Editing Sap beetle

{{Short description|Family of beetles}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Sap beetle
| oldest_fossil = Aptian
| image = Ipidia binotata.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Ipidia binotata]]''
| taxon = Nitidulidae
| display_parents = 3
| authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1802
| subdivision_ranks = 
| subdivision = 
}}

The '''sap beetles''', also known as '''Nitidulidae''', are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[beetles]].

They are small (2–6&nbsp;mm) ovoid, usually dull-coloured beetles, with knobbed [[antenna (biology)|antennae]]. Some have red or yellow spots or bands. They feed mainly on decaying vegetable matter, over-ripe fruit, and [[sap]]. Some sap beetle species coexist with fungi species and live in habitats of coniferous trees. These fungi-dependent beetles are found in all across Europe and Siberia and are the biggest nutudulid species known in those areas.<ref>Audisio, P., Cline, A., Mancini, E., Trizzino, M., Clayhills, T., Cline, A., & Sabatelli, S. (2016).</ref> Other species like the Australian ''Chychramptodes murrayi'' are known to feed on scale insects.<ref name="Kirejtshuk">{{cite journal|last1=Kirejtshuk|first1=A.G.|last2=Lawrence|first2=J.F.|year=1992|title=Cychramptodini, a new tribe of Nitidulidae (Coleoptera) from Australia|journal=Journal of the Australian Entomological Society|volume=31|pages=29–46|doi=10.1111/j.1440-6055.1992.tb00456.x}}</ref> There are a few [[Pest (organism)|pest]] species, like the [[Stelidota geminata|strawberry sap beetle]] that infest crops in Brazil between the months of August and February.<ref>Moliterno, A., Martins, C., Szczerbowski, D., Zawadneak, M., & Zarbin, P. (2017). The Male Produced Aggregation Pheromone of a Strawberry Sap Beetle, Lobiopa insularis (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Journal Of Chemical Ecology, 43(6), 550-556. doi: 10.1007/s10886-017-0851-y</ref> 

Some common sap beetles include:
* the [[picnic beetle]], ''Glischrochilus quadrisignatus''
* the [[dusky sap beetle]], ''Carpophilus lugubris''
* the [[Stelidota geminata|strawberry sap beetle]], ''Stelidota geminata''
* the [[small hive beetle]], ''Aethina tumida''
The oldest unambiguous fossils of the family date to the [[Early Cretaceous]], belonging to the genus ''[[Crepuraea]]'' from the [[Aptian]] aged [[Zaza Formation]] of Russia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=KIREJTSHUK |first1=ALEXANDER G. |last2=NEL |first2=ANDRE |date=2018-03-27 |title=Nitidulidae (Coleoptera) from the Paleocene of Menat (France) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4402.1.1 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4402 |issue=1 |pages=1–41 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4402.1.1 |pmid=29690276 |issn=1175-5334}}</ref>

==Classification==
[[File:Cornsap Beetle (7572942020).jpg|right|thumb|''[[Carpophilus dimidiatus]]'']]
The family includes these genera:{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
* Subfamily [[Calonecrinae]] <small>Kirejtshuk, 1982</small>
* Subfamily [[Maynipeplinae]] <small>Kirejtshuk, 1998</small>
* Subfamily [[Epuraeinae]] <small>Kirejtshuk, 1986</small>
* Subfamily [[Carpophilinae]] <small>Erichson, 1842</small> 
** ''[[Carpophilus]]'' <small>Stephens, 1830</small>
** ''[[Epuraea]]'' <small>Erichson, 1843</small>
** ''[[Urophorus]]'' <small>Murray, 1864</small>
* Subfamily [[Amphicrossinae]] <small>Kirejtshuk, 1986</small>
* Subfamily [[Meligethinae]] <small>Thomson, 1859</small> 
** ''[[Meligethes]]'' <small>Stephens, 1830</small> 
** ''[[Pria (beetle)|Pria]]'' <small>Stephens, 1830</small> 
* Subfamily [[Nitidulinae]] <small>Latreille, 1802</small> 
** ''[[Amphotis]]'' <small>Erichson, 1843</small>
** ''[[Cychramus]]'' <small>Kugelann, 1794</small> 
** ''[[Cyllodes]]'' <small>Erichson, 1843</small> 
** ''[[Ipidia]]'' <small>Erichson, 1843</small>
** ''[[Miskoramus]]'' <small>Kirejtshuk & Lawrence, 1992</small><ref name="Kirejtshuk"/>
** ''[[Nitidula]]'' <small>Fabricius, 1775</small> 
** ''[[Omosita]]'' <small>Erichson, 1843</small> 
** ''[[Physoronia]]'' <small>Reitter, 1884</small> 
** ''[[Pocadius]]'' <small>Erichson, 1843</small> 
** ''[[Soronia]]'' <small>Erichson, 1843</small> 
** ''[[Thalycra]]'' <small>Erichson, 1843</small>
** ''[[Small hive beetle|Tumida]]'' <small>Murray, 1867</small> 
* Subfamily [[Cillaeinae]] <small>Kirejtshuk & Audisio, 1986</small>
** ''[[Cillaeopeplus]]'' <small>Sharp, 1908</small>
* Subfamily [[Cryptarchinae]] <small>Thomson, 1859</small> 
** ''[[Cryptarcha]]'' <small>Shuckard, 1839</small> 
** ''[[Glischrochilus]]'' <small>[[Edmund Reitter|Reitter]], 1873</small> 
** ''[[Pityophagus]]'' <small>Shuckard, 1839</small> 
* Subfamily [[Cybocephalinae]] <small>Jacquelin du Val, 1858</small> (''now frequently elevated to family status as [[Cybocephalidae]]'')
** ''[[Cybocephalus]]'' <small>Erichson, 1844</small> 
** ''[[Pastillus]]'' <small>Endrödy-Younga, 1962</small>
* Subfamily [[Prometopinae]]
** ''[[Prometopia]]''
* ''[[incertae sedis]]''
** ''[[Apetinus]]''
** ''[[Conotelus]]''
** ''[[Cyrtostolus]]''
** ''[[Eunitidula]]''
** ''[[Eupetinus]]''
** ''[[Gonioryctus]]''
** ''[[Goniothorax]]''
** ''[[Haptoncus]]''
** ''[[Kateretes]]''
** ''[[Nesapterus]]''
** ''[[Nesopetinus]]''
** ''[[Notopeplus]]''
** ''[[Orthostolus]]''
** ''[[Stelidota]]''
** ''[[Urophorus]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nitidulidae}}
{{Wikispecies|Nitidulidae}}
* [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/field/corn/sap_beetles.htm sap beetles of Florida] on the [[University of Florida|UF]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]]  Featured Creatures Web site
* [https://sites.google.com/view/mikes-insect-keys/mikes-insect-keys/keys-for-the-identification-of-british-beetles-coleoptera/keys-for-the-identification-of-british-nitidulidae-the-pollen-beetles Keys for the identification of British Nitidulidae (the pollen beetles)]

{{Coleoptera|4}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q178592}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nitidulidae| ]]


{{Nitidulidae-stub}}