Editing Science fiction on television

{{Short description|Television genre}}
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[[File:Al Hodge Don Hastings Captain Video.JPG|thumb|A scene from the early American science fiction television program ''[[Captain Video and His Video Rangers]]'' which aired from 1949 to 1955]]
{{Speculative fiction sidebar|cTopic=Science fiction}}
[[Science fiction]] first appeared in [[television program]]ming in the late 1930s, during what is called the [[Golden Age of Science Fiction]]. [[Special effect]]s and other production techniques allow creators to present a living visual image of an imaginary world not limited by the constraints of reality.

==Visual production process and methods==
The need to portray imaginary settings or characters with properties and abilities beyond the reach of current reality obliges producers to make extensive use of specialized techniques of television production.
  
Through most  of the 20th century, many of these techniques were expensive and involved a small number of dedicated craft practitioners, while the reusability of props, models, effects, or animation techniques made it easier to keep using them. The combination of high initial cost and lower maintenance cost pushed producers into building these techniques into the basic concept of a series, influencing all the artistic choices.

By the late 1990s, improved technology and more training and cross-training within the industry made all of these techniques easier to use, so that directors of individual episodes could make decisions to use one or more methods, so such artistic choices no longer needed to be baked into the series concept.

===Special effects===
{{Main|Special effect}}
[[File:Magicam-patent.png|thumb|For the series ''[[The Starlost]]'', the Magicam, a servo controlled dolly along with a secondary periscope camera filming a model background, was designed by [[Douglas Trumbull]]. However, the system did not work reliably and [[Chroma key|blue screen]] effects were used.<ref name="sf">{{cite book|title=Science Fiction Television Series|author1=Mark Phillips |author2=Frank Garcia |publisher=McFarland}}</ref> ]]

Special effects (or "SPFX") have been an essential tool throughout the history of science fiction on television: small explosives to simulate the effects of various [[raygun]]s, [[bullet hit squib|squib]]s of blood and gruesome prosthetics to simulate the monsters and victims in horror series, and the [[wire-flying]] entrances and exits of [[George Reeves]] as [[Adventures of Superman (TV series)|Superman]].

The broad term "special effects" includes all the techniques here, but more commonly there are two categories of effects. [[Visual effects]] ("VFX") involve photographic or digital manipulation of the onscreen image, usually done in [[post-production]]. Mechanical or [[physical effects]] involve props, pyrotechnics, and other physical methods used during [[principal photography]] itself. Some effects involved a combination of techniques; a ray gun might require a pyrotechnic during filming, and then an optical glowing line added to the film image in post-production. [[Stunt]]s are another important category of physical effects. In general, all kinds of special effects must be carefully planned during [[pre-production]].

===Computer-generated imagery===
{{Main|Computer-generated imagery}}

''[[Babylon 5]]'' was the first series to use [[computer-generated imagery]], or "CGI", for all exterior space scenes, even those with characters in space suits. The technology has made this more practical, so that today models are rarely used. In the 1990s, CGI required expensive processors and customized applications, but by the 2000s (decade), computing power has pushed capabilities down to personal laptops running a wide array of software.

===Models and puppets===
{{Main|Scale model|Puppet}}

[[Scale model|Models]] have been an essential tool in science fiction television since the beginning, when [[Buck Rogers]] took flight in spark-scattering spaceships wheeling across a matte backdrop sky. The original ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' required a staggering array of models; the [[Starship Enterprise|USS ''Enterprise'']] had to be built in several different scales for different needs. Models fell out of use in filming in the 1990s as CGI became more affordable and practical, but even today, designers sometimes construct scale models which are then digitized for use in animation software.

Models of characters are [[puppet]]s. [[Gerry Anderson]] created a series of shows using puppets living in a universe of models and miniature sets, notably ''[[Thunderbirds (TV series)|Thunderbirds]]''. ''[[ALF (TV series)|ALF]]'' depicted an alien living in a family, while ''[[Farscape]]'' included two puppets as regular characters. In ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'', the [[Asgard (Stargate)|Asgard]] characters are puppets in scenes where they are sitting, standing, or lying down. In ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]'', the characters of [[Crow T. Robot]] and [[Tom Servo]], two of the show's main (and most iconic) characters, are puppets constructed from random household items.

===Animation===
{{Main|Animation}}
{{See also|Anime}}
[[File:Kuha2053108.JPG|thumb|Robot characters from the Japanese science fiction television series  ''[[Ganbare!! Robocon]]''  were used to decorate this train car.]]
As animation is completely free of the constraints of gravity, momentum, and physical reality, it is an ideal technique for science fiction and fantasy on television. In a sense, virtually all animated series allow characters and objects to perform in unrealistic ways, so they are almost all considered to fit within the broadest category of [[speculative fiction]] (in the context of awards, criticism, marketing, etc.) The artistic affinity of animation to [[comic books]] has led to a large amount of [[superhero]]-themed animation, much of this adapted from comics series, while the impossible characters and settings allowed in animation made this a preferred medium for both [[fantasy]] and for series aimed at young audiences.

Originally, animation was all hand-drawn by artists, though in the 1980s, beginning with ''[[Captain Power]]'', computers began to automate the task of creating repeated images; by the 1990s, hand-drawn animation became defunct.

===Animation in live-action===
In recent years as technology has improved, this has become more common, notably since the development of the Massive software application permits producers to include hordes of non-human characters to storm a city or space station. The robotic [[Cylon (reimagining)|Cylons]] in the new version of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'' are usually animated characters, while the [[Asgard (Stargate)|Asgard]] in ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'' are animated when they are shown walking around or more than one is on screen at once.

==Science fiction television economics and distribution==
In general, science fiction series are subject to the same financial constraints as other television shows. However, high production costs increase the financial risk, while limited audiences further complicate the business case for continuing production. ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' was the first television series to cost more than $100,000 per episode, while ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' was the first to cost more than $1&nbsp;million per episode.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

==Media fandom==
{{Main|Media fandom}}
{{See also|science fiction fandom|Trekkie}}
[[File:Star Trek Federation Officers.jpg|thumb|250px|Fans at a science fiction convention dressed as characters from ''[[Star Trek]]'']]
One of the earliest forms of media fandom was [[Star Trek fandom]]. Fans of the series became known to each other through the [[science fiction fandom]]. In 1968, [[NBC]] decided to cancel ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]''. [[Bjo Trimble]] wrote letters to contacts in the National Fantasy Fan Foundation, asking people to organize their local friends to write to the network to demand the show remain on the air. Network executives were overwhelmed by an unprecedented wave of correspondence, and they kept the show on the air. Although the series continued to receive low ratings and was canceled a year later, the enduring popularity of the series resulted in [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] creating a set of movies, and then a new series ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'', which by the early 1990s had become one of the most popular dramas on American television.

''Star Trek'' fans continued to grow in number, and first began organizing conventions in the 1970s. No other show attracted a large organized following until the 1990s, when ''[[Babylon 5]]'' attracted both ''Star Trek'' fans and a large number of literary SF fans who previously had not been involved in media fandom. Other series began to attract a growing number of followers. The British series, ''[[Doctor Who]]'', has similarly attracted a devoted following.

In the late 1990s, a market for celebrity autographs emerged on [[eBay]], which created a new source of income for actors, who began to charge money for autographs that they had previously been doing for free. This became significant enough that lesser-known actors would come to conventions without requesting any appearance fee, simply to be allowed to sell their own autographs (commonly on publicity photos). Today most events with actor appearances are organized by commercial promoters, though a number of fan-run conventions still exist, such as [[Toronto Trek]] and [[Shore Leave (convention)|Shore Leave]].

The 1985 series ''[[Robotech]]'' is most often credited as the catalyst for the Western interest in anime. The series inspired a few fanzines such as ''Protoculture Addicts'' and ''Animag'' both of which in turn promoted interest in the wide world of anime in general. Anime's first notable appearance at SF or comic book conventions was in the form of video showings of popular anime, untranslated and often low quality VHS bootlegs. Starting in the 1990s, [[anime]] fans began organizing conventions. These quickly grew to sizes much larger than other science fiction and media conventions in the same communities; many cities now have anime conventions attracting five to ten thousand attendees. Many anime conventions are a hybrid between non-profit and commercial events, with volunteer organizers handling large revenue streams and dealing with commercial suppliers and professional marketing campaigns.

For decades, the majority of science fiction media fandom has been represented by males of all ages and for most of its modern existence, a fairly diverse racial demographic. The most highly publicized demographic for science fiction fans is the male adolescent; roughly the same demographic for American [[comic book]]s. Female fans, while always present, were far fewer in number and less conspicuously present in fandom. With the rising popularity of fanzines, female fans became increasingly vocal. Starting in the 2000s (decade), genre series began to offer more prominent female characters. Many series featured women as the main characters with males as supporting characters. ''[[True Blood]]'' is an example. Also, such shows premises moved away from heroic [[Action (fiction)|action-adventure]] and focused more on characters and their relationships. This has caused the rising popularity of [[fanfiction]], a large majority of which is categorized as [[slash fanfiction]]. Female fans comprise the majority of fanfiction writers.

==Science fiction television history and culture==

===American television science fiction===
{{Main|U.S. television science fiction}}

American television science fiction has produced ''[[Lost in Space|Lost in Space]]'', ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'', ''[[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]],'' and ''[[The X-Files]]'', among others.

===British television science fiction===
{{Main|British television science fiction}}

'''British television science fiction''' began in 1938 when the broadcast medium was in its infancy with the transmission of a partial adaptation of [[Karel Čapek]]'s play ''[[R.U.R.]]''. Despite an occasionally chequered history, programmes in the genre have been produced by both the [[BBC]] and the largest commercial channel, [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]. 

[[Nigel Kneale]]'s ''[[The Quatermass Experiment]]'' (1953) and its sequels have been called "one of BBC Television's earliest audience successes" and Kneale became "one of the most influential television and film writers to emerge in the 1950s".<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1533099/Nigel-Kneale.html | title= Nigel Kneale | work=The Daily Telegraph | date=3 November 2006 | access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref> ''[[Doctor Who]]'', which launched in 1963 and ran until 1989, then was revived in 2005, was listed in the ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' in 2006 as the longest-running [[science fiction]] television show in the world<ref>{{cite news
 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5390372.stm
 | title=Dr Who 'longest-running sci-fi'
 | work=BBC News
 | date=28 September 2006
 | access-date=30 September 2006
 }}</ref> and as the "most successful" science fiction series of all time.<ref>{{cite news|first=Liz Shannon|last=Miller |url=https://variety.com/2009/biz/markets-festivals/doctor-who-honored-by-guinness-1118006512/ |title=''Doctor Who'' Honored by Guinness&nbsp;— Entertainment News, TV News, Media |work=Variety |date= 26 July 2009|access-date=23 November 2009}}</ref> Other cult British series in the science fiction genre include ''[[The Tomorrow People]]'', ''[[Space: 1999]]'', ''[[Blake's 7]]'', ''[[Star Cops]]'' and ''[[Red Dwarf]]''.

===Canadian science fiction television===
{{Main|Canadian science fiction television}}

Science fiction in [[Canada]] was produced by the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] as early as the 1950s. In the 1970s, [[CTV Television Network|CTV]] produced ''[[The Starlost]]''. In the 1980s, Canadian animation studios including [[Nelvana]], began producing a growing proportion of the world market in animation.

In the 1990s, Canada became an important player in live action speculative fiction on television, with dozens of series like ''[[Forever Knight]]'', ''[[Robocop: The Series|Robocop]]'', and most notably ''[[The X-Files]]'' and ''[[Stargate SG-1]]''. Many series have been produced for youth and children's markets, including ''[[Deepwater Black]]'' and ''[[MythQuest]]''.

In the first decade of the 21st century, changes in provincial tax legislation prompted many production companies to move from Toronto to [[Vancouver]]. Recent popular series produced in Vancouver include ''[[The Dead Zone (TV series)|The Dead Zone]]'', ''[[Smallville]]'', ''[[Andromeda (TV series)|Andromeda]]'', ''[[Stargate Atlantis]]'', ''[[Stargate Universe]]'', ''[[The 4400]]'', ''[[Sanctuary (Canadian TV series)|Sanctuary]]'' and the reimagined ''[[Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]''.

Because of the small size of the domestic television market, most Canadian productions involve partnerships with production studios based in the United States and Europe. However, in recent years, new partnership arrangements are allowing Canadian investors a growing share of control of projects produced in Canada and elsewhere.

===Australian science fiction television===
{{Main|Australian science fiction television}}

Australia's first locally produced Science Fiction series was ''[[The Stranger (Australian TV series)|The Stranger]]'' (1964–65) produced and screened by the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] . Later series made in the 1960s included ''[[The Interpretaris]]'' (1966) ''[[Vega 4 (TV series)|Vega 4]]'' (1967), and ''[[Phoenix Five]]'' (1970). The country's best known Science Fiction series was ''[[Farscape]]''; an American co-production, it ran from 1999 to 2003. A significant proportion of Australian produced Science Fiction programmes are made for the teens/young Adults market, including ''[[The Girl from Tomorrow]]'', the long-running ''[[Mr. Squiggle]]'', ''[[Halfway Across the Galaxy and Turn Left]]'', ''[[Ocean Girl]]'', ''[[Crash Zone]]'', ''[[Watch This Space]]'' and ''[[Spellbinder (TV series)|Spellbinder]]''.

Other series like ''[[Time Trax]]'', ''[[Roar (1997 TV series)|Roar]]'', and ''[[Space: Above and Beyond]]'' were filmed in Australia, but used mostly US crew and actors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magicdragon.com/UltimateSF/tv.html|title=TV page of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE|first=Jonathan Vos|last=Post|website=www.magicdragon.com}}</ref>

===Japanese television science fiction===
{{Main|History of anime|Tokusatsu}}
Japan has a long history of producing science fiction series for television. Some of the most famous are [[anime]] such as [[Osamu Tezuka]]'s ''[[Astro Boy]]'', the [[Super Robot]]s such as [[Mitsuteru Yokoyama]]'s ''[[Tetsujin 28-go]]'' (''[[Gigantor]]'') and [[Go Nagai]]'s ''[[Mazinger Z]]'', and the [[Real Robot]]s such as [[Yoshiyuki Tomino]]'s ''[[Gundam]]'' series and [[Shōji Kawamori]]'s ''[[Macross]]'' series.

Other primary aspects of Japanese science fiction television are the [[superhero fiction|superhero]] ''[[tokusatsu]]'' (a term literally meaning [[special effects]]) series, pioneered by programs such as ''[[Moonlight Mask]]'' and ''[[Planet Prince]]''. The [[suitmation]] technique has been used in long running franchises include [[Eiji Tsuburaya]]'s [[Ultra Series]], [[Shotaro Ishinomori]]'s [[Kamen Rider Series]], and the [[Super Sentai]] Series.

In addition, several [[Japanese television drama|dramas]] utilize science fiction elements as framing devices, but are not labeled as "tokusatsu" as they do not utilize actors in full body suits and other special effects.

===Continental European science fiction series===

==== German series ====
Among the notable German language productions are:

* [[Raumpatrouille – Die phantastischen Abenteuer des Raumschiffes Orion|Raumpatrouille]], a German series first broadcast in 1966,
* The miniseries ''[[Das Blaue Palais]]'' by [[Rainer Erler]],
* ''[[Star Maidens]]'' (1975, aka "Medusa" or "Die Mädchen aus dem Weltraum") was a British-German coproduction of pure SF.
* ''[[Der Androjäger]]'' (1982/83) was a sci-fi comedy produced by Bavaraia Filmstudios in cooperation with Norddeutscher Rundfunk. 
* ''[[Lexx]]'', a German-Canadian co-production from 2000.

==== Danish series ====
Danish television broadcast the children's TV-series ''[[Crash (1984 TV series)|Crash]]'' in 1984 about a boy who finds out that his room is a space ship.

==== Dutch series ====
Early Dutch television series were ''{{ill|Morgen gebeurt het|nl}}'' (Tomorrow it will happen), broadcast from 1957 to 1959, about a group of Dutch space explorers and their adventures, ''De duivelsgrot'' (The devil's cave), broadcast from 1963 to 1964, about a scientist who finds the map of a cave that leads to the center of the Earth and ''Treinreis naar de Toekomst'' (Train journey to the future) about two young children who are taken to the future by robots who try to recreate humanity, but are unable to give the cloned humans a soul. All three of these television series were aimed mostly at children.

Later television series were ''Professor Vreemdeling'' (1977) about a strange professor who wants to make plants speak and ''{{ill|Zeeuws Meisje|nl|Zeeuws Meisje (televisie)}}'' (1997) a nationalistic post-apocalyptic series where the Netherlands has been built full of housing and the highways are filled with traffic jams. The protagonist, a female superhero, wears traditional folkloric clothes and tries to save traditional elements of Dutch society against the factory owners.

==== Italian series ====
Italian TV shows include ''[[A come Andromeda]]'' (1972) which was a remake of 1962 [[BBC]] serial, ''[[A for Andromeda]]'' (from the novels of Hoyle and Elliott), ''Geminus'' (1968), ''[[Il segno del comando]]'' (1971), ''[[Gamma (miniseries)|Gamma]]'' (1974) and ''La traccia verde'' (1975).

==== French series ====
French series are ''[[Highlander: The Series]]'', [[France|French]] science-fiction/fantasy television series (both co-produced with Canada) and a number of smaller fiction/fantasy television series, including ''Tang'' in 1971, about a secret organization that attempts to control the world with a new super weapon, "Les atomistes" and 1970 miniseries "La brigade des maléfices".

Another French-produced science fiction series was the [[new age]] animated series {{lang|fr|Il était une fois... l'espace}} ({{langx|en|Once upon a time...space}}).  [[Anime-influenced animation]] includes a series of French-Japanese [[cartoon]]s/[[anime]], including such titles as ''[[Ulysses 31]]'' (1981), ''[[The Mysterious Cities of Gold]]'' (1982), and  ''[[Ōban Star-Racers]]'' (2006).

==== Spanish series ====
The first Spanish SF series was ''Diego Valor'', a 22 episode TV adaption of a radio show hero of the same name based on [[Dan Dare]], aired weekly between 1958 and 1959. Nothing was survived of this series, not a single still; it is not known if the show was even recorded or just a live broadcast.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jiménez|first=Jesús|title=Andreu Martín y Enrique Ventura resucitan a 'Diego Valor'|url=http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20130823/andreu-martin-enrique-ventura-resucitan-diego-valor/743062.shtml|website=rtve|language=es|date=23 August 2013|access-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Boix|first=Armando|title=La aventura interplanetaria de Diego Valor|url=http://www.ciencia-ficcion.com/series/sdiegovalor.htm|website=Ciencia-ficción.com|date=5 June 1999|language=es|access-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fueradeseries.com/diego-valor-una-aventura-en-espana-y-el-espacio/|title=Diego Valor: Una aventura en España y el Espacio|last=Agudo|first=Angel|date=July 2006|website=Fuera de Series|language=es|access-date=13 February 2016}}</ref>

The 60s were dominated by [[Chicho Ibáñez Serrador]] and [[Narciso Ibáñez Menta]], who adapted SF works from Golden Age authors and others to a series titled ''Mañana puede ser verdad''. Only 11 episodes were filmed. The 70s saw three important television films, ''Los pajaritos'' (1974), ''La Gioconda está triste'' (1977), and {{Lang|es|[[La cabina]]}} (1972), this last one, about a man who becomes trapped in a telephone booth, while passersby seem unable to help him, won the 1973 [[International Emmy Award]] for Fiction.<ref name=Jimenez2012>{{cite web|url=http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20120218/ciencia-ficcion-genero-tan-raro-cine-espanol-como-estimulante/498557.shtml|title=La ciencia ficción, un género tan raro en el cine español como estimulante|first=Jesús |last=Jiménez|access-date=13 February 2016|date=18 February 2012|language=es|website=rtve}}</ref>

The series ''Plutón B.R.B. Nero'' (2008) was a brutal SF comedy by [[Álex de la Iglesia]], in the line of ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'', ''[[Red Dwarf]]'', or ''[[Doctor Who]]'', with 26 episodes of 35 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vertele.com/noticias/alex-de-la-iglesia-inicia-su-viaje-espacial-en-television-espanola/ |title=Álex de la Iglesia inicia su viaje espacial en Televisión Española |website=Vertele |date=16 July 2008 |access-date=29 March 2016 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bartolomé|first=Eva Mª|title=Si España tuviera que salvar al mundo|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/07/16/television/1216238841.html|website=El Mundo|language=es|date=17 July 2008|access-date=29 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Vidiella|first=Rafa|title=Álex de la Iglesia se estrena en televisión con su serie 'Plutón BRB Nero'|url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/414341/0/brbnero/serie/iglesia/|website=20 Minutos|language=es|date=24 September 2008|access-date=29 March 2016}}</ref> Other series of the 2010s were ''[[Los protegidos (Spanish TV series)|Los protegidos]]'' (2010-2012), ''[[El Barco (TV series)|El barco]]'' (2011-2013), and ''[[El internado]]'' (2007-2010), all three inspired by North American productions, with minor SF elements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portalcomunicacion.com/lecciones_exp.asp?id=80 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160329182437/http://www.portalcomunicacion.com/lecciones_exp.asp?id=80 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=March 29, 2016 |title=Las tendencias de las series de ficción españolas en los primeros años del siglo XXI |website=Lecciones del portal |issn=2014-0576 |author1=Puebla Martínez, Belén |author2=Carrillo Pascual, Elena |author3= Iñigo Jurado, Ana Isabel |access-date=29 March 2016 |language=es}}</ref><ref name=ecartelera>{{cite web|last=Alabadí Lunes|first=Héctor|title=5 veces que las series españolas lo intentaron con la ciencia ficción y la fantasía, y fallaron|url=http://www.ecartelera.com/noticias/28943/5-intentos-series-espanolas-intentaron-ciencia-ficcion-fantasia/|website=e-cartelera|language=es|date=15 February 2016|access-date=29 March 2016}}</ref>

The latest success is ''[[El ministerio del tiempo]]'' (''The ministry of time''), premiered on February 24, 2015 on [[Televisión Española|TVE]]'s main channel [[La 1 (Spanish TV channel)|La 1]]. The series follows the exploits of a patrol of the fictional Ministry of Time, which deals with incidents caused by time travel.<ref name= "elperiodico">{{Cite news|title = Un ministro secreto y oculto|url = http://www.elperiodico.com/es/noticias/opinion/ministro-secreto-oculto-3969000|last = Monegal|first=Ferran |date =  26 February 2015|access-date=23 February 2016|newspaper=[[El Periódico de Catalunya|El Periódico]]|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = El Ministerio del tiempo: un viaje sin complejos|url = http://www.elmundo.es/television/2015/02/24/54eb751de2704e84738b456d.html|last= Rey|first=Alberto |newspaper=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |date = 24 February 2015|access-date=23 February 2016|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = "El Ministerio del Tiempo": el futuro de la ficción española|url = http://laguiatv.abc.es/noticias/20150225/abci-critica-ministerio-tiempo-201502241819.html|last= Marín Bellón|first=Federico |date = 25 February 2015|access-date=23 February 2016 |newspaper=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es}}</ref> It has garnered several national prizes in 2015, like  the [[Premios Ondas|Ondas Prize]], and has a thick following on-line, called ''los ministéricos''.<ref>{{cite web|title='El Ministerio del Tiempo' se estrena el martes 24 de febrero contra 'Bajo sospecha'|url=http://www.formulatv.com/noticias/44070/el-ministerio-del-tiempo-estrena-martes-24-febrero-bajo-sospecha/|website=FormulaTV|access-date=15 March 2015|language=es|date=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref name= "20minutos">{{Cite news|title = Los fans convierten la serie 'El Ministerio del Tiempo' en un fenómeno sin precedentes|url = http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/2421701/0/el-ministerio-del-tiempo/ministericos/comunidad-fan/|last= González|first=Daniel |date = 6 April 2015|access-date=23 February 2016|newspaper=[[20 minutos]]|language=es}}</ref>

==== Eastern European series ====
[[Serbia]] produced ''[[The Collector (Serbian TV series)|The Collector]]'' ({{lang|sr|Sakupljač}}), a science fiction television series based upon [[Zoran Živković (writer)|Zoran Živković's]] story, winner of a [[World Fantasy Award]]. 

''[[Návštěvníci (TV series)|Návštěvníci]]'' ''(The Visitors)'' was a Czechoslovak (and Federal German, Swiss and French) TV series produced in 1981 to 1983. The family show aired in a larger number of European countries.

==Significant creative influences==
For a list of notable science fiction series and programs on television, see: [[List of science fiction television programs]].

People who have influenced science fiction on television include:
* [[Irwin Allen]], creator of ''[[Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (TV series)|Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea]]'', ''[[The Time Tunnel]]'', ''[[Lost in Space]]'' and ''[[Land of the Giants]]''
* [[Gerry Anderson]], creator of ''[[Supercar (TV series)|Supercar]]'', ''[[Fireball XL5]]'', ''[[Stingray (1964 TV series)|Stingray]]'', ''[[Thunderbirds (TV series)|Thunderbirds]]'', ''[[Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons]]'', ''[[Joe 90]]'', ''[[UFO (British TV series)|UFO]]'', ''[[Space: 1999]]'', ''[[Terrahawks]]'', ''[[Space Precinct]]'' and ''[[Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet|New Captain Scarlet]]''.
* [[Joseph Barbera]] and [[William Hanna]], animators and producers of ''[[The Jetsons]]'', ''[[Jonny Quest (TV series)|Jonny Quest]]'', ''[[Valley of the Dinosaurs]]'', ''[[Mightor]]'', and ''[[Samson & Goliath]]''
* [[Rick Berman]], producer of ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' and creator of ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'', ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'', and ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]''.
* [[Chris Carter (screenwriter)|Chris Carter]], creator of ''[[The X-Files]]'', ''[[The Lone Gunmen (TV series)|The Lone Gunmen]]'', ''[[Harsh Realm]]'', and ''[[Millennium (TV series)|Millennium]]''
* [[Russell T Davies]], revived the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' franchise and created its spinoffs ''[[Torchwood]]'' and ''[[The Sarah Jane Adventures]]''
* [[Kenneth Johnson (producer)|Kenneth Johnson]], producer and director of ''[[The Six Million Dollar Man]]'', ''[[The Bionic Woman]]'', ''[[The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)|The Incredible Hulk]]'', ''[[V (1983 miniseries)|V]]'' (also creator), and ''[[Alien Nation (TV series)|Alien Nation]]''
* [[Sid & Marty Krofft]], producers and creators of ''[[Land of the Lost (1974 TV series)|Land of the Lost]]'' and its 1991 remake, ''[[The Lost Saucer]]'', ''[[Far Out Space Nuts]]'', and ''[[Electra Woman and Dyna Girl]]''
* [[Nigel Kneale]], writer and creator of the ''[[Quatermass]]'' serials
* [[Glen A. Larson]], creator of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', ''[[Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)|Buck Rogers in the 25th Century]]'', ''[[Galactica 1980]]'' and ''[[Knight Rider (1982 TV series)|Knight Rider]]''
* [[Carl Macek]], producer of the 1985 American anime series ''[[Robotech]]'' (based on adaptations of 3 separate Japanese animated series). Also producer of ''[[Captain Harlock and the Queen of a Thousand Years]]''.
* [[Ronald D. Moore]], creator of the [[Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)|re-imagined ''Battlestar Galactica'']]; producer and writer for ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'', ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'', and ''[[Roswell (TV series)|Roswell]]''
* [[Terry Nation]], creator of the [[Dalek]]s in ''[[Doctor Who]]'', and of his own shows ''[[Survivors (1975 TV series)|Survivors]]'' and ''[[Blake's 7]]''
* [[Sydney Newman]], creator of ''[[Doctor Who]]'', ''[[The Avengers (TV series)|The Avengers]]'', and other telefantasy series
* [[Rockne S. O'Bannon]], creator of ''[[Alien Nation (1989 TV series)|Alien Nation]]'', ''[[seaQuest DSV]]'', and ''[[Farscape]]''.
* [[Gene Roddenberry]], the creator of ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'', ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'', ''[[Earth: Final Conflict]]'', and ''[[Andromeda (TV series)|Andromeda]]''
* [[Rod Serling]], creator of ''[[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'' and ''[[Night Gallery]]''.
* [[Leslie Stevens]] and [[Joseph Stefano]], creators of ''[[The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)|The Outer Limits]]''.
* [[J. Michael Straczynski]], creator of ''[[Babylon 5]]'', ''[[Crusade (TV series)|Crusade]]'', ''[[Jeremiah (TV series)|Jeremiah]]'', and ''[[Sense8]]''.
* [[Joss Whedon]], creator of ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)|Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'', ''[[Angel (1999 TV series)|Angel]]'', ''[[Firefly (TV series)|Firefly]]'', and ''[[Dollhouse (TV series)|Dollhouse]]''.
* [[Robert Hewitt Wolfe]], writer, producer, and/or executive producer of ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'', ''[[Andromeda (TV series)|Andromeda]]'', ''[[The Dead Zone (TV series)|The Dead Zone]]'', ''[[The 4400]]'', and ''[[The Dresden Files]]''.
* [[Brad Wright]], writer, producer, co-creator and/or executive producer of ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'', ''[[Stargate Atlantis]]'', and ''[[Stargate Universe]]''<ref name="people">{{cite journal
|author=Malcom, Nollinger, Rudolph, Tomashoff, Weeks, & Williams
|date=2004-08-01
|title=25 Greatest Sci-Fi Legends
|journal=TV Guide
|pages=31–39
}}</ref>                                      

==See also==
*[[Cultural influence of Star Trek|Cultural influence of ''Star Trek'']]
*[[Fantasy television]]
*[[List of programs broadcast by Syfy]]
*[[List of science fiction sitcoms]]
*[[List of science fiction television films]]
*[[List of Star Wars television series|List of ''Star Wars'' television series]]
*[[Science fiction film]]
*[[:Category:Science fiction television series|Science fiction television series]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Science fiction television programmes}}
{{Science fiction}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:History of science fiction]]
[[Category:Creative works in popular culture]]
[[Category:Science fiction television| ]]
[[Category:Television genres]]