene bar:NAM22 from:-5.33    till:0 text:[[Icelinus]]
 color:pliocene bar:NAM23 from:-5.33    till:0 text:[[Lepidocottus]]
 color:pliocene bar:NAM24 from:-5.33    till:0 text:[[Leptocottus]]
 color:pliocene bar:NAM25 from:-5.33    till:0 text:[[Malacocottus]]
 color:pliocene bar:NAM26 from:-5.33    till:0 text:[[Prionotus]]
 color:pliocene bar:NAM27 from:-5.33    till:0 text:[[Radulinus]]
 color:pleistocene bar:NAM28 from:-2.59    till:0 text:[[Cyclopterus]]
 color:pleistocene bar:NAM29 from:-2.59    till:0 text:[[Eutrigla]]
 color:pleistocene bar:NAM30 from:-2.59    till:0 text:[[Ophiodon]]
 color:pleistocene bar:NAM31 from:-2.59    till:0 text:[[Scorpaenichthys]]
 color:pleistocene bar:NAM32 from:-2.59    till:0 text:[[Zaniolepis]]

PlotData=
 align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25

 bar:period
 from: -66.0   till:  -55.8    color:paleocene  text:[[Paleocene]]
 from: -55.8   till:  -33.9    color:eocene  text:[[Eocene]]
 from: -33.9   till:  -23.03    color:oligocene  text:[[Oligocene]]
 from: -23.03    till: -5.332    color:miocene    text:[[Miocene]]
 from: -5.332    till: -2.588    color:pliocene    text:[[Plio.]]
 from: -2.588    till: -0.0117   color:pleistocene    text:[[Pleist.]]
 from: -0.0117    till: 0    color:holocene    text:[[Holocene|H.]]

 bar:era
 from: -66.0   till:  -23.03    color:paleogene  text:[[Paleogene]]
 from: -23.03    till: -2.588    color:neogene    text:[[Neogene]]
 from: -2.588    till: 0   color:quaternary    text:[[Quaternary|Q.]]
</timeline>

==See also==
* [[List of fish families]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite journal | last = Sepkoski | first = Jack | title = A compendium of fossil marine animal genera | journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology | volume = 364 | page = 560 | year = 2002 | url = http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class | access-date = 2011-05-17 | archive-date = 23 July 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131237/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class | url-status = dead }}

{{Actinopterygii}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q208777}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Perciformes]]
[[Category:Obsolete vertebrate taxa]]
[[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]]