Editing Sarraceniaceae

{{Short description|Family of carnivorous plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]]? – recent
| image = H_chimantensis2.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Heliamphora chimantensis]]''
| taxon = Sarraceniaceae
| authority = [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph du Mortier|Dumort.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision = {{unbulleted list
|†?''[[Archaeamphora longicervia|Archaeamphora]]''
|''[[Darlingtonia (plant)|Darlingtonia]]''
|''[[Heliamphora]]''
|''[[Sarracenia]]''
}}
}}

'''Sarraceniaceae''' are a family of [[pitcher plant]]s, belonging to order [[Ericales]] (reassigned from [[Nepenthales]]).

The family comprises three [[Extant taxon|extant]] genera: ''[[Sarracenia]]'' (North American pitcher plants), ''[[Darlingtonia californica|Darlingtonia]]'' (the cobra lily or California pitcher plant), and ''[[Heliamphora]]'' (sun pitchers).<ref>{{cite book |last1=McPherson |first1=S. |first2=D. |last2=Schnell |title=Sarraceniaceae of North America |publisher=Redfern Natural History |location=Poole |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-9558918-6-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McPherson |first1=S. |first2=A. |last2=Wistuba |first3=A. |last3=Fleischmann |first4=J. |last4=Nerz |title=[[Sarraceniaceae of South America]] |publisher=Redfern Natural History |location=Poole |year=2011 |isbn=9780955891878 }}</ref> The [[extinct]] ''[[Archaeamphora longicervia]]'' may also belong to this family,<ref name=Li>{{cite journal |first=H. |last=Li |title=Early Cretaceous sarraceniacean-like pitcher plants from China |journal=Acta Bot. Gallica |volume=152 |issue=2 |pages=227–234 |year=2005 |doi=10.1080/12538078.2005.10515473 |bibcode=2005AcBG..152..227L |s2cid=85000922 }}</ref> although later studies question that interpretation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=William Oki |last2=Dilcher |first2=David Leonard |last3=Labandeira |first3=Conrad C. |last4=Sun |first4=Ge |last5=Fleischmann |first5=Andreas |date=2015-05-07 |title=Early Cretaceous Archaeamphora is not a carnivorous angiosperm |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=6 |pages=326 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2015.00326 |issn=1664-462X |pmc=4423337 |pmid=25999978|doi-access=free }}</ref> All three are [[carnivorous plants]] that lure insects with nectar and use their elongated, tube-shaped leaves filled with water and digestive enzymes to catch and consume them. Digestive enzymes are not always produced by the plants themselves. Digestive [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualisms]] are common in Sarraceniaceae: both ''Sarracenia'' and ''Darlingtonia'' rely on [[Commensalism|commensal]] bacteria to supplement or produce all of their enzymes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=B. |first2=J.J. |last2=Midgley |title=Digestive mutualism, an alternate pathway in plant carnivory |journal=Oikos |volume=102 |pages=221–4 |year=2003 |issue=1 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12478.x |bibcode=2003Oikos.102..221A }}
</ref> Many species also use downward-pointing hairs and waxy secretions to make it difficult for insects to escape.

''Sarracenia'' and ''Darlingtonia'' are native to [[North America]], while ''Heliamphora'' is native to [[South America]]. Previous phylogenetic analysis suggests that the family originated in South America about 47 million years ago and spread to North America soon after, about 35 million years ago.<ref name=Ellison12>{{cite journal |last1=Ellison |first1=A.M. |first2=E.D. |last2=Butler |first3=E.J. |last3=Hicks |first4=R.F.C. |last4=Naczi |first5=P.J. |last5=Calie |first6=C.D. |last6=Bell |first7=C.C. |last7=Davis |title=Phylogeny and biogeography of the carnivorous plant family Sarraceniaceae |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=e39291 |year=2012 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0039291 |pmid=22720090 |pmc=3374786|bibcode=2012PLoSO...739291E |doi-access=free }}</ref> The ''Sarracenia'' and ''Heliamphora'' clade diverged from ''Darlingtonia'' around this time, most likely due to a cooling event at the beginning of the [[Oligocene]].<ref name=Ellison12/> ''Sarracenia'' diverged from ''Heliamphora'' later, around 23 million years ago.<ref name=Ellison12/> However, recent study found that the divergence times in Sarraceniaceae could be much older.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Magallón|first1=Susana|last2=Gómez-Acevedo|first2=Sandra|last3=Sánchez-Reyes|first3=Luna L.|last4=Hernández-Hernández|first4=Tania|date=2015|title=A metacalibrated time-tree documents the early rise of flowering plant phylogenetic diversity|journal=New Phytologist|language=en|volume=207|issue=2|pages=437–453|doi=10.1111/nph.13264|pmid=25615647|s2cid=21846569 |issn=1469-8137|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=2021-01-01|title=Phylogeny and biogeography of South American marsh pitcher plant genus Heliamphora (Sarraceniaceae) endemic to the Guiana Highlands|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/04/30/2020.04.29.068395.full.pdf|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=154|pages=106961|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106961|issn=1055-7903|last1=Liu|first1=Sukuan|last2=Smith|first2=Stacey D.|pmid=32956799|s2cid=221844433}}</ref> The family could have originated about 88 million years ago during Late Cretaceous.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The ''Sarracenia'' and ''Heliamphora'' clade could have diverged from ''Darlingtonia'' around 54 million years ago during Early Eocene.<ref name=":1" /> ''Sarracenia'' and ''Heliamphora'' could have split around 36 million years ago during Late Eocene.<ref name=":1" />

These plants grow in nutrient-poor, often acidic [[soil]] and use the insects as a nutritional supplement. As such, growth of carnivorous pitchers is plastic: as soil nitrogen increases, ''Sarracenia'' produces fewer pitchers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ellison |first1=A.M. |first2=N.J. |last2=Gotelli |title=Nitrogen availability alters the expression of carnivory in the northern pitcher plant, ''Sarracenia purpurea'' |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue=7 |pages=4409–12 |year=2002 |doi=10.1073/pnas.022057199 |pmid=11904363 |pmc=123661|bibcode=2002PNAS...99.4409E |doi-access=free }}</ref> The pitchers originate from a [[rhizome]] and die back during the winter dormancy. Plants of the genus ''Sarracenia'' occur mostly in ''[[Sphagnum]]'' [[peat bogs|bog]]s.

Most Sarraceniaceae have tall, narrow pitchers that are vertical or nearly so. ''[[Sarracenia purpurea]]'', however, has short, squat, bulbous pitchers close to the ground, and ''[[Sarracenia psittacina]]'' has pitchers that grow horizontally.

The purple pitcher plant (''Sarracenia purpurea'') is the [[List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols|official flower]] of [[Newfoundland and Labrador]].

<gallery perrow="3">
File:H folliculata 2.jpg|''[[Heliamphora]]''
File:Darlingtonia californica ne1.JPG|''[[Darlingtonia californica]]''
File:Sarracenia rubra ne.JPG|''[[Sarracenia]]''
File:Lebia grandis.jpg|''[[Lebia grandis]]'' trapped by ''[[Sarracenia purpurea]]''.
File:Dicyrtomina minuta.jpg|''[[Dicyrtomina minuta]]'' ([[Collembola]]) trapped by ''Sarracenia purpurea''.
File:Sarracenia. Idia.jpg|Moth, ''[[Idia lubricalis]]'' in ''Sarracenia purpurea''.
File:Sarraceniaceae combined maximum likelihood phylogeny.png|Combined [[Nuclear DNA|nuclear]], [[Chloroplast DNA|plastid]] and [[Mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial]] phylogeny of Sarraceniaceae<ref name="Ellison12" />
File:Sarraceniaceae chronogram.png|Sarraceniaceae chronogram based on combined data
</gallery>

==References==
{{Commons category|Sarraceniaceae}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book |chapter-url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/sarracen.htm |chapter=Sarraceniaceae |url=http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ |first1=L. |last1=Watson |first2=M.J. |last2=Dallwitz |date=1992–2019 |title=The families of flowering plants}}
*{{cite book |last=D’Amato |first=Peter |title=[[The Savage Garden: Cultivating Carnivorous Plants]] |location=Berkeley |year=1998 |isbn=0-89815-915-6}}
{{Refend}}

{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q834427}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sarraceniaceae| ]]
[[Category:Ericales families]]