Editing Sampo

{{Short description|Magical artifact in Finnish mythology}}
{{about|a mythological artifact from Finnish mythology|one of the main districts of Tampere|Sampo (district)|other uses|Sampo (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
[[File:Akseli Gallen-Kallela - Sammon ryöstö.jpg|thumb|''The Theft of the Sampo'', [[Akseli Gallen-Kallela]], 1897]]
In [[Finnish mythology]], the '''''Sampo''''' ({{IPA|fi|ˈsɑmpo|pron}})<ref>Sometimes known as '''Sammas''' ({{IPA|fi|ˈsɑmːɑs|pron}}) or '''Kirjokansi''' ({{IPA|fi|ˈkirjoˌkɑnsi|pron}})</ref> is a magical device or object described in many different ways, constructed by the blacksmith and inventor [[Ilmarinen]] and which brings riches and good fortune to its holder, akin to the [[cornucopia|horn of plenty]] (cornucopia) of Greek mythology.  When the Sampo is stolen, Ilmarinen's homeland falls upon hard times. He sends an expedition to retrieve it, but in the ensuing battle it is smashed and lost at sea.

== In the Kalevala ==
The Sampo is a pivotal element of the plot of the epic poem ''[[Kalevala]]'', compiled in 1835 (and expanded in 1849) by [[Elias Lönnrot]] based on Finnish and Karelian [[oral tradition]].

In the expanded second version of the poem, the Sampo is forged by [[Ilmarinen]], a legendary [[blacksmith]], to fulfill a task set by the witch queen of [[Pohjola]], [[Louhi]], in return for her daughter's hand.

: ''"Ilmarinen, worthy brother,''
: ''Thou the only skilful blacksmith,''
: ''Go and see her wondrous beauty,''
: ''See her gold and silver garments,''
: ''See her robed in finest raiment,''
: ''See her sitting on the rainbow,''
: ''Walking on the clouds of purple.''
: ''Forge for her the magic Sampo,''
: ''Forge the lid in many colors,''
: ''Thy reward shall be the virgin,''
: ''Thou shalt win this bride of beauty;''
: ''Go and bring the lovely maiden''
: ''To thy home in Kalevala."''<ref name="crawford">[http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/kveng/kvrune10.htm Kalevala, Rune X] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203011509/http://sacred-texts.com/neu/kveng/kvrune10.htm |date=3 December 2005 }}. Translated by John Martin Crawford (1888).</ref>

{{gallery
|mode=packed
|height=200
|File:Godenhjelm - Ilmarinen takoo Sammon.jpg|''Ilmarinen Forges the Sampo'', [[Berndt Godenhjelm]], 19th century
| File:Väinö Blomstedt - The Forging of the Sampo.jpg|''The Forging of the Sampo'', {{ill|Väinö Blomstedt|fi}}, 1897
|File:Gallen Kallela The Forging of the Sampo.jpg|''The Forging of the Sampo'', Akseli Gallen-Kallela, 1893
|File:Joseph Alanen - The Forging of the Sampo.jpg|''The Forging of the Sampo'', {{ill|Joseph Alanen|fi}}, 1910–1911
|File:"Forging the Sampo" (musée national, Helsinki).jpg|''The Forging of the Sampo'', [[fresco]] in the [[National Museum of Finland]] by Akseli Gallen-Kallela, 1928
}}

Ilmarinen works for many days at a mighty forge until he finally succeeds in creating the Sampo:

: ''On one side the flour is grinding,''
: ''On another salt is making,''
: ''On a third is money forging,''
: ''And the lid is many-colored.''
: ''Well the Sampo grinds when finished,''
: ''To and fro the lid in rocking,''
: ''Grinds one measure at the day-break,''
: ''Grinds a measure fit for eating,''
: ''Grinds a second for the market,''
: ''Grinds a third one for the store-house.''<ref name="crawford" />

Later, [[Louhi]] steals the Sampo, and then Ilmarinen and [[Väinämöinen]] enter her stronghold in secret and retrieve it. Louhi pursues them and combats Väinämöinen. In the struggle, Louhi is vanquished but the Sampo is destroyed.

{{gallery
|mode=packed
|height=200
|File:Sammon haku.jpg|''The Retrieval of the Sampo'', showing [[Lemminkäinen]] ploughing up its roots with a bull. [[Mosaic]] by {{ill|Veikko Aaltona|fi}}, 1940
|File:Väinö Blomstedt - The Theft of the Sampo.jpg|''The Theft of the Sampo'', Väinö Blomstedt, 1897
|File:Sammon puolustus.jpg|''[[The Defense of the Sampo]]'', Akseli Gallen-Kallela, 1896
|File:Suur-Kalevala. Sampolaisten veneen kokka, jousimiehiä D-GKM-508.tif|Crossbowmen defending the Sampo, sketch [[pastel]] by Akseli Gallen-Kallela, early 20th century
|File:Joseph Alanen - The Defence of the Sampo.jpg|''The Defence of the Sampo'', Joseph Alanen, 1910–1912
}}

==Interpretation==
The Sampo has been interpreted in many ways: a [[world pillar]] or [[world tree]], a [[compass]] or [[astrolabe]], a chest containing a treasure, a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] [[Coining (metalworking)|coin die]], a decorated [[Vendel period]] shield, a Christian [[relic]], etc. In the ''[[Kalevala]]'', compiler [[Elias Lönnrot|Lönnrot]] interpreted it to be a [[quern-stone|quern]] or [[mill (grinding)|mill]] of some sort that made [[flour]], [[salt]], and [[gold]] out of thin air. The world pillar/tree hypothesis was argued for by figures such as [[Christian theosophy|theosophian]] [[Pekka Ervast]], historian of religions [[Uno Harva]] and the linguist [[Eemil Nestor Setälä]] in the early 20th century.<ref name="yleselitykset">{{cite news |last1=Heikura |first1=Pasi |title=Aristoteleen kantapää ja Sammon selitykset |url=https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2014/09/23/aristoteleen-kantapaa-ja-sammon-selitykset |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=Yle |date=23 September 2014 |archive-date=6 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706220532/https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2014/09/23/aristoteleen-kantapaa-ja-sammon-selitykset |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the archaeologist Elena Kuz'mina the Sampo mill myth originates from the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] ''skambhá'' (support, pillar, column), and was borrowed into [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]].<ref name="kuz">{{cite book|editor-first = J.P. |editor-last1 = Mallory | first1 = Elena E. | last1 = Kuz'mina | title= The origin of the Indo-Iranians | series = Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series | volume =3 | year = 2007 | publisher=Brill| isbn = 9789004160545 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/TheOriginOfTheIndo-iranians/page/n74 56] | url = https://archive.org/details/TheOriginOfTheIndo-iranians }}</ref> In the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'' the 'skambhá' is a creature that supports the universe, analogous to the [[World Tree]] – the Sampo has been claimed to be the Finnish equivalent of the world tree.<ref name="kuz"/><ref>{{citation|first = J.| last = Erdodi | year = 1932 | title = Finnische Sampo, ai. Skambha| journal = Indogermanische Forschungen | volume =3 }}</ref>

== Similar devices ==

In the [[Aarne–Thompson classification systems]] of folktales, tale type 565 refers to a magic mill that continuously produces food or salt.<ref>{{citation | title  =565: The Magic Mill | url  =http://www.mftd.org/index.php?action=atu&act=select&atu=565 | work  =mftd.org | access-date  =13 August 2018 | archive-date  =13 August 2018 | archive-url  =https://web.archive.org/web/20180813043451/http://www.mftd.org/index.php?action=atu&act=select&atu=565 | url-status  =live }}</ref> Examples include ''[[Why the Sea is Salt]]'' (Norway, based on the poem ''[[Grottasöngr]]''), ''[[Sweet porridge]]'' (Germanic), and ''[[The Water Mother]]'' (Chinese). Such devices have been included into modern tales such as ''[[Strega Nona]]'' (1975, children's book). Variants on the theme with a cautionary tale and pupil-master relationship include ''[[The Master and his Pupil]]'' (English), and Goethe's 1797 poem ''[[The Sorcerer's Apprentice]]''.

The [[cornucopia]] of [[Greek mythology]] also produces endless goods, and some versions of the [[Holy Grail|Grail myth]] emphasize how the Grail creates food and goods.

The [[Japanese folktale]] ''Shiofuki usu'' speaks of a grindstone that could be used to create anything. Like the Sampo, it too was lost to the sea, endlessly grinding salt.

The Sanskrit epic the ''[[Mahabharatha]]'' tells of the [[Akshaya Patra]], a vessel or bowl capable of creating food that stops at the end of the day when the lady of the house has had her last meal. Similarly, in the Irish myth of the [[Cauldron of the Dagda]] (''coire ansic'' or "un-dry cauldron") is a magical vessel that satisfies any number of people.

==Influences==
{{main|Kalevala#Influence}}
*The 1959 Soviet-Finnish film ''[[Sampo (film)|Sampo]]'' is loosely based on the story.
*The Finnish TV series ''[[:fi:Rauta-aika|Rauta-aika]]'' (The Iron Age, 1982), based on Kalevala, has an extended sequence where Ilmarinen and his smiths build the Sampo, which is a Byzantine coin die.
* In ''[[The Quest for Kalevala]]'', a [[Donald Duck]] story by [[Disney]] cartoonist [[Don Rosa]] based on the ''[[Kalevala]]'', [[Scrooge McDuck]], Donald Duck and [[Huey, Dewey, and Louie]] travel to Finland trying to reveal the location of the remains of the Sampo, a mythical machine that can produce [[gold]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scoop.diamondgalleries.com/public/default.asp?t=1&m=1&c=34&s=265&ai=47103&ssd=9/25/2004&arch=y|title=Don Rosa and The Quest for Kalevala|access-date=18 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012041920/http://scoop.diamondgalleries.com/public/default.asp?t=1&m=1&c=34&s=265&ai=47103&ssd=9%2F25%2F2004&arch=y|archive-date=12 October 2010}}</ref>
* In 1933, A. A. Öpik named a genus of fossil [[brachiopod]] ''Sampo''.<ref name="opik">{{citation | url =http://fossiilid.info/1348 | title =Genus Sampo Öpik, 1933 | work =fossiilide.info | access-date =13 August 2018 | archive-date =13 August 2018 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180813043310/http://fossiilid.info/1348 | url-status =live }}</ref>
*Asteroid [[2091 Sampo]] is named after the artifact.
*  The Finnish heavy metal band [[Amorphis]] has a song called ''Sampo'' on their 2009 album ''[[Skyforger (album)|Skyforger]]''.
* The Finnish symphonic power metal band [[Amberian Dawn]] has a song called ''Sampo'' on their 2010 album ''[[End of Eden]]''.
*The Semantic Computing Group at [[Aalto University]] has used ''Sampo'' as a generic name for their cultural heritage Web services, most recently ''BiographySampo'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://biografiasampo.fi/|title=BiographySampo|access-date=12 October 2018|archive-date=12 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012175447/http://biografiasampo.fi/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Quern-stone]]
* [[Cornucopia]]
* [[Uchide no kozuchi]]
* [[Bag of Holding]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Sampo (mythology)}}

{{Kalevala}}

[[Category:Finnish mythology]]
[[Category:Mythological objects]]
[[Category:Karelian-Finnish folklore]]
[[Category:Magic items]]