Editing Santo Domingo Pueblo, New Mexico

{{use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{infobox ethnic group
 | group                    = Kewa Pueblo
 | image                    = [[File:3585R Santo Domingo Pueblo Locator Map.svg|270px]]
 | caption                  = Location in Sandoval County
 | population               = 3,519
 | popplace                 = {{USA}} ({{Flag|New Mexico}})
 | languages                = [[Keresan language|Keres]], [[English language|English]]
}}
{{infobox settlement
 | name                     = Santo Domingo Pueblo
 | settlement_type          = [[Census-designated place]]
 | image_skyline            = Kewa Pueblo Aerial (52260017162).jpg
 | image_caption            = Aerial image of Kewa Pueblo
 | image_map                = Sandoval County New Mexico Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Santo Domingo Pueblo Highlighted.svg
 | map_caption              = Location in New Mexico
 | pushpin_map              = USA
 | pushpin_map_caption      = Location in the United States
 | pushpin_label_position   = none
 | coordinates              = {{coord|35|30|52|N|106|21|48|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline,title}}
<!--coordinates             = {{coord|35|30|49|N|106|21|49|W|ssource:NOTNRIS2013a|display=inline,title}}-->
 | subdivision_type         = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
 | subdivision_name         = United States
 | subdivision_type1        = [[U.S. state|State]]
 | subdivision_type2        = [[List of counties in New Mexico|County]]
 | subdivision_name1        = [[New Mexico]]
 | subdivision_name2        = [[Sandoval County, New Mexico|Sandoval]]
 | unit_pref                = Imperial
 | area_footnotes           = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web
| title                     = ArcGIS REST Services Directory
| url                       = https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE='35'&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json
| publisher                 = United States Census Bureau
| accessdate                = October 12, 2022}}</ref>
 | area_total_km2           = 5.32
 | area_total_sq_mi         = 2.05
 | area_land_km2            = 5.28
 | area_land_sq_mi          = 2.04
 | area_water_km2           = 0.04
 | area_water_sq_mi         = 0.01
 | elevation_m              = 1581
 | elevation_ft             = 5187
 | population_total         = 2311
 | population_as_of         = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
 | population_density_km2   = 437.78
 | population_density_sq_mi = 1133.95
 | postal_code_type         = [[ZIP code]]
 | postal_code              = 87052   
 | area_code                = [[Area code 505|505]]
 | timezone                 = [[Mountain Time Zone|Mountain (MST)]]
 | utc_offset               = -7
 | timezone_DST             = MDT
 | utc_offset_DST           = -6
 | blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
 | blank_info               = 35-70810
 | blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
 | blank1_info              = 0928818
 | population_footnotes     = <ref name="USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly"/>
}}
{{infobox NRHP
 | name                    = Pueblo of Santo Domingo (Kiua)
 | nrhp_type               = hd
 | image                   = Pueblo of Santo Domingo Mission Church.jpg
 | nearest_city            = [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]]
 | locmapin                = New Mexico 
 | built                   = 1700
 | architecture            = Mixed (more Than 2 Styles From Different Periods), Pueblo
 | added                   = December 12, 1973
 | area                    = {{convert|48|acre|ha}}
 | refnum                  = 73001145<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2013a}}</ref>
}}

'''Santo Domingo Pueblo''', also known '''Kewa Pueblo''' (also spelled Kiua, [[Keresan languages|Eastern Keres]] {{IPA|[kʰewɑ]}}, Keres: '''''Díiwʾi''''', Navajo: '''''Tó Hájiiloh''''') is a [[federally recognized tribe]] of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[Pueblo people]] in northern [[New Mexico]]. A population of 2,456 (as of [[2010 United States census|2010]]<ref name="U.S. Census Bureau 2010">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=3553150:3550930:3537070:3556810:3570810|title=NM - Santo Domingo Pueblo CDP|last=U.S. Census Bureau|date=2010|website=United States Census 2010|access-date=March 9, 2018}}</ref>) live in structures some of which date from circa 1700;<ref name="Constable"/> in [[Sandoval County, New Mexico|Sandoval County]] (~35 miles (56&nbsp;km) northeast of [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]], off [[Interstate 25]] southwest of [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]]) described by the [[U.S. Census Bureau]] as a [[census-designated place]].

A {{convert|48|acre|ha}} area of the [[pueblo]] was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1973.  The listing included 80 [[contributing buildings]].<ref name=nris/><ref name="nrhpdoc">{{cite web|url={{NRHP url|id=73001145}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Pueblo of Santo Domingo (Kiua) |publisher=[[National Park Service]]|author=James Purdy |date=December 15, 1972 |accessdate=June 20, 2019}} With {{NRHP url|id=73001145|photos=y|title=accompanying aerial photo from around 1960}}</ref>

== Culture ==

The population of the pueblo is composed of Native Americans who speak Keres, an eastern dialect of the [[Keresan languages]]. Like several other Pueblo peoples, they have a [[matrilineal]] kinship system,<ref name="Frank2007">{{cite book|author=Ross Frank|title=From Settler to Citizen: New Mexican Economic Development and the Creation of Vecino Society, 1750-1820|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CagwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|date=29 January 2007|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25159-5|page=6}}</ref> in which children are considered born into the mother's family and [[clan]], and inheritance and property pass through the maternal line.{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}} The pueblo celebrates an annual feast day on August 4 to honor their [[patron saint]], [[Saint Dominic]]. More than 2,000 [[Pueblo people]] participate in the traditional corn dances held at this time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schultheis |first=Robert |title=The Corn Dance: Complex, Hypnotic |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/11/archives/the-coin-dance-complex-hypnotic-a-pueblo-corn-dance-complex.html?auth=login-google1tap&amp;login=google1tap |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=New York Times| date=July 11, 1976|language=en}}</ref>

== Name ==

On the Catholic saint's day of Santo Domingo in August 1598, [[conquistador]] [[Juan de Oñate]] had his first encounter with Kewa Pueblo. The Pueblo was subsequently named "Santo Domingo".<ref>Bretz, J. (2011). The adaptive use of the historic Santo Domingo trading post (thesis).</ref> Its earliest recorded name was ''Gipuy''.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/handbookamindians01hodgrich/page/462/mode/1up?view=theater Hodge]</ref> According to Pueblo Council members, the local name in their Keres language has always been Kewa. In 2009, the pueblo officially changed its name to Kewa Pueblo, altering its seal, signs and letterhead.<ref name="Constable">Constable, Anne (9 March 2010), [https://santafenewmexican.com/article_e75ecd68-826c-5cbd-a915-eed4915e60f6.html "Pueblo returns to traditional name: Santo Domingo quietly becomes 'Kewa'; tribe alters seal, signs and letterhead"], ''The New Mexican'' (Santa Fe, New Mexico), archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20220627114635/https://santafenewmexican.com/article_e75ecd68-826c-5cbd-a915-eed4915e60f6.html here] at [[WebCite]]</ref>

According to the Pueblo of Acoma's Keres Online Dictionary, the Western Keresan-name for the pueblo was ''Díiwʾi'' and for its people therefore ''Dîiwʾamʾé''.<ref>[https://acomadoe.org/keres-dictionary#dictionary.keres.co/E/people Keres Online Dictionary]</ref>

== Geography ==

Kewa Pueblo is located at {{Coord|35|30|52|N|106|21|48|W|type:city}} (35.514483, -106.363429).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> The pueblo is located approximately {{convert|25|mi|km}} southwest of [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]]. [[US Highway 84/285|Interstate 25]] runs {{Convert|4|mi|km|0}} to the east of the community. The pueblo is part of the [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]] [[Albuquerque metropolitan area|Metropolitan Statistical Area]].

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the Santo Domingo CDP that overlays the pueblo has a total area of {{convert|2.0|sqmi|km2}}, all land.

== Demographics ==

{{US Census population
|2020= 2311
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2016}}</ref><ref name="USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly">{{cite web|url=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:35&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108|title=Census Population API|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=Oct 12, 2022}}</ref>
}}

The [[United States Census, 2010|2010 census]] found that 2,456 people lived in the CDP,<ref name="U.S. Census Bureau 2010"/> while 3,519 people in the U.S. reported being exclusively Santo Domingo Puebloan<ref>Census 2010 American Indian and Alaska Native Summary File (AIANSF) - Sample Data, Pueblo of Santo Domingo alone (H59)</ref> and 4,430 people reported being Santo Domingo Puebloan exclusively or in combination with another group.<ref>Census 2010 American Indian and Alaska Native Summary File (AIANSF) - Sample Data, Pueblo of Santo Domingo alone or in any combination (H59) & (100-299) or (300, A01-Z99) or (400-999)</ref>

The state of New Mexico has reported the population as 3,100.<ref name=oop>[https://www.newmexico.org/places-to-go/native-culture/santo-domingo-pueblo/ "Santo Domingo Pueblo"]. ''New Mexico, Land of Enchantment''. [[New Mexico Tourism Department]]. Retrieved March 8, 2018.</ref>

== History ==

{{main|Puebloan peoples}}

The pueblo plays a supporting role in Spanish colonial history. [[Francisco Vázquez de Coronado]] made first contact with Kewa in 1540. When the Spanish first came to the Rio Grande Valley, they found over 70 villages that manufactured goods and had a strong trade network. Kewa was one of these villages. After first contact, Spanish expeditions into the area continued, one of them being Juan de Oñate's expedition in 1598. Oñate arrived in Kewa Pueblo with the intention of bringing Kewa and pueblos in its vicinity under Spanish rule. Soon after his visit, a mission was established and a church was built. In 1680, Kewa and other nearby pueblos rose in revolt against their Spanish colonizers, killing four priests and Spanish settlers nearby. Similar strife occurred again during the tail end of Spanish colonization in the area in 1696. In both cases, the revolts were eventually quelled by the Spanish. A century later, in 1807, Lieutenant [[Zebulon Pike]] visited Kewa. In his journal, he described the church as adorned with elegantly ornamented paintings, one of which being Saint Domingo.<ref name=":2">White, L. (n.d.). ''The Pueblo of Santo Domingo, New Mexico'' (L. Spier, Ed.) [Review of ''The Pueblo of Santo Domingo, New Mexico'']. American Anthropological Association. (Original work published 1935)</ref>

[[Gaspar Castaño de Sosa]], a fugitive from the Crown, was arrested at the pueblo in March 1591. Castaño, a notorious [[slave trader|slaver]], had fled capture. He pursued an illegal claims expedition up the [[Pecos River]], which had not yet been seen by Europeans. He made it as far as [[Pecos Pueblo]], and raided it for slaves. He turned west and traveled toward modern-day [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], which had been established by the Spanish. He followed the Rio Grande river valley south. On orders of the Viceroy at Mexico City, Captain Juan Morlette found Castaño at Kewa Pueblo and arrested him. He returned him to authorities to face trial for his crimes, including his attack on Pecos Pueblo.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

Castaño abandoned two interpreters at Kewa Pueblo; he had kidnapped them earlier and brought them with him. Governor [[Juan de Oñate]]'s expedition recorded encountering Tomas and Cristobal at Kewa Pueblo, as it traveled north.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

===20th century to present===

[[file:Santo Domingo Trading Post, New Mexico (NYPL b12647398-70466).tiff|thumb|Trading Post, early 20th century]]

Potters of Kewa and [[Cochiti]] Pueblos have made [[Pueblo pottery|stylized pottery]] for centuries, developing styles for different purposes and expressing deep beliefs in their designs. Since the early decades of the 20th century, these pots have been appreciated by a wider audience outside the pueblos. Continuing to use traditional techniques, in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, potters have also expanded their designs and repertoire in pottery, which has an international market.

== Belief system ==

Kewa Indians, similar to other Indian populations in the Rio Grande region, believe their people emerged from the inner earth from a place in the north called Shipap. As the legend goes, from Shipap they migrated southwards, breaking off into smaller groups along the way. These breakaway groups would go on to found other pueblos.<ref name=":2" />

== Government ==

The highest official in the pueblo is called the Cacique. Although he is the highest ranking official, he does not serve as ruler. Rather, he serves as a priest, and conducts a multitude of religious ceremonies.<ref name=":2" />

== Visual arts ==

Kewa artists are known for their stonework jewelry,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Southern Pueblo pottery : 2000 artist biographies, c. 1800-present : with value/price guide featuring over 20 years of auction records|year=2002 |last=Schaaf |first=Gregory|publisher=CIAC Press|others=Schaaf, Angie Yan.|isbn=0966694856|edition= 1st|location=Santa Fe, N.M.|pages=5|oclc=48624322}}</ref> including flat disks or beads called [[Heishe|''heishi'']], meaning "shell bead" in Eastern Keresan, which are often made into necklaces.<ref name="LonelyPlanet">{{cite book|author2=Hugh McNaughtan|author1=Carolyn McCarthy|author3=Christopher Pitts|author4=Benedict Walker|title=Lonely Planet Southwest USA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7xTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT486|date=2018|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-78701-943-0|page=486}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rose |first1=Elizabeth R. |title=What You Need to Know About Native American Heishi Jewelry |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/native-american-heishi-jewelry-1652682 |website=TripSavvy}}</ref>

[[Angie Reano Owen]] grew up in the Reano family of heishi beadmakers. She is a Kewa inlay jeweler and lapidary artist. Her designs are inspired by prehistoric [[Anasazi]] and [[Hohokam]] inlay designs. Today, the Reano family has continued to develop the art of shell and stone inlay jewelry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuff bracelet |url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/457088/cuff-bracelet?ctx=545a9d62-a9d5-4750-96c2-c9b4fea63e20&idx=2 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=collections.mfa.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Pottery ===

[[Pottery]] is an important art form and utilitarian craft from Kewa Pueblo.<ref name="1959- 2004 78–80">{{Cite book|title=Pueblo and Navajo contemporary pottery and directory of artists|author=Berger, Guy|date=2004|publisher=Schiffer|others=Schiffer, Nancy.|isbn=0764318969|edition= 2nd., rev. and enl|location=Atglen, PA|pages=78–80|oclc=57013886}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/talkingwithclaya0000trim|title=Talking with the clay : the art of Pueblo pottery|author=Trimble, Stephen|date=1987|publisher=School of American Research Press|isbn=0933452152|edition=1st|location=Santa Fe, N.M.|oclc=15082081|url-access=registration}}</ref> Large ollas and dough bowls are common forms for Kewa potters. Many Kewa potters are women, although men can also create ceramics.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="1959- 2004 78–80" /> In the 1920's, tourism catalyzed by a nearby railway stop in the town of Wallace, drew attention to Kewa and its pottery. Pottery would become a valuable export for Kewa during this time.<ref>Bretz, J. (2011). ''The Adaptive Use of the Historic Santo Domingo Trading Post'' [Review of ''The Adaptive Use of the Historic Santo Domingo Trading Post''].</ref>

The [[Aguilar Family]], consisting of two sisters and one sister-in-law, created Kewa pottery from 1910 until approximately 1915 and became very well-known for their artwork.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marcyburns.com/archived-objects-collection/bvt2rmijedhqz90jynpv4yohr05yus|title=Kewa (Santo Domingo) pottery jar|website=Marcy Burns American Indian Arts|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adobegallery.com/origin/Kewa_Pueblo_Santo_Domingo|title=Kewa - Santo Domingo Pueblo Pottery|website=Adobe Gallery|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>

[[Robert Tenorio]] has continued his family legacy by making traditional Kewa pottery,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Davis|first=Mary B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onZ9AwAAQBAJ|title=Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia|date=2014-05-01|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-63861-0|language=en}}</ref> and Tenorio's sister was part of a well-known husband-wife pottery collaboration called, [[Arthur and Hilda Coriz]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Dillingham|first=Rick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U1e0rkTw_f0C|title=Fourteen Families in Pueblo Pottery|date=1994|publisher=UNM Press|isbn=978-0-8263-1499-4|language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==

It is in the [[Bernalillo Public Schools]] district,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st35_nm/schooldistrict_maps/c35043_sandoval/DC20SD_C35043.pdf|title=2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Sandoval County, NM|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2022-01-09}}</ref> which operates Santo Domingo Elementary and Middle Schools,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bernalillo-schools.org/o/sdems/page/about-santo-domingo-school|title=About Santo Domingo School|publisher=Santo Domingo Schools|accessdate=2023-03-17}}</ref> and [[Bernalillo High School]].

The school district states that Cochiti Elementary and Middle Schools in [[Peña Blanca, New Mexico|Peña Blanca]] and Bernalillo Middle School have students from Kewa Pueblo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bernalillo-schools.org/o/cems/page/about-cochiti-schools|title=About Cochiti Schools|publisher=Cochiti Elementary and Middle Schools|accessdate=2023-03-16}} - Kewa Pueblo is stated as "Santo Domingo"</ref> Bernalillo Middle School (a zoned middle school of this community),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bernalillo-schools.org/o/bms/page/about-bernalillo-middle-school|title=About Bernalillo Middle School|publisher=Bernalillo Middle School|accessdate=2023-03-16}}</ref> Some elementary-aged students from Kewa Pueblo attend Algodones Elementary School in [[Algodones, New Mexico|Algodones]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bernalillo-schools.org/o/aes/page/about-algodones-elementary|title=About Algodones Elementary|publisher=Algodones Elementary School|accessdate=2023-03-16}} - Kewa Pueblo is stated as "Santo Domingo"</ref>

== Notable people ==

{{main|Category:People from Kewa Pueblo, New Mexico}}
{{Clear}}

== Notes ==

{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* Chapman, Kenneth Milton (1977). ''The Pottery of Santo Domingo Pueblo: A Detailed Study of Its Decoration.'' School of American Research, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico, {{ISBN|0-8263-0460-5}}; original published in 1936 as volume 1 of the ''Memoirs of the Laboratory of Anthropology'' {{OCLC|3377512}}
* Richard H. Frost, ''The Railroad and the Pueblo Indians: The Impact of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa fe on the Pueblos of the Rio Grande, 1880-1930.'' 2016, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. {{ISBN|978-1-607-81440-5}}
* Verzuh, Valerie K. (2008). ''A River Apart: The Pottery of Cochiti and Santo Domingo Pueblos''. Museum of New Mexico Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico, {{ISBN|978-0-89013-522-8}}

== External links ==

* [https://santodomingotribe.org Santo Domingo Pueblo]
* [https://encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/keres-pueblo-indians Keres Pueblo Indians] – Encyclopedia of World Cultures
{{Pueblo peoples}}
{{Indigenous Peoples of New Mexico}}
{{Indian reservations in New Mexico}}
{{National Register of Historic Places}}
{{Sandoval County, New Mexico}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Albuquerque metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1700]]
[[Category:Census-designated places in New Mexico]]
[[Category:Kewa Pueblo, New Mexico]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Sandoval County, New Mexico]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in New Mexico]]<!--[[Category:Pueblos]]-->