Editing Scombridae

{{Short description|Family of fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Scombridae
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Middle Paleocene|present}}
| image = Gelbflossen-thunfisch.jpg
| image_caption = [[Yellowfin tuna]], ''Thunnus albacares''
| taxon = Scombridae
| authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = [[Gasterochismatinae]]<br />
[[Scombrinae]]
}}
The [[mackerel]], [[tuna]], and [[bonito]] [[family (biology)|family]], '''Scombridae''', includes many of the most important and familiar [[food fish]]es. The family consists of 51 species in 15 genera and two subfamilies. All species are in the [[subfamily]] [[Scombrinae]], except the [[butterfly kingfish]], which is the sole member of subfamily [[Gasterochismatinae]].<ref name=Orrell2006>{{cite journal |last1=Orrell |first1=T.M. |last2=Collette |first2=B.B |last3=Johnson |first3=G.D. |title=Molecular data support separate Scombroid and Xiphioid Clades |journal=Bulletin of Marine Science |year=2006 |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=505–519 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/search/download?pub=infobike%3a%2f%2fumrsmas%2fbullmar%2f2006%2f00000079%2f00000003%2fart00007&mimetype=application%2fpdf |access-date=28 October 2012 |format=PDF }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Scombrids have two [[dorsal fin]]s and a series of [[Fish anatomy|finlet]]s behind the rear dorsal fin and [[anal fin]]. The [[caudal fin]] is strongly divided and rigid, with a slender, ridged base. The first (spiny) dorsal fin and the [[pelvic]] fins are normally retracted into body grooves. Species lengths vary from the {{convert|20|cm|abbr=on}} of the [[island mackerel]] to the {{convert|4.58|m|abbr=on}} recorded for the immense [[Atlantic bluefin tuna]].

Scombrids are generally predators of the open ocean, and are found worldwide in tropical and temperate waters. They are capable of considerable speed, due to a highly streamlined body and retractable fins. Some members of the family, in particular the tunas, are notable for being partially [[endothermy|endothermic]] (warm-blooded), a feature that also helps them to maintain high speed and activity. Other adaptations include a large amount of red muscle, allowing them to maintain activity over long periods. Scombrids like the [[yellowfin tuna]] can reach speeds of 22&nbsp;km/h (14&nbsp;mph).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Svendsen|first1=Morten B. S.|last2=Domenici|first2=Paolo|last3=Marras|first3=Stefano|last4=Krause|first4=Jens|last5=Boswell|first5=Kevin M.|last6=Rodriguez-Pinto|first6=Ivan|last7=Wilson|first7=Alexander D. M.|last8=Kurvers|first8=Ralf H. J. M.|last9=Viblanc|first9=Paul E.|last10=Finger|first10=Jean S.|last11=Steffensen|first11=John F.|date=2016-10-15|title=Maximum swimming speeds of sailfish and three other large marine predatory fish species based on muscle contraction time and stride length: a myth revisited|journal=Biology Open|language=en|volume=5|issue=10|pages=1415–1419|doi=10.1242/bio.019919|issn=2046-6390|pmc=5087677|pmid=27543056}}</ref>

==Classification==
Jordan, Evermann, and Clark (1930) divide these fishes into the four families: Cybiidae, Katsuwonidae, Scombridae, and Thunnidae,<ref>{{cite book|author = [[David Starr Jordan]], [[Barton Warren Evermann]] and [[H. Walton Clark]]|year = 1930|title = Report of the Commission for 1928|publisher = U.S. Commission for Fish and Fisheries, Washington, D.C.}}</ref> but [[taxonomist]]s later classified them all into a single family, the Scombridae.<ref name=ITIS>{{ITIS |id=202065 |taxon=''Gasterochisma melampus'' |access-date=18 April 2006}}</ref><ref>{{FishBase family | family = Scombridae | month = January | year = 2006}}</ref>

The [[World Wildlife Fund]] and the [[Zoological Society of London]] jointly issued their "Living Blue Planet Report" on 16 September 2015 which states that a dramatic fall of 74% occurred in worldwide stocks of scombridae fish between 1970 and 2010, and the global overall "population sizes of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish fell by half on average in just 40 years".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://awsassets.wwf.org.au/downloads/mo038_living_blue_planet_report_16sep15.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-09-16 |archive-date=2015-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926212320/http://awsassets.wwf.org.au/downloads/mo038_living_blue_planet_report_16sep15.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Extant genera ===
The 51 extant species are in 15 genera and two subfamilies – with the subfamily [[Scombrinae]] further grouped into four [[tribe (biology)|tribe]]s, as:

;Family '''Scombridae'''
* Subfamily [[Gasterochismatinae]]
** Genus ''[[Gasterochisma]]''
* Subfamily [[Scombrinae]]
** Tribe [[Scombrini]] – [[mackerel]]s
*** Genus ''[[Rastrelliger]]''
*** Genus ''[[Scomber]]''
** Tribe [[Scomberomorini]] – [[Spanish mackerel]]s
*** Genus ''[[Acanthocybium]]''
*** Genus ''[[Grammatorcynus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Orcynopsis]]''
*** Genus ''[[Scomberomorus]]''
** Tribe [[Sardini]] – [[bonito]]s
*** Genus ''[[Sarda (genus)|Sarda]]''
*** Genus ''[[Cybiosarda]]''
*** Genus ''[[Gymnosarda]]''
** Tribe [[Thunnini]] – [[tuna]]s
*** Genus ''[[Allothunnus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Auxis]]''
*** Genus ''[[Euthynnus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Katsuwonus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Thunnus]]''

=== Fossil genera ===
The following fossil genera are known:<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBDB Taxon |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=210682&is_real_user=1 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=paleobiodb.org}}</ref>

*Genus †''[[Aramichthys]]'' (fossil; [[middle Eocene]] of Syria)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (France) |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/281267 |title=Notes et mémoires sur le Moyen-Orient |last2=naturelle (France) |first2=Muséum national d'histoire |date=1959 |publisher=Muséum national d'histoire naturelle |volume=t.7 (1959) |location=Paris}}</ref>
*Genus †''[[Eoscomber]]'' (fossil; [[Ypresian|early Eocene]] of Senegal)
* Genus †''[[Eoscombrus]]'' (fossil; late Eocene of California)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=David |first=Lorre R. |date=1946 |title=Some Typical Upper Eogene Fish Scales from California |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/v03cm-86s21 |journal=Contributions to Paleontology |volume=IV}}</ref>
* Genus †''[[Godsilia]]'' (fossil; early Eocene of Italy)
* Genus †''[[Landanichthys]]'' (fossil; [[Selandian|middle Paleocene]] of Angola)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Friedman |first1=Matt |last2=V. Andrews |first2=James |last3=Saad |first3=Hadeel |last4=El-Sayed |first4=Sanaa |date=2023-06-16 |title=The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018 |url=https://popups.uliege.be/1374-8505/index.php?id=7048 |journal=Geologica Belgica |language=en |doi=10.20341/gb.2023.002 |issn=1374-8505 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Genus †''[[Palaeocybium]]'' (fossil; Eocene to Oligocene of the United States and parts of Europe)
* Genus †''[[Pseudauxides]]'' (fossil; early Eocene of Italy)
* Genus †''[[Scombrinus]]'' (fossil; early Eocene of England)
* Genus †''[[Thunnoscomberoides]]'' (fossil; early Eocene of Italy) 
* Genus †''[[Wetherellus]]'' (fossil; early Eocene of England)
* Subfamily [[Scombrinae]]
** Genus †''[[Tamesichthys]]'' (early Eocene of England)<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Monsch |first=Kenneth A. |date=2004 |title=Revision of the scombroid fishes from the Cenozoic of England |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/earth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh/article/abs/revision-of-the-scombroid-fishes-from-the-cenozoic-of-england/4C0CBDC19BB39C4709617722D6FBE64C |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |language=en |volume=95 |issue=3–4 |pages=445–489 |doi=10.1017/S0263593300001164 |issn=1755-6929}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
** Genus †''[[Mioscomber]]'' (middle Miocene of the [[North Caucasus]] (Russia) and Croatia)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bannikov |first=A. F. |last2=Erebakan |first2=I. G. |date=2024-06-01 |title=A New Genus for the Sarmatian (Uppermost Middle Miocene) Mackerels (Scombridae) from the North Caucasus |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0031030124700102 |journal=Paleontological Journal |language=en |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=315–323 |doi=10.1134/S0031030124700102 |issn=1555-6174}}</ref>
** Tribe †[[Eocoelopomini]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Beckett |first1=Hermione T. |last2=Friedman |first2=Matt |date=2016 |title=The one that got away from Smith Woodward: cranial anatomy of Micrornatus (Acanthomorpha: Scombridae) revealed using computed microtomography |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/full/10.1144/sp430.16 |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |volume=430 |issue=1 |pages=337–353 |doi=10.1144/SP430.16|bibcode=2016GSLSP.430..337B }}</ref>
*** Genus †''[[Eocoelopoma]]'' (early Eocene of England & [[Turkmenistan]])
*** Genus †''[[Palaeothunnus]]'' (early Eocene of Turkmenistan)
*** Genus †''[[Micrornatus]]'' (early Eocene of England)
**Tribe [[Scomberomorini]]
***Genus †''[[Caucombrus]]'' ([[Rupelian|Early Oligocene]] of the North Caucasus (Russia) and Germany)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bannikov |first=A. F. |date=2020-01-01 |title=A New Genus and Species of Scombrid Fish (Perciformes, Scombroidei, Scombridae) from the Lower Oligocene of the Caucasus |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0031030120010037 |journal=Paleontological Journal |language=en |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=59–67 |doi=10.1134/S0031030120010037 |issn=1555-6174}}</ref>
***Genus †''[[Neocybium]]'' (Late Eocene of Kazakhstan, Early Oligocene of Germany & Georgia)<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Monsch |first1=Kenneth A. |last2=Bannikov |first2=Alexandre F. |date=2011 |title=New taxonomic synopses and revision of the scombroid fishes (Scombroidei, Perciformes), including billfishes, from the Cenozoic of territories of the former USSR |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/earth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh/article/abs/new-taxonomic-synopses-and-revision-of-the-scombroid-fishes-scombroidei-perciformes-including-billfishes-from-the-cenozoic-of-territories-of-the-former-ussr/37C191646AD6ECED0B473DE94B6971EC |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |language=en |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=253–300 |doi=10.1017/S1755691011010085 |bibcode=2011EESTR.102..253M |issn=1755-6910}}</ref>
**Tribe [[Scombrini]]
***Genus †''[[Auxides]]'' (early Eocene of Senegal, Turkmenistan, and much of Europe) (=''Scombrosarda'')<ref name=":1" />

==See also==
* [[Scombroid food poisoning]]
* [[Mackerel as food]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite journal | last = Sepkoski | first = Jack | title = A compendium of fossil marine animal genera | journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology | volume = 364 | page = 560 | year = 2002 | url = http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class | access-date = 2011-05-19 | archive-date = 2011-07-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131237/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class | url-status = dead }}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Scombridae}}
* Skaphandrus.com [https://archive.today/20130216200637/http://skaphandrus.com/en/marine_species/family/Scombridae Scombridae]

{{mackerel|state=uncollapsed}}
{{tuna|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q215185}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Scombridae| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]]
[[Category:Percomorpha families]]