Editing Samson and Delilah (opera)

{{Short description|Opera by Camille Saint-Saëns and Ferdinand Lemaire}}
{{Infobox opera 
| name              = Samson et Dalila
| composer          = [[Camille Saint-Saëns]]
| image             = Samson and Delilah Gustav Dore ca. 1860.jpg
| image_upright     = 1.2
| caption           = Samson and Delilah, by [[Gustave Doré]], {{nowrap|c. 1860}}
| type              = [[Grand opera]]
| librettist        = [[Ferdinand Lemaire]]
| language          = French
| based_on          = [[Delilah#Biblical narrative|Samson and Delilah]]
| premiere_date     = {{Start date|1877|12|02|df=y}}
| premiere_location = [[Staatskapelle Weimar|Ducal Theatre]], [[Weimar]]
}}
'''''Samson and Delilah''''' ({{langx|fr|Samson et Dalila|links=no}}), Op. 47, is a [[grand opera]] in three acts and four scenes by [[Camille Saint-Saëns]] to a French [[libretto]] by [[Ferdinand Lemaire]]. It was first performed in [[Weimar]] at the {{Lang|de|Grossherzogliches}} (Grand Ducal) Theater (now the [[Staatskapelle Weimar]]) on 2&nbsp;December 1877 in a German translation.

The opera is based on the [[Bible|Biblical]] tale of [[Delilah#Biblical narrative|Samson and Delilah]] found in Chapter 16 of the [[Book of Judges]] in the [[Old Testament]]. It is the only opera by Saint-Saëns that is regularly performed. The second act love scene in Delilah's tent is one of the set pieces that define [[French opera]]. Two of Delilah's [[aria]]s are particularly well known: "{{Lang|fr|Printemps qui commence|italic=yes}}" ("Spring begins") and "{{Lang|fr|[[Mon cœur s'ouvre à ta voix]]|italic=yes}}" ("My heart opens itself to your voice", also known as "Softly awakes my heart"), the latter of which is one of the most popular recital pieces in the [[mezzo-soprano]]/[[contralto]] repertoire.

==Composition history==
In the middle of the 19th century, a revival of interest in [[Choir|choral music]] swept France, and Saint-Saëns, an admirer of the [[oratorio]]s of [[George Frideric Handel|Handel]] and [[Felix Mendelssohn|Mendelssohn]], made plans to compose an oratorio on the subject of Samson and Delilah as suggested by [[Voltaire]]'s libretto ''Samson'' for [[Jean-Philippe Rameau|Rameau]]. The composer began work on the theme in 1867, just two years after completing his first (and as then yet unperformed) opera, ''[[Le timbre d'argent]]''. Saint-Saëns had approached [[Ferdinand Lemaire]], the husband of one of his wife's cousins, about writing a libretto for the oratorio but Lemaire convinced the composer that the story was better suited to an opera.<ref name=Grove>{{harvnb|Macdonald}}</ref>

Saint-Saëns later wrote: <blockquote>A young relative of mine had married a charming young man who wrote verse on the side. I realized that he was gifted and had in fact real talent. I asked him to work with me on an oratorio on a biblical subject. 'An oratorio!', he said, 'no, let's make it an opera!', and he began to dig through the Bible while I outlined the plan of the work, even sketching scenes, and leaving him only the versification to do. For some reason I began the music with act 2, and I played it at home to a select audience who could make nothing of it at all.<ref name=Grove /></blockquote>

[[File:Pauline Viardot.JPG|left|thumb|upright|The role of Dalila was written for [[Pauline Viardot]] (1821–1910) ''(pictured)'' but the singer was too old to assay the role for the 2 December 1877 Weimar premiere and the role was entrusted to [[Auguste von Müller]].]]

After Lemaire finished the libretto, Saint-Saëns began actively composing act 2 of the opera, producing an [[aria]] for Dalila, a [[duet]] for Samson and Dalila, and some musical pieces for the chorus (some of which were later assigned to act 1) during 1867–1869. From the very beginning, the work was conceived as a grand duet between Samson and Dalila set off against the approaching tempest. Although the orchestration was not yet complete, act 2 was presented in a private performance in 1870 just prior to the outbreak of the [[Franco-Prussian War]] with Saint-Saëns playing the orchestral parts, which were largely improvised, on the piano. Composer [[Augusta Holmès]] (Dalila), painter [[Henri Regnault]] (Samson), and [[Romain Bussine]] (High Priest) rendered their roles from part books.<ref name=Huebner>Huebner, pp. 206–212</ref>
In spite of many precedents, the French public reacted negatively to Saint-Saëns's intention of putting a Biblical subject on the stage. The alarm on the part of the public caused him to abandon working further on the opera for the next two years.<ref name=Grove />

[[File:Liszt-1870.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Franz Liszt]] (1811–1886) was an enthusiastic supporter of ''Samson et Dalila'' and was instrumental in arranging the first production in Weimar. (Photograph, 1870)]]

In the summer of 1872, not too long after the premiere of Saint-Saëns's second opera ''[[La princesse jaune]]'', the composer went to [[Weimar]] to see the first revival of Wagner's ''[[Das Rheingold]]'' under the baton of [[Franz Liszt]], the former musical director of the Weimar court orchestra and opera. Liszt was highly interested in producing new works by talented composers and persuaded Saint-Saëns to finish ''Samson and Delilah'', even offering to produce the completed work at the grand-ducal opera house in Weimar. Encouraged, Saint-Saëns began composing act 1 in late 1872 and worked on it sporadically for the next few years. He wrote a large amount of act 1 and completed it during a trip to [[Algiers]] in 1874.<ref name=Boston>{{cite web|url=http://www.concertoperaboston.org/samson%20et%20dalila.html|title=Samson et Dalila at www.concertoperaboston.org}}</ref> Upon returning to France in 1875, Saint-Saëns presented act 1 in Paris at the [[Théâtre du Châtelet]] in a similar format as the 1870 performance of act 2. The work was harshly received by music critics and failed to gain the public's interest. That year acclaimed [[mezzo-soprano]] [[Pauline Viardot]], for whom Saint-Saëns wrote the role of Dalila, organized and performed in a private performance of act 2 at a friend's home in [[Croissy-sur-Seine|Croissy]], with the composer at the piano. Viardot was a great admirer of the work and she hoped that this private performance would encourage Halanzier, the director of the [[Palais Garnier|Paris Opéra]] who was in attendance, to mount a full production. Although Saint-Saëns completed the score in 1876, no opera houses in France displayed any desire to stage ''Samson et Dalila''. Liszt's sustained support however led to the work being mounted in Weimar in 1877.<ref name=Grove />

==Performance history==

===Premiere in Weimar===
[[File:Weimar Theater.jpg|thumb|The Grand Ducal Theater in Weimar (now the [[Staatskapelle Weimar]]) was the site of the premiere of the complete ''Samson et Dalila'' on 2 December 1877.]]

Although Liszt was no longer the musical director in Weimar, he still exerted a powerful influence at the Weimar court. [[Eduard Lassen]], the director who followed Liszt at Weimar, owed much of his success to his celebrated predecessor, and Liszt used his influence to arrange the premiere of ''Samson et Dalila'' with Lassen on the podium during the 1877/1878 season. The libretto was duly translated into German for the production and the opera's first performance was given on 2 December 1877 at the Grossherzogliches Theatre (Grand Ducal Theater). Viardot was too old to sing Delilah so the role was entrusted to [[Auguste von Müller]], a resident performer at the Weimar opera house. Although a resounding success with the Weimar critics and audience, the opera was not immediately revived in other opera houses.<ref name=Grove />

===Beginning of international popularity in the 1890s===
After the numerous setbacks it suffered in its early years, ''Samson et Dalila'' finally began to attract the attention of the world's great opera houses during the 1890s. Although the next new production of ''Samson et Dalila'' was in Germany at the [[Hamburg State Opera]] in 1882, afterwards the opera was not seen again until it was performed for the first time in France at the Théâtre des Arts in [[Rouen]] on 3 March 1890 with Carlotta Bossi as Dalila and [[Jean-Alexandre Talazac]] as Samson. The opera received its Paris premiere at the [[Éden-Théâtre]] on 31 October 1890 with [[Rosine Bloch]] as Dalila and Talazac singing Samson once again, this time with a much warmer reception by Paris audiences. Over the next two years, performances were given in [[Bordeaux]], [[Geneva]], [[Toulouse]], [[Nantes]], [[Dijon]], and [[Montpellier]]. The [[Paris Opera|Paris Opéra]] finally staged the opera on 23&nbsp;November 1892 in a performance under the supervision of Saint-Saëns conducted by [[Édouard Colonne]] with [[Blanche Deschamps-Jéhin]] as Dalila and [[Edmond Vergnet]] as Samson. Directed by Lapissida, the staging had costumes by Charles Bianchini and sets by Amable and Eugène Gardy (acts 1 and 2), and [[Eugène Louis Carpezat|Eugène Carpezat]] (act 3). The performance was lauded by critics and spectators alike.<ref name=Amadeus>{{Almanacco|match=Samson et Dalila}}</ref>

[[File:Samson hos filistrene.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''Samson at the Treadmill'' ([[Carl Bloch]], 1834–1890)]]

''Samson et Dalila'' also earned a great deal of popularity outside France during the 1890s. The opera debuted successfully in [[Monaco]] at the [[Opéra de Monte-Carlo]] on 15 March 1892. This was followed by the opera's United States premiere at [[Carnegie Hall]] in a concert version on 24 March 1892 by the [[Oratorio Society of New York]], conducted by [[Walter Damrosch]]. The first staged performance of the opera in the U.S. was held at the [[French Opera House]], [[New Orleans]] on 4 January 1893. The first of many productions at the [[Metropolitan Opera]] in New York City was held on 2 February 1895, with [[Eugenia Mantelli]] as Dalila, [[Francesco Tamagno]] as Samson, and [[Pol Plançon]] portraying both Abimélech and the Old Hebrew. There is some evidence that the sets for the Met's production had been taken from some of their other operas, and at the second performance that season the work was given in concert, with the ballet sequences omitted; in this form the work traveled to [[Boston]], where it was performed on 3 March 1895.<ref name=Amadeus />

The opera made its premiere in Italy at the Teatro Pagliano ([[Teatro Verdi (Florence)]]) on 26 March 1892. The opera was given in [[Venice]] at the Teatro [[La Fenice]] on 8 March 1893 with Elisa Persini as Dalila and Augusto Brogi as Samson. The work was first given at [[La Scala]] on 17 January 1895 with Renée Vidal as Dalila and Emanuele Lafarge as Samson. This was followed by its first performance at the [[Teatro Regio (Turin)|Teatro Regio di Torino]] on 6 January 1897 with [[Alice Cucini]] and Irma De Spagni alternating as Dalila and [[Hector Dupeyron]] as Samson. The work was first performed at the [[Teatro Regio (Parma)|Teatro Regio di Parma]] that same year and was mounted at the [[Teatro Comunale di Bologna]] in 1899.<ref name=Amadeus />

In England, the opera was first performed on 25 September 1893 at the [[Royal Opera House]], Covent Garden. Although the company planned on performing the work in a fully staged production, the [[Lord Chamberlain]] objected to a Biblical work being mounted and the company was forced to present the opera in a concert version. It was not staged in London until 1909 when the ban was finally lifted. [[Louise Kirkby Lunn]] portrayed Dalila and [[Charles Fontaine]] portrayed Samson in the 1909 production.<ref name=Boston /> Subsequently, [[Paul Franz]] replaced Fontaine in the protagonist's role, earning the composer's praise for both the quality of his voice and his interpretation.

===20th and 21st century performance history===
[[File:Walter Hyde Samson and Delilah 1918.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Walter Hyde]] and Edna Thornton in the 1919 London production of ''Samson and Delilah'' conducted by [[Thomas Beecham|Sir Thomas Beecham]]]]
By 1906, ''Samson et Dalila'' had received more than 200 performances internationally. The opera has continued to remain moderately popular since and, while not being among the most frequently performed operas, the work has become a part of the standard opera performance repertory at most major opera houses. The opera has been revived numerous times not only in Europe and North America, but also in South America, Australia, and Asia.<ref name=Boston/> While none of Saint-Saëns's later operas suffered the tribulations endured by ''Samson et Dalila'' during its early years, none of his other works have achieved the same enduring success either.

In North America, French contralto [[Jeanne Gerville-Réache]] is largely credited for popularizing the work in the United States and Canada during the early twentieth century. Réache first performed the role of Delilah with the [[Manhattan Opera Company]] in New York City in 1908 and went on to sing the role several more times over the next seven years, including performances in [[Philadelphia]], Boston, [[Chicago]], and [[Montreal]] (for the Canadian premiere in 1915).<ref>Kutsch and Riemens, p. 487</ref>

The [[Metropolitan Opera]] revived the opera in its 1915/1916 season with [[Margaret Matzenauer]] as Delilah, [[Enrico Caruso]] as Samson, and [[Pasquale Amato]] as the High Priest. Since then the company has staged productions of the opera at least once every decade giving more than 200 performances of the work. [[Plácido Domingo]] performed as Samson in the 1981 [[San Francisco Opera]] production co-starring [[Shirley Verrett]], under [[Julius Rudel]]<ref>{{IMDb title|tt0204610|Samson et Dalila|(1981)}}</ref> and at the Metropolitan Opera's 1998 production with [[Olga Borodina]].<ref>[http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=331000 ''Samson et Dalila'' 28 September 1998], performance details, Met archives</ref> More recent productions of the opera by the Metropolitan have been in 2006, with [[Marina Domashenko]] and [[Olga Borodina]] alternating as Delilah,<ref>[http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=351427 ''Samson et Dalila'', 10 February 2006]; [http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=351442 ''Samson et Dalila'', 25 February 2006], performance details, Met archives</ref> and in 2018 with [[Elīna Garanča]] and [[Roberto Alagna]].<ref>[http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=356997 ''Samson et Dalila'', 25 February 2006], performance details, Met archives</ref> The [[Lyric Opera of Chicago]] gave their first performance of the opera in November 1962 with [[Rita Gorr]] as Delilah and {{ill|Hans Kaart|nl}} as Samson. The company has revived the work numerous times since then, most recently in their 2003/2004 season with Olga Borodina as Dalila and [[José Cura]] as Samson.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lyricopera.org/about/performance-and-cast-archive.aspx|title=Performance & Cast Archive|website=www.lyricopera.org}}</ref> Likewise, the San Francisco Opera has staged the opera 10 times during its history giving its first performance in 1925, with [[Marguerite d'Alvarez]] and [[Fernand Ansseau]] in the principal roles, and its most recent performance in 2008, with Borodina and Clifton Forbis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.sfopera.com/qry1operalist.asp?x_PlainOpera=Samson+et+Dalila&z_PlainOpera=LIKE,'%25,%25'|title=San Francisco Opera Performance Archive|website=archive.sfopera.com}}</ref>

''Samson et Dalila'' became a consistent presence in the opera houses of Europe. By 1920, the Paris Opéra alone had given more than five hundred performances of the opera. In the decades after World War II, it was less often heard by European audiences; but since the 1980s it has regained much of its former Continental popularity. Recent European productions include performances at [[La Scala]], Milan, in 2002 (Domingo and Borodina); the [[Royal Opera House]], Covent Garden, in 2004 ([[Denyce Graves]] and [[José Cura]]) and again in 2022; the [[Royal Swedish Opera]] in 2008 ([[Anna Larsson (contralto)|Anna Larsson]] and [[Lars Cleveman]]).{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}<!-- <ref>{{cite web|url=http://operabase.com/oplist.cgi?id=none&lang=en&is=Samson+et+Dalila&by=&loc=&stype=abs&sd=2&sm=1&sy=2007&etype=abs&ed=&em=&ey=|title=Performances|website=[[Operabase]]}}{{dead link|date=May 2019}}</ref> -->

{{Listen|type=music
|title="Vois ma misère, hélas!" ("Behold my misery, alas!", act 3, scene 1)
|filename=Enrico Caruso, Camille Saint-Saëns, Vois ma misère, hélas (Samson et Dalila).ogg
|description=[[Enrico Caruso]] premiered the role of Samson at the [[Metropolitan Opera]] in New York City during its 1915/1916 season and recorded "{{Lang|fr|Vois ma misère, hélas!|italic=no}}" in 1916.
}}

Throughout its history, ''Samson et Dalila'' has served as a star vehicle for many singers. The role of Delilah is considered to be one of the great opera roles for the [[mezzo-soprano]].

==Libretto==
Although the libretto of ''Samson et Dalila'' is taken from Chapter 16 of the [[Book of Judges]], the opera does not include the accounts of Samson's heroic deeds which earned him both fame and leadership among the Hebrews. The accounts of Samson's slaying of a lion and his triumph over 1000 Philistines while wielding only the jawbone of an ass are omitted. Saint-Saëns and his librettist most likely made this choice so the story would concentrate on Dalila. Samson, therefore, is presented as an inspiring leader rather than the almost supernatural hero of the Bible. It is his vulnerable, tender heart and his susceptibility to the protestations of love from a dissembling woman that is the focus of the plot. Delilah is portrayed as a manipulative, conniving, ruthless woman bent on revenge. Samson's numerous attempts to conceal the secret of his strength in the Biblical account are only referenced by Dalila in her duet with the High Priest in the opera, and the revelation that his strength resides in his hair occurs offstage. The opera includes some material not found in the Bible such as the death of Abimélech in act 1.<ref name=Grove />

== Roles ==
[[File:Margyl1905.JPG|thumb|[[Jane Margyl]] (1862–1934) in ''Samson and Delilah'' (1905)]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Role
![[Voice type]]
!Premiere cast, 2 December 1877<br />(Conductor: [[Eduard Lassen]])<ref name=Amadeus />
|-
|[[Samson]]
|[[tenor]]
|[[Franz Ferenczy]]
|-
|[[Delilah|Dalila]]
|[[mezzo-soprano]] or [[contralto]]
|[[Auguste von Müller]]
|-
|High Priest of [[Dagon]]
|[[baritone]]
|[[Hans von Milde]]
|-
|Abimélech, ''[[satrap]] of Gaza''
|[[bass (voice type)|bass]]
|Dengler
|-
|First [[Philistines|Philistine]]
|tenor
|Karl Knopp
|-
|Second Philistine
|bass
|Felix Schmidt
|-
|Philistine Messenger
|tenor
|Winiker
|-
|Old Hebrew
|bass
|Adolf Hennig
|-
| colspan="3"|''Hebrews and Philistines''
|-
|}

== Synopsis ==
:Place: Gaza
:Time: c. 1150 BC

=== Act 1 ===
''A square in Gaza at night''

In a square outside the temple of [[Dagon]], a group of [[Hebrews]] beg [[Jehovah]] for relief from their bondage to the [[Philistines]] in a melancholy [[Refrain|chorus]] ("Dieu d'Israël – God of Israel"), which leads into a [[fugue]] ("Nous avons vu nos cités renversées – We have seen our cities overturned").<ref name=Grove /> Samson tries to revive the [[Israelites]]' morale and faith in God ("Arrêtez, ô mes frères – Stop, O my brothers") in a rousing [[aria]] set against the chorus's continuous prayer. Abimelech, the Philistine governor, appears and taunts the Israelites, saying that they are helpless because their god has abandoned them. He further states that his god, Dagon, is far superior ("Ce Dieu que votre voix implore – This God that your voice implores"). The Hebrews cower in fear before Abimelech until Samson incites them into defiant action. Enraged, Abimelech attacks an unarmed Samson with his sword. Samson manages to wrest the sword from Abimelech and kills him.<ref name=Grove />

Afraid of what might now happen, the Hebrews flee, abandoning Samson. The High Priest of Dagon comes from the Philistine temple and curses the Hebrews and Samson's prodigious strength. A messenger arrives and informs the High Priest that the Hebrews are destroying the harvest. He responds with a further curse that alludes to his plot to utilize Dalila's beauty to outwit Samson's strength ("Qu'enfin une compagne infâme trahisse son amour! – Finally an infamous companion betrays his love!").<ref name="Grove" />

As dawn breaks the Hebrews lift up a humble prayer to God in a style reminiscent of [[plainchant]].<ref name=Grove /> Out of the temple emerges Dalila along with several priestesses of Dagon. As they walk down the temple steps, they sing of the pleasures of spring. Dalila engages seductively with Samson proclaiming that he has won her heart and bids him to come with her to her home in the valley of [[Nahal Sorek|Sorek]]. As she tries to charm him, a trio forms as an old Hebrew warns of the danger this woman presents and Samson prays for God's protection from Dalila's charms. In an attempt to seduce Samson away from his leadership of the Israelite uprising, Dalila and the priestesses begin a sexually charged dance for him accompanied by a [[tambourine]]. After the dance, Dalila sings how spring is blossoming all around her yet, in her heart, she feels like it is still winter ("Printemps qui commence – Spring begins"). As Samson struggles with his desire for Dalila, the old Hebrew repeats his cautionary plea. His warning, however, is made in vain and the curtain closes as Samson meets Dalila's gaze with every intention of going to her nearby dwelling.<ref name=Grove />

=== Act 2 ===
''Delilah's retreat in the Valley of Sorek''

Dalila knows that Samson is entranced with her and will come to her instead of leading the revolution against the Philistines. Sitting on a rock outside the entrance to her retreat, she sings triumphantly about her power to ensnare Samson. She says that all of his strength is hopeless to withstand love's onslaught ("Amour! viens aider ma faiblesse – Love! come help my weakness").<ref name=Grove />

Distant lightning is seen as the High Priest arrives to report that Samson and the Hebrews have conquered the Philistines. He attempts to achieve Samson's capture by offering Dalila gold, but she refuses saying she cares not for money but only for revenge. Her desire to hurt Samson is motivated solely by her loyalty to her gods and her hatred for the Hebrews. Dalila and the High Priest sing a duet expressing their mutual abhorrence for Samson and the Hebrews. Dalila vows to discover the secret of Samson's strength.<ref name=Grove />

Now alone, Dalila contemplates her chances of success. Samson, intent on taking his place as the leader of the Hebrew revolt, emerges to say his last farewell as distant lightning is once again seen. In an attempt to close the trap which she has set for Samson, Dalila tells Samson seductively that she is completely his if he wants her. She begs him to respond to her caresses, hoping that he will finally let go of all other things and concentrate completely on her. His admission ''Je t'aime!'' introduces her main aria "[[Mon cœur s'ouvre à ta voix|Mon cœur s'ouvre à ta voix – My heart opens to your voice]]", which becomes a duet on the second verse when Samson joins her in song. Now that Dalila has him in her power, she feigns disbelief in his constancy and demands that he show his love by confiding in her the secret of his strength. Samson hears rolling thunder again which now seems like a warning from God and refuses. Dalila weeps and scorns Samson and runs into her dwelling. Samson is momentarily torn but then follows Dalila inside. Not long afterward, having finally learned that the secret of Samson's strength is his long hair, she calls to hidden Philistine soldiers, who rush in to capture and blind Samson.<ref name=Grove />

=== Act 3 ===
{{Listen
| image       = [[File:Samson-in-DagonTemple.jpg|thumb|upright|Samson destroys the Temple of Dagon (Gustave Doré, ca. 1860)]]
| filename    = Danse Bacchanale - Concert Band - United States Air Force Band.mp3
| title       = "Danse Bacchanale"
| description = Performed by the [[United States Air Force Band]]
| pos         = right
}}

''The city of Gaza''

''Scene 1: In a dungeon at Gaza''

His hair shorn and now blind and shackled, Samson is turning a mill-wheel and praying for his people, who will suffer for his sin. He hears their voices, echoing the Hebrews' lament from act 1. Overcome with remorse, Samson offers his life in sacrifice, while the Hebrews are heard in the distance lamenting his fate.<ref name=Grove />

''Scene 2: In the Temple of Dagon''

A musical interlude is played as the scene changes to the temple of Dagon, where the Philistines are preparing a sacrifice to commemorate their victory. The priests and priestesses of Dagon sing softly, reprising the song to spring from act 1. The music turns savage as the priests dance a wild [[Bacchanale]]. Following the dance, Samson enters led by a boy. He is ridiculed by the High Priest and the crowd. Dalila taunts Samson further by recounting to him the details of her devious plot in a variant of her love song. When the priests try to force him to kneel before Dagon, he asks the boy to lead him to the two main pillars of the temple, then telling the child to flee. Samson prays to God to restore his strength, and pushes down the pillars and the temple with them, crushing himself and his enemies. The curtain falls.<ref name=Grove />

==Recordings==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Cast: Samson,<br />Dalila,<br />Grand-prêtre de Dagon,<br />Abimélech)
!Conductor,<br />opera house and orchestra
!Label
|-
|1936 || [[René Maison]],<br />[[Gertrud Pålson-Wettergren]],<br />[[Ezio Pinza]],<br />John Gurney|| [[Maurice Abravanel]],<br />[[Metropolitan Opera|Metropolitan Opera Orchestra and Chorus]]<br />(Live recording for radio on 26 December 1936 which has subsequently been released on CD.) || CD: Guild<br />Cat: 2273
|-
|1941 || René Maison,<br />[[Risë Stevens]],<br />[[Leonard Warren]],<br />[[Norman Cordon]]|| [[Wilfrid Pelletier]],<br />Metropolitan Opera Orchestra and Chorus<br />(Live recording for radio on 13 December 1941 which has subsequently been released on CD.) || CD: Omega Opera Archive
|-
|1946 || José Luccioni,<br />[[Hélène Bouvier]],<br />Paul Cabanel,<br />Charles Cambon|| [[Louis Fourestier]],<br />Paris Opéra Orchestra and Chorus<br />(The first studio made recording and the first recording of the opera to be released commercially.) || CD: Naxos<br />Cat: 8.110063-64
|-
|1948 || José Luccioni,<br />Susanne Lefort,<br />[[Pierre Nougaro]],<br />Ernest Mestrallet|| Eugène Bigot,<br />[[Grand Théâtre de Genève]] Orchestra and Chorus || CD: Malibran Music<br />Cat: MR502
|-
|1948 || [[Lorenz Fehenberger]],<br />[[Res Fischer]],<br />Fred Destal,<br />Max Eibel|| Hans Altman,<br />Orchester und Chor des Bayerischen Rundfunks|| CD: Walhall<br />Cat: WLCD 0040
|-
|1949 || [[Ramón Vinay]],<br />Risë Stevens,<br />[[Robert Merrill]],<br />Osie Hawkins|| [[Emil Cooper]],<br />Metropolitan Opera Orchestra and Chorus<br />(Live recording for radio on 26 November 1949 which has subsequently been released on CD.) || CD: Omega Opera Archive
|-
|1953 || Ramón Vinay,<br />Risë Stevens,<br />[[Sigurd Björling]],<br />[[Norman Scott (bass)|Norman Scott]]|| [[Fausto Cleva]],<br />Metropolitan Opera Orchestra and Chorus<br />(Live recording for radio on 14 March 1953 which has subsequently been released on CD.) || CD: Omega Opera Archive
|-
|1954 || [[Jan Peerce]],<br />Risë Stevens,<br />Robert Merrill|| [[Robert Shaw (conductor)|Robert Shaw]],<br />[[NBC Symphony Orchestra]] and the [[Robert Shaw Chorale]] || CD: RCA Victor<br />Cat: LM 1848
|-
|1955 || Ramón Vinay,<br />[[Ebe Stignani]],<br />Antonio Manca-Serra,<br />Giovanni Amodeo|| [[Fritz Rieger]],<br />[[Teatro di San Carlo|Teatro di San Carlo Orchestra and Chorus]] || CD: Bongiovanni<br />Cat: HOCO 31
|-
|1956 || [[Set Svanholm]],<br />[[Blanche Thebom]],<br />[[Sigurd Björling]] || [[Herbert Sandberg (conductor)|Herbert Sandberg]],<br />[[Royal Swedish Opera|Royal Swedish Opera Orchestra and Chorus]] || CD: Caprice<br />Cat: CAP 22054
|-
|1962 || [[Jon Vickers]],<br />[[Rita Gorr]],<br />[[Ernest Blanc]],<br />Anton Diakov|| [[Georges Prêtre]],<br />Orchestre du Théâtre National de l'Opéra de Paris || CD: EMI classics
|-
|1964 || Jon Vickers,<br />[[Oralia Domínguez]],<br />Ernest Blanc,<br />Henk Driessen || [[Jean Fournet]],<br />Netherlands Radio Symphony Orchestra || CD: Opera D'oro
|-
|1970 || Richard Cassily,<br />[[Shirley Verrett]],<br />[[Robert Massard]],<br />Giovanni Foiani|| [[Georges Prêtre]],<br />[[La Scala|Orquestra do Teatro alla Scala]]|| CD: Opera D'oro
|-
|1973 || [[James King (tenor)|James King]],<br />[[Christa Ludwig]],<br />[[Bernd Weikl]],<br />[[Alexander Malta]]|| [[Giuseppe Patanè]],<br />[[Münchner Rundfunkorchester]]|| CD: BMG<br />Cat: 779-2-RG
|-
|1978 || [[Plácido Domingo]],<br />[[Elena Obraztsova]],<br />[[Renato Bruson]],<br />Pierre Thau|| [[Daniel Barenboim]],<br />Orchestre et Choeur de Paris|| CD: Deutsche Grammophon<br />Cat: 413 297-2
|-
| 1981 || Plácido Domingo,<br />[[Shirley Verrett]],<br />[[Wolfgang Brendel]],<br />[[Arnold Voketaitis]]|| [[Julius Rudel]],<br />[[San Francisco Opera]] orchestra and chorus|| DVD: Kultur Video<br />Cat: 032031 00109 1
|-
| 1982 || Jon Vickers,<br />[[Shirley Verrett]],<br />Jonathan Summers,<br />[[John Tomlinson (bass)|John Tomlinson]]|| Sir [[Colin Davis]],<br />[[Royal Opera House]] orchestra and chorus|| DVD: Kultur Video<br />Cat: 032031 00109 1
|-
| 1989 || [[José Carreras]],<br />[[Agnes Baltsa]],<br />Jonathan Summers,<br />[[Simon Estes]]|| Sir Colin Davis,<br />Bavarian Radio Symphony orchestra and chorus|| CD: Philips
|-
| 1991 || Plácido Domingo,<br />[[Waltraud Meier]],<br />[[Alain Fondary]],<br />Jean-Philippe Courtis || [[Myung-whun Chung]],<br />[[Opéra Bastille|Bastille Opera]] orchestra and chorus|| CD: EMI Classics<br />Cat: 54470-2
|-
| 1998 || Plácido Domingo,<br />[[Olga Borodina]],<br />[[Sergei Leiferkus]],<br />Richard Paul Fink|| [[James Levine]],<br />[[Metropolitan Opera]] orchestra and chorus|| DVD: [[Deutsche Grammophon]]<br />Cat: 00440 073 0599
|-
| 1998 || [[José Cura]],<br />Olga Borodina,<br />Jean-Philippe Lafont,<br />Egils Siliņš|| Sir Colin Davis,<br />[[London Symphony Orchestra]] & Chorus|| CD: [[Elektra Records]]
|-
| 2007 || Clifton Forbis,<br />[[Denyce Graves]],<br />[[Greer Grimsley]],<br />[[Philip Skinner]]|| Karen Keltner,<br />San Diego Symphony Orchestra & [[San Diego Opera|San Diego Opera Chorus]]|| CD: Premiere Opera Ltd<br />Cat: CDNO 2793-2
|}
:*''Note: "Cat:" is short for the label's catalogue number where available.''

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist}}
'''Cited sources'''
*{{cite book |title=French Opera at the Fin de Siècle: Samson and Delilah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KSQGZOTQKmwC&q=%22Saint-Saens+on+the+Cusp%22&pg=PA206 |last=Huebner |first=Steven |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press, US |isbn=978-0-19-518954-4 }}
*[[Karl-Josef Kutsch|Kutsch, Karl-Josef]] and [[Leo Riemens|Riemens, Leo]] (Trans. from German, Harry Early Jone. Plus expanded and annotated), ''A Concise Biographical Dictionary of Singers: from the beginning of recorded sound to the present; Jeanne Gerville-Réache''. Philadelphia, Chilton Book Company, 1969. {{ISBN|0-8019-5516-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Macdonald|first=Hugh|author-link=Hugh Macdonald (musicologist)|chapter=''Samson et Dalila''|title=[[Grove Music Online]]|editor=L. Macy}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|title=Complete Series of the Great Operas|last=Cross|first=Milton|author-link=Milton Cross|year=1955|publisher=Doubleday & Co. Inc.|location=Garden City, New York|pages=545–550}}
*{{cite book|title=[[The Complete Opera Book]]|last=Kobbé|first=Gustav|author-link=Gustav Kobbé|year=1976|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|location=New York|pages=819–821}}
*{{cite book|title=The Standard Opera Guide|last=Upton|first=George Putnam|author-link=George Putnam Upton|author2=Borowski, Felix|author2-link=Felix Borowski|year=1928|publisher=Blue Ribbon Books|location=New York|pages=318–320}}

==External links==
*[http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLSASAMS.HTM#4 Recordings of ''Samson and Delilah''], operadis-opera-discography.org.uk
*{{IMSLP|work=Samson et Dalila, Op.47 (Saint-Saëns, Camille)|cname=''Samson and Delilah''}}
*Visual documentation of the Parisian premiere on [http://gallica.bnf.fr/services/engine/search/sru?operation=searchRetrieve&version=1.2&startRecord=0&maximumRecords=15&page=1&query=%28gallica%20all%20%22samson%20et%20dalila%22%29&filter=dc.type%20all%20%22image%22 Gallica]

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