Editing Satyendra Nath Bose

{{short description|Indian theoretical physicist and polymath (1894–1974)}}
{{For|Indian nationalist belonging to the Anushilan Samiti|Satyendranath Bosu}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Satyendra Nath Bose
| honorific_suffix  = [[Fellowship of the Royal Society|FRS]], [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|MP]]
| image             = SatyenBose1925.jpg
| caption           = Bose in 1925
| birth_name        = Satyendra Nath Bose
| birth_date        = {{Birth date |1894|1|1|df =y}}
| birth_place       = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1974|2|4|1894|1|1}}
| death_place       = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Satyendra-Nath-Bose |title=Satyendra Nath Bose – Bengali physicist |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=5 December 2015 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603023919/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Satyendra-Nath-Bose |url-status=live }}</ref>
| alma_mater        = [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]])<br>[[University College of Science, Technology and Agriculture| Science College, Calcutta University]] ([[Master of Science|MSc]])
| academic_advisors = {{ubl|[[Jagadish Chandra Bose]]|[[Prafulla Chandra Ray]]}}
| doctoral_students = {{ubl|[[Purnima Sinha]]|[[Partha Ghose]]|[[Siva Brata Bhattacherjee]]}}
| notable_students  = {{ubl|[[Mani Lal Bhaumik]]|[[Lilabati Bhattacharjee]]|[[Asima Chatterjee]]|[[Ratan Lal Brahmachary]]}}
| known_for         = {{ubl|[[Bose–Einstein condensate]]|[[Bose–Einstein statistics]]|[[Bose–Einstein distribution]]|[[Bose–Einstein correlations]]|[[Boson]]}}
| awards            = {{ubl|[[Padma Vibhushan]]|[[Fellow of the Royal Society]]<ref name="frs" />}}
| spouse            = Ushabati Bose (''[[née]]'' Ghosh)<ref name = "SNB Project">{{cite web |url = https://sites.google.com/site/snbproject/timeline |title = S. N. Bose Biography Project |date = July 2012 |access-date = 24 July 2015 |archive-date = 17 October 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171017165140/https://sites.google.com/site/snbproject/timeline |url-status = live }}</ref>
| academic_advisor  = 
| field             = [[Theoretical Physics| Theoretical physics]], [[Quantum Mechanics|quantum mechanics]], [[mathematics]]
| work_institution  = {{ubl|[[University of Calcutta]]|[[University of Dhaka]]|[[Visva-Bharati]]}}
| signature         = Signature Satyendranath Bose.svg
| module            = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed       = yes
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| termstart = 3 April 1952
| termend = 2 April 1960
| constituency = [[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|Nominated (Education)]]
| predecessor = ''office established''
| successor =
}}
}}
{{Quantum mechanics|Scientists}}

'''Satyendra Nath Bose''' {{post-nominals|list=[[Fellowship of the Royal Society|FRS]], [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|MP]]}}<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last = Mehra | first = J.| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1975.0002 | title = Satyendra Nath Bose 1 January 1894 – 4 February 1974 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]]| volume = 21 | pages = 116–126| year = 1975| s2cid = 72507392}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|'|b|ou|s}};<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Bose,_Satyendra_Nath |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718190953/https://www.lexico.com/definition/bose,_satyendra_nath |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2021 |title=Bose, Satyendra Nath |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>{{efn|The English pronunciation is from the Hindustani, {{IPA|hns|səˈtjeːndrə ˈnaːtʰ ˈboːs|}}. The Bengali pronunciation is {{IPA|bn|ʃotːendronatʰ boʃu|}}.}} 1 January 1894 – 4 February 1974) was an Indian [[theoretical physicist]] and [[mathematician]]. He is best known for his work on [[quantum mechanics]] in the early 1920s, in developing the foundation for [[Bose–Einstein statistics]], and the theory of the [[Bose–Einstein condensate]]. A [[Royal Society#Fellows|Fellow]] of the [[Royal Society]], he was awarded India's second highest civilian award, the [[Padma Vibhushan]], in 1954 by the [[Government of India]].{{sfn|Wali|2009|pp =xv, xxxiv}}<ref name= Biography /><ref name = SMahanti />

The class of particles that obey Bose statistics, [[boson]]s, was named after Bose by [[Paul Dirac]].<ref>{{Citation | title = Notes on Dirac's lecture ''Developments in Atomic Theory'' at Le Palais de la Découverte, 6 December 1945 | series = UKNATARCHI Dirac Papers | id = BW83/2/257889 | at = p. 331, note 64 | contribution = The Strangest Man | first = Graham | last = Farmelo}}.</ref><ref name="Sean2013">{{cite book | author=Miller, Sean | title=Strung Together: The Cultural Currency of String Theory as a Scientific Imaginary | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXTcSoXEZNUC&pg=PA63 | date=18 March 2013 | publisher=University of Michigan Press | isbn=978-0-472-11866-3 | page=63 }}</ref>

A [[polymath]], he had a wide range of interests in varied fields, including [[physics]], [[mathematics]], [[chemistry]], [[biology]], [[mineralogy]], [[philosophy]], [[The arts|arts]], [[literature]], and [[music]]. He served on many research and development committees in India, after independence.{{sfn |Wali|2009|p= xl}}

==Early life==
[[File:House of Satyendra Nath Bose 01.jpg|thumb|Satyendra Nath Bose Birthplace]]
[[File:House of Acharya Satyendra Nath Bose.jpg|thumb|Satyendra Nath Bose Residence (22, Ishwar Mill Lane, Kolkata) Entrance & Name Plate]]

Bose was born in [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata), the eldest of seven children in a [[Bengali Kayastha]] family.<ref>{{cite Q|Q125628281|page=10|quote=Satyendra Nath was born in Calcutta on the first of January, 1894, in a high caste Kayastha family with two generations of English education behind him.}}</ref> He was the only son, with six sisters after him. His ancestral home was in the village Bara Jagulia, in the district of [[Nadia district|Nadia]], in the [[Bengal Presidency]]. His schooling began at the age of five, near his home.  When his family moved to Goabagan, he was admitted into the New Indian School.  In his final year of school, he was admitted into the [[Hindu School]].  He passed his entrance examination ([[matriculation]]) in 1909 and stood fifth in the order of merit. He then joined the intermediate science course at the [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]], [[Calcutta]], where his teachers included [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], [[Sarada Prasanna Das]], and [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]].

Bose received a [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[mixed mathematics]] from [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]],  standing first in 1913. Then he joined [[Ashutosh Mukherjee|Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee's]] newly formed [[Rajabazar Science College|Science College]] where he again stood first in the [[Master of Science]] (MSc) mixed mathematics exam in 1915. His marks in the MSc examination created a new record in the annals of the [[University of Calcutta]], which is yet to be surpassed.<ref name = "gamble">{{cite web | url = http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/jan2002/article1.htm | title = Vigyan Prasar | first = Dr VB | last = Kamble | date = January 2002 | access-date = 10 December 2006 | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304021244/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/jan2002/article1.htm | url-status = live }}</ref>

After completing his MSc, Bose joined the [[Rajabazar Science College|Science College, Calcutta University]] as a research scholar in 1916 and started his studies in the [[theory of relativity]]. It was an exciting era in the history of scientific progress. [[Old quantum theory|Quantum theory]] had just appeared on the horizon and significant results had started pouring in.<ref name="gamble" />

His father, Surendranath Bose, worked in the Engineering Department of the [[East Indian Railway Company]]. In 1914, at age 20, Satyendra Nath Bose married Ushabati Ghosh,<ref name="SNB Project"/>{{sfn| Wali| 2009| p= xvii}} the 11-year-old daughter of a prominent Calcutta physician.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Masters, Barry R. |url=http://newweb.bose.res.in/Prof.S.N.Bose-Archive/objects/Masters-Bose.pdf |title=Satyendra Nath Bose and Bose–Einstein Statistics |date=April 2013 |journal=Optics & Photonics News |volume=24 |issue=4 |page=41 |bibcode=2013OptPN..24...40M |doi=10.1364/OPN.24.4.000040 |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414144753/http://newweb.bose.res.in/Prof.S.N.Bose-Archive/objects/Masters-Bose.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> They had nine children, two of whom died in early childhood. When he died in 1974, he left behind his wife, two sons, and five daughters.<ref name="gamble" />

As a [[Polyglotism|polyglot]], Bose was well versed in several languages such as [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English, French, German and [[Sanskrit]] as well as the poetry of [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson|Lord Tennyson]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Kālidāsa|Kalidasa]]. In Europe, he impressed his host [[Jacqueline Zadoc-Kahn Eisenmann|Jacqueline Zadoc-Kahn]] with his knowledge of [[Hebrew]] in literature and religion.{{sfn|Wali|2009|p= 454-455}} He could play the ''[[esraj]]'', an Indian instrument similar to a violin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vigyan Prasar – SC Bose|url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/snbose/bosenew.htm|website=www.vigyanprasar.gov.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=14 June 2017|archive-date=10 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410165124/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/snbose/bosenew.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He was actively involved in running night schools that came to be known as the Working Men's Institute.<ref name= SMahanti />{{sfn | Wali | 2009| p= xvi}}

==Research career==
Bose attended [[Hindu School]] in [[Calcutta]], and later [[List of Kolkata Presidencians|attended]] [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]], also in Calcutta, earning the highest marks at each institution, while fellow student and future astrophysicist [[Meghnad Saha]] came second.<ref name = SMahanti>{{cite web | first = Dr Subodh | last = Mahanti | place = [[India|IN]] | title = Satyendra Nath Bose, The Creator of Quantum Statistics | url = http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/snbose/bosenew.htm | publisher = Vigyan Prasar | access-date = 1 February 2012 | archive-date = 10 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160410165124/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/snbose/bosenew.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> He came in contact with teachers such as [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], Prafulla Chandra Ray and Naman Sharma who provided inspiration to aim high in life. From 1916 to 1921, he was a lecturer in the [[Academic department|physics department]] of the [[Rajabazar Science College]] under [[University of Calcutta]]. Along with Saha, Bose prepared the first book in English based on German and French translations of original papers on Einstein's special and general relativity in 1919.

In 1921, Satyendra Nath Bose joined as [[Reader (academic rank)|Reader]] in the Department of Physics of the recently founded [[University of Dhaka]] (in present-day Bangladesh).<ref name=Banglapedia>{{citation |author=Md Mahbub Murshed |chapter=Bose, Satyendra Nath |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bose,_Satyendra_Nath |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |editor=Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |edition=Second |access-date=6 July 2016 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107004743/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bose,_Satyendra_Nath |url-status=live }}</ref> Bose set up whole new departments, including laboratories, to teach advanced courses for MSc and BSc honours and taught [[thermodynamics]] as well as [[James Clerk Maxwell]]'s [[A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field|theory]] of [[electromagnetism]].{{sfn|Wali|2009|pp =xvii, xviii, xx}}

Bose, along with Indian Astrophysicist [[Meghnad Saha]], presented several papers in theoretical physics and pure mathematics from 1918 onwards. In 1924, whilst a Reader in the Physics Department of the [[University of Dhaka]], Bose wrote a paper deriving [[Planck's law|Planck's quantum radiation law]] without any reference to [[classical physics]] by using a novel way of counting states with [[identical particles]]. This paper was seminal in creating the important field of [[quantum statistics]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF03010400|url=http://hermes.ffn.ub.es/luisnavarro/nuevo_maletin/Bose_1924.pdf|bibcode=1994JApA...15....3B|title=Planck's Law and the Light Quantum Hypothesis|journal=Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy|volume=15|pages=3–7|last1=Bose|first1=S. N.|year=1994|s2cid=121808581|access-date=2 February 2018|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011075916/http://hermes.ffn.ub.es/luisnavarro/nuevo_maletin/Bose_1924.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Though not accepted at once for publication, he sent the article directly to [[Albert Einstein]] in Germany. Einstein, recognising the importance of the paper, translated it into German himself and submitted it on Bose's behalf to the ''[[Zeitschrift für Physik]]''. As a result of this recognition, Bose was able to work for two years in European [[X-ray]] and [[crystallography]] laboratories, during which he worked with [[Louis de Broglie]], [[Marie Curie]], and Einstein.<ref name= SMahanti/><ref name="shanbhag">{{cite web | first = MR | last = Shanbhag | work = Personalities | title = Scientist | url = http://www.calcuttaweb.com/people/snbose.shtml | publisher = Calcutta web | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020802081628/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/people/snbose.shtml | archive-date = 2 August 2002 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name = "OConnorRobertson">{{cite web | first1 = JJ | last1 = O'Connor | first2 = EF | last2 = Robertson | date = October 2003 | title = Satyendranath Bose | url = http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bose.html | publisher = St Andrew's | work = The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive | place = UK | access-date = 1 February 2012 | archive-date = 18 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150918212827/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bose.html | url-status = live }}</ref>{{sfn|Wali|2009|pp = xx–xxiii}}

===Bose–Einstein statistics===

While presenting a lecture<ref>{{cite web | first =MR | last =Shanbhag | title =Satyendra Nath Bose (January 1, 1894 – February 4, 1974) | url =http://www.isical.ac.in/~econophys/bose.html | publisher =Indian Statistical Institute | access-date =1 February 2012 | archive-date =28 May 2012 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120528020607/http://www.isical.ac.in/~econophys/bose.html | url-status =live }}</ref> at the [[University of Dhaka]] on the theory of [[radiation]] and the [[ultraviolet catastrophe]], Bose intended to show his students that the contemporary theory was inadequate, because it predicted results not in accordance with experimental results.

In the process of describing this discrepancy, Bose for the first time took the position that the [[Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution]] would not be true for microscopic particles, where fluctuations due to [[Heisenberg's uncertainty principle]] will be significant. Thus he stressed the probability of finding particles in the [[phase space]], each state having volume {{math|''h''<sup>3</sup>}}, and discarding the distinct position and [[momentum]] of the particles.

Bose adapted this lecture into a short article called "Planck's Law and the Hypothesis of Light Quanta" and sent it to [[Albert Einstein]] with the following letter:<ref>{{Citation |title=Bose And His Statistics | first =G | last = Venkataraman |page=14 | publisher =Universities Press |year=1992 |isbn= 978-81-7371-036-0}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Respected Sir, I have ventured to send you the accompanying article for your perusal and opinion. I am anxious to know what you think of it. You will see that I have tried to deduce the coefficient {{math|8π ν<sup>2</sup>/''c''<sup>3</sup>}} in Planck's Law independent of classical electrodynamics, only assuming that the ultimate elementary region in the phase-space has the content {{math |''h''<sup>3</sup>}}. I do not know sufficient German to translate the paper. If you think the paper worth publication I shall be grateful if you arrange for its publication in ''Zeitschrift für Physik''. Though a complete stranger to you, I do not feel any hesitation in making such a request. Because we are all your pupils though profiting only by your teachings through your writings. I do not know whether you still remember that somebody from Calcutta asked your permission to translate your papers on Relativity in English. You acceded to the request. The book has since been published. I was the one who translated your paper on Generalised Relativity.}}

Einstein agreed with him, translated Bose's papers "Planck's Law and Hypothesis of Light Quanta" into German, and had it published in ''[[Zeitschrift für Physik]]'' under Bose's name, in 1924.{{sfn|Wali|2009|p= 414}}
{{clear|left}}<!--This Clear is for viewports wider than 1280px-->

<div style="min-width:150px; max-width:315px; float:left; margin-top:3px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:25px;">
<div class="thumb" style="float:left; margin-right:15px; margin-bottom:10px;">
<div style="width: 150px">
{| width="150" cellpadding="3" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 3px; border: 1px solid #8888aa"
|-
|+ '''Possible outcomes of flipping two coins'''
|-
| Two heads || Two tails || One of each
|-
|}
<div style="thumbcaption">'''(1)''' There are three outcomes. What is the probability of producing two heads?</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb" style="float:left;">
<div style="width: 150px;">
{| width="150" cellpadding="3" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 3px; border: 1px solid #8888aa"
|-
|+ '''Outcome probabilities'''
|-
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | &nbsp;
! colspan="2" | Coin 1
|-
! Head || Tail
|-
! rowspan="2" | Coin 2
! Head
| HH || HT
|-
! Tail
| TH || TT
|-
|}
<div style="thumbcaption">'''(2)''' Since the coins are distinct, there are two outcomes which produce a head and a tail. The probability of two heads is one-quarter.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

The reason Bose's interpretation produced accurate results was that since photons are indistinguishable from each other, one cannot treat any two photons having equal energy as being two distinct identifiable photons. By analogy if, in an alternate universe, coins were to behave like photons and other [[boson]]s, the probability of producing two heads would indeed be one-third (tail-head = head-tail).

Bose's interpretation is now called [[Bose–Einstein statistics]]. This result derived by Bose laid the foundation of [[quantum statistics]], and especially the revolutionary new philosophical conception of the indistinguishability of particles, as acknowledged by Einstein and Dirac.{{sfn|Wali|2009|p= 414}} When Einstein met Bose face-to-face, he asked him whether he had been aware that he had invented a new type of statistics, and he very candidly said that no, he wasn't that familiar with [[Boltzmann]]'s statistics and didn't realize that he was doing the calculations differently. He was equally candid with anyone who asked.
{{clear|both}}<!--This is required to keep the layout in order-->

====Bose–Einstein condensate====
{{Standard model of particle physics|Scientists}}
[[File:Bose Einstein condensate.png|thumb|left|250px|Velocity-distribution data of a gas of [[rubidium]] atoms, confirming the discovery of a new phase of matter, [[Bose–Einstein condensate|the Bose–Einstein condensate]].<ref>{{Citation | contribution-url = http://patapsco.nist.gov/imagegallery/details.cfm?imageid=193 | contribution = Quantum Physics; Bose Einstein condensate | publisher = NIST | title = Image Gallery | date = 11 March 2006 | url = http://patapsco.nist.gov/ | access-date = 12 April 2012 | archive-date = 16 May 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120516181854/http://patapsco.nist.gov/ | url-status = live }}.</ref> Left: just before the appearance of a Bose–Einstein condensate. Center: just after the appearance of the condensate. Right: after further evaporation, leaving a sample of nearly pure condensate.]]

Einstein also did not at first realize how radical Bose's departure was, and in his first paper after Bose, he was guided, like Bose, by the fact that the new method gave the right answer. But after Einstein's second paper using Bose's method in which Einstein predicted the Bose-Einstein condensate (''pictured left''), he started to realize just how radical it was, and he compared it to wave/particle duality, saying that some particles didn't behave exactly like particles.  Bose had already submitted his article to the British Journal ''Philosophical Magazine'', which rejected it before he sent it to Einstein. It is not known why it was rejected.<ref>A.Douglas Stone, Chapter 24, ''The Indian Comet'', in the book ''Einstein and the Quantum'', Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2013.</ref>

Einstein adopted the idea and extended it to atoms. This led to the prediction of the existence of phenomena which became known as [[Bose–Einstein condensate]], a dense collection of [[boson]]s (which are particles with integer [[Spin (physics)|spin]], named after Bose), which was demonstrated to exist by experiment in 1995.
{{clear|left}}

===Dhaka===
[[File:Satyendra-nath-bose.jpg|thumb|Bose at Dhaka University in the 1930s]]
After his stay in Europe, Bose returned to [[Dhaka]] in 1926. He did not have a doctorate, and so ordinarily, under the prevailing regulations, he would not be qualified for the post of Professor he applied for, but [[Einstein]] recommended him. He was then made [[Chair (official)|Head]] of the Department of [[Physics]] at [[Dhaka University]]. He continued guiding and teaching at Dhaka University and was the [[Dean (education)|Dean]] of the Faculty of Science there until 1945.

Bose designed equipment himself for an [[X-ray crystallography]] laboratory. He set up laboratories and libraries to make the department a center of research in X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, magnetic properties of matter, optical spectroscopy, wireless, and [[Unified field theory|unified field theories]]. He also published an [[equation of state]] for [[real gas]]es with [[Meghnad Saha]].

===Calcutta===
When the [[partition of India]] became imminent (1947), he returned to [[Calcutta]] (now known as Kolkata) and taught there until 1956. He insisted every student design their own equipment using local materials and local technicians. He was made [[Emeritus|professor emeritus]] on his retirement.<ref name="shanbhag"/>{{sfn|Wali|2009|pp = xxx, xxiv}}<ref name=SMahanti/> He then became Vice-Chancellor of [[Visva-Bharati University]] in [[Santiniketan]]. He returned to the University of Calcutta to continue research in nuclear physics and complete earlier works in organic chemistry. In subsequent years, he worked in applied research such as extraction of [[helium]] in hot springs of [[Bakreshwar]].{{sfn|Wali|2009|pp =xxxvi, xxxviii}}

===Other fields===
Apart from physics, he did research in [[biotechnology]] and literature ([[Bengali literature|Bengali]] and English). He made studies in [[chemistry]], geology, [[zoology]], [[anthropology]], engineering and other sciences. Being [[Bengali people|Bengali]], he devoted significant time to promoting [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as a teaching language, translating scientific papers into it, and promoting the development of the region.<ref name="OConnorRobertson"/>{{sfn|Wali|2009|pp =xxiv, xxxix}}<ref name=Biography>{{Citation | title = Science world | url = http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Bose.html | contribution = Bose, Satyendranath (1894–1974) | type = biography | first = Michel | last = Barran | publisher = Wolfram | access-date = 24 January 2006 | archive-date = 1 August 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180801223439/http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Bose.html | url-status = live }}.</ref>
{{clear|left}}

==Honours==
[[File:M N Saha, J C Bose, J C Ghosh, Snehamoy Dutt, S N Bose, D M Bose, N R Sen, J N Mukherjee, N C Nag.jpg|thumb|left|Bose with other scientists at the University of Calcutta]]
[[File:Bust of Satyendra Nath Bose at BITM 13 July 14 006.jpg|thumb|right|Bust of Satyendra Nath Bose which is placed in the garden of [[Birla Industrial & Technological Museum]]]]
In 1937, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] dedicated his only book on science, ''Visva–Parichay'', to Satyendra Nath Bose. Bose was honoured with the title [[Padma Vibhushan]] by the Indian Government in 1954. In 1959, he was appointed as the National Professor, the highest honour in the country for a scholar, a position he held for 15 years. In 1986, the [[S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences]] was established by an act of Parliament, Government of India, in Salt Lake, Calcutta.{{sfn| Wali| 2009 | pp = xxxiv, xxxviii}}<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120103/jsp/opinion/story_14952697.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140225060556/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120103/jsp/opinion/story_14952697.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 25 February 2014 | title = Original vision | first = Partha | last = Ghose | date = 3 January 2012 | newspaper = The Telegraph | place = [[India|IN]] |type=Opinion}}.</ref>

Bose became an adviser to the then newly formed [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]. He was the president of the [[Indian Physical Society]] and the National Institute of Science. He was elected general president of the [[Indian Science Congress]]. He was the vice president and then the president of [[Indian Statistical Institute]]. In 1958, he became a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]].  He was nominated as [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|member of]] [[Rajya Sabha]].

[[Partha Ghose]] has stated that<ref name=SMahanti/>
{{Blockquote | Bose's work stood at the transition between the '[[old quantum theory]]' of Planck, Bohr and Einstein and the new quantum mechanics of [[Erwin Schrödinger|Schrödinger]], [[Werner Heisenberg|Heisenberg]], [[Max Born|Born]], [[Paul Dirac|Dirac]] and others.}}
{{clear|left}}

===Nobel Prize nomination===

Bose was nominated by [[Kedareswar Banerjee|K. Banerjee]] (1956), [[Daulat Singh Kothari|D.S. Kothari]] (1959), S.N. Bagchi (1962), and A.K. Dutta (1962) for the Nobel Prize in Physics, for his contribution to [[Bose–Einstein statistics]] and the [[unified field theory]]. Banerjee, head of the Physics Department, [[University of Allahabad]], in a letter of 12 January 1956 wrote to the [[Nobel Committee]] as follows: "(1). He (Bose) made very outstanding contributions to physics by developing the statistics known after his name as Bose statistics. In recent years this statistics is found to be of profound importance in the classifications of [[fundamental particles]] and has contributed immensely to the development of [[nuclear physics]]. (2). During the period from 1953 to date, he has made a number of highly interesting contributions of far-reaching consequences on the subject of Einstein's [[Unified field theory|Unitary Field Theory]]." Bose's work was evaluated by an expert of the Nobel Committee, [[Oskar Klein]], who deemed his work not worthy of a Nobel Prize.<ref>Singh, Rajinder (2016) ''India's Nobel Prize Nominators and Nominees – The Praxis of Nomination and Geographical Distribution'', Shaker Publisher, Aachen, pp. 26–27. {{ISBN|978-3-8440-4315-0}}</ref><ref>Singh, Rajinder (2016) ''Die Nobelpreise und die indische Elite'', Shaker Verlag, Aachen, pp. 24–25. {{ISBN|978-3-8440-4429-4}}</ref><ref>Singh, Rajinder (2016) ''Chemistry and Physics Nobel Prizes – India's Contribution'', Shaker Verlag, Aachen. {{ISBN|978-3-8440-4669-4}}.</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Satyendranath Bose 1994 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Bose on a 1994 stamp of India]]
[[Bosons]], a class of elementary [[Subatomic particle|subatomic]] particles in [[particle physics]] were named by Dirac after Satyendra Nath Bose to commemorate his contributions to science.<ref name="AP-20120710">{{cite news |last=Daigle |first=Katy |title=India: Enough about Higgs, let's discuss the boson |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20120710/D9VU1DRG0.html |date=10 July 2012 |newspaper=[[AP News]] |access-date=10 July 2012 |archive-date=16 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316121948/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20120710/D9VU1DRG0.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20120919">{{cite news |last=Bal |first=Hartosh Singh |title=The Bose in the Boson |url=http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/19/indians-clamor-for-credit-for-the-bose-in-boson/ |date=19 September 2012 |work=[[New York Times]] blog |access-date=21 September 2012 |archive-date=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922024310/http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/19/indians-clamor-for-credit-for-the-bose-in-boson/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Soviet Nobel laureate [[Lev Landau]] kept a list of names of physicists which he ranked on a logarithmic scale of productivity ranging from 1 to 5. Albert Einstein was ranked 0.5. Landau awarded a rank of 1 to Bose along with the founding fathers of [[quantum mechanics]], [[Niels Bohr]], [[Werner Heisenberg]], [[Paul Dirac]] and [[Erwin Schrödinger]], and others. Landau ranked himself as a 2.5 but later promoted to a 2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2006 |title=New Einsteins need positive environment, independent spirit |url=http://theor.jinr.ru/~kuzemsky/smolind.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Montaner |first=Jordi |date=5 May 2010 |title=As a student, Landau dared to correct Einstein in a lecture: Lev P. Pitaevskii |url=http://www.en.globaltalentnews.com/current_news/reports/3609/As-a-student-Landau-dared-to-correct-Einstein-in-a-lecture.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109195944/http://www.en.globaltalentnews.com/current_news/reports/3609/As-a-student-Landau-dared-to-correct-Einstein-in-a-lecture.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-11-09 }}</ref>

Although seven Nobel Prizes were awarded for research related to S N Bose's concepts of the [[boson]], [[Bose–Einstein statistics]] and [[Bose–Einstein condensate]], Bose himself was not awarded a Nobel Prize.

In his book ''The Scientific Edge'', physicist [[Jayant Narlikar]] observed: {{blockquote |SN Bose's work on particle statistics (c. 1922), which clarified the behaviour of [[photon]]s (the [[Elementary particle|particles]] of light in an enclosure) and opened the door to new ideas on statistics of Microsystems that obey the rules of quantum theory, was one of the top ten achievements of 20th century Indian science and could be considered in the Nobel Prize class.<ref>{{Citation | first = Jayant V | last = Narlikar | year = 2003 | title = The Scientific Edge: The Indian Scientist from Vedic to Modern Times | publisher = Penguin Books | isbn = 978-0-14-303028-7 | page = 127}}.  The work of other 20th century Indian scientists which Narlikar considered to be of Nobel Prize class were [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]], [[Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman]] and [[Megh Nad Saha]].</ref>}}{{clear|right}}

When Bose himself was once asked that question, he replied, "I have got all the recognition I deserve."<ref name= outlook-in-bose>{{cite news| last= Alikhan| first= Anvar| title= The Spark in a Crowded Field| url= http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?281539| access-date= 10 July 2012| newspaper= Outlook India| date= 16 July 2012| archive-date= 9 July 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120709141149/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?281539| url-status= live}}</ref>

One of the main academic buildings of [[University of Rajshahi]], the No 1 science building has been named after him.

The 4 June 2022 [[Google Doodle]] featured Bose, on the 98th anniversary of his sending his work to Einstein.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 2022 |title=Google Doodle : বিশ্ব মঞ্চে শ্রেষ্ঠ শিরোপা! বিজ্ঞানী Satyendra Nath Bose-কে সম্মান গুগলের |work=The Bengali Chronicle |url=https://thebengalichronicle.com/google-give-respect-to-satyendranath-bose-for-his-inventions-via-doodle-mst/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |language=bn |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810111121/https://thebengalichronicle.com/google-give-respect-to-satyendranath-bose-for-his-inventions-via-doodle-mst/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating Satyendra Nath Bose |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/celebrating-satyendra-nath-bose/ |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=www.google.com |language=en |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611152445/https://www.google.com/doodles/celebrating-satyendra-nath-bose |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Satyendra Nath Bose: Google Pays Tribute To Indian Physicist With Special Doodle |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/satyendra-nath-bose-google-pays-tribute-to-indian-physicist-with-special-doodle-3037229 |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616211418/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/satyendra-nath-bose-google-pays-tribute-to-indian-physicist-with-special-doodle-3037229 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Works (selection)==
* {{Citation | first = <!--The paper gives the name of the author as just this single word--> | last = Bose | title = Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese | journal = [[Zeitschrift für Physik]] | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 178–181 | year = 1924 | language = de | bibcode = 1924ZPhy...26..178B | doi = 10.1007/BF01327326| s2cid = 186235974 }}.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist |30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource author}}
{{Commons category|Satyendranath Bose}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Satyendra-Nath-Bose Satyendra Nath Bose] at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' 
* {{Citation | first = Abraham | last = Pais | author-link = Abraham Pais | title = Subtle is the Lord...: The Science and Life of Albert Einstein | place = Oxford and New York | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1982 | pages = 423–34 | isbn = 978-0-19-853907-0 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/subtleislordscie00pais }}.
* {{Citation | title = Heat and thermodynamics | last1 = Saha | last2 = Srivasthava}}.
* {{Citation | first1 = Lev | last1 = Pitaevskii | author-link =Lev Pitaevskii| first2 = Sandro | last2 = Stringari | title = Bose–Einstein Condensation | publisher = Clarendon Press | year = 2003 | place = Oxford}}.
* {{citation|last=Wali|first=Kameshwar C | author-link =Kameshwar C. Wali|title= Satyendra Nath Bose: his life and times | type = selected works with commentary | year = 2009|publisher=World Scientific |location=Singapore|isbn=978-981-279-070-5|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=o1eCJO7lBfUC&q=satyendra+nath+bose}}
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Bose|title=Satyendra Nath Bose}}
* {{Citation | url = http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/jan2002/article1.htm |date=January 2002 | journal = Vigyan Prasar | place = [[India|IN]] | title = Bosons – The Birds That Flock and Sing Together}} (biography of Bose and Bose–Einstein Condensation).
* {{Citation | url = http://www.biochem.wisc.edu/faculty/ansari/bose_scholars/bose.aspx | title = S.N. Bose Scholars Program | date = 25 April 2023 | publisher = Wisc}}.
* {{YouTube|7z9NUV_YrOo|The Quantum Indians: film on Bose, Raman and Saha}} by [[Raja Choudhury]] and produced by PSBT and [[Indian Public Diplomacy]].

{{s-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{s-bef |before=[[Indira Devi Chaudhurani]]}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Vice Chancellor|Upacharya]], [[Vishwa Bharati]]
| years=1956–58}}
{{s-aft |after=[[Khitishchandra Chaudhuri]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Bengal Renaissance}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Satyendra Nath}}
[[Category:Satyendra Nath Bose| ]]
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu School, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali mathematicians]]
[[Category:Bengali physicists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Thermodynamicists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Dhaka]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:People associated with Santiniketan]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]