Editing Samoyed dog

{{Short description|Dog breed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox dog breed
| altname      = Bjelkier<br>Samoiedskaya Sobaka
| country      = [[Russia]]
| fcistd       = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/212g05-en.pdf
| image        = Samojed00.jpg
|image_caption = 
| name         = Samoyed
| nickname     = 
| weight       = 
| maleweight   = {{convert|20|–|30|kg|lbs}} <!--source: ANKC-->
| femaleweight = {{convert|16|–|20|kg|lb}} <!--source: ANKC-->
| height       = 
| maleheight   = {{convert|51|–|56|cm|in|abbr=on}}<!--source: ANKC-->
| femaleheight = {{convert|46|–|51|cm|in|abbr=on}}<!--source: ANKC-->
| coat         = 
| color        = White or Cream or White and Biscuit.
| litter_size  = 
| life_span    = 
}}

The '''Samoyed''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|æ|m|ə|j|ɛ|d}} {{respell|SAM|ə-yed}} or {{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|m|ɔɪ|.|ɛ|d}} {{respell|sə|MOY|ed}};<ref>{{cite web|last1=Student Dictionary|title=Samoyed|url=http://www.wordcentral.com/cgi-bin/student?book=Student&va=Samoyed|website=World Central|publisher=Merriam-Webster Incorporated|access-date=2 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202002645/http://www.wordcentral.com/cgi-bin/student?book=Student&va=Samoyed|archive-date=2 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> {{langx|ru|самое́дская соба́ка|samoyédskaya sobáka}}, or {{langx|ru|самое́д|samoyéd|label=none}}) is a breed of [[herding dog]] with a thick, white, double-layered coat. They are [[spitz|spitz-type]] dogs which take their name from the [[Samoyeds|Samoyedic peoples]] of [[Siberia]]. Descending from the [[Nenets Herding Laika]], they are domesticated animals that assist in herding, [[Hunting dog|hunting]], protection and sled-pulling.
[[File:Samoyed MoMo.jpg|thumb|A 2.5-year-old male Samoyed]]
Samoyed dogs are most often white, and can have a brown tint to their double-layer coat which is naturally dirt-repellent. They have been used in expeditions in both [[Arctic]] and [[Antarctic]] regions, and have a friendly and agreeable disposition.

== History ==
[[File:Samoyed from 1915.JPG|thumb|left|Samoyed, circa 1915]]

The progenitor of the Samoyeds was the [[Nenets Herding Laika]], a reindeer herding spitz commonly used throughout northern Siberia, especially the [[Nenets people|Nenets]] people who were pejoratively referred to as Samoyeds at that time.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-20|title=Давай-ка, ненецкая лайка!|url=https://kras.mk.ru/articles/2017/12/20/davayka-neneckaya-layka.html|access-date=2022-02-13|website=kras.mk.ru|language=ru}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Presberg|first=Carole|date=2014|title=Herding Dogs of Asia: Russian Siberia|url=http://www.bordercolliemuseum.org/BCCousins/Asia/Russia.html|access-date=2022-02-13|website=www.bordercolliemuseum.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=David G.|date=2000|title=Siberian Survival: The Nenets and Their Story (Book review)|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.2000.102.4.942|journal=American Anthropologist|language=en|volume=102|issue=4|pages=942–943|doi=10.1525/aa.2000.102.4.942|s2cid=161524457}}</ref> DNA evidence confirms that Samoyeds are a [[Dog breed#Basal breeds|basal breed]] that predates the emergence of the modern breeds in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Larson, G|year=2012|title=Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography|doi=10.1073/pnas.1203005109|pmid=22615366|pmc=3384140|volume=109|issue=23|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.|pages=8878–83|bibcode=2012PNAS..109.8878L|doi-access=free}}</ref> A genomic study of two dog specimens that are nearly 100 years old and obtained from the [[Nenets people]] on the [[Yamal Peninsula]] found that these are related to two specimens dated 2,000 years old and 850 years old, which suggests continuity of the lineage in this region. The two 100 year old dogs were closely related with the Samoyed breed, which indicates that the ancient arctic lineage lives on in the modern Samoyed dog.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.2100338118| issn=0027-8424|title=Modern Siberian dog ancestry was shaped by several thousand years of Eurasian-wide trade and human dispersal|year=2021|last1=Feuerborn|first1=Tatiana R.|last2=Carmagnini|first2=Alberto|last3=Losey|first3=Robert J.|last4=Nomokonova|first4=Tatiana|last5=Askeyev|first5=Arthur|last6=Askeyev|first6=Igor|last7=Askeyev|first7=Oleg|last8=Antipina|first8=Ekaterina E.|last9=Appelt|first9=Martin|last10=Bachura|first10=Olga P.|last11=Beglane|first11=Fiona|last12=Bradley|first12=Daniel G.|last13=Daly|first13=Kevin G.|last14=Gopalakrishnan|first14=Shyam|last15=Murphy Gregersen|first15=Kristian|last16=Guo|first16=Chunxue|last17=Gusev|first17=Andrei V.|last18=Jones|first18=Carleton|last19=Kosintsev|first19=Pavel A.|last20=Kuzmin|first20=Yaroslav V.|last21=Mattiangeli|first21=Valeria|last22=Perri|first22=Angela R.|last23=Plekhanov|first23=Andrei V.|last24=Ramos-Madrigal|first24=Jazmín|last25=Schmidt|first25=Anne Lisbeth|last26=Shaymuratova|first26=Dilyara|last27=Smith|first27=Oliver|last28=Yavorskaya|first28=Lilia V.|last29=Zhang|first29=Guojie|last30=Willerslev|first30=Eske|last31=Meldgaard|first31=Morten|last32=Gilbert|first32=M. Thomas P.|last33=Larson|first33=Greger|last34=Dalén|first34=Love|last35=Hansen|first35=Anders J.|last36=Sinding|first36=Mikkel-Holger S.|last37=Frantz|first37=Laurent|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=118|issue=39|pages=e2100338118|pmid=34544854|pmc=8488619| bibcode=2021PNAS..11800338F|s2cid=237584023| doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[File:Nansen Johansen depart 14 March 1895.jpg|left|thumb|Nansen Johansen departing to the North Pole]]
[[File:Man with binoculars 1899, British Antarctic (Southern Cross) Expedition (cropped).jpg|thumb|Southern Cross Expedition, 1899]]

During preparation for the [[Nansen's Fram expedition|Fram expedition]] to the North Pole in 1893–1896, 33 dogs were purchased from the Nenets people. While 28 of these dogs would go to the North Pole, none of them survived. The remaining dogs, including pups born during the voyage, were left aboard the ship. In April 1893 the bitch had another litter, most of them white. According to Nansen's notes "...all the dogs were strong, tough and excellent at pulling sleds; they worked very well in hunting Polar bears [as well]." These dogs would become the original Samoyeds.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|title=The Samoyed: Breed Origin and History|url=https://www.samoyedclubofamerica.org/the-samoyed/in-depth/breed-origin-and-history|website=samoyedclubofamerica.org}}</ref>

British Zoologist Ernest Kilburn-Scott is widely considered the founder of Samoyed breed. In 1889, he returned to England with a puppy he had purchased from a Samoyed encampment near [[Arkhangelsk]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/212g05-en.pdf |title=FCI-Standard N° 212 SAMOIEDSKAÏA SABAKA (Samoyed) |publisher=FEDERATION CYNOLOGIQUE INTERNATIONALE |year=2019 |pages=2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Auckram |first=Val |date=2006-05-01 |title=The Samoyed Early Days |url=https://www.thesamoyedclub.org.nz/pdfs/samoyed-supplement-new-zealand-kennel-club-gazette-may-2006-volume-46-no-4.pdf |journal=New Zealand Kennel Gazette |pages=2–3}}</ref>  In the early days, imported dogs were a wide array of colors. However, it was widely believed that the "true Samoyeds," as originally bred in Siberia, were predominantly white.<ref name=":2" /> In 1909, the first official breed standard for the Samoyed was developed in England.<ref name=":1" />

In 1898–1900, [[Carsten Borchgrevink]] brought 90 Samoyeds to the southern hemisphere during the [[Southern Cross Expedition|''Southern Cross'' Expedition]]. In his book "To the South Polar Regions," expedition member [[Louis Bernacchi]] wrote:<ref name=":2" />

{{Blockquote
|text="The sickness was aggravated by the intense heat and the appalling effluvium arising from the 90 Siberian sledge-dogs we had on deck. These dogs were procured from the Samoyedes in the North of Siberia and were the first dogs ever introduced in Antarctic exploration."|author=
}}

On the return trip, the dogs were left on [[Native Island]], New Zealand. Due to quarantine requirements, many of the dogs were killed but a few remained. 9 of the remaining dogs were bought by [[Ernest Shackleton]].<ref name=":2" />

[[Robert Falcon Scott]] brought twenty Samoyeds with him during his 1902 journey. The dogs struggled under the conditions Scott placed them in, with four dogs pulling heavily loaded sleds through 45&nbsp;cm (18&nbsp;in) of snow with bleeding feet. Scott blamed their failure on rotten dried fish.<ref>William J. Mills (2003). ''Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia''. ABC-CLIO. pp. 189–192. {{ISBN|978-1-57607-422-0}}. Retrieved 27 February 2013.</ref>

== Appearance and characteristics ==
[[File:Samoyed puppy.jpg|thumb|Samoyed puppy]]
The [[American Kennel Club|AKC]] Standard requires {{convert|45|–|65|lbs|kg}} and {{convert|21|–|23.5|in|cm}} at the shoulder for males, and {{convert|35|–|50|lbs|kg}} and {{convert|19|–|21|in|cm}}  for females.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/samoyed/ |title=Samoyed |publisher=AKC}}</ref> The [[UK Kennel Club]] Standard requires {{convert|51|–|56|cm|in}} for males, and {{convert|46|–|51|cm|in}} for females.

Samoyed ears are thick and covered with fur, triangular in shape, and erect. They are almost always white but have a light to dark brown tint (known as "biscuit") to a greater or lesser extent. The tint is usually on the ears but can be visible on the whole body.

[[File:Samoyed dog two year old female dllu.jpg|thumb|A two year old adult female Samoyed. The breed is characterized by an alert and happy expression.]]
The Samoyed tail is one of the breed's distinguishing features. Like the [[Alaskan Malamute]], the tail is carried curled over the back; however, unlike the Alaskan Malamute, the Samoyed tail is held actually touching the back. It is not usually held in a tight curl, or held flag-like; it is usually carried lying over the back and to one side. In cold weather, Samoyeds may sleep with their tails over their noses to provide additional warmth. Almost all Samoyeds will allow their tails to fall when they are relaxed and at ease, as when being stroked or while eating, but will return their tails to a curl when more alert.

Samoyeds have a dense, [[double coat|double layer coat]]. The [[Guard hair|topcoat]] contains long, coarse, and straight [[guard hair]]s, which appear white but have a hint of silver coloring. This top layer keeps the [[Down hair|undercoat]] relatively clean and free of debris. The under layer, or undercoat, consists of a dense, soft, and short fur that keeps the dog warm. The undercoat typically sheds heavily once or twice a year, and this seasonal process is sometimes referred to as "blowing coat". This does not mean the Samoyed will shed only during that time however; fine hairs (versus the dense clumps shed during seasonal shedding) will be shed all year round, and have a tendency to stick to cloth and float in the air. The standard Samoyed may come in a mixture of biscuit and white coloring, although pure white and all biscuit dogs are common. Males typically have larger ruffs than females. While this breed is touted as "hypoallergenic", it does shed a fair amount and needs frequent grooming. While the breed may produce fewer allergens, care should be taken for severe allergies.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bakalar|first1=Nicholas|title=The Myth of the Allergy-Free Dog|url=http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/the-myth-of-the-allergy-free-dog/|website=The New York Times|access-date=18 July 2015|date=11 July 2011}}</ref>

Shed Samoyed fur is sometimes used as an alternative to wool in [[knitting]], with a texture similar to [[Angora wool|angora]]. The fur is sometimes also used for the creation of [[artificial fly|artificial flies]] for [[fly fishing]].

Life expectancy for the breed is about 12–13 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Individual Breed Results for Purebred Dog Health Survey|url=http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/item/570|publisher=TheKennelClub.org.uk|access-date=26 June 2012|archive-date=13 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813043548/http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/item/570|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Temperament ==
[[File:Samoyed-and-teddy-bear.jpg|thumb|A Samoyed resting with a [[teddy bear]]]]
Samoyeds' friendly and affable disposition makes them poor guard dogs; an aggressive Samoyed is rare. The breed is characterized by an alert and happy expression which has earned the nicknames "Sammie smile" and "smiley dog".<ref name="AKC STD">{{cite web|title=AKC Meet the Breeds: Samoyed|url=http://www.akc.org/breeds/samoyed/index.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111090102/http://www.akc.org/breeds/samoyed/index.cfm|archive-date=11 January 2013|publisher=American Kennel Club|access-date=8 October 2011}}</ref> With their tendency to bark, however, they can  be diligent watch dogs, barking whenever something approaches their territory. Samoyeds are excellent companions, especially for small children or even other dogs, and they remain playful into old age. According to the Samoyed Club of America, when Samoyeds become bored, they may become destructive or start to dig.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.samoyedclubofamerica.org/the-samoyed/in-depth/bad-habits-and-training | title=Bad Habits and Training}}</ref>

== Activities ==
[[File:Dido background.jpg|thumb|An active Samoyed]]
Samoyeds can compete in [[dog agility]] trials, [[drafting (dog)|carting]], [[obedience training|obedience]], [[Dog showmanship|showmanship]], [[flyball]], [[tracking (dog)|tracking]], [[mushing]] and [[herding]] events. [[Herding]] instincts and trainability can be measured at non-competitive herding tests. Samoyeds exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials.<ref name="Hartnagle-Taylor and Ty Taylor">{{cite book|first1 = Jeanne Joy | last1 = Hartnagle-Taylor | first2 = Ty | last2 = Taylor |year = 2010|title=Stockdog Savvy|publisher=Alpine Publications|isbn=978-1-57779-106-5}}{{Page needed|date=June 2011}}</ref>

== Health ==
A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13.1 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for [[Mongrel|crossbreeds]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=McMillan | first1=Kirsten M. | last2=Bielby | first2=Jon | last3=Williams | first3=Carys L. | last4=Upjohn | first4=Melissa M. | last5=Casey | first5=Rachel A. | last6=Christley | first6=Robert M. | title=Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death | journal=Scientific Reports | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=14 | issue=1 | date=2024-02-01 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w | page=531| pmid=38302530 | pmc=10834484 }}</ref>

=== Samoyed hereditary glomerulopathy ===
{{Main|Samoyed hereditary glomerulopathy}}

The breed can be affected by a genetic disease known as Samoyed hereditary glomerulopathy, a [[kidney]] disease. The disease is known to be caused by an [[X-linked]] recessive faulty [[allele]] and therefore the disease is more severe in male Samoyeds.<ref name=Jansen>{{cite journal |pmid=3711721 |year=1986 |last1=Jansen |first1=B |last2=Tryphonas |first2=L |last3=Wong |first3=J |last4=Thorner |first4=P |last5=Maxie |first5=MG |last6=Valli |first6=VE |last7=Baumal |first7=R |last8=Basrur |first8=PK |title=Mode of inheritance of Samoyed hereditary glomerulopathy: an animal model for hereditary nephritis in humans |volume=107 |issue=6 |pages=551–5 |journal=The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine}}</ref> Also known as hereditary [[nephritis]], it is caused by a [[nonsense mutation]] in codon 1027 of the COL4A5 gene on the [[X chromosome]] ([[glycine]] to [[stop codon]]), which is similar to [[Alport's syndrome]] in humans.

[[File:Little Lucy Samoyed.jpg|thumb|A senior female Samoyed]]

Carrier females do develop mild symptoms after 2–3 months of age, but mostly<ref name=Rawdon>{{cite journal |pmid= 11380016 |year= 2001 |last1=Rawdon |first1=TG |title=Juvenile nephropathy in a Samoyed bitch |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=235–8 |journal=The Journal of Small Animal Practice |doi=10.1111/j.1748-5827.2001.tb02027.x}}</ref> do not go on to develop [[kidney failure]]. The disease is caused by a defect in the structure of the [[type-IV collagen]] fibrils of the [[glomerular basement membrane]]. As a consequence, the collagen fibrils of the glomerular basement membrane are unable to form cross-links, so the structural integrity is weakened and the membrane is more susceptible to "wear-and-tear" damage. As the structure of the basement membrane begins to degenerate, [[plasma proteins]] are lost in the urine and symptoms begin to appear. Affected males appear healthy for the first three months of life, but then symptoms start to appear and worsen as the disease progresses: the dog becomes lethargic and muscle wastage occurs, as a result of [[proteinuria]]. From three months of age onwards, a reduced [[glomerular filtration rate]] is detected, indicative of progressive kidney failure.

Clinically, [[proteinuria]] is found in both sexes from the age of three to four months; in dogs older than this, kidney failure in combination with more or less pronounced hearing loss occurs swiftly and death at the age of 8 to 15 months is expected. In [[heterozygous]] females, the disease develops slowly. The disease can be treated to slow down the development by use of [[cyclosporine A]] and [[ACE inhibitor]]s, but not stopped.<ref name=Jansen /><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=8171024 |year=1994 |last1=Zheng |first1=K |last2=Thorner |first2=PS |last3=Marrano |first3=P |last4=Baumal |first4=R |last5=McInnes |first5=RR |title=Canine X chromosome-linked hereditary nephritis: a genetic model for human X-linked hereditary nephritis resulting from a single base mutation in the gene encoding the alpha 5 chain of collagen type IV |volume=91 |issue=9 |pages=3989–93 |pmc=43708 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |doi=10.1073/pnas.91.9.3989|bibcode=1994PNAS...91.3989Z |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0021-9975(97)80016-3 |title=Treatment of X-linked hereditary nephritis in samoyed dogs with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor |year=1997 |last1=Grodecki |first1=K |last2=Gains |first2=M |last3=Baumal |first3=R |last4=Osmond |first4=D |last5=Cotter |first5=B |last6=Valli |first6=V |last7=Jacobs |first7=R |journal=Journal of Comparative Pathology |volume=117 |issue=3 |pages=209–225 |pmid=9447482}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pages=690–8 |doi=10.1097/01.ASN.0000046964.15831.16 |title=Cyclosporine A Slows the Progressive Renal Disease of Alport Syndrome (X-Linked Hereditary Nephritis): Results from a Canine Model |year=2003 |last1=Chen |first1=D. |journal=Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |volume=14 |issue=3 |pmid=12595505 |last2=Jefferson |first2=B |last3=Harvey |first3=SJ |last4=Zheng |first4=K |last5=Gartley |first5=CJ |last6=Jacobs |first6=RM |last7=Thorner |first7=PS|doi-access=free }}</ref>

If a carrier female is mated with a healthy [[stud dog]], the female offspring have a 50% chance of being carriers for the disease, and any male offspring have a 50% chance of being affected by the disease. A genetic test is available for this disease.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vetgen.com/canine-hereditary-nephritis.html|title=Samoyed Hereditary Glomerulopathy|website=vetgen.com|publisher=Veterinary Genetic Services|access-date=3 February 2013|archive-date=16 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416045246/http://www.vetgen.com/canine-hereditary-nephritis.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Other health concerns ===
For the Samoyeds several breed-specific hereditary diseases are described in the veterinary literature:

* [[Diabetes in dogs|Diabetes mellitus]] similar but not identical to [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|human Type I]] (insulin deficiency): The disease occurs in middle-aged Samoyeds, the mean age at diagnosis is seven years. The cause is a chronic inflammation of the [[pancreas]] and/or [[autoimmune]] destruction of the [[beta cell]]s of [[islets of Langerhans]]. Moreover, [[autoantibodies]] to insulin were found in affected dogs. Several genetic markers are being discussed as possible causes.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12022409 |year=2002 |last1=Kimmel |first1=SE |last2=Ward |first2=CR |last3=Henthorn |first3=PS |last4=Hess |first4=RS |title=Familial insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Samoyed dogs |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=235–8 |journal=Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association |doi=10.5326/0380235}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/jhered/esm048 |title=Analysis of Candidate Susceptibility Genes in Canine Diabetes |year=2007 |last1=Short |first1=A. D. |last2=Catchpole |first2=B. |last3=Kennedy |first3=L. J. |last4=Barnes |first4=A. |last5=Fretwell |first5=N. |last6=Jones |first6=C. |last7=Thomson |first7=W. |last8=Ollier |first8=W. E.R. |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=98 |issue=5 |pages=518–525 |pmid=17611256|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Progressive retinal atrophy]] (PRA) caused by a [[frameshift mutation]] in the [[RPRG]] locus of the X chromosome. The disease leads to a slowly progressive loss of vision, which eventually leads to blindness. The first symptoms appear between two and five years of age. The disease corresponds to the X-linked PRA type 3 in humans.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7366567 |year=1980 |last1=Dice |first1=P. F. |title=Progressive retinal atrophy in the Samoyed |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=59–60 |journal=Modern Veterinary Practice}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/jhered/esm060 |title=Independent Origin and Restricted Distribution of RPGR Deletions Causing XLPRA |year=2007 |last1=Zangerl |first1=B. |last2=Johnson |first2=J. L. |last3=Acland |first3=G. M. |last4=Aguirre |first4=G. D. |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=98 |issue=5 |pages=526–530 |pmid=17646274|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Short legs in conjunction with eye abnormalities: a genetic defect at the COL2A1 locus leads to disproportionate dwarfism due to short limbs in connection with cataracts, malformations of the retina or retinal detachment, liquefaction of the vitreous and a persistent [[hyaloid artery]]. The malformations of the retina are dominant (i.e. they occur in heterozygous dogs); the other symptoms are recessive, so that they are expressed only in homozygous dogs. These conditions have no effect on the expression of the protein [[opticin]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12002589 |year=1983 |last1=Meyers |first1=VN |last2=Jezyk |first2=PF |last3=Aguirre |first3=GD |last4=Patterson |first4=DF |title=Short-limbed dwarfism and ocular defects in the Samoyed dog |volume=183 |issue=9 |pages=975–79 |journal= Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00842-3 |title=Cloning and characterization of opticin cDNA: evaluation as a candidate for canine oculo-skeletal dysplasia |year=2002 |last1= Pellegrini |first1=B |journal=Gene |volume=282 |pages=121–131 |pmid=11814684 |last2=Acland |first2=GM |last3= Ray |first3=J |issue=1–2}}</ref>
* [[Pulmonary stenosis]] occurs more frequently in Samoyeds in comparison with other breeds. The disease can cause shortness of breath, cardiac arrhythmias and rapid fatigue when moving, and increases the risk of congestive heart failure.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=6749116 |year=1984 |last1=McCaw |first1=D |last2=Aronson |first2=E |title=Congenital cardiac disease in dogs |volume=65 |issue=7 |pages=509–12 |journal=Modern Veterinary Practice}}</ref>
* [[Hip dysplasia (canine)|Hip dysplasia]] is also a concern for Samoyeds.<ref name=Martin>{{cite journal |pmid=7459792 |year=1980 |last1=Martin |first1=SW |last2=Kirby |first2=K |last3=Pennock |first3=PW |title=Canine hip dysplasia: breed effects |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=293–6 |pmc=1789813 |journal=The Canadian Veterinary Journal}}</ref>
* The breed can also be affected by [[sebaceous adenitis]], an uncommon [[idiopathic]] autoimmune skin disease.<ref name=Craig>{{cite journal |pages=62–8 |doi=10.1111/j.2044-3862.2006.tb00066.x |title=Clinical refresher: Canine sebaceous adenitis |year=2006 |last1=Craig |first1=Mark |journal=Companion Animal |volume=11 |issue=5}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Dogs|Siberia}}
*[[Samoyeds]]
* [[List of dog breeds]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |pmid=884645 |year=1977 |last1=Bernard |first1=MA |last2=Valli |first2=VE |title=Familial renal disease in Samoyed dogs |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=181–9 |pmc=1697612 |journal=The Canadian Veterinary Journal}}
* {{cite journal |pmid=12002589 |year=1983 |last1=Meyers |first1=VN |last2=Jezyk |first2=PF |last3=Aguirre |first3=GD |last4=Patterson |first4=DF |title=Short-limbed dwarfism and ocular defects in the Samoyed dog |volume=183 |issue=9 |pages=975–9 |journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|s2cid=32585084}}
* {{cite journal |pmid=12022409 |year=2002 |last1=Kimmel |first1=SE |last2=Ward |first2=CR |last3=Henthorn |first3=PS |last4=Hess |first4=RS |title=Familial insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Samoyed dogs |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=235–8 |journal=Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association |doi=10.5326/0380235}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Samoiedskaïa Sabaka|Samoyed}}
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