Editing Saxifragales

{{Short description|Order of flowering plants}}
{{Good article}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|fossil_range = {{fossil range|89.5|0}} [[Turonian]] - Recent
| image = 20170509Saxifraga granulata4.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Saxifraga granulata]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small><br/>meadow saxifrage
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Saxifragales
| authority = [[Bercht.]] & [[J.Presl]]{{sfn|APG IV|2016}} 
| type_genus = ''[[Saxifraga]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision_ref = {{sfn|APG IV|2016}}
| subdivision = 
{{hidden begin}}
*[[Altingiaceae]] <small>[[Lindl.]], [[nom. cons.]]</small>
*[[Aphanopetalaceae]] <small>[[Doweld]]</small>
*[[Cercidiphyllaceae]] <small>[[Adolf Engler|Engl.]], nom. cons.</small>
*[[Crassulaceae]] <small>[[J.St.-Hil.]], nom. cons.</small> 
*[[Cynomoriaceae]] <small>[[Endl.]] ex [[Lindl.]], nom. cons.</small> 
*[[Daphniphyllaceae]] <small>[[Müll.Arg.]], nom. cons.</small>
*[[Grossulariaceae]] <small>[[DC.]], nom. cons.</small> 
*[[Haloragaceae]] <small>[[R.Br.]], nom. cons.</small>
*[[Hamamelidaceae]] <small>[[R.Br.]], nom. cons.</small> 
*[[Iteaceae]] <small>[[J.Agardh]], nom. cons.</small> (including [[Pterostemonaceae]])
*[[Paeoniaceae]] <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]], nom. cons.</small>
*[[Penthoraceae]] <small>[[Rydb.]] ex [[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]], nom. cons.</small>
*[[Peridiscaceae]] <small>[[Kuhlm.]], nom. cons.</small> (including [[Medusandraceae]])
*[[Saxifragaceae]] <small>[[Juss.]], nom. cons.</small> 
*[[Tetracarpaeaceae]] <small>[[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]</small>
{{hidden end}}
| synonyms = 
{{hidden begin}}
* Cercidiphyllales
* Crassulales
* Daphniphyllales
* Grossulariales
* Haloragales
* Hamamelidales
* Iteales
* Paeoniales
* Sedales
{{hidden end}}
}}
[[File:Britannica Saxifragaceae Saxifrage Diagram.png|thumb|[[Floral diagram]] ''[[Saxifraga]]'': Bicarpellate Gynoecium|alt=Floral diagram of Saxifraga flower]]

'''Saxifragales''' is an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Superrosids|superrosid]] clade of the [[eudicots]]. It contains 15 [[Families (biology)|families]] and around 100 [[genera]], with nearly 2,500 [[species]]. Well-known and economically important members of this order include [[Saxifraga|saxifrages]] (after whom the order is named), [[blackcurrant]]s, [[redcurrant]]s, [[Gooseberry|gooseberries]], [[Peony|peonies]], [[liquidambar]]s, [[witch-hazel]], [[Parrotia persica|Persian ironwood]], [[Cercidiphyllum|katsura]], [[Crassula ovata|jade plant]], [[Sempervivum|houseleeks]], and [[Myriophyllum|water milfoil]].

Of the 15 families, many are small, with eight of them being [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] (having only a single genus). The largest family is the [[Crassulaceae]] (stonecrops), a diverse group of mostly [[Succulent plant|succulent plants]], with about 35 genera. Saxifragales are found worldwide,  primarily in [[Temperate climate|temperate]] to [[Subtropics|subtropical]]  zones, rarely being encountered growing wild in the [[tropics]]; however, many species are now [[Agriculture|cultivated]] throughout the world as knowledge of plant husbandry has improved. They can be found in a wide variety of environments, from [[Desert|deserts]] to fully [[Aquatic plant|aquatic]] [[Habitat|habitats]], with species adapted to [[Alpine plant|alpine]], forested or fully-[[Aquatic plant|aquatic]] habitats. Many are [[Epiphyte|epiphytic]] or [[Lithophyte|lithophytic]], growing on exposed cliff faces, on trees or on rocks, and not requiring a highly organic or nutrient-dense substrate to thrive. 

Globally, the saxifrages have a wide variety of uses by humans, ranging from [[Textile|textiles]] and [[Lumber|timber]] to foodstuffs. Several families—such as the aforementioned Crassulaceae—and genera are of significant commercial importance in some countries and economies, being cultivated on a large scale for sale as [[ornamental plants]]. Apart from ornamentals, another highly-prized group are the [[Grossulariaceae]] ([[Ribes|currants]] and [[Gooseberry|gooseberries]]), particularly [[blackcurrant|blackcurrants]], [[Redcurrant|redcurrants]] and [[White currant|white currants]]. 

Overall, the order is extremely [[biodiversity|diverse]], encompassing numerous [[trees]], [[shrubs]], [[perennial herbs]] and [[Succulent plant|succulent plants]], as well as [[Aquatic plant|aquatic]] and [[Semiaquatic|semi-aquatic]] species. The order's high degree of diversity, in terms of vegetative and reproductive traits (and sheer amount of species), can make it challenging to find any common or unifying features amongst the respective genera.

In the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] classification system, the Saxifragales are placed within the major [[clade|division]] of flowering plants referred to as [[eudicot]]s, specifically the [[core eudicots]]. This subgroup consists of the [[Dilleniaceae]], [[superasterids]] and [[superrosids]]. The superrosids, in turn, have two components, [[rosids]] and Saxifragales. The Saxifragales order has undergone considerable revision since its original [[Systematics|classification]], which had been based purely on [[plant morphology|plant characteristics]]. The modern classification is based on genetic studies, using [[molecular phylogenetic]]s. There is an extensive [[fossil]] record from the [[Turonian]]-[[Campanian]] phase of the late [[Cretaceous]], dating to about 90 million years ago ([[Myr]]). However, [[divergence time estimation|molecular studies]] may suggest an older origin, from the early Cretaceous (102–108&nbsp;Myr), with rapid and early diversification to more modern forms.

== Description ==

The [[Order (biology)|order]] Saxifragales is extremely [[Morphology (biology)|morphologically]] [[biodiversity|diverse]] (hyper-diverse). It includes [[trees]] (e.g. [[witch hazel]], [[witch alder]] in [[Hamamelidaceae]]), fruit bearing [[shrubs]] (e.g. [[Ribes|currants]], [[gooseberries]] in [[Grossulariaceae]]), [[lianas]], [[Annual plant|annual]] and [[perennial herbs]], [[rock garden]] plants (e.g. [[saxifrage]] in [[Saxifragaceae]]), [[ornamental garden plants]] (e.g. [[peonies]] in [[Paeoniaceae]]), [[succulents]] (e.g. [[stonecrop]] in [[Crassulaceae]]) and [[Aquatic plant|aquatics]] (e.g. [[watermilfoil]] in [[Haloragaceae]]).{{sfn|Casas et al|2016}} The [[flowers]] demonstrate major variations in [[sepal]], [[petal]], [[stamen]], and  [[carpel]] number,  as well as [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] position (''see'' [[#Biogeography and evolution|Biogeography and evolution]]).{{sfn|Soltis et al|2013}}{{sfn|Johansson |2013}}
{{multiple image | header = | align = center | direction = | total_width=500 | float = 
| image1 = Saxifraga cernua flower upernavik 2007-07-09 trimmed.jpg| caption1 = ''[[Saxifraga cernua]]'':<br/> [[Radial symmetry]]<br/>5 free [[petals]]| alt1 = Flower of Saxifraga cernua showing radial symmetry and free petals
| image2= Iceland Plants 4900.JPG| caption2= ''[[Paeonia lactiflora]]'':<br/>[[Follicle (fruit)|Follicular fruit]]  | alt2=Follicular fruit of Paeonia lactiflora
| image3= Saxifraga nivalis close-up trimmed upernavik 2007-07-02.jpg| caption3= ''[[Saxifraga nivalis]]'':<br/>Basifixed [[anthers]]|alt3=Flower of Saxifraga nivalis showing basifixed anthers
}}

This degree of diversity makes defining [[synapomorphy]] (derived common characteristics) for the group extremely difficult, the order being defined on the basis of molecular affinity rather than morphology. However, some characteristics that are prevalent (common traits) represent potential or putative synapomorphies based on ancestral states. These include [[flowers]] that are usually [[radially symmetric]] and [[petals]] that are free. The [[gynoecium]] (female reproductive part) generally consists of two [[carpels]] (ovary, style and stigma) that are free, at least toward the apex (partially fused bicarpellate gynoecium) and possess a [[hypanthium]] (cup shaped basal floral tube). In the [[androecium]] (male reproductive part), the stamen anthers are generally basifixed (attached at its base to the filament), sometimes dorsifixed (attached at centre) (''see {{harvtxt|Carlsward et al|2011}} Figure 2''). Other commonly occurring features are [[fruit]] that is generally [[Follicle (fruit)|follicular]] (formed from a single carpel), [[seeds]] with abundant [[endosperm]] surrounding the [[Embryo#Plant embryos|embryo]] and [[leaves]] with glandular [[Leaf#Edge (margin)|teeth at their margins]] (glandular dentate, ''see [[#Pmex|image]]''). Within the Saxifragales, while the families of the woody clade are primarily woody, the primarily [[herbaceous]] families of  Crassulaceae and Saxifragaceae exhibit woody features as a secondary transition.{{sfn|Soltis et al|2006}}{{sfn|Berry|2017}}{{sfn|Carlsward et al|2011}}

== Taxonomy ==

Saxifragales is a relatively small [[angiosperm]] [[Order (biology)|order]], having only 15 [[Families (biology)|families]], about 100 [[genera]] and about 2,470 [[species]].{{sfn|Soltis et al|2013}}

=== History ===
[[File:Lindley Saxifragaceae.png|thumb|[[John Lindley]]'s description of Saxifragales 1853|alt=First page of Lindley's Saxifragales from 1853]]
Saxifragales was first described in 1820 by [[Berchtold and Presl]] as a group of plants, Saxifrageae, with five genera, including ''[[Saxifraga]]'', lending their names as the [[botanical authority]] (Bercht. & J.Presl).{{sfn|Berchtold|Presl|1820|loc=pp.&nbsp;259–60}} At times, that authority has also been given to [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumortier]], due to a later publication (1829). Dumortier first used the word Saxifragaceae.{{sfn|Dumortier|1829|loc=p.&nbsp;38}} By the time of [[John Lindley]]'s ''The Vegetable Kingdom'' (1853), the term Saxifragales was in use, which Lindley called an Alliance, containing five families.{{sfn|Lindley|1853|loc=pp.&nbsp;566–575}} Later, the Saxifragales were placed in the [[angiosperm]] [[Class (biology)|class]] [[Dicotyledons]], also called [[Magnoliopsida]].{{sfn|Singh|2004}}

=== Phylogeny ===

The [[Order (biology)|order]] Saxifragales has undergone considerable revision in both placement and composition, since the use of [[molecular phylogenetics]], and the use of the modern [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG) classification.{{sfn|APG IV|2016}}{{sfn|Cole et al|2019}} They are identified as a strongly [[monophyletic]] group.{{sfn|Kubitzki|2007a}}

In the initial APG publication (1998), the Saxifragales were identified within the [[core eudicots]] [[clade]] but its relationship to other clades was uncertain. The core eudicots consist of the order [[Gunnerales]] and a large clade of [[Pentapetalae]] (so named for having a [[synapomorphy]] of [[pentamerous]] (5 part) perianths), the latter representing about 70% of all angiosperms, with eight major lineages.{{sfn|Moore et al|2010}}{{sfn|Zeng et al|2017}} Later (2003), the order was described as "one of the major surprises of molecular phylogenetic analyses of the angiosperms", having elements previously placed in three or four separate subclasses based on morphology.{{sfn|APG II|2003}}{{sfn|Soltis et al|2013}} This was eventually resolved in the third APG system (2009), placing Saxifragales as a [[sister group]] to the [[rosids]] (Rosidae), within the Pentapetalae clade.{{sfn|Burleigh et al|2009}}{{sfn|Wang et al|2009}}{{sfn|APG III|2009}} This large combination has subsequently been given the name [[superrosids]] (Superrosidae), representing part of an early diversification of the [[angiosperms]].{{sfn|Soltis et al|2013}}{{sfn|APG IV|2016}}{{sfn|Soltis et al|2018}} Among the rosids, they share a number of similarities with the [[Rosales]], particularly [[Rosaceae]], including a hypanthium, five part flowers and free floral parts.{{sfn|Byng|2014}} As circumscribed, Saxifragales account for 1.3% of eudicot diversity.{{sfn|Stevens|2019}}

{{cladogram
| title=Cladogram of Saxifragales relationships among core eudicots{{sfn|APG IV|2016}}{{sfn|Cole et al|2019}}{{sfn|Tank et al|2015}}
| caption=Numbers indicate [[Divergence time estimation|divergence times]] in Myr
| align=left
| cladogram=
{{clade
|style="text-align:left; padding:2.5px; background:#eef"; width:500px;
| sublabel1=130
| label1=[[Core eudicots]]
| 1={{clade
   |sublabel1=126
   |1=[[Gunnerales]]
   |sublabel2=128
   |label2=[[Pentapetalae]]
   |2={{clade
     |label1=
     |1=[[superasterids]]
     |2={{clade
      |sublabel1=125
      |1=[[Dilleniales]]
      |sublabel2=124
      |label2=[[superrosids]]
      |2={{clade
         |sublabel1=116
         |1=[[rosids]]
         |sublabel2=108
         |2='''Saxifragales'''
         }}
        }}
    }}
}}
}}
}}
{{Clear}}

=== Biogeography and evolution ===

[[Genetic divergence|Diversification]] among Saxifragales was rapid, with the extensive [[fossil]] record{{sfn|Hermsen et al|2006}}{{sfn|Hermsen et al|2003}}{{sfn|Pigg et al|2004}}{{sfn|Hernández-Castillo|Cevallos-Ferriz|1999}}{{sfn|Crane|1989}}{{sfn|Endress|1989}} indicating that the order was more [[Biodiversity|diverse]] and more [[Cosmopolitan distribution|widespread]] than an examination of the [[Extant taxon|extant]] members suggests, with considerable [[phenotypic]] diversity occurring early.{{sfn|Casas et al|2016}} The earliest fossil evidence is found in the [[Turonian]]-[[Campanian]] (late Cretaceous), suggesting a minimum age of 89.5&nbsp;[[Myr]]. However, molecular [[divergence time estimation]] suggest an earlier time of 102–108&nbsp;Myr, into the early Cretaceous, for the [[Crown group|crown]] and [[stem group]]s respectively. Within the order Saxifragales, the molecular data imply a very rapid initial diversification time of about 6–8&nbsp;Myr, between 112 and 120&nbsp;Myr, with major lineages appearing within 3–6&nbsp;Myr.{{sfn|Jian et al|2008}}{{sfn|Soltis et al|2013}}{{sfn|Li et al|2019}}

The ancestral state appears to be woody, as in Peridiscaceae and the woody clade, but is also ancestral to Grossulariaceae. A number of independent transitions to a herbaceous habit occurred in the ancestors of Crassulaceae, Saxifragaceae and the base of the Haloragaceae-Penthoraceae clade (the other two families in Haloragaceae ''s.l.'' remaining woody), while other taxa reverted to a woody habit, especially Crassulaceae. Most of Saxifragales have a superior [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]], but some families show frequent transition with inferior or subinferior position, particularly Saxifragaceae and to a lesser extent Hamamelidaceae. Almost all Grossulariaceae have an inferior ovary. The ancestral [[carpel]] number is two, with transition to higher numbers, such as four in Haloragaceae ''s.l.'' and Peridiscaceae with five in Penthoraceae. The ancestral carpel number for Crassulaceae is five, decreasing to four in ''[[Kalanchoe]]'', where it is synapomorphic for the genus, though the most frequent transition in this family is 6–10, but only where [[stamen]] number is increased above five. Some [[Macaronesian]] taxa (Aeonieae) have 8–12, with up to 32 carpels for ''[[Aeonium]]''.{{sfn|Soltis et al|2013}}

The ancestral petal number is five, with three major transitions; 5 to 0, 5 to 4, 5 to 6–10. Increased petal number is seen in Paeoniaceae and Crassulaceae, particularly where stamen number is also increased. Cercidiphyllum + Daphniphyllum, Chrysosplenium and ''[[Altingia]]'' are examples of the complete loss of petals. The ancestral stamen:petal ratio is 1, with transitions characterising several clades, e.g. Paeonicaceae+woody clade >2, Crassulaceae 2 (but ''[[Crassula]]'' 1). Overall there has been a decrease over evolution, but independent of a decrease in petal number, so that it is the stamen number that has decreased.{{sfn|Soltis et al|2013}} The ancestral habitat appears to be forests, followed by early diversification into desert and aquatic habitats, with shrubland the most recent colonization.{{sfn|Casas et al|2016}}

Species diversification was rapid following a transition from a warmer, wetter Earth in the [[Eocene]] (56–40&nbsp;Myr) to early [[Miocene]] (23–16&nbsp;Myr), to the cooler drier conditions of the mid-Miocene (16–12&nbsp;Myr). However, this appears to not have coincided with ecological and phenotypic evolution, which are themselves correlated. There is a clear lag, whereby increase in species diversification was followed later by increases in niche and phenotypic lability.{{sfn|Folk et al|2019}}

=== Subdivision ===

The first APG classification (1998) placed 13 families within the order Saxifragales:{{sfn|APG I|1998}} 
{{div col|colwidth=160px}}
* [[Altingiaceae]] 
* [[Cercidiphyllaceae]] 
* [[Crassulaceae]] 
* [[Daphniphyllaceae]]
* [[Grossulariaceae]]
* [[Haloragaceae]]
* [[Hamamelidaceae]]
* [[Iteaceae]]
* [[Paeoniaceae]]
* [[Penthoraceae]]
* [[Pterostemonaceae]]
* [[Saxifragaceae]]
* [[Tetracarpaeaceae]]
{{div col end}}
This was subsequently revised to 15, in the fourth version (2016).{{sfn|APG IV|2016}} The Saxifragales families have been grouped into a number of informally named suprafamilial subclades, with the exception of the [[basal split]] of Peridiscaceae, which thus forms a [[sister group]] with the rest of Saxifragales. The two major ones are (Paeoniaceae + the woody clade of primarily woody families) and the "core" Saxifragales (i.e. the primarily herbaceous families), with the latter subdivided into two further subclades, (Haloragaceae ''sensu lato'' + Crassulaceae) and the Saxifragaceae alliance.{{sfn|Soltis et al|2013}}

In the clade Haloragaceae ''sensu lato'' ''(s.l.)'' + Crassulaceae the genera constituting Haloragaceae ''s.l.'' are all small, and APG II (2003) proposed merging them into a single larger Haloragaceae ''s.l.'', but transferred ''[[Aphanopetalum]]'' from [[Cunoniaceae]] to this group.{{sfn|APG II|2003}} The Saxifragaceae alliance represents Saxifragaceae together with a number of woody members of the traditional Saxifragaceae ''sensu'' Engler (1930).{{sfn|Engler|1930}} Within this, APG II (2003) proposed placing the two species of ''[[Pterostemon]]'' that constitute Pterostemonaceae within [[Iteaceae]], and all subsequent versions have maintained this practice.{{sfn|APG II|2003}} Thus Saxifragales ''sensu'' APG II consisted of only 10 families. The third version (2009) added [[Peridiscaceae]] (from [[Malpighiales]]), as sister to all other families, but re-expanded Haloragaceae to provide for a narrower circumscription, Haloragaceae ''sensu stricto'' (''s.s.''), to give a total of 14 families. APG IV (2016) added the parasitic family Cynomoriaceae to provide a total of 15 families, although its placement within the order remained unclear.{{sfn|Bellot et al|2016}}{{sfn|APG IV|2016}}

Of the 15 families included in APG IV, the basal divergence Peridiscaceae underwent radical shifting and recircumscription from 2003 to 2009. Originally, it consisted of two closely related genera, ''Peridiscus'' and ''Whittonia''. The [[APG II]] system placed the family in [[Malpighiales]], based on a [[DNA sequence]] for the [[RuBisCO|''rbcL'']] [[gene]] from ''Whittonia''. This sequence turned out to be not from ''Whittonia'', but from other plants whose [[DNA]] had contaminated the sample.{{sfn|Davis|Chase|2004}} After placement in Saxifragales, it was expanded to include ''[[Soyauxia]]'' in 2007,{{sfn|Soltis et al|2007}} and ''[[Medusandra]]'' in 2009.{{sfn|Wurdack|Davis|2009}}

In the first of the subclades of the remaining Saxifragales, Paeoniaceae possesses many [[autapomorphy|unique]] features and its taxonomic position was controversial for a long time,{{sfn|Tamura|2007}} and ''[[Peony|Paeonia]]'' was placed in [[Ranunculales]], close to ''[[Glaucidium (plant)|Glaucidium]]'',{{sfn|Mabberley|2008}}{{sfn|Halda|Waddick|2010}} prior to transfer to Saxifragales as sister to the woody clade.{{sfn|Jian et al|2008}}{{sfn|Wang et al |2009a}}

In the woody clade, the genus ''[[Liquidambar]]'' was included in Hamamelidaceae until [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies showed that its inclusion might make Hamamelidaceae [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]], and was segregated as a separate monotypic family, Altingiaceae in 2008.{{sfn|Jian et al|2008}} Cercidiphyllaceae was for a long time associated with Hamamelidaceae and [[Trochodendraceae]] and was often thought to be closer to the latter,{{sfn|Endress|1986}} which is now in the basal [[eudicot]] order [[Trochodendrales]].{{sfn|Worberg et al|2007}} ''Daphniphyllum'' was always thought to have an anomalous combination of characters{{sfn|Tseng-Chieng|1965}}{{sfn|Tseng-Chieng|1965}} and was placed in several different orders before molecular phylogenetic analysis showed it to belong to Saxifragales.{{sfn|Kubitzki|2007b}}

In the core Saxifragales, Crassulaceae{{sfn|Thiede |Eggli|2007}} and Tetracarpaeaceae{{sfn|Hils et al|1988}} have been associated with Saxifragaceae, while ''Penthorum'' has been associated both with Crassulaceae and Saxifragaceae,{{sfn|Thiede|2007}} before being placed here. ''[[Aphanopetalum]]'' was often placed in [[Cunoniaceae]], a family in [[Oxalidales]], even though there were good reasons to put it in Saxifragales,{{sfn|Dickison et al|1994}} and it was subsequently transferred.{{sfn|Bradford|Fortune-Hopkins|Barnes|2004}} Haloragaceae was included in [[Myrtales]],{{sfn|Kubitzki|2007c}} before being placed in Saxifragales.{{sfn|Moody | Les |2007}}

The other "core" group, the Saxifragaceae alliance comprises four families: Pterostemonaceae, Iteaceae, Grossulariaceae, and Saxifragaceae,{{sfn|Jian et al|2008}} which have long been known to be related to each other, but the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of Saxifragaceae has been much reduced and Pterostemonaceae submerged as ''[[Pterostemon]]'' in Iteaceae.{{sfn|Soltis et al|2001}}

Most of the families are [[monogeneric]]. ''Choristylis'' is now considered a synonym of [[Itea (plant)|''Itea'']], but the addition of ''[[Pterostemon]]'', gives Iteaceae two genera.{{sfn|Kubitzki|2007d}} ''[[Liquidambar]]'' and ''[[Semiliquidambar]]'' are also submerged into ''[[Altingia]]'', making Altingiaceae monogeneric.{{sfn|Ickert-Bond|Wen|2006}}{{sfn|Ickert-Bond |Wen|2013}} About 95% of the species are in five families: [[Crassulaceae]] (1400), [[Saxifragaceae]]  (500), [[Grossulariaceae]] (150–200), [[Haloragaceae]] (150), and [[Hamamelidaceae]] (100).{{sfn|Stevens|2019}}{{sfn|Jian et al|2008}}{{sfn|Kubitzki|2007a|pp=15–18}}

The relationships of the Saxifragales families to each other is shown in the following [[cladogram]]. The [[phylogeny]] in this cladogram still has some uncertainty as to the exact relationships, and the phylogenetic tree is subject to further revision.{{sfn|Dong et al|2018}}{{sfn|Ding et al|2019}} [[Cynomoriaceae]], previously placed in [[Santales]] or [[Rosales]] is included in Saxifragales, but unplaced within it. Li et al. (2019) have slightly different relationships, and also place Cynomoriaceae as the first branch in the Crassulaceae+Haloragaceae ''s.l.'' tree, i.e. as sister to those two families.{{sfn|Li et al|2019}} The number of genera in each family is shown in parentheses:
{{cladogram
|title= Cladogram of Saxifragales families{{sfn|APG IV|2016}}{{sfn|Stevens|2019}}{{sfn|Jian et al|2008}}
|caption=100% [[maximum likelihood]] [[Bootstrapping (statistics)|bootstrap support]] except where labeled with bootstrap percentage<br/>Monogeneric families are represented by genus names, otherwise the number of genera is in (parentheses)<br/>[[Cynomorium]] (Cynomoriaceae) remains unplaced within this tree
|align=left
|cladogram=
{{clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:120%;width:700px;
|label1='''Saxifragales'''
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Peridiscaceae]] (4)
   |label2=97
   |2={{clade
      |label1=
      |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Peony|Paeonia]]'' (Paeoniaceae)
         |label2=woody clade
         |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Liquidambar]]'' (Altingiaceae)
            |label2=69
            |2={{clade
               |label1=98
               |1=[[Hamamelidaceae]] (27)
               |label2=95
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Cercidiphyllum]]'' (Cercidiphyllaceae)
                  |2=''[[Daphniphyllum]]'' (Daphniphyllaceae)
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      |label2=core Saxifragales
      |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |1=[[Crassulaceae]] (34)
            |label2=Haloragaceae''s.l.''
            |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Aphanopetalum]]'' (Aphanopetalaceae)
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Tetracarpaea]]'' (Tetracarpaeaceae)
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Penthorum]]'' (Penthoraceae)
                     |2=[[Haloragaceae]] ''s.s.'' (8)
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         |label2=Saxifragaceae alliance
         |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=[[Iteaceae]] (including [[Pterostemonaceae]]) (2)
               }}
            |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Ribes]]'' (Grossulariaceae) 
               |2=[[Saxifragaceae]] (33)
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

}}

{{Clear}}

=== Families ===
{|
|[[File:Peridiscus lucidus (Hooker).png|upright|thumb|130px|left|''[[Peridiscus|Peridiscus lucidus]]''|alt=Botanical illustration of Peridiscus lucidus]]

==== Peridiscaceae ==== 
{{Main|Peridiscaceae}}
The Peridiscaceae (Ringflower family) are a small tropical family of 4 genera and 11–12 species of small trees and shrubs found in the [[Guiana Shield]] of S America (2 genera, one of which, ''Whittonia'', is thought to be [[extinct]]) and West and Central Africa (2 genera). The majority of species occur in the African genus ''[[Soyauxia]]''. The name comes from the [[Ancient greek language|Greek]], ''peri'' (around) ''discos'' (ring).{{sfn|Berry|2017}}{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}
|}
{{Clear}}
{|
|[[File:Bánáti bazsarózsák a Somos-hegyen.jpg|thumb|130px|left|''[[Paeonia officinalis]]''|alt=Paeonia officinalis growing in Hungary]]

==== Paeoniaceae ====
{{Main|Paeoniaceae}}
The Paeoniaceae (Peony family) consist of a single genus (''Paeonia'') with about 33 species of perennial herbs and small shrubs with showy flowers, found from the Mediterranean to Japan, but two species occur in western N America. They are commercially important as popular garden ornamentals, cultivated since antiquity, and have been used medicinally. The herbaceous varieties are derived from ''[[Paeonia lactiflora|P. lactiflora]]'', while the shrubs are derived from ''[[Paeonia suffruticosa|P. suffruticosa]]'' (tree peony), both Asian species. The botanical name comes from its Greek name, ''paionia'', named in turn for the God [[Pan (god)|Pan]].{{sfn|Berry|2017}}{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}
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|[[File:Liquidambar. Western Way, Exeter - geograph.org.uk - 1058382.jpg|thumb|130px|left|''[[Liquidambar styraciflua]]''|alt=Liquidambar styraciflua tree]]

==== Altingiaceae ====
{{Main|Altingiaceae}}
The Altingiaceae (Sweetgum family) consist of a single genus (''[[Liquidambar]]'') with 15 species of trees with unisexual flowers found in Eurasia, but with one species in North and Central America, ''[[Liquidambar styraciflua]]'' (American sweetgum). ''Liquidambar'' is used for its [[resin]] and timber, as well being ornamental trees. The nominative genus and family are named after [[Willem Alting]], and Liquidambar for liquid ''ambar'', Arabic for the resin.{{sfn|Berry|2017}}{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}
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|[[File:Hamamelis virginiana FlowersLeaves BotGardBln0906.JPG|thumb|130px|left|''[[Hamamelis virginiana]]''|alt=Branch of Hamamelis virginiana showing flowers and leaves]]

==== Hamamelidaceae ====
{{Main|Hamamelidaceae}}
The Hamamelidaceae (Witch-hazel family) consists of trees and shrubs with a widespread distribution, but main centres in East Asia and Malaysia. They are found in wet woodlands and forested slopes. The family has 26 genera and about 80–100 species, in five subfamilies, of which the nominative, Hamamelidoideae, contains over 75% of the genera. The species have uses as medicaments, timber and ornamental plants for their flowers, such as ''[[Hamamelis]]'' (witch hazel) or leaves, such as ''[[Parrotia persica]]'' (Persian ironwood). The family and nominative genus is named for the Greek ''hamamelis'', the wych elm.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}{{sfn|Berry|2017}}
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|[[File:Cercidiphyllum japonicum (arboretum Aubonne).JPG|thumb|130px|left|''[[Cercidiphyllum japonicum]]''|alt=Cercidiphyllum japonicum]]

==== Cercidiphyllaceae ====
{{Main|Cercidiphyllaceae}}
The Cercidiphyllaceae (Caramel-tree family) are a small family of deciduous trees found in China and Japan, with a single genus, ''Cercidiphyllum'' and two species, ''[[Cercidiphyllum japonicum|C. japonicum]]'' and ''[[Cercidiphyllum magnificum|C. magnificum]]''. The trees are valued for their wood (''katsura'') and as ornamentals. ''[[Cercidiphyllum japonicum|C. japonicum]]'' is the largest deciduous tree in Japan. The name is derived from the Greek words ''kerkis'' ([[Poplar (botany)|poplar]]) and ''fyllon'' (leaf), from a supposed similarity in leaves.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}
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|[[File:Daphniphyllum macropodum 120502-1.jpg|thumb|130px|left|''[[Daphniphyllum macropodum]]''|alt=Daphniphyllum macropodum]]

==== Daphniphyllaceae ====
{{Main|Daphniphyllaceae}}
The Daphniphyllaceae (Laurel-leaf family) consist of a single genus, ''Daphniphyllum'', with about 30 species. They are evergreen unisexual trees and shrubs distributed in SE Asia and the Solomon Islands. The dried leaves of ''[[Daphniphyllum macropodum]]''{{efn|''D. humile'' is a synonym of the accepted ''D. macropodum''}} have been used for smoking in Japan and Siberia. The name is derived from the Greek words ''dafne'' (laurel) and ''fyllon'' (leaf), from a supposed resemblance to the leaves of the former (''[[Laurus nobilis]]'').{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}  
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|[[File:Crassula perfoliata minor 1c.JPG|thumb|130px|left|''[[Crassula perfoliata]]''|alt=Crassula perfoliata]]

==== Crassulaceae ====
{{Main|Crassulaceae}}
The Crassulaceae (Orpine and Stonecrop family) are a medium size diverse and cosmopolitan family, that form the largest family within Saxifragales. They are mainly [[succulent]], rarely aquatic, with a specialised form of [[photosynthesis]] ([[Crassulacean Acid Metabolism]]). Genera vary from 7 to 35, depending on the circumscription of the large genus ''[[Sedum]]'', and there are about 1,400 species. Uses are diverse, including spices, medicaments and roof coverings as well as ornamental [[rock garden]] and household plants such as the S African ''[[Crassula ovata]]'', the jade or money plant. The name is derived from the Latin, ''crassus'' (thick), referring to the fleshy leaves.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}{{sfn|Berry|2017}}
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|[[File:Aphanopetalumresinosumgdn.jpg|thumb|130px|left|''[[Aphanopetalum resinosum]]''|alt= Aphanopetalum resinosum vine]]

==== Aphanopetalaceae ====
{{Main|Aphanopetalaceae}}
The Aphanopetalaceae (Gum-vine family) consists of a single genus of Australian climbing shrubs, ''Aphanopetalum'', which has two species, ''[[Aphanopetalum clematideum|A. clematidium]]'' (SW Australia) and ''[[Aphanopetalum resinosum|A. resinosum]]'' (Queensland, NSW). The name is derived from the Greek words ''afanos'' (inconspicuous) and ''petalon'' (petal).{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}
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|[[File:Tetracarpaea.jpg|thumb|130px|left|''[[Tetracarpaea tasmannica]]''|alt= Flowers of Tetracarpaea tasmannica]]

==== Tetracarpaeaceae ====
{{Main|Tetracarpaeaceae}}
The Tetracarpaeaceae (Delicate-laurel family) is a very small evergreen Australian shrub family with a single genus, ''Tetracarpaea'' and a single species, ''T. tasmannica'', confined to subalpine Tasmania. The name is derived from the Greek words ''tetra'' (four) and ''carpos'' (fruit), referring to the ovaries which have four carpels.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}{{sfn|Berry|2017}}
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|[[File:Penthorum sedoides 002.JPG|thumb|130px|left|''[[Penthorum sedoides]]''|alt= Flowers of Penthorum sedoides]]

==== Penthoraceae ====
{{Main|Penthoraceae}}
The Penthoraceae (Ditch-stonecrop family) is a very small family of rhizomatous perennial herbs found in eastern N America and E Asia, in mainly wet environments. It consists of a single genus, ''Penthorum'' with two species, ''[[Penthorum sedoides|P. sedoides]]'' in N America and ''[[Penthorum chinense|P. chinense]]'' from Siberia to Thailand. ''P. sedoides'' is used in aquaria and water gardens.{{sfn|Les|2017}} The name is derived from the Greek word ''pente'' (five) referring to the five-part fruit.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}{{sfn|Berry|2017}}
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|[[File:Haloragis erecta 2007-06-02 (flower).jpg|thumb|130px|left|''[[Haloragis erecta ]]''|alt= Flowers and leaves of Haloragis erecta ]]

==== Haloragaceae  ====
{{Main|Haloragaceae }}
The Haloragaceae (Water-milfoil family) is a small family of trees, shrubs, perennial, annual terrestrial, marsh and aquatic herbs with global distribution, but especially Australia. It consists of 9–11 genera and about 145 species. The largest genus is ''[[Gonocarpus]]'' with about 40 species. The major horticultural genus is ''[[Myriophyllum]]'' (watermilfoil) whose species are valued as aquaria and pond plants but may escape and naturalise, becoming invasive. Some cultivars of ''[[Haloragis]]'' are valued as ornamentals.{{sfn|Les|2017}} Only one genus, ''[[Haloragodendron]]'', is a shrub and is confined to S Australia. The family and nominative genus, ''Haloragis'' are named from the Greek words ''halas'' (salt) and ''rhoges'' (berries).{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}{{sfn|Berry|2017}}
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|[[File:Itea virginica 2zz.jpg|thumb|130px|left|''[[Itea virginica]]''|alt= Itea virginica plant ]]

==== Iteaceae  ====
{{Main|Iteaceae }}
The Iteaceae (Sweetspire family) is a widespread small family of trees and shrubs, with 2 genera,  and 18–21 species, found in tropical to northern temperate regions. The larger genus, ''[[Itea (plant)|Itea]]'' (c. 16 spp.) is more widespread, from the Himalayas to Japan and western [[Malesia]] and one species in eastern N America (''[[Itea virginica|I. virginica]]'')  whereas ''[[Pterostemon]]'' (c. 2 spp) is confined to [[Oaxaca]], Mexico. ''I. virginica'' and ''[[Itea ilicifolia|I. ilicifolia]]'', from China, are valued  as  ornamental shrubs. The name is derived from the Greek word ''itea'' (willow) for its rapid growth and similar leaf form.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}{{sfn|Berry|2017}}
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|[[File:Ribes_rubrum.jpg|thumb|130px|left|''[[Ribes rubrum]]''|alt= Fruit and leaves of Ribes rubrum ]]

==== Grossulariaceae   ====
{{Main| Grossulariaceae }}
The Grossulariaceae  (Gooseberry family) are shrubs that are usually deciduous. The single genus, ''[[Ribes]]'', has about 150 species that are commercially important and widely cultivated for their fruit and also grown as ornamentals, such as ''[[Ribes uva-crispa|R. uva-crispa]]'' (gooseberry) and ''[[Ribes nigrum|R. nigrum]]'' (blackcurrant). They are found in temperate northern hemisphere regions but extending through the Andes into S America. The family name is derived from the Latin word ''grossulus'' (an unripe fig), and ''Ribes'' is Latinised from the [[Semitic languages|semitic]] word ''ribas'' (acid taste).{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}{{sfn|Berry|2017}}
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|[[File:Saxifraga granulata 140505.jpg|thumb|130px|left|''[[Saxifraga granulata]]''|alt= Flowers of Saxifraga granulata]]

====  Saxifragaceae  ====
{{Main| Saxifragaceae }}
The Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family) are mainly perennial herbs distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere and Andes, and New Guinea, in damp woodlands and cooler northern regions, rarely aquatic, but are adapted to a wide range of moisture conditions. The family, greatly reduced, includes 35 genera and about 640 species, in two lineages, saxifragoids (e.g. ''[[Saxifraga]]'', rockfoil) and heucheroids (e.g. ''[[Heuchera]]'', coral bells). The largest genus is ''Saxifraga'', the type genus (370 species), though several genera are monotypic. Saxifragaceae are the most horticulturally important of the herbaceous Saxifragales. They provide foodstuffs and medicaments and include many ornamentals, particularly of border, rock and woodland gardens, such as ''[[Astilbe]]'', though the largest number of cultivated species belong to ''Saxifraga''. The family and type genus name are derived from the two Latin words ''saxum'' (rock), and ''frango'' (to break), but the exact origin is unknown, although surmised to be either because of the ability of ''Saxifraga'' to grow in crevices in rocks or medicinal use for [[kidney stones]].{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}{{sfn|Berry|2017}}
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|[[File:Cynomorium coccineum 2.jpg|thumb|130px|left|''[[Cynomorium coccineum]]''|alt= Inflorescence of Cynomorium coccineum]]

====  Cynomoriaceae  ====
{{Main| Cynomoriaceae }}
The Cynomoriaceae (Tarthuth or Maltese Mushroom family) consists of a single genus, ''Cynomorium'' with one or two species, ''[[Cynomorium coccineum|C. coccineum]]'' (Mediterranean basin) and ''[[Cynomorium songaricum|C. songaricum]]'' (central Asia and China; sometimes treated as a variety of ''C. coccineum''). They are perennial bisexual herbaceous parasitic plants lacking chlorophyll, from deserts and arid regions. They have been harvested for food, as a dye and in traditional medicine. The name is derived from two Greek words ''kynos'' (dog), and ''morion'' (penis), for its shape.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}
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== Distribution and habitat ==

Saxifragales are found worldwide,{{sfn|Berry|2017}} though primarily in temperate zones and rarely in the tropics.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}} They occupy a wide variety of habitats from arid desert (Crassulaceae) to aquatic conditions (Haloragaceae), with 6 families, including North American species, that are obligate aquatic (fully dependent on an aquatic environment),{{sfn|Les|2017|loc=p.&nbsp;745}} and including forests, grasslands and tundra. Saxifragales exceeds all other comparably sized clades in terms of diversity of habitats.{{sfn|Casas et al|2016}} Most of the diversity occurs in temperate (including montane and arid) conditions that expanded globally during cooling and drying trends in the last 15 My.{{sfn|Folk et al|2019}}

The most common habitats are forests and cliffs, with about 300 species occupying each, but with forests being the most diverse phenotypically, where nearly all families are represented. In contrast, desert and tundra, with only two families each, contain only about 10% of species. About 90% of species can be assigned to a single habitat.{{sfn|Casas et al|2016}}

== Conservation ==

''Whittonia'' (Peridiscaceae) is thought to be extinct. {{as of|2019}} the [[IUCN]] lists 9 [[critically endangered]], 12 [[endangered]], 19 [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]] and 7 [[near threatened]] species. Among the most threatened Saxifragales are ''[[Aichryson|Aichryson dumosum]]'' and ''[[Monanthes|Monanthes wildpretii]]'' (Crassulaceae), ''[[Haloragis|Haloragis stokesii]]'' and ''[[Myriophyllum|Myriophyllum axilliflorum]]'' (Haloragaceae), ''[[Ribes|Ribes malvifolium]]'' and ''[[Ribes sardoum|R. sardoum]]'' (Grossulariaceae), ''[[Saxifraga|Saxifraga artvinensis]]'' (Saxifragaceae) and ''[[Molinadendron hondurense]]'' (Hamamelidaceae).{{sfn|IUCN|2019}}

== Cultivation ==

A number of Saxifragales genera are commercially cultivated.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}} ''Paeonia'' are cultivated both as ornamental shrubs (generally sold as [[root stock]]) and for [[cut flowers]], with the Netherlands representing the largest production, other more minor producers are Israel, New Zealand, Chile and the United States.{{sfn|Auer|Greenberg|2009}} ''Liquidambar'' is used for hardwood, with the American Sweetgum (''Liquidambar styraciflua'') being among the most important sources of commercial [[hardwood]] in the Southeast United States, with one of its uses being [[Veneer (wood)|veneer]] for [[plywood]].{{sfn|Kormanik|1990}} ''Hamamelis'' is cultivated in New England for distilleries extracting witch-hazel, widely used in skincare, and is the largest source of this medicament in the world.{{sfn|Gapinski|2014}} Among the Crassulaceae, economic importance is limited to [[horticulture]], with many species and cultivars important as ornamentals, including ''[[Crassula ovata]]'' (jade plant) and ''Jovibarba'' (hen and chicken). ''Hylotelphium'', ''Phedimus'', ''Sedum'' and ''Sempervivum'' are cultivated for [[rock gardens]] and for "[[green roofs]]".{{sfn|Earle|Lundin|2012}}{{sfn|Thiede|Eggli|2007}} In particular, cultivars of the Madagascan ''[[Kalanchoe blossfeldiana]]'', e.g. 'Florists kalanchoe' have achieved commercial success throughout the world, being popular Christmas decorative plants.{{sfn|Smith et al|2019}}{{sfn|Gwaltney-Brant|2012}} The Haloragaceae aquatic genus ''Myriophyllum'' and the closely related ''Proserpinaca'' are cultivated for the commercial [[aquarium]] trade.{{sfn|Goldstein et al|2000}} ''Myriophyllum'' is also economically important for purification of water and as feed for pigs, ducks, and fish, and polishing wood.{{sfn|Chen|Funston|2004}} 
[[File:Blackcurrant field, Stoke Sub Hamdon - geograph.org.uk - 918631.jpg|thumb|Blackcurrant crops, UK|alt=Fields of black currants growing in U.K.]]
A number of ''Ribes'' (Grossulariaceae) are in commercial production, concentrated in Europe and the USSR from species native to those areas. ''[[Ribes nigrum|R. nigrum]]'' (blackcurrant) was first cultivated in [[monastic garden|monastery gardens]] in Russia in the 11th century, and currant cultivation more generally later in Western Europe, ''[[Ribes uva-crispa|R. uva-crispa]]'' (gooseberry)  production began around 1700. The first colonists in North America began cultivating currants in the late 1700s. ''R. nigrum'' is the most important commercial currant crop, being produced in more than 23 countries, with the major centres being Russia (more than 63 thousand [[hectares]]), Poland, Germany, Scandinavia and the UK.{{sfn|Brennan|2008b}} An important source of [[Vitamin C]], black currants are used in the manufacture of jam, fruit jelly, compote, syrup, juice and other drinks, including the [[Cordial (drink)|cordial]] [[Ribena]] and the [[liqueur]] [[Crème de cassis|Cassis]]. Other commercial crops include ''[[Ribes rubrum|R. rubrum]]'' (red currant).{{sfn|Doronina |Terekhina|2009}}{{sfn|Gros d'Aillon|2016}} World ''Ribes'' crop production was over 750,000 tons in 2002, of which about 150,000 tons were gooseberries, and the largest group blackcurrants.{{sfn|Brennan|2008a}}

== Uses ==

Plants in the order Saxifragales have found a wide variety of uses, including traditional medicines, ornamental, household, aquarium, pond and garden plants, spices, foodstuffs (fruit and greens), dyestuffs, smoking, resin, timber, and roof coverings.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Saxifragales, Vitales and Zygophyllales families]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References == 
{{Reflist|20em}}

== Bibliography  ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}

=== Books ===

* {{cite book|editor-last1=Janick|editor-first1=Jules|editor-last2=Moore|editor-first2=James N.|last= Brennan|first=Rex M.|title=Fruit Breeding. II: Vine and small fruits|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXMckUtHLV8C|date= 1996|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|chapter=Currants and Gooseberries|pages=191–298|isbn=978-0-471-12670-6}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Janick|editor-first1=Jules|editor-last2=Paull|editor-first2=Robert E.|title=The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC|year=2008|publisher=[[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International|CABI]]|last= Brennan|first=Rex M.|chapter=Currants and gooseberries|isbn=978-0-85199-638-7}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Hancock|editor-first=Jim F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=322hHeocPa0C|last=Brennan|first=R. M.|title=Temperate Fruit Crop Breeding |chapter=Currants and Gooseberries|pages=177–196|date= 2008b|publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]]|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6907-9_6|isbn=978-1-4020-6907-9}}
* {{cite book|last1=Byng|first1=James W.|author-link=James W. Byng|title=The Flowering Plants Handbook: A practical guide to families and genera of the world|date=2014|publisher=Plant Gateway Ltd.|isbn=978-0-9929993-1-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoLaBAAAQBAJ|chapter=Saxifragales|pages=156–166}}
* {{cite book|last1=Christenhusz|first1=Maarten J. M.|last2=Fay|first2=Michael F.|last3=Chase|first3=Mark W.|author-link1=Maarten Christenhusz|author-link2=Michael F. Fay|author-link3=Mark W. Chase|title=Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLo7DwAAQBAJ|date= 2017|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-52292-0|chapter=Saxifragales|pages=231–244|ref={{harvid|Christenhusz et al|2017}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Earle |first1=A. Scott |last2=Lundin |first2=Jane| title=Idaho Mountain Wildflowers|chapter=. Stonecrop Family: Crassulaceae |chapter-url=http://www.larkspurbooks.com/crassul.html |publisher=Larkspur Books |edition=3rd|date=2012}}
* {{cite book |last=Engler |first=A.  |author-link=Adolf Engler|title=Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien |editor=Engler, Adolf |editor-link=Adolf Engler |editor2=Prantl, Karl Anton |editor2-link=Karl Anton Eugen Prantl |volume=18A |chapter=Saxifragaceae|pages=74–226 |year=1930 |publisher=Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann |location=Leipzig|title-link=Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien}}
* {{cite book|last1=Goldstein|first1=Robert Jay|last2=Harper|first2=Rodney W.|last3=Edwards|first3=Richard|title=American Aquarium Fishes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB0vJ7ssqDUC|year=2000|publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]]|isbn=978-0-89096-880-2|chapter=Haloragaceae|page=32|ref={{harvid|Goldstein et al|2000}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Halda|first1=Josef J.|last2=Waddick|first2=James W.|title=The Genus Paeonia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEgkYgEACAAJ|date= 2010|orig-year=2004|publisher=Timber Press|location=Oregon|isbn=978-1-60469-246-4}}
* {{cite book|editor-first=Klaus |editor-last=Kubitzki |editor-link=Klaus Kubitzki |title=Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales|url=https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/book/978-3-540-06512-8 |date=2004 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |series=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants |volume=VI|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-07257-8 | isbn=978-3-662-07257-8|s2cid=12809916 }}
* {{cite book |editor-first=Klaus |editor-last=Kubitzki |editor-link=Klaus Kubitzki |title=Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae |series=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdSL7jBNX9EC |date=2007 |publisher=Springer |volume=IX |isbn=978-3-540-32219-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Les|first=Donald H.|title=Aquatic Dicotyledons of North America: Ecology, Life History, and Systematics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6QzDwAAQBAJ|date= 2017|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-351-64440-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Mabberley|first=D. J.|title=Mabberley's Plant-book: A Portable Dictionary of Plants, Their Classification and Uses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RyKKHtwXUYC|date= 2008|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-82071-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Peterson|first1=Michael E.|last2=Talcott|first2=Patricia A.|title=Small Animal Toxicology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-5XcubVRI8C|date= 2012|publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]]|isbn=978-1-4557-0717-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurcharan|title=Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach|year=2004 |publisher=Science Publishers|isbn=1578083516|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z6fMBQAAQBAJ |edition=3rd|access-date=23 January 2014}}
* {{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Gideon F.|last2=Figueiredo|first2=Estrela|last3=Wyk|first3=Abraham E. van |title=Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) in Southern Africa: Classification, Biology, and Cultivation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=38m3DwAAQBAJ|date= 2019|publisher=[[Elsevier Science]] |isbn=978-0-12-814008-6|ref={{harvid|Smith et al|2019}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Soltis|first1=Douglas|author-link1 = Douglas E. Soltis |last2=Soltis|first2=Pamela |author-link2=Pamela S. Soltis| last3=Endress|first3=Peter| display-authors=etal|title=Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms: Revised and Updated Edition|date= 2018|orig-year=2005|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-44175-7 |chapter=Superrosids |pages=191–246|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-RHDwAAQBAJ|ref={{harvid|Soltis et al|2018}}}}

;Chapters
* {{harvc |first1=Jason C. |last1=Bradford |first2=Helen C. |last2=Fortune-Hopkins |first3=Richard W. |last3=Barnes |c=Cunoniaceae |pages=91–111 |year=2004 |in=Kubitzki}}
* {{harvc |first=Klaus |last=Kubitzki |c=Introduction to Saxifragales|pages=15–18|anchor-year=2007a|year=2007 |in=Kubitzki}}
* {{harvc |last1=Thiede|first1=Joachim |last2=Eggli |first2=Urs |c= Crassulaceae|pages=83–119|year=2007 |in=Kubitzki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdSL7jBNX9EC&pg=PA83}} ''([https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227205999_Crassulaceae full text at]'' [[ResearchGate]])
* {{harvc |first=Klaus |last=Kubitzki |c=Daphniphyllaceae |pages=127–128|anchor-year=2007b|year=2007 |in=Kubitzki}}
* {{harvc |first=Klaus |last=Kubitzki |c=Haloragaceae |pages=184–190|anchor-year=2007c|year=2007 |in=Kubitzki}}
* {{harvc |first=Klaus |last=Kubitzki |c=Iteaceae |pages=202–204|anchor-year=2007d|year=2007 |in=Kubitzki}}
* {{harvc |first=Michio |last=Tamura |c=Paeoniaceae |pages=265–269 |year=2007 |in=Kubitzki}}
* {{harvc |first=Joachim |last=Thiede |c=Penthoraceae |pages=292–296|year=2007 |in=Kubitzki}}
* {{harvc |last1=Gwaltney-Brant|first1=Sharon M.|c=Christmastime Plants|year=2012|pages=419–512 |in1=Peterson|in2=Talcott}}

;Historical 
* {{cite book|last1= Berchtold|first1=Friedrich von|last2=Presl|first2=Jan Svatopluk|author-link1=Friedrich von Berchtold|author-link2=Jan Svatopluk Presl|title=O Přirozenosti Rostlin|date=1820|publisher=Krala Wiljma Endersa |location=Prague|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3oQAQAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dumortier|first1=Barthélemy-Charles|author-link=Barthélemy-Charles Du Mortier |title=Analyse des familles des plantes: avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent |date=1829|publisher=Casterman |location=Tournay |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/443#/summary|language=fr|access-date=16 January 2016}}
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury & Evans|location=London |date=1853|orig-year=1846|edition=3rd |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/95459#/summary}}

=== Articles ===

* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Berry |first1=Paul |title= Saxifragales|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/Saxifragales |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=22 November 2017}} 
* {{cite journal |last1=Christenhusz|first1=Maarten JM|last2=Byng|first2= J. W.  |author-link1=Maarten Christenhusz|author-link2=James W. Byng|name-list-style=amp | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = [[Phytotaxa]] | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press | doi-access = free }}

;Angiosperms
* {{Cite journal |last1=Burleigh |first1=J. Gordon |first2=Khidir W. |last2=Hilu |first3=Douglas E. |last3=Soltis |author-link3=Douglas E. Soltis | year = 2009 | title = Inferring phylogenies with incomplete data sets: a 5-gene, 567-taxon analysis of angiosperms |journal = [[BMC Evolutionary Biology]] | volume = 9 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-9-61 | pmc = 2674047 | pages = 61 | pmid = 19292928 | issue=1|ref={{harvid|Burleigh et al|2009}} |doi-access=free |bibcode=2009BMCEE...9...61B }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Hong-Tao |last2=Yi |first2=Ting-Shuang |last3=Gao |first3=Lian-Ming |last4=Ma |first4=Peng-Fei |last5=Zhang |first5=Ting |last6=Yang |first6=Jun-Bo |last7=Gitzendanner |first7=Matthew A. |last8=Fritsch |first8=Peter W. |last9=Cai |first9=Jie |last10=Luo |first10=Yang |last11=Wang |first11=Hong |last12=van der Bank |first12=Michelle |last13=Zhang |first13=Shu-Dong |last14=Wang |first14=Qing-Feng |last15=Wang |first15=Jian |last16=Zhang |first16=Zhi-Rong |last17=Fu |first17=Chao-Nan |last18=Yang |first18=Jing |last19=Hollingsworth |first19=Peter M. |last20=Chase |first20=Mark W. |last21=Soltis |first21=Douglas E. |last22=Soltis |first22=Pamela S. |last23=Li |first23=De-Zhu |title=Origin of angiosperms and the puzzle of the Jurassic gap |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333160434|journal=[[Nature Plants]] |date=6 May 2019 |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=461–470 |doi=10.1038/s41477-019-0421-0|pmid=31061536 |bibcode=2019NatPl...5..461L |s2cid=146118264 |ref={{harvid|Li et al|2019}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tank |first1=David C. |last2=Eastman |first2=Jonathan M. |last3=Pennell |first3=Matthew W. |last4=Soltis |first4=Pamela S. |last5=Soltis |first5=Douglas E. |author-link4=Pamela Soltis|author-link5=Douglas Soltis|last6=Hinchliff |first6=Cody E. |last7=Brown |first7=Joseph W. |last8=Sessa |first8=Emily B. |last9=Harmon |first9=Luke J. |title=Nested radiations and the pulse of angiosperm diversification: increased diversification rates often follow whole genome duplications |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |date=4 June 2015 |volume=207 |issue=2 |pages=454–467 |doi=10.1111/nph.13491|pmid=26053261 |ref={{harvid|Tank et al|2015}}|doi-access=free |hdl=2027.42/111924 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Wang| first1=Hengchang |first2=Michael J. |last2=Moore |first3=Pamela S. |last3=Soltis |author3-link=Pamela S. Soltis |first4=Charles D. |last4=Bell |first5=Samuel F. |last5=Brockington |first6=Roolse |last6=Alexandre |first7=Charles C. |last7=Davis |first8=Maribeth |last8=Latvis |first9=Steven R. |last9=Manchester |first10=Douglas E. |last10=Soltis |author10-link=Douglas E. Soltis | title = Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests | journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] | volume = 106 | issue = 10 | pages = 3853–8 | date = 10 March 2009| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0813376106 | pmid = 19223592 | pmc = 2644257 | bibcode=2009PNAS..106.3853W |ref={{harvid|Wang et al|2009}} | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wurdack |first1=Kenneth J. |first2=Charles C. |last2=Davis |doi=10.3732/ajb.0800207| pmid= 21628300 | volume=96 | issue=8 | title=Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life | date=August 2009 | pages=1551–70 | journal=American Journal of Botany |s2cid=23284896 }}

;Eudicots
* {{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=M. J. |last2=Soltis |first2=P. S. |last3=Bell |first3=C. D. |last4=Burleigh |first4=J. G. |last5=Soltis |first5=D. E. |author-link2=Pamela Soltis|author-link5=Douglas Soltis|title=Phylogenetic analysis of 83 plastid genes further resolves the early diversification of eudicots |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |date=22 February 2010 |volume=107 |issue=10 |pages=4623–4628 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0907801107|pmid=20176954 |pmc=2842043 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107.4623M |ref={{harvid|Moore et al|2010}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Wei |last2=Lu |first2=An-Ming |last3=Ren |first3=Yi |last4=Endress |first4=Mary E. |last5=Chen |first5=Zhi-Duan |title=Phylogeny and classification of Ranunculales: Evidence from four molecular loci and morphological data |journal=Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics |date=January 2009 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=81–110 |doi=10.1016/j.ppees.2009.01.001|bibcode=2009PPEES..11...81W |ref={{harvid|Wang et al |2009a}}}}
* {{cite journal |  last1 = Worberg | first1 = Andreas | last2 = Quandt | first2 = Dietmar | last3 = Anna- | first3 =  Anna-Magdalena| last4 = Barniske | first4 = Magdalena | last5 = Löhne | first5 = Cornelia | last6 = Hilu | first6 = Khidir W. | last7 = Borsch | first7 = Thomas | year = 2007 | title=Phylogeny of basal eudicots: Insights from non-coding and rapidly evolving DNA|journal=Organisms Diversity & Evolution | volume = 7 | issue = 1| pages = 55–77 |doi = 10.1016/j.ode.2006.08.001 | bibcode = 2007ODivE...7...55W |ref={{harvid|Worberg et al|2007}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Liping |last2=Zhang |first2=Ning |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiang |last4=Endress |first4=Peter K. |last5=Huang |first5=Jie |last6=Ma |first6=Hong |title=Resolution of deep eudicot phylogeny and their temporal diversification using nuclear genes from transcriptomic and genomic datasets |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |date=May 2017 |volume=214 |issue=3 |pages=1338–1354 |doi=10.1111/nph.14503|pmid=28294342 |ref={{harvid|Zeng et al|2017}}|doi-access=free }}

;Saxifragales
* {{cite journal |last1=Carlsward |first1=Barbara S. |last2=Judd |first2=Walter S. |last3=Soltis |first3=Douglas E. |last4=Manchester |first4=Steven |last5=Soltis |first5=Pamela S. |author-link2=Walter S. Judd|author-link3=Douglas Soltis|author-link5=Pamela Soltis|title=Putative Morphological Synapomorphies of Saxifragales and Their Major Subclades |journal=Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas |date=2011 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=179–196 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264403780 |jstor=41972505|issn=1934-5259|ref={{harvid|Carlsward et al|2011}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=de Casas |first1=Rafael Rubio |last2=Mort |first2=Mark E. |last3=Soltis |first3=Douglas E. |author-link3=Douglas Soltis|title=The influence of habitat on the evolution of plants: a case study across Saxifragales |journal=[[Annals of Botany]] |date=December 2016 |volume=118 |issue=7 |pages=1317–1328 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcw160|doi-access=free|pmid= 27551029|pmc=5155595 |ref={{harvid|Casas et al|2016}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Fishbein |first1=Mark |last2=Hibsch-Jetter |first2=Carola |last3=Soltis |first3=Douglas E. |author-link3=Douglas Soltis|last4=Hufford |first4=Larry |last5=Baum |first5=D. |title=Phylogeny of Saxifragales (Angiosperms, Eudicots): Analysis of a Rapid, Ancient Radiation |journal=[[Systematic Biology]] |date=1 November 2001 |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=817–847 |doi=10.1080/106351501753462821|pmid=12116635 |ref={{harvid|Fishbein et al|2001}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Fishbein |first1=Mark |last2=Soltis |first2=Douglas E. |author-link2=Douglas Soltis|title=Further Resolution of the Rapid Radiation of Saxifragales (Angiosperms, Eudicots) Supported by Mixed-Model Bayesian Analysis |journal=[[Systematic Botany]] |date=2004 |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=883–891 |jstor=25064018 |issn=0363-6445|doi=10.1600/0363644042450982 |s2cid=85765481 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Folk |first1=Ryan A. |last2=Stubbs |first2=Rebecca L. |last3=Mort |first3=Mark E. |last4=Cellinese |first4=Nico |last5=Allen |first5=Julie M. |last6=Soltis |first6=Pamela S. |last7=Soltis |first7=Douglas E. |last8=Guralnick |first8=Robert P. |author-link7=Douglas Soltis|author-link6=Pamela Soltis|title=Rates of niche and phenotype evolution lag behind diversification in a temperate radiation |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |date=28 May 2019 |volume=116 |issue=22 |pages=10874–10882 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1817999116|pmid=31085636 |pmc=6561174 |bibcode=2019PNAS..11610874F |ref={{harvid|Folk et al|2019}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ding |first1=Hengwu |last2=Zhu |first2=Ran |last3=Dong |first3=Jinxiu |last4=Bi |first4=De |last5=Jiang |first5=Lan |last6=Zeng |first6=Juhua |last7=Huang |first7=Qingyu |last8=Liu |first8=Huan |last9=Xu |first9=Wenzhong |last10=Wu |first10=Longhua |last11=Kan |first11=Xianzhao |title=Next-Generation Genome Sequencing of Sedum plumbizincicola Sheds Light on the Structural Evolution of Plastid rRNA Operon and Phylogenetic Implications within Saxifragales |journal=[[Plants (journal)|Plants]] |date=29 September 2019 |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=386 |doi=10.3390/plants8100386|pmid=31569538 |pmc=6843225 |ref={{harvid|Ding et al|2019}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Wenpan |last2=Xu |first2=Chao |last3=Wu |first3=Ping |last4=Cheng |first4=Tao |last5=Yu |first5=Jing |last6=Zhou |first6=Shiliang |last7=Hong |first7=De-Yuan |title=Resolving the systematic positions of enigmatic taxa: Manipulating the chloroplast genome data of Saxifragales |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |date=September 2018 |volume=126 |pages=321–330 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.033|pmid=29702217 |bibcode=2018MolPE.126..321D |s2cid=19094509 |ref={{harvid|Dong et al|2018}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jian|first1=Shuguang  |author2-link=Pamela S. Soltis |first2=Pamela S. |last2=Soltis |first3=Matthew A. |last3=Gitzendanner |first4=Michael J. |last4=Moore |first5=Ruiqi |last5=Li |first6=Tory A. |last6=Hendry |first7=Yin-Long |last7=Qiu |first8=Amit |last8=Dhingra |first9=Charles D. |last9=Bell |author10-link=Douglas E. Soltis |first10=Douglas E. |last10=Soltis
|doi=10.1080/10635150801888871 | pmid =18275001 | volume=57 | issue=1 | title=Resolving an ancient, rapid radiation in Saxifragales | date=February 2008 | pages=38–57 | journal=[[Systematic Biology]] |s2cid=3338814 |ref={{harvid|Jian et al|2008}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Soltis |first1=D. E. |author-link1=Douglas E. Soltis |last2=Mort |first2=M. E. |last3=Latvis |first3=M. |last4=Mavrodiev |first4=E. V. |last5=O'Meara |first5=B. C. |last6=Soltis |first6=P. S. |author-link6 = Pamela S. Soltis|last7=Burleigh |first7=J. G. |last8=Rubio de Casas |first8=R. |title=Phylogenetic relationships and character evolution analysis of Saxifragales using a supermatrix approach |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |date=29 April 2013 |volume=100 |issue=5 |pages=916–929 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1300044|doi-access=free|pmid=23629845 |ref={{harvid|Soltis et al|2013}}}}

==== APG ====

* {{Citation |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=1998 |title=An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279592674|journal=[[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden]] |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=531&ndash;553 |jstor=2992015 |doi=10.2307/2992015|ref={{harvid|APG I|1998}}}}
* {{Citation |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II |author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |others=Bremer, B., K. Bremer, M.W. Chase, J.L. Reveal, D.E. Soltis, [[P.S. Soltis]] & P.F. Stevens |year=2003 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II |url=http://www.biodiversitas.org.br/listasmg/apg2.pdf |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=141 |issue=4 |pages=399–436 |ref={{harvid|APG II|2003}} |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x |access-date=2019-09-24 |archive-date=2020-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022000504/http://www.biodiversitas.org.br/listasmg/apg2.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{Citation |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III|author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|others=Bremer, B., K. Bremer, M.W. Chase, M.F. Fay, J.L. Reveal, D.E. Soltis, [[P.S. Soltis]] & P.F. Stevens|year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=161 |issue=2|pages=105–121 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |ref={{harvid|APG III|2009}}|doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV|author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20  |doi=10.1111/boj.12385|s2cid=7498637 |ref={{harvid|APG IV|2016}} |doi-access=free }}

==== Saxifragales families ====

* {{cite journal |last1=Auer |first1=James D. |last2=Greenberg |first2=Joshua |title=Peonies: An Economic Background for Alaska Flower Growers |url=https://www.uaf.edu/files/snre/MP_09_08.pdf |journal=SNRAS/AFES Miscellaneous Publication MP 2009-08 |publisher=School of Natural Resources & Agricultural Resources, [[University of Alaska, Fairbanks]] |date=June 2009}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bellot |first1=Sidonie |last2=Cusimano |first2=Natalie |last3=Luo |first3=Shixiao |last4=Sun |first4=Guiling |last5=Zarre |first5=Shahin |last6=Gröger |first6=Andreas |last7=Temsch |first7=Eva |last8=Renner |first8=Susanne S. |title=Assembled Plastid and Mitochondrial Genomes, as well as Nuclear Genes, Place the Parasite Family Cynomoriaceae in the Saxifragales |journal=[[Genome Biology and Evolution]] |date=July 2016 |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=2214–2230 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evw147|pmid=27358425 |ref={{harvid|Bellot et al|2016}} |pmc=4987112}}
* {{cite journal |  last1 = Davis | first1 = Charles C. | last2 = Chase | first2 = Mark W. |author-link2=Mark Wayne Chase | year = 2004 | title = Elatinaceae are sister to Malpighiaceae; Peridiscaceae belong to Saxifragales | url = https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/2666728/Davis_ElatinaceaeSisterMalpighiaceae.pdf?sequence=2| journal = [[American Journal of Botany]] | volume = 91 | issue = 2| pages = 262–273 | pmid = 21653382 |doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.2.262 | hdl = 2027.42/141309 | s2cid = 6325727 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Dickison | first1 = William C. | last2 = Hils | first2 = Matthew H. | last3 = Lucansky | first3 = Terry W. | last4 = William Louis | first4 = Stern | year = 1994 | title = Comparative anatomy and systematics of woody Saxifragaceae: Aphanopetalum | journal = [[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] | volume = 114 | issue = 2| pages = 167–182|doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1994.tb01930.x | ref={{harvid|Dickison et al|1994}} }}
* {{cite journal  | last1 = Endress | first1 = Peter K. | year = 1986 | title = Floral structure, systematics and phylogeny in Trochodendrales |  journal = [[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden]] | volume = 73 | issue = 2| pages = 297–324 | doi = 10.2307/2399115|jstor = 2399115| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/25060 }}
* {{cite journal  | last1 = Endress | first1 = Peter K. | year = 1989 | title = Aspects of evolutionary differentiation of the Hamamelidaceae and the Lower Hamamelididae |  journal = [[Plant Systematics and Evolution]] | volume = 162 | issue = 1–4| pages = 193–211 | doi = 10.1007/BF00936917| bibcode = 1989PSyEv.162..193E | s2cid = 45506515 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gapinski |first1=Andrew |title=Hamamelidaceae, Part 1: Exploring the Witch-hazels of the Arnold Arboretum |journal=[[Arnoldia (magazine)|Arnoldia]] |date=2014 |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=2–17 |doi=10.5962/p.253579 |url=http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/2014-72-2-hamamelidaceae-part-1-exploring-the-witch-hazels-of-the-arnold-arboretum.pdf |access-date=2019-12-03 |archive-date=2020-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103221259/http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/2014-72-2-hamamelidaceae-part-1-exploring-the-witch-hazels-of-the-arnold-arboretum.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite journal |  last1 = Hils | first1 = Matthew H. | last2 = Dickison | first2 = William C. | last3 = Lucansky | first3 = Terry W. | last4 = William Louis | first4 = Stern | year = 1988 | title = Comparative anatomy and systematics of woody Saxifragaceae: Tetracarpaea |  journal = [[American Journal of Botany]] | volume = 75 | issue = 11| pages = 1687–1700| doi = 10.2307/2444685 |jstor = 2444685|ref={{harvid|Hils et al|1988}}}}
* {{cite journal |  last1 = Ickert-Bond | first1 = Stephanie M. | last2 = Wen | first2 = Jun | year = 2006 | title = Phylogeny and biogeography of Altingiaceae: Evidence from combined analysis of five non-coding chloroplast regions | journal = [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] | volume = 39 | issue = 2| pages = 512–528 | pmid = 16439163 |doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.003 | bibcode = 2006MolPE..39..512I }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ickert-Bond |first1=Stefanie |last2=Wen |first2=Jun |title=A taxonomic synopsis of Altingiaceae with nine new combinations |journal=[[PhytoKeys]] |date=17 December 2013 |issue=31 |pages=21–61 |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.31.6251|pmid=24399902 |pmc=3881344 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Moody | first1 = Michael L. | last2 = Les | first2 = Donald H. | year = 2007 | title = Phylogenetic systematics and character evolution in the angiosperm family Haloragaceae | journal = [[American Journal of Botany]] | volume = 94 | issue = 12| pages = 2005–2025 | pmid = 21636395 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.94.12.2005 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Soltis |first1=Douglas E. |last2=Soltis |first2=Pamela S. |author1-link=Douglas E. Soltis |author2-link=Pamela S. Soltis |title=Phylogenetic relationships in Saxifragaceae sensu lato: a comparison of topologies based on 18S rDNA and rbcL sequences |journal=American Journal of Botany |date=April 1997 |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=504–522 |doi=10.2307/2446027|jstor=2446027 |pmid=21708603 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal  | last1 = Soltis | first1 = Douglas E. |author-link1=Douglas E. Soltis | last2 = Kuzoff | first2 = Robert K. | last3 = Mort | first3 = Mark E. | last4 = Zanis | first4 = Michael | last5 = Fishbein | first5 = Mark | last6 = Hufford | first6 = Larry | last7 = Koontz | first7 = Jason | last8 = Arroyo | first8 = Mary K. | year = 2001 | title = Elucidating deep-level phylogenetic relationships in Saxifragaceae using sequences for six chloroplastic and nuclear DNA regions |  journal = [[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden]] | volume = 88 | issue = 4| pages = 669–693| doi = 10.2307/3298639|jstor = 3298639| s2cid = 88444605 | ref={{harvid|Soltis et al|2001}}}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Soltis | first1 = Douglas E. |author-link1=Douglas E. Soltis | last2 = Clayton | first2 = Joshua W. | last3 = Davis | first3 = Charles C. | last4 = Gitzendanner | first4 = Matthew A. | last5 = Cheek | first5 = Martin | last6 = Savolainen | first6 = Vincent | last7 = Amorim | first7 = André M. | last8 = Soltis | first8 = Pamela S. | author-link8 = Pamela S. Soltis|year = 2007 | title = Monophyly and relationships of the enigmatic family Peridiscaceae |  journal = [[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] | volume = 56 | issue = 1| pages = 65–73 | jstor = 25065736|ref={{harvid|Soltis et al|2007}} | doi = 10.2307/25065736| doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Tseng-Chieng | first1 = Huang | title = Monograph of Daphniphyllum (I) | url = http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/taiwania/abstract.php?type=abstract&id=1247 | journal = [[Taiwania]] | year = 1965 | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–98 | doi = 10.6165/tai.1965.11.57 | access-date = 2019-10-14 | archive-date = 2018-04-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180426080335/http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/taiwania/abstract.php?type=abstract&id=1247 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Tseng-Chieng | first1 = Huang | title = Monograph of Daphniphyllum (II) | url = http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/taiwania/abstract.php?type=abstract&id=1241 | journal = [[Taiwania]] | year = 1966 | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 137–234 | doi = 10.6165/tai.1966.12.137 | access-date = 2019-10-14 | archive-date = 2018-04-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180425202133/http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/taiwania/abstract.php?type=abstract&id=1241 | url-status = dead }}

==== Paleontology ====

* {{cite journal  | last1 = Crane | first1 = Peter R. | year = 1989 | title = Paleobotanical evidence on the early radiation of nonmagnoliid dicotyledons | journal = [[Plant Systematics and Evolution]] | volume = 162 | issue = 1–4| pages = 165–191| doi = 10.1007/BF00936916| bibcode = 1989PSyEv.162..165C | s2cid = 19163148 }}
* {{cite journal  | last1 = Hermsen | first1 = Elizabeth J. | last2 = Gandolfo | first2 = María A. | last3 = Nixon | first3 = Kevin C. | last4 = Crepet | first4 = William L. | year = 2003 | title = ''Divisestylus'' genus novus (Affinity Iteaceae), a fossil saxifrage from the Late Cretaceous of New Jersey, USA |  journal = [[American Journal of Botany]] | volume = 90 | issue = 9| pages = 1373–1388 | pmid = 21659237 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.90.9.1373|ref={{harvid|Hermsen et al|2003}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hermsen|first1=Elizabeth J.  |first2=María A. |last2=Gandolfo |first3=Kevin C. |last3=Nixon |first4=William L. |last4=Crepet |title=The impact of extinct taxa on understanding the early evolution of angiosperm clades: An example incorporating fossil reproductive structures of Saxifragales |journal=[[Plant Systematics and Evolution]] |volume=260 |issue=2–4 |pages=141–169 |year=2006 |doi= 10.1007/s00606-006-0441-x|bibcode=2006PSyEv.260..141H |s2cid=24956887 |ref={{harvid|Hermsen et al|2006}}}}
* {{cite journal  | last1 = Hernández-Castillo | first1 = Genaro R. | last2 = Cevallos-Ferriz | first2 = Sergio R.S. | year = 1999 | title = Reproductive and vegetative organs with affinities to Haloragaceae from the Upper Cretaceous Huepac Chert Locality of Sonora, Mexico | jstor = 2656670| journal = [[American Journal of Botany]] | volume = 86 | issue = 12| pages = 1717–1734 | pmid = 10602765| doi = 10.2307/2656670 }}
* {{cite journal  | last1 = Pigg | first1 = Kathleen B. | last2 = Ickert-Bond | first2 = Stephanie M. | last3 = Wen | first3 = Jun | year = 2004 | title = Anatomically preserved ''Liquidambar'' (Altingiaceae) from the middle Miocene of Yakima Canyon, Washington State, USA, and its biogeographic implications |  journal = [[American Journal of Botany]] | volume = 91 | issue = 3| pages = 499–509 | pmid = 21653405| doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.3.499|ref={{harvid|Pigg et al|2004}} }}

=== Websites ===

* {{cite web|last= Brennan|first=Rex M.|year=2008a|title=Currants and Gooseberries / ''Ribes'' species / Saxifragaceae|url=http://archive.northsearegion.eu/files/repository/20131121174401_UK-Enclosure44.pdf}}
* {{citation |last1=Cole|first1=Theodor C. H.|last2=Hilger|first2=Hartmut H.|last3=Stevens|first3=Peter F.|author-link3=Peter F. Stevens|title=Angiosperm Phylogeny: Flowering Plant Systematics| date=May 2019 |url=https://peerj.com/preprints/2320/|doi= 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2320v6|access-date=29 November 2019|ref={{harvid|Cole et al|2019}} |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite web |last1= Kormanik |first1=Paul P. |title=Liquidambar styraciflua L. - Silvics of North America |url=https://www.forestasyst.org/hardwoods/styraciflua.htm |website=Forest*A*Syst |publisher=Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources & College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, [[The University of Georgia]] |date=1990}}
* {{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |author-link=Peter F. Stevens|date=2019|orig-year= 2001 |title= Saxifragales|website=[[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website|AP Web v. 14]]|publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]]|url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/saxifragalesweb.htm#Saxifragales|access-date=25 September 2019}} (''see also'' [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]])
* {{cite web |last1=Soltis |first1=D |last2=Soltis |first2=P |last3=Arakaki |first3=M |title=Saxifragales |url=http://tolweb.org/Saxifragales |website=[[Tree of Life Web Project|Tree of Life]] |date=2006|ref={{harvid|Soltis et al|2006}}}}
* {{cite web |last=WFO|title=Saxifragales Bercht. & J.Presl|url= http://worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-9000000481|website=[[World Flora Online]] |access-date=1 November 2019 |date=2019}}
* {{cite web |last1=IUCN |title=Saxifragales |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?taxonomies=125638855&searchType=species |website=Red List of Threatened Species |publisher=[[IUCN]] |access-date=30 November 2019 |date=2019}}, see also [[IUCN Red List]]
* {{cite web |last1= Chen |first1=Jiarui |last2=Funston |first2=Michele |  title= Haloragaceae|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=129989 |pages=427–428|access-date=6 December 2019|year=2004}}, in [[Flora of China (series)|Flora of China online]] vol. 13
* {{cite web |last1=Gros d'Aillon |first1=Francois |title=Ribes Linaeus |url=https://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Grossulariaceae/Ribes/ribes.e.shtml |website=A small Flore of Rosemère surroundings |access-date=6 December 2019 |date=5 April 2016 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206224005/https://www.labunix.uqam.ca/~fg/MyFlora/Grossulariaceae/Ribes/ribes.e.shtml |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |last1=Doronina |first1=A.Ju. |last2=Terekhina |first2=N.V. |title=AgroAtlas - Crops - Ribes nigrum L. - European black currant. |url=http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/cultural/Ribes_nigrum_K/ |website=Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neighboring Countries. Economic Plants and their Diseases, Pests and Weeds |date=2009}}
*{{cite web |last1=Johansson |first1=Jan Thomas |title=Saxifragales Dumortier|url=http://angio.bergianska.se/Saxifragales/Saxifragales.html#Saxifragales |website=The Phylogeny of Angiosperms |access-date=8 January 2020 |date=2013}}

;Images
* {{anchor|Pmex}}{{cite web|title=''Pterostemon mexicanus''|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:33988-1|publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|website=[[Plants of the World Online]]|type=Photograph: glandular dentate leaf margins |access-date=8 January 2020|date=2017}}

{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline}}

{{Angiosperm orders}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q21855}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Saxifragales| ]]
[[Category:Superrosids]]
[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Friedrich von Berchtold]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Jan Svatopluk Presl]]

[[hu:Kőtörőfüvek]]