Editing Salmonidae

{{Short description|Family of ray-finned fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|77|0|[[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Campanian]]) to recent|ref=<ref name=Brinkman2025/>}}
| image = OncorhynchusTschawytscha2.jpg
| image_caption = [[Chinook salmon]] (''Oncorhynchus tschawytscha'')
| display_parents = 2
| parent_authority = [[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1859
| taxon = Salmonidae
| authority = [[Georges Cuvier|G. Cuvier]], 1816
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = {{center|''(see text)''}}
| type_species = ''[[Salmo salar]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
}}

'''Salmonidae''' ({{IPAc-en|s|æ|l|ˈ|m|ɒ|n|ᵻ|d|iː}}, {{lit|salmon-like}}) is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[ray-finned fish]], the only extant member of the [[suborder]] '''Salmonoidei<ref name=":1322">{{Cite web |last1=Fricke |first1=R. |last2=Eschmeyer |first2=W. N. |last3=Van der Laan |first3=R. |date=2025 |title=ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION |url=https://www.calacademy.org/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes-classification |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=California Academy of Sciences |language=en}}</ref>''', consisting of 11 extant [[genera]] and over 200 [[species]] collectively known as "'''salmonids'''" or "'''salmonoids'''". The family includes [[salmon]] (both Atlantic and Pacific species), [[trout]] (both ocean-going and landlocked), [[Salvelinus|char]], [[Thymallus|graylings]], [[freshwater whitefish]]es, [[taimen]]s and [[lenok]]s, all [[coldwater fish|coldwater]] mid-[[trophic level|level]] [[predatory fish]] that inhabit the [[subarctic]] and cool [[temperate]] waters of the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. The [[Atlantic salmon]] (''Salmo salar''), whose [[Latin]] name became that of its [[genus]] ''[[Salmo]]'', is also the [[eponym]] of the family and order names.

Salmonids have a relatively primitive appearance among [[teleost]] fish, with the [[pelvic fin]]s being placed far back, and an [[adipose fin]] towards the rear of the back. They have slender bodies with rounded [[fish scale|scale]]s and forked [[caudal fin|tail fin]]s, and their [[fish jaw|mouth]]s contain a single row of sharp [[teeth]].<ref name=EoF>{{cite book|editor=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N.|author= McDowell, Robert M.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|location=San Diego|pages= 114–116|isbn=978-0-12-547665-2}}</ref> Although the smallest salmonid species is just {{cvt|13|cm}} long for adults, most salmonids are much larger, with the largest reaching {{cvt|2|m}}.<ref name=FB>{{FishBase_family|family=Salmonidae|year=2008|month=December}}</ref>

All salmonids are [[migratory fish]] that [[spawn (biology)|spawn]] in the shallow [[gravel]] [[stream bed|bed]]s of [[freshwater]] [[headstream]]s, spend the growing [[juvenile fish|juvenile]] years in [[river]]s, [[stream#Creek|creek]]s, small [[lake]]s and [[wetland]]s, but migrate downstream upon maturity and spend most of their [[adult]] lives at much larger waterbodies. Many salmonid species are [[euryhaline]] and migrate to the [[sea]] or [[brackish]] [[estuaries]] as soon as they approach adulthood, returning to the upper streams only to reproduce. Such sea-run life cycle is described as ''[[anadromous]]'', and other freshwater salmonids that migrate purely between lakes and rivers are considered ''[[potamodromous]]''. Salmonids are [[carnivorous]] [[predator]]s of the middle [[food chain]], feeding on smaller fish, [[crustacean]]s, [[aquatic insect]]s and [[insect larvae|larvae]], [[tadpole]]s and sometimes [[fish egg]]s (even those of their own kind),<ref name=EoF/> and in turn being preyed upon by larger predators. Many species of salmonids are thus considered [[keystone species|keystone organism]]s important for both [[freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]] and [[terrestrial ecosystem]]s due to the [[biomass (ecology)|biomass]] transfer provided by their mass migration from oceanic to inland waterbodies.

== Evolution ==
Current salmonids comprise three main [[clade]]s taxonomically treated as [[subfamilies]]: [[Coregoninae]] ([[freshwater whitefish]]es), [[Thymallinae]] ([[Thymallus|grayling]]s), and [[Salmoninae]] ([[trout]], [[salmon]], [[Salvelinus|char]], [[Hucho|taimens]] and [[lenok]]s). Generally, all three [[lineage (evolution)|lineage]]s are accepted to allocate a suite of derived traits indicating a [[clade|monophyletic]] group.<ref name=":1322" /><ref name="McPhail">{{cite book |last=McPhail |first=J.D. |title=The Origin and Speciation of ''Oncorhynchus'' |author2=Strouder, D.J. |publisher=[[Chapman & Hall]] |year=1997 |location=New York, New York |chapter=Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems: Status and Future Options}}</ref>

The suborder Salmonoidei, containing only Salmonidae, is one of two extant clades within the order Salmoniformes, which first appeared during the [[Santonian]] and [[Campanian]] stages of the [[Late Cretaceous]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Szabó |first1=Márton |last2=Ősi |first2=Attila |date=September 2017 |title=The continental fish fauna of the Late Cretaceous (Santonian) Iharkút locality (Bakony Mountains, Hungary) |journal=Central European Geology |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=230–287 |bibcode=2017CEJGl..60..230S |doi=10.1556/24.60.2017.009 |issn=1788-2281 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10831/67493}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Brinkman |first1=Donald B. |title=At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah |last2=Newbrey |first2=Michael G. |last3=Neuman |first3=Andrew G. |last4=Eaton |first4=Jeffrey G. |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780253008961 |editor-last=Titus |editor-first=Alan L. |location=Bloomington |pages=195–236 |chapter=Freshwater Osteichthyes from the Cenomanian to Late Campanian of Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, Utah |editor-last2=Loewen |editor-first2=Mark A. |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289813917}}</ref> The other is the [[Esocoidei]], which contains the [[Pike (fish)|pikes]] and [[Umbridae|mudminnows]].<ref name=":1322" /> Formerly, many more families were included within this group, but all have since been reclassified into their own orders. During the early 21st century, Salmoniformes was redefined to include only Salmonidae as a [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] order.<ref name="Nelson5">{{cite book |author1=J. S. Nelson |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |title=Fishes of the World |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |publisher=Wiley |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |edition=5th |pages=348 |access-date=2019-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194051/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |archive-date=2019-04-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, as recent phylogenetic studies have affirmed the relationship between the Salmonoidei and Esocoidei, the latter have returned to being considered a suborder of Salmoniformes.<ref name=":1322" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Near |first1=Thomas J |last2=Thacker |first2=Christine E |date=18 April 2024 |title=Phylogenetic classification of living and fossil ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=65 |page=101 |bibcode=2024BPMNH..65..101N |doi=10.3374/014.065.0101 |doi-access=free}}</ref>[[File:Eosalmo driftwoodensis 02.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Eosalmo driftwoodensis]]'' fossil<br/>[[Klondike Mountain Formation]]]]It is thought that salmon and pike diverged from one another during the [[Cretaceous]], but until 2025, there was no [[fossil]] evidence of salmonids occurring during this time period. In 2025, the earliest known fossil salmonid, ''[[Sivulliusalmo|Sivulliusalmo alaskensis]]'', was described from the early [[Maastrichtian]]-aged [[Prince Creek Formation]] of [[Alaska]], with indeterminate remains of this genus also being identified from the older [[Campanian]]-aged [[Dinosaur Park Formation]] of [[Alberta]]. The occurrence of ''Sivulliusalmo'' in these northern habitats suggests that the modern salmonid preference for cool, high-latitude waters is an ancient, conserved trait.<ref name=Brinkman2025>{{Cite journal |last=Brinkman |first=Donald B. |last2=López |first2=J. Andrés |last3=Erickson |first3=Gregory M. |last4=Eberle |first4=Jaelyn J. |last5=Muñoz |first5=Xochitl |last6=Wilson |first6=Lauren N. |last7=Perry |first7=Zackary R. |last8=Murray |first8=Alison M. |last9=Van Loon |first9=Lisa |last10=Banerjee |first10=Neil R. |last11=Druckenmiller |first11=Patrick S. |date=2025 |title=Fishes from the Upper Cretaceous Prince Creek Formation, North Slope of Alaska, and their palaeobiogeographical significance |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/spp2.70014 |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=e70014 |doi=10.1002/spp2.70014 |issn=2056-2802}}</ref>

Prior to the description of ''Sivulliusalmo'', the earliest record of salmonids was the [[Ypresian|Early Eocene]]-aged<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eberle |first1=Jaelyn J. |last2=Rybczynski |first2=Natalia |last3=Greenwood |first3=David R. |date=2014-06-07 |title=Early Eocene mammals from the Driftwood Creek beds, Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park, northern British Columbia |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2014.838175 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=739–746 |bibcode=2014JVPal..34..739E |doi=10.1080/02724634.2014.838175 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref> [[Eosalmo|''Eosalmo driftwoodensis'']], a <!--presumed--> stem-[[salmonine]], which was first described from fossils found at [[Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park|Driftwood Creek]], central [[British Columbia]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Matthew A. |last2=López |first2=J. Andrés |last3=Sado |first3=Tetsuya |last4=Miya |first4=Masaki |date=2013 |title=Pike and salmon as sister taxa: Detailed intraclade resolution and divergence time estimation of Esociformes + Salmoniformes based on whole mitochondrial genome sequences |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.068 |journal=Gene |volume=530 |issue=1 |pages=57–65 |doi=10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.068 |issn=0378-1119 |pmid=23954876}}</ref> and has been recovered from most sites in the [[Eocene Okanagan Highlands]].<ref name="Wilson1977">{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=M.V. |year=1977 |title=Middle Eocene freshwater fishes from British Columbia |journal=Life Sciences Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum |volume=113 |pages=1–66}}</ref><ref name="Wilson1999">{{cite journal |last= Wilson |first= M.V.H. |author2=Li, Guo-Qing |title=  Osteology and systematic position of the Eocene salmonid †''Eosalmo driftwoodensis'' Wilson from western North America |journal= Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume= 99 |issue= 125 |pages= 279–311 |year= 1999 |url= http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/eemb/labs/oakley/research/WilsonLi.pdf |access-date= 2010-01-01 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1999.tb00594.x|doi-access= free }}</ref><ref name="WilsonAsmt09">Wilson, M.V.H. 2009. McAbee Fossil Site Assessment Report. 60 pp.[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-resource-use/land-water-use/crown-land/fossil-management/mcabee_fossil_site_assessment_report.pdf Online PDF]. Accessed 17 May 2021.</ref> This genus shares traits found in all three subfamily lineages. Hence, ''E. driftwoodensis'' is an archaic salmonid, representing an important stage in salmonid evolution.<ref name="McPhail" /> Fossil scales of [[Freshwater whitefish|coregonines]] are known from the Late Eocene or Early Oligocene of California.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=David |first=Lorre R. |date=1946 |title=Some Typical Upper Eogene Fish Scales from California |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/v03cm-86s21 |journal=Contributions to Paleontology |volume=IV}}</ref>

A gap appears in the salmonine fossil record after ''E. driftwoodensis'' until about 7 million years ago ([[megaannum|mya]]), in the [[Late Miocene]], when trout-like fossils appear in [[Idaho]], in the [[Clarkia fossil beds|Clarkia Lake beds]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sou.edu/aaaspd/TableContents/LateCenHist.pdf/ |title=Late Cenozoic History of the Pacific Northwest |last=Smiley |first=Charles J |publisher=Association for the Advancement of Science: Pacific Division |access-date=August 8, 2006 |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040804035723/http://www.sou.edu/aaaspd/TableContents/LateCenHist.pdf |archive-date=August 4, 2004 }}</ref> Several of these species appear to be ''[[Oncorhynchus]]'' — the current genus for Pacific salmon and Pacific trout. The presence of these species so far inland established that ''Oncorhynchus'' was not only present in the Pacific drainages before the beginning of the [[Pliocene]] (~5–6 mya), but also that [[rainbow trout|rainbow]] and [[cutthroat trout]], and Pacific salmon lineages had diverged before the beginning of the Pliocene. Consequently, the split between ''Oncorhynchus'' and ''[[Salmo]]'' (Atlantic salmon and European trout) must have occurred well before the Pliocene. Suggestions have gone back as far as the [[Early Miocene]] (about 20 mya).<ref name="McPhail" /><ref name="Montgomery">{{cite news |url=http://duff.ess.washington.edu/grg/publications/pdfs/salmonevolution.pdf/ |title=Coevolution of the Pacific Salmon and Pacific Rim Topography |last=Montgomery |first=David R. |year=2000 |publisher=Department of Geological Sciences, [[University of Washington]] |access-date=August 8, 2006 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901100943/http://duff.ess.washington.edu/grg/publications/pdfs/salmonevolution.pdf |archive-date=September 1, 2006}}</ref>

=== Genetics ===
[[File:Winthrop National Fish Hatchery 22 - how Steelhead grow from eggs (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Oncorhynchus mykiss]] maturing from eggs.]]
Based on the most current evidence, salmonids diverged from the rest of [[Teleost|teleost fish]] no later than 88 million years ago, during the late [[Cretaceous]]. This divergence was marked by a [[Gene duplication|whole-genome duplication event]] in the ancestral salmonid, where the diploid ancestor became [[Polyploid|tetraploid]].<ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-4652-4_1|chapter=Tetraploidy and the Evolution of Salmonid Fishes|title=Evolutionary Genetics of Fishes|pages=1–53|year=1984|last1=Allendorf|first1=Fred W.|last2=Thorgaard|first2=Gary H.|isbn=978-1-4684-4654-8}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal|doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2881|pmid=24452024|pmc=3906940|title=A well-constrained estimate for the timing of the salmonid whole genome duplication reveals major decoupling from species diversification|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=281|issue=1778|pages=20132881|year=2014|last1=MacQueen|first1=D. J.|last2=Johnston|first2=I. A.}}</ref> This duplication is the fourth of its kind to happen in the evolutionary lineage of the salmonids, with two having occurred commonly to all bony vertebrates, and another specifically in the teleost fishes.<ref name=":0"/>

Extant salmonids all show evidence of partial tetraploidy, as studies show the genome has undergone selection to regain a diploid state. Work done in the [[rainbow trout]] (''Onchorhynchus mykiss'') has shown that the genome is still partially-tetraploid. Around half of the duplicated protein-coding genes have been deleted, but all apparent [[MicroRNA|miRNA sequences]] still show full duplication, with potential to influence regulation of the rainbow trout's genome. This pattern of partial tetraploidy is thought to be reflected in the rest of extant salmonids.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/ncomms4657|pmid=24755649|pmc=4071752|bibcode=2014NatCo...5.3657B|title=The rainbow trout genome provides novel insights into evolution after whole-genome duplication in vertebrates|journal=Nature Communications|volume=5|pages=3657|last1=Berthelot|first1=Camille|last2=Brunet|first2=Frédéric|last3=Chalopin|first3=Domitille|last4=Juanchich|first4=Amélie|last5=Bernard|first5=Maria|last6=Noël|first6=Benjamin|last7=Bento|first7=Pascal|last8=Da Silva|first8=Corinne|last9=Labadie|first9=Karine|last10=Alberti|first10=Adriana|last11=Aury|first11=Jean-Marc|last12=Louis|first12=Alexandra|last13=Dehais|first13=Patrice|last14=Bardou|first14=Philippe|last15=Montfort|first15=Jérôme|last16=Klopp|first16=Christophe|last17=Cabau|first17=Cédric|last18=Gaspin|first18=Christine|last19=Thorgaard|first19=Gary H.|last20=Boussaha|first20=Mekki|last21=Quillet|first21=Edwige|last22=Guyomard|first22=René|last23=Galiana|first23=Delphine|last24=Bobe|first24=Julien|last25=Volff|first25=Jean-Nicolas|last26=Genêt|first26=Carine|last27=Wincker|first27=Patrick|last28=Jaillon|first28=Olivier|last29=Crollius|first29=Hugues Roest|last30=Guiguen|first30=Yann|year=2014}}</ref>

The earliest presumed [[Crown group|crown-group]] salmonid fish (''[[Eosalmo|E. driftwoodensis]]'') does not appear until the middle Eocene.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1134/s1022795415050105|title=Genetic history of salmonid fishes of the genus Oncorhynchus|journal=Russian Journal of Genetics|volume=51|issue=5|pages=491–505|year=2015|last1=Zhivotovsky|first1=L. A.|pmid=26137638|s2cid=13487086}}</ref> This fossil already displays traits associated with extant salmonids, but as the genome of E. ''driftwoodensis'' cannot be sequenced, it cannot be confirmed if polyploidy was present in this animal at this point in time.

Given a lack of earlier transition fossils, and the inability to extract genomic data from specimens other than extant species, the dating of the whole-genome duplication event in salmonids was historically a very broad categorization of times, ranging from 25 to 100 million years in age.<ref name=":2" /> New advances in [[Molecular clock|calibrated relaxed molecular clock analyses]] have allowed for a closer examination of the salmonid genome, and has allowed for a more precise dating of the whole-genome duplication of the group, that places the latest possible date for the event at 88 million years ago.<ref name=":0" />

This more precise dating and examination of the salmonid whole-genome duplication event has allowed more speculation on the radiation of species within the group. Historically, the whole-genome duplication event was thought to be the reason for the variation within Salmonidae. Current evidence done with molecular clock analyses revealed that much of the speciation of the group occurred during periods of intense climate change associated with the last ice ages, with especially high speciation rates being observed in salmonids that developed an anadromous lifestyle.<ref name=":0" />

== Classification ==
Together with the closely related orders [[Esociformes]] ([[pike (fish)|pike]]s and [[Umbridae|mudminnows]]), [[Osmeriformes]] ([[smelt (fish)|true smelt]]s) and [[Argentiniformes]] ([[marine smelt]]s and [[barreleye]]s), Salmoniformes comprise the [[superorder]] [[Protacanthopterygii]].

The only extant family within Salmoniformes, Salmonidae, is divided into three [[subfamilies]] and around 10 [[genera]] containing about 220 [[species]]. The concepts of the number of species recognised vary among researchers and authorities; the numbers presented below represent the higher estimates of diversity:<ref name=FB/>

{{cladogram|title=Phylogeny of Salmonidae<ref name="Crête-Lafrenière et al.">{{cite journal |first1=Alexis|last1=Crête-Lafrenière |first2=Laura K.|last2=Weir |first3=Louis|last3=Bernatchez |title=''Framing the Salmonidae Family Phylogenetic Portrait: A More Complete Picture from Increased Taxon Sampling'' | journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |year=2012 |volume=7 | issue=10 |pages=e46662 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0046662|pmid=23071608 |pmc=3465342 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...746662C |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Shedko et al.">{{cite journal |first1=S. V. |last1=Shedko |first2=I. L. |last2=Miroshnichenko |first3=G. A. |last3=Nemkova |title=''Phylogeny of salmonids (salmoniformes: Salmonidae) and its molecular dating: Analysis of mtDNA data'' | journal=[[Russian Journal of Genetics]] |year=2013 |volume=49 | issue=6 | pages=623–637 |doi=10.1134/S1022795413060112|pmid=24450195 |s2cid=17706105 }}</ref>

|{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%;width:400px
|1={{Clade
  |label1=[[Coregoninae]]
  |1={{Clade
    |1=''[[Prosopium]]'' [[File:Prosopium cylindraceum (white background).jpeg|70 px]]
    |2={{Clade
      |1=''[[Stenodus]]'' <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Inconu (PSF).png|50 px]]</span>
      |2=''[[Coregonus]]'' [[File:Ichtyologie, ou, Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des poissons (Pl. XXVII) (white background).jpg|70 px]]
       }}
     }}
  |2={{Clade
    |label1=[[Thymallinae]]
    |1=''[[Thymallus]]'' [[File:Arctic Grayling Thymallus arcticus arcticus (white background).jpg|70 px]]
    |label2=Salmoninae
    |2={{Clade
      |1={{Clade
        |1= ''[[Salmo]]'' [[File:Salmo salar flipped.jpg|70px]]
        |2=''[[Salvelinus]]'' (incl. ''[[Salvethymus]]'') [[File:Denton Male Sunapee Trout (cropped).png|70 px]]
         }}
      |2={{Clade
        |1=''[[Oncorhynchus]]'' [[File:Lake Washington Ship Canal Fish Ladder pamphlet - male freshwater phase Coho.jpg|70 px]]
        |2={{Clade
          |1= ''[[Brachymystax]]''
          |2={{Clade
            |1=''[[Parahucho]]'' <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Hucho perryi Brevoort.jpg|70 px]]</span>
            |2= ''[[Hucho]]'' <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Hucho hucho Dunai galóca.jpg|70 px]]</span>
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
 }}
|}}

Order '''Salmoniformes'''
* Family: '''Salmonidae'''
** †''[[Sivulliusalmo]]'' <small>Brinkman ''et al''., 2025</small> (1 species, [[Late Cretaceous]])<ref name="Brinkman2025" />
** Subfamily: [[Coregoninae]]
*** ''[[Coregonus]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> - whitefishes (78 species)
*** ''[[Prosopium]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]], 1878</small> - round whitefishes (6 species)
*** ''[[Stenodus]]'' <small>[[John Richardson (naturalist)|Richardson]], 1836</small> - [[beloribitsa]] and [[nelma]] (2 species)
*** †''[[Beckius]]'' <small>David, 1946</small> (1 species, [[Oligocene]])<ref name=":3" />
*** †''[[Parastenodus]]'' <small>David, 1946</small> (1 species, [[Eocene]])<ref name=":3" />
** Subfamily: [[Thymallinae]]
*** ''[[Thymallus]]'' <small>[[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Linck]], 1790</small> - graylings (14 species)
** Subfamily: Salmoninae
*** [[Extinction|†]]''[[Eosalmo]]'' <small>Wilson, 1977</small> (1 species, Eocene)
*** †''[[Paleolox]]'' <small>Kimmel, 1975</small> (1 species, [[Late Miocene]])<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Gerald R. |last2=Kimmel |first2=P. G. |date=1975 |title=Fishes of the Pliocene Glenns Ferry Formation, Southwest Idaho; Fishes of the Miocene - Pliocene Deer Butte Formation, Southeast Oregon Claude W. Hibbard Memorial Volume V |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/48614 |journal=Papers on Paleontology |language=en-US |issue=14 |pages=1–87|hdl=2027.42/48614 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stearley |first1=Ralph F. |last2=Smith |first2=Gerald R. |date=2016-10-14 |title=FISHES OF THE MIO-PLIOCENE WESTERN SNAKE RIVER PLAIN AND VICINITY |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/134040 |journal=Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan |language=en-US |volume=204 |issue=1 |hdl=2027.42/134040 |issn=0076-8405}}</ref>
*** [[Tribe (biology)|Tribe]]: Salmonini
**** ''[[Salmo]]'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> - [[Atlantic salmon]] and [[trout]] (47 species)
**** ''[[Salvelinus]]'' <small>Richardson, 1836</small> - Char and trout (e.g. [[brook trout]], [[lake trout]]) (51 species)
**** ''[[Salvethymus]]'' <small>[[Igor Aleksandrovich Chereshnev|Chereshnev]] & [[Mikhail Borisovich Skopets|Skopets]], 1990</small> - [[Long-finned char]] (1 species)
*** Tribe: Oncorhynchini
**** ''[[Brachymystax]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1866</small> - [[lenok]]s (4 species)
**** ''[[Hucho]]'' <small>Günther, 1866</small> - [[taimen]]s (4 species)
**** ''[[Oncorhynchus]]'' <small>[[George Suckley|Suckley]], 1861</small> - Pacific salmon and trout (12 species)
**** ''[[Sakhalin taimen|Parahucho]]'' <small>Vladykov, 1963</small> - [[Sakhalin taimen]] (1 species)

== Hybrid crossbreeding ==
The following table shows results of hybrid crossbreeding combination in Salmonidae.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.5924/abgri2000.34.65|title=Hybrid Inviability and Chromosome Abnormality in Salmonid Fish|journal=The Journal of Animal Genetics|volume=34|pages=65–70|year=2006|last1=Ito|first1=Daisuke|last2=Fujiwara|first2=Atushi|last3=Abe|first3=Syuiti|doi-access=free}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%; text-align:center" 
! rowspan="4" colspan="3" | Crossbreeding
|-
! colspan="12" | male
|-
! colspan="2" | ''Salvelinus''
! colspan="8" | ''Oncorhynchus''
! colspan="2" | ''Salmo''
|-
|''leucomaenis''<br/>(white-spotted char) || ''fontinalis''<br/> (Brook trout) || ''mykiss''<br/> (Rainbow trout) || ''masou masou''<br/> (masu salmon) || ''masou ishikawae''<br/> (Amago Salmon) || ''gorbuscha''<br/> (pink salmon) || ''nerka''<br/> (Sockeye salmon) || ''keta''<br/> (chum salmon) || ''kisutsh''<br/> (coho salmon) || ''tshawytscha''<br/> (chinook salmon) || ''trutta''<br/> (Brown trout) || ''salar''<br/> (Atlantic Salmon)
|-
! rowspan="13" | female
|-
! rowspan="2" | (''Salvelinus'')
| ''leucomaenis''<br/>(white-spotted char)||-||O||X||O||O|| ||X||X|| || ||O||
|-
| ''fontinalis''<br/> (Brook trout)||O||-||X||O||O|| ||X||X||O|| ||X||X
|-
! rowspan="8" | (''Oncorhynchus'')
| ''mykiss''<br/> (Rainbow trout)||O||O||-||O||O||O||X||X||X|| ||X||X
|-
| ''masou masou''<br/> (masu salmon)||O||X||X||-||O|| ||X||X||O||O||X||
|-
| ''masou ishikawae''<br/> (Amago Salmon)||O||O||X||O||-|| ||X|| || || ||O||
|-
| ''gorbuscha''<br/> (pink salmon)||X|| || || || ||-||O||O|| ||O|| ||
|-
| ''nerka''<br/> (Sockeye salmon)||X||X||X||X||X||O||-||O||O||O||X||
|-
| ''keta''<br/> (chum salmon)||X||X||X||X|| ||O||O||-||O||X|| ||X
|-
| ''kisutsh''<br/> (coho salmon)|| ||X||X|| || ||O||O||X||-||O||X||X
|-
| ''tshawytscha''<br/> (chinook salmon)|| || || ||O|| ||O||O||X||O||-|| ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Salmo''
| ''trutta''<br/> (Brown trout)||O||O||X||O||O|| ||X|| ||X|| ||-||O
|-
|''salar''<br/> (Atlantic Salmon)|| ||O||X|| || || || ||X||X|| ||O||-
|}
note :- : The identical kind,  O : (survivability), X : (Fatality)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Commons category|Salmonidae}}
* [[Robert J. Behnke|Behnke, Robert J.]] ''Trout and Salmon of North America,'' Illustrated by Joseph R. Tomelleri. 1st Chanticleer Press ed. New York: The Free Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0-7432-2220-2}}
* {{cite journal|last=Dushkina|first=L.A.|title=Farming of Salmonids in Russia|journal=Aquaculture Research|date=January 1994|volume=25|issue=1|pages=121–126|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2109.1994.tb00672.x|doi-access=free}}
* {{FishBase_family|family=Salmonidae|year=2004|month=October}}
* {{ITIS |id=161931|taxon=Salmonidae|access-date=December 12, 2004}}
* {{FishBase_order|order=Salmoniformes|year=2004|month=October}}
* {{cite journal|last=Sepkoski|first=Jack|title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera|journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology|volume=364|pages=560|year=2002|url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class|access-date=May 17, 2011|archive-date=July 23, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131237/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class|url-status=dead}}

{{Actinopterygii|state=expanded}}
{{salmon}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q184238}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Salmonidae| ]]
[[Category:Euteleostei families]]
[[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier]]
[[Category:Extant Campanian first appearances]]