Editing Salford

{{Short description|City in Greater Manchester, England}}
{{about|the city|the local government district|City of Salford|other uses|Salford (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox UK place
| official_name = Salford
| type = [[City]]
| static_image_name = {{multiple images|border=infobox|
| image1 =Manchester Ship Canal and Salford Quays (geograph 4555343).jpg <!--please crop me at the top and bottom-->
| image2 = The Cathedral Church of St John the Evangelist, Salford - geograph.org.uk - 3027257.jpg
| image3 = Former Salford Town Hall, Bexley Square - geograph.org.uk - 3886646.jpg
| image4 = Lowry Square, Salford Quays - geograph.org.uk - 2617684.jpg
| image5 = Media City UK, Salford Quays - geograph.org.uk - 2712326.jpg
| image6 = Ordsall Hall, Salford (geograph 7037183).jpg
|align = center |total_width = 320|perrow=2
}}
| static_image_caption = {{ubl|Left to right,|Top: [[Salford Quays|the quays]] and [[Salford Cathedral|St John the Evangelist Cathedral]] |Middle: [[Salford Town Hall|the town hall]] and Lowry Square|Bottom: [[MediaCity]] and [[Ordsall Hall]]}}
| london_distance = {{convert|164|mi|km|0|abbr=on}}&nbsp;[[Boxing the compass|SE]]
| coordinates = {{coord|53.4830|-2.2931|display=inline,title}}
| population = 129,794
| population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2021|2021&nbsp;Census]])<ref name ="Salford">{{NOMIS2011|id=11119884030|title=Salford|fewer-links=y|access-date=23 March 2018}}</ref>
| population_density = {{convert|8981|/sqmi|/km2|abbr=on}}
| population_demonym = Salfordian
| parts_type = City areas in the [[2011 UK Census]]
| p1 = [[Broughton, Salford|Broughton]]
| p2 = [[Greengate, Salford|Greengate]]
| p3 = [[Irlams&nbsp;o'&nbsp;th'&nbsp;Height]]
| p4 = [[Kersal]]
| p5 = [[Ordsall, Greater Manchester|Ordsall]]
| p6 = [[Pendleton, Greater Manchester|Pendleton]]
| p7 = [[Salford&nbsp;Quays]]
| p8 = [[Seedley]]
| p9 = [[Weaste]]
| metropolitan_borough = [[City of Salford|Salford]]
| metropolitan_county = [[Greater Manchester]]
| region = North West England
| country = England
| constituency_westminster = [[Salford (UK Parliament constituency)|Salford]]
| post_town = SALFORD
| postcode_district = M3, M5–M7, M50
| postcode_area = M
| dial_code = 0161
| os_grid_reference = SJ805985
| area_total_sq_mi = 8.1
}}
<!-- This article is about a place called Salford, the wider district named after the city includes places like Eccles and Swinton has its own article. -->
'''Salford''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɒ|l|f|ɚ|d}} {{respell|SOL|fərd}}) is a [[City status in the United Kingdom|city]] in [[Greater Manchester]], England,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Stephen |date=2016-02-20 |title=Manchester and Salford: so what's the difference? |url=http://ilovemanchester.com/manchester-and-salford-so-whats-the-difference |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=I Love Manchester |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SALFORD TO BE JOINED WITH MANCHESTER - Salford Star - with attitude & love xxx |url=https://www.salfordstar.com/article.asp?id=1046 |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.salfordstar.com}}</ref> on the western bank of the [[River Irwell]] which forms its boundary with [[Manchester city centre]]. Landmarks include the former [[Salford Town Hall|town hall]], [[Salford Cathedral]], [[Salford Lads' Club]] and [[St Philip's Church, Salford|St Philip's Church]]. In 2021 it had a population of 129,794. The [[demonym]] for people from Salford is ''Salfordian''.

Salford is the main settlement of the wider [[City of Salford]] metropolitan borough, which incorporates [[Eccles, Greater Manchester|Eccles]], [[Pendlebury]], [[Swinton, Greater Manchester|Swinton]] and [[Walkden]].

Salford was named in the [[Early Middle Ages]], though evidence exists of settlement since [[Neolithic]] times. It was the seat of the large [[Hundred of Salford]] in the [[Historic counties of England|historic county]] of [[Lancashire]] and was granted a [[market charter]] in about 1230, which gave it primary cultural and commercial importance in the region.<ref name="GM Evolution">{{Harvnb|Frangopulo|1977|pp=135–138}}.</ref> It was eventually overtaken by [[Manchester]] during the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref name="Engels74"/><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.salford.gov.uk/December|format=PDF|title=Salford West Strategic Regeneration Framework and Action Plan| publisher=Salford City Council |date=December 2006 |access-date=11 November 2007 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The former [[County Borough of Salford]] was granted [[city status in the United Kingdom|city status]] in 1926; the current wider borough was established in 1974.<ref name="SalfordLA">{{NOMIS2011|id=1946157086|title=Salford Local Authority |fewer-links=y|access-date=23 March 2018}}</ref> 

The economy of the city in the 18th and 19th centuries was focused on a major [[mill town|factory district]] for cotton and silk [[Spinning (textiles)|spinning]] and [[weaving]], and as a major inland port after the opening of [[Salford Docks]] in 1894. [[Industrial decline]] in the 20th century led to the city having run-down and antisocial areas.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=47}}.</ref> Salford has been subject to [[slum clearances]] and other [[urban renewal|regeneration]] programmes since the 1930s. From 2007, multiple media companies set up headquarters at the [[MediaCityUK]] development in [[Salford Quays]], an area established in the 1980s on former dockland.<ref>{{citation |title=BBC Salford move gets green light |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/6708383.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=31 May 2007 |access-date=31 May 2007 }}</ref> Organisations in the city include the [[University of Salford]], [[Salford City Football Club]], [[Salford Red Devils]], [[BBC North]] and [[ITV Granada]].

==History==
===Toponymy===
The name of Salford derives from {{langx|ang|Sealhford}}, meaning a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] by the [[willow]]s, (also known as sallows), in reference to the trees growing on the banks of the River Irwell.<ref name="Sealhford">{{citation |publisher=University of Nottingham's Institute for Name-Studies |title=Salford |url=http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/english/ins/kepn/detailpop.php?placeno=12945 |access-date=21 July 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Cooper6">{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=6}}.</ref> The ford was about where [[Victoria Bridge, Manchester|Victoria Bridge]] is today.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=7}}.</ref> Willow trees are still found in [[Lower Broughton]].<ref name="Cooper6"/> Salford appears in the [[pipe roll]] of 1169 as "Sauford"<ref>{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=11}}.</ref> and in the Lancashire Inquisitions of 1226 as "Sainford".<ref name="Cooper12">{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=12}}.</ref>

===Early history===
[[File:The Cathedral Church of St John the Evangelist, Salford - geograph.org.uk - 1932239.jpg|thumb|[[Salford Cathedral]]]]

[[File:Hundred of Salford.png|thumb|right|The [[Salford (hundred)|Hundred of Salford]] was a [[Royal Manor]] of [[History of Anglo-Saxon England|Anglo-Saxon]] origin centred on the [[demesne]] of Salford.]]
The earliest known evidence of human activity in what is now Salford is provided by the [[Neolithic]] flint arrow-heads and workings discovered on [[Kersal Moor]] and the River Irwell, suggesting that the area was inhabited 7–10,000 years ago. The raw material for such tools was scarce and unsuitable for working, and as a result they are not of the quality found elsewhere. Other finds include a Neolithic axe-hammer found near Mode Wheel, during the excavation of the [[Manchester Ship Canal]] in 1890, and a [[Bronze Age]] [[cremation urn]] during the construction of a road on the Broughton Hall estate in 1873.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vigeon|1975|p=1}}.</ref><ref name="Cooperpp1819">{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|pp=18–19}}.</ref>

The [[Brigantes]] were the major [[Celtic tribes in Britain and Ireland|Celtic tribe]] in what is now [[Northern England]]. With a stronghold at the sandstone outcrop on which [[Manchester Cathedral]] now stands, opposite Salford's original centre, their territory extended across the fertile lowland by the River Irwell that is now Salford and [[Stretford]]. Following the [[Roman conquest of Britain]], [[Gnaeus Julius Agricola|General Agricola]] ordered the construction of a [[Castra|Roman fort]] named ''[[Mamucium]]'' (Manchester) to protect the routes to ''[[Deva Victrix]]'' ([[Chester]]) and ''[[Eboracum]]'' ([[York]]) from the Brigantes. Salford was founded when the fort was completed in AD&nbsp;79,<ref name="Cooperpp1819"/> and for over 300&nbsp;years the ''[[Pax Romana]]'' brought peace to the area. Both the main [[Roman road]] to the north, from Mamucium to [[Ribchester]], and a second road to the west, ran through what is now Salford, but few Roman artefacts have been found in the area.<ref name="Vigeonp2">{{Harvnb|Vigeon|1975|p=2}}.</ref> The withdrawal of the Romans in AD&nbsp;410 left the inhabitants at the mercy of the [[Saxons]]. The [[Danish people|Danes]] later conquered the area and absorbed what was left of the Brigantes.<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Bracegirdle | first1 = Cyril | title = The Dark River | year = 1973 | page = [https://archive.org/details/darkriver0000brac/page/18 18] | publisher = Sherratt | location = Altrincham | isbn = 0-85427-033-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/darkriver0000brac/page/18 }}</ref>

===Middle Ages===
[[Angles (tribe)|Angles]] settled in the region during the [[Early Middle Ages]] and gave the locality the name ''Sealhford'', meaning "ford by the willows".<ref name="Sealhford"/> According to the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'', ''Sealhford'' was part of the Kingdom of [[Northumbria]] until it was conquered in 923 by [[Edward the Elder]].<ref>Modern scholarship suggests that the year was actually 919. Vigeon (1975), p. 2.</ref>

Following the emergence of the united [[Kingdom of England]], Salford became a [[caput]] or central manor within a broad rural area in part held by the Kings of England, including [[Edward the Confessor]]. The area between the rivers [[River Mersey|Mersey]] and [[River Ribble|Ribble]] was divided into six smaller districts, referred to as "wapentakes", or [[Hundred (country subdivision)|hundreds]]. The south east district became known as the [[Salford (hundred)|Hundred of Salford]], a division of land administered from Salford for military and judicial purposes. It contained nine large parishes, smaller parts of two others, and the township of [[Aspull]] in the parish of [[Wigan]].<ref name="Vigeonp2"/><ref name="History of Salford">{{Citation|url=http://www.salford.gov.uk/living/yourcom/salfordlife/aboutsalford/salfordlocalhistory/localhistory-salford.htm |title=Salford&nbsp;– Local History  |publisher=Salford City Council |access-date=2 March 2008 |date=6 August 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906140311/http://www.salford.gov.uk/living/yourcom/salfordlife/aboutsalford/salfordlocalhistory/localhistory-salford.htm |archive-date=6 September 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/types/status_page.jsp?unit_status=Hundred |title=Status details for Salford Hundred |publisher=visionofbritain.org.uk |access-date=8 June 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Kenyon166-167">{{Harvnb|Kenyon|1991|pp=166–167}}.</ref>

After the defeat of [[Harold Godwinson|Harold II]] during the [[Norman conquest of England]], [[William I of England|William&nbsp;I]] granted the Hundred of Salford to [[Roger the Poitevin]], and in the ''[[Domesday Book]]'' of 1086 the Hundred of Salford was recorded as covering an area of {{convert|350|sqmi|km2|0}} with a population of 35,000.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hampson|1972|p=37}}.</ref> Poitevin created the subordinate [[Manchester Township (England)|Manor of Manchester]] out of the hundred, which has since in local government been separate from Salford. Poitevin forfeited the manor in 1102 when he was defeated in a failed rebellion attempt against [[Henry I of England|Henry&nbsp;I]]. In around 1115, for their support during the rebellion, Henry&nbsp;I placed the Hundred of Salford under the control of the [[Earl of Lancaster|Earldom of Lancaster]],<ref name="Kenyon166-167"/> and it is from this exchange that the Hundred of Salford became a [[royal manor]]. The [[Lord of the Manor]] was either the [[List of English monarchs|English monarch]], or a [[feudal]] land owner who administered the manor for the king.<ref name="GM Evolution"/> During the reign of [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] the Royal Manor of Salford passed to [[Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester]].<ref name="Kenyon166-167"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Hampson|1972|p=39}}.</ref>

[[File:OrdsallHall25.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ordsall Hall]] is a [[historic house]] and a former [[stately home]] in [[Ordsall, Greater Manchester|Ordsall]], Salford. It dates back to at least the [[Late Middle Ages]] and was the seat of the Radclyffe family.<ref name="SalfordHistoryHall">{{citation |title=History of the Hall |publisher=Salford City Council |url=http://www.salford.gov.uk/leisure/museums/ordsallhall/ordsallhall-history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630003538/http://www.salford.gov.uk/leisure/museums/ordsallhall/ordsallhall-history.htm |archive-date=30 June 2009 |df=dmy-all }}. Retrieved 20 July 2007.</ref>]]
Salford began to emerge as a small town early in the 13th century. In 1228, [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] granted the caput of Salford the right to hold a market and an annual fair. The fairs were important to the town; a 17th-century order forced each [[Burgess (title)|burgess]]&nbsp;– a [[Freedom of the City|freeman of the borough&nbsp;]]&nbsp;– to attend, but the fairs were abolished during the 19th century.<ref name="Vigeonpp45">{{Harvnb|Vigeon|1975|pp=4–5}}.</ref> The Earls of Chester aided the development of the caput, and in 1230 [[Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester]] made Salford a [[burgage]], or free borough.<ref name="Kenyon166-167"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge|1841|p=350}}</ref> The [[charter]] gave its burgesses certain commercial rights, privileges and advantages over traders living outside Salford; one of the 26&nbsp;clauses of the charter stated that no one could work in the Hundred of Salford unless they also lived in the borough.<ref name="GM Evolution"/><ref name="Cooper12" /><ref name="Vigeonpp45"/> Salford's status as a burgage encouraged an influx of distinguished families, and by the [[Late Middle Ages]] Salford was "rich in its [[manor house]]s", with over&nbsp;30 within a {{convert|5|mi|km|0|adj=on}} radius of [[Ordsall, Greater Manchester|Ordsall]].<ref name="GM Evolution"/> These included [[Ordsall Hall]] (owned by the Radclyffe family) and [[Broughton, Greater Manchester|Broughton Hall]], owned by the [[Earl of Derby|Earls of Derby]].<ref name="GM Evolution"/><ref name="History of Salford"/>

===Early Modern period===
During the [[English Civil War|Civil War]] of 1640–1649, Salford supported the [[Cavalier|Royalist]] cause, in contrast to Manchester just across the Irwell which declared in favour of the [[Roundheads|Parliamentarians]]. Royalist forces mounted a siege of Manchester across what is now the site of Victoria Bridge, which although short-lived, "did little to improve relations between the two towns". A century later, in 1745, Salford was staunchly in support of [[Charles Edward Stuart|Bonnie Prince Charlie]], in his attempt to seize the [[Throne of England]]. He entered the town at the head of his army and was blessed by the Reverend John Clayton before leaving "in high spirits" to march on London; he returned to Salford in defeat just nine days later.<ref name="Cooper23">{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=23}}</ref>

Salford has a history of textile processing that pre-dates the [[Industrial Revolution]], and as an old town had been developing for about 700&nbsp;years.<ref name="Tomlinsonp19">{{Harvnb|Tomlinson|1975|p=19}}.</ref> Before the introduction of cotton there was a considerable trade in [[wool]]len goods and [[fustian]]s.<ref name="McNev42"/> Other [[cottage industries]] prevalent at this time included [[clogging]], [[cobbling]], [[weaving]] and brewing.<ref name="Cooper31">{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=31}}.</ref> The changes to [[textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution]] had a profound effect on both on population and urbanisation, as well as the [[socioeconomic]] and cultural conditions of Salford.

===Industrial Revolution===
[[File:Map of Manchester 1801.PNG|thumb|right|A map of Manchester and Salford in 1801]]
The well-established textile processing and trading infrastructure, and the ready supply of water from the River Irwell and its tributaries, attracted entrepreneurs who built [[cotton mill]]s along the banks of the river in [[Pendleton, Greater Manchester|Pendleton]] and [[Ordsall, Greater Manchester|Ordsall]]. Although Salford followed a similar pattern of industrial development to Manchester, most businesses preferred to build their premises on the Manchester side of the Irwell, and consequently Salford did not develop as a commercial centre in the same way as its neighbour.<ref name="McNev42"/> Many of these earlier mills had been based on [[Richard Arkwright|Arkwright]]-type designs. These relied on strong falls of water, but Salford is on a meander of the Irwell with only a slight gradient and thus mills tended to be built upstream, at Kersal and Pendleton. However, with the introduction of the [[steam engine]] in the late 18th century, merchants began to construct mills closer to the centres of Salford and Manchester, where supplies of labour and coal were more readily available (the first steam-powered mill was built in Manchester in 1780). One of the first factories to be built was Philip's and Lee's Twist Mill in Salford,<ref name="McNev42"/> completed in 1801, the second iron-framed multi-story building to be erected in Britain.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Skempton |first1=A. W.|last2=Chrimes |first2=M.|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: 1500 to 1830|publisher=Thomas Telford|year=2002|volume=1|page=400|isbn=978-0-7277-2939-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jeOMfpYMOtYC&q=Salford+twist+mill&pg=PA401|access-date=5 February 2008}}</ref> The large Salford Engine Twist Company mill was built to the west of Salford, between Chapel Street and the Irwell, and in 1806 was the first large cotton mill to use gas lighting. Many engineering companies were established in this area, including [[Samuel Ellis and Company]] at the Irwell Foundry.<ref name=Eade2013>{{eade |name=below}}</ref> However, it was outnumbered by the numerous smaller factories and mills throughout the area, including Nathan Gough's steam-driven mule spinning mill, near Oldfield Road, where a serious accident occurred on 13 October 1824 (see illustration).<ref>{{Harvnb|Tomlinson|1975|pp=25–28, p. 35}}.</ref>

[[File:Nathan Goughs steam driven mule spinning mill in Salford.jpg|left|thumb|A woodcut illustrating a serious incident at Nathan Gough's spinning mill in Salford, 1824]]
[[File:Earliest known photograph of salford.jpg|left|thumb|The earliest known photograph of Salford, taken at the end of the [[Crimean War]] in May 1856]]
Canal building provided a further stimulus for Salford's industrial development. The opening of the [[Bridgewater Canal]] in 1761 improved the transport of fuel and raw materials, reducing the price of coal by about 50%.<ref name=Bridgewatercollieries>{{Citation |title=The Times newspaper: Bridgewater Collieries | url=http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/viewArticle.arc?toDate=31%20December%201985&fromDate=1%20January%201785&currentPageNumber=1&resultsPerPage=10&sortBy=default&offset=0&viewName=&addFilters=&removeFilters=&addCat=&queryKeywords=bridgewater+canal&sectionId=1040&currPgSmartSet=1&pageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1913-12-01-08&articleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1913-12-01-08-001&xmlpath=&pubId=17&totalResults=1638&addRefineFilters=&removeRefineFilters=&addRefineCat=&next_Page=false&prev_Page=false&date_dd_From=1&date_mm_From=01&date_yyyy_From=1785&date_dd_to_range=31&date_mm_to_range=12&date_yyyy_to_range=1985&date_dd_from_precise=1&date_mm_from_precise=01&date_yyyy_from_precise=1785&isDateSearch=false&dateSearchType=range&refineQuerykeywordText= |date=1 December 1913 |access-date=19 July 2008 }}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} </ref> The later [[Manchester, Bolton & Bury Canal]] (which terminated at Salford) brought more cheap coal from pits at Pendleton, [[Agecroft Colliery]] and beyond. By 1818 Manchester, Salford and [[Eccles, Greater Manchester|Eccles]] had about 80&nbsp;mills, but it was the completion of the [[Manchester Ship Canal]] in 1894 which triggered Salford's development as a major [[inland port]].<ref name="McNev42"/> [[Salford Docks]], a major [[Dock (maritime)|dockland]] on the Ship Canal {{convert|35|mi|km|0}} east of the [[Irish Sea]], brought employment to over 3,000&nbsp;labourers.<ref name="McNev46">{{Harvnb|McNeil|Nevell|2000|pp=46–47}}.</ref> By 1914 the [[Port of Manchester]], most of whose docks were in Salford, had become one of the largest port authorities in the world, handling 5% of the UK's imports and 4.4% of its exports. Commodities handled included cotton, grain, wool, textile machinery and steam locomotives.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|pp=101–103}}.</ref>

For centuries, textiles and related trades were the main source of employment in the town.<ref name="Cooper31"/> Bleaching was a widely distributed finishing trade in Salford, carried over from the earlier woollen industry. In the 18th century, before the introduction of chemical bleaching, bleaching fields were commonplace, some very close to the town. In 1773 there were 25&nbsp;bleachers around Salford, most to the west of the township. Printing was another source of trade; the earliest recorded in the region was a calique printer in the Manchester Parish Register of 1763.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tomlinson|1975|pp=23–25}}.</ref> These industries became more important as Salford faced increasing competition from the nearby towns of [[Bolton]] and [[Oldham]]. As its [[Spinning (textiles)|cotton spinning]] industries faltered its economy turned increasingly to other textiles and to the finishing trades, including [[rexine]] and silk dyeing, and fulling and bleaching, at a string of works in Salford.<ref name="McNev42"/>

[[File:Manchester Dock No 9.jpg|thumb|right|The opening of the [[Salford Docks]] turned Salford into a major [[inland port]] along the ocean-going [[Manchester Ship Canal]]. This site is now occupied by [[The Lowry]].]]
Both [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] spent time in Salford, studying the plight of the British working class. In ''[[The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844]]'', Engels described Salford as "really one large working-class quarter&nbsp;... [a] very unhealthy, dirty and dilapidated district which, while other industries were almost always textile related is situated opposite the 'Old Church' of Manchester".<ref name="Engels74">{{Harvnb|Engels|1958|p=74}}</ref>

The effect on Salford of the Industrial Revolution has been described as "phenomenal". The area expanded from a small market town into a major industrial [[metropolis]]; factories replaced cottage industries, and the population rose from&nbsp;12,000 in 1812 to 70,244&nbsp;within 30&nbsp;years. By the end of the 19th century it had increased to&nbsp;220,000. Large-scale building of low quality [[Victorian era|Victorian]] [[terraced housing]] did not stop overcrowding, which itself led to chronic social deprivation. The density of housing was as high as 80&nbsp;homes per acre.<ref name="History of Salford"/><ref name="Cooper35">{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=35}}.</ref> Private roads were built for the use of the middle classes moving to the outskirts of Salford. The entrances to such roads, which included Elleray Road in [[Irlams o' th' Height]], were often gated, and patrolled.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hayes|2003|p=25}}.</ref>

====Inventions====
Salford is credited as the birthplace of the [[roller chain|Bush Roller Chain]]. [[Hans Renold]], a Swiss-born engineer, came to Salford in the late 19th century. In 1879 he purchased a small textile-chain making business in Ordsall from James Slater and founded the [[Hans Renold Company]], what is now Renold, a firm which still produces chains. Renold invented the bush roller chain shortly after and began producing it. It is the type of chain most commonly used for transmission of mechanical power on bicycles, motorbikes, to industrial and [[agricultural machinery]] to uses as varied as rollercoasters and [[escalator]]s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Day|McNeil|1996|p=596}}.</ref>

===Post-industrial decline===
[[File:The Crescent, Pendleton.jpg|thumb|right|Following the demise of local manufacturing industries, a 1960s regeneration project saw the construction of over 30&nbsp;[[tower block]]s in the city, replacing many of Salford's former [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] slums.]]
[[File:Thursfield Street, Salford.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Housing Market Renewal Initiative]] has identified Salford as having areas with [[terraced housing]] unsuited to modern needs.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.blitzandblight.com/terrace-housing|publisher=blitzandblight.com|access-date=22 January 2009|title=Terrace housing|date=14 September 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717082126/http://www.blitzandblight.com/terrace-housing|archive-date=17 July 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>]]

During the early 20th century, improvements in regional transport infrastructure precipitated the decline of Salford's existing industries, including those at the [[Salford Docks]]. Increased foreign competition began to undermine the competitiveness of local textile processing businesses. Life in Salford during the early 20th century was described by Robert Roberts, in his study ''The Classic Slum''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Davey Smith|Dorling|Shaw|2001|p=301}}</ref> Rising unemployment during the [[Great Depression in the United Kingdom|Great Depression]] of the 1920s and 1930s,<ref name="CooperP41">{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=41}}</ref> and a significant economic decline in the decades following the Second World War contributed toward a fall in Salford's population.<ref name="Renewal">{{Citation|url=http://www.audit-commission.gov.uk/Products/BVIR/9AC95DA0-C6A1-4b9b-9A0D-D305DE72FFC8/ManchesterSalford.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090417050149/http://www.audit-commission.gov.uk/Products/BVIR/9AC95DA0%2DC6A1%2D4b9b%2D9A0D%2DD305DE72FFC8/ManchesterSalford.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2009 |title=Market Renewal: Manchester Salford Pathfinder |year=2003 |access-date=22 February 2008 |publisher=[[Audit Commission (United Kingdom)|Audit Commission]]  |url-status=dead }}</ref>  

By 1939 local coal mining had almost stopped, and, by 1971, cotton spinning had ceased completely.<ref name="CooperP41" /> Between 1921 and 1939, the population of Salford decreased by 29%, from 234,045 to 166,386,<ref name="visionofbritain">{{Citation |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10042884&c_id=10001043&add=N |title=Salford MB/CB: Total Population |publisher=Vision of Britain |access-date=23 December 2008 }}</ref> far greater than the rate of decline within the whole of [[North West England]].<ref name="Renewal"/>

[[File:Salford Precinct (7426487346).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Salford Precinct]] was opened in the 1970s]]
A survey in 1931 concluded that parts of Salford contained some of the worst [[slum]]s in the country. Many houses were infested by rats and lacked elementary amenities. Inspectors found that of 950&nbsp;houses surveyed, 257&nbsp;were in a state of bad repair with leaking roofs, broken flooring and rotten woodwork. The inspectors were "struck by the courage and perseverance with which the greater number of tenants kept their houses clean and respectable under most adverse conditions".<ref name="CooperP41" /> By 1933, [[Slum clearance in the United Kingdom|slum clearance]] projects were under way,<ref>{{Harvnb|Manchester Evening News Staff|2007|p=5}}</ref> and by the end of 1956 over a thousand families had been rehoused in [[overspill estate]]s at [[Little Hulton]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Manchester Evening News Staff|2007|p=12}}</ref> These clearances have, for some, changed the character of the area to such an extent that "observers in search of the typical Salford may have to look in Eccles and Swinton, for much of the community and townscape&nbsp;... has gone from Salford, replaced by tall blocks of flats".<ref name="Clark14">{{Harvnb|Clark|1973|p=14}}.</ref> Large areas of the city were redeveloped in the 1960s and 1970s, with [[Victorian era]] terraced housing estates that inspired painter [[L. S. Lowry]] and soap opera ''[[Coronation Street]]'' giving way to concrete [[tower block]]s and austere architecture.<ref name="Clark14"/> Salford Quays became the site of the second British multiplex when Cannon opened their cinema there in December 1986.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hoad |first1=Phil |title=How multiplex cinemas saved the British film industry 25 years ago |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/nov/11/multiplex-cinemas-the-point-milton-keynes |website=The Guardian |date=11 November 2010 |publisher=Guardian News & Media Limited |access-date=11 November 2010}}</ref>

Despite extensive redevelopment, throughout the 1980s and 1990s the area experienced high levels of deprivation and unemployment, particularly during the recessions of the early years of both decades. This social deprivation was a major factor in the increased levels of [[Gangs in the United Kingdom|gang crime]] linked to illegal narcotics, firearms and robberies. This was comparable to the similar issues faced in parts of neighbouring [[Manchester]] including [[Moss Side]], as well as areas of the more distant neighbouring city of [[Liverpool]].

[[Organised crime]] in Salford, particularly in Ordsall and Pendleton, "began to have a disturbing effect on grass roots democracy. Both the Liberal Democrats and the Conservatives announced they would not contest certain Salford wards" because they regarded them as "unsafe" and would put their "party workers at risk".<ref>{{Harvnb|Walsh|2003|pp=118–122}}.</ref> Salford's social amenities and the [[Nightlife|night-time economy]] folded amid criminal "intimidation", "drug use, fights and demands for money".<ref>{{Harvnb|Walsh|2003|p=124}}.</ref> In early 2005, the [[Government of Latvia]] appealed to the [[European Union]] to advise people against travelling to Salford after a Latvian man was stabbed in the head in [[Lower Broughton]].<ref name="Latvia"/> However, a crackdown by [[Greater Manchester Police]] coupled with investment in, and structural changes to the housing stock, began changing Salford's fortunes;<ref>{{Harvnb|Walsh|2003|pp=264–266}}.</ref> population decline has slowed,<ref name="Renewal"/> and Salford's city councillors have insisted it is a safe place to visit.<ref name="Latvia">{{Citation |title=Latvian plea to blacklist Salford |work=BBC News |date=17 December 2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/4106299.stm |access-date=10 November 2007 }}</ref> In August 2005, a survey by [[Channel 4]] television rated the city as the 9th worst place to live in the United Kingdom, based on criteria of crime, education, environment, lifestyle and employment.<ref>{{Citation |title=Hull 'worst place to live in UK' |work=BBC News |date=10 August 2005|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4136342.stm |access-date=10 November 2007 }}</ref>

===Regeneration===
[[File:Salford Quays Media City.jpg|right|thumb|[[MediaCityUK]]. [[Urban renewal]] in Salford has been focused around [[Salford Quays]].]]
[[File:The Edge Apartments on The Irwell.jpg|thumbnail|left|upright|Developments in the East of Salford, on the banks of the River Irwell]]
[[File:Exchange Court, 2 February 2018.jpg|thumb|[[Exchange Court]] – the second tallest building in Salford.
]]
Salford has suffered from high levels of unemployment, housing, and social problems since around the 1960s, although there are regeneration schemes to reverse its fortunes.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=9}}</ref> Many of the high-rise housing blocks from the 1960s and 1970s were demolished during the 1990s, "a sign that the great social engineering schemes (from that period) had failed".<ref>{{Harvnb|Manchester Evening News Staff|2007|p=46}}</ref> However, the high-rises that remain are a striking feature of Salford's landscape. Work was scheduled to begin on the £180&nbsp;million redevelopment of the Greengate area of Salford in January 2007. The plans include the construction of what will be the two tallest tower blocks in Salford. Plans also include a five-star hotel, a new public square and park, restaurants, cafes and 403 apartments.<ref>{{citation |title=Tallest towers approved for city |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/7132613.stm |access-date=7 December 2007 | date=7 December 2007 }}</ref> Work is ongoing to regenerate the area known as Middlewood Locks, with the restored Salford terminus of the [[Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal]] forming the centrepiece of a brand new residential development.<ref>{{citation |title=Middlewood Locks |url=http://www.millmaxnetwork.co.uk/investment_reports/Fusion_IR.pdf |access-date=24 February 2008 |publisher=Millmax Network ltd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227195352/http://www.millmaxnetwork.co.uk/investment_reports/Fusion_IR.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> As part of the [[Housing Market Renewal Initiative|Pathfinder]] initiative, Salford was identified in 2002 as one of nine areas in specific need of investment for new homes. Between 2003 and 2006 £115M was invested in the Manchester and City of Salford housing markets, £44M of which was invested in central Salford.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.salford.gov.uk/living/housing/marketrenewal/housing-pathfinder.htm|publisher=Salford City Council|title=Housing Market Renewal Fund|access-date=22 January 2009|date=22 May 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007010952/http://www.salford.gov.uk/living/housing/marketrenewal/housing-pathfinder.htm|archive-date=7 October 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rows of terraces in neighbourhoods such as Seedley and Langworthy&nbsp;– once used for the title sequence of ''[[Coronation Street]]''&nbsp;– are being compulsorily purchased, demolished and replaced by "modern sustainable accommodation".<ref>{{citation |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmodpm/295/29505.htm |publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=The Pathfinder Programme |access-date=22 January 2009 }}</ref> Other schemes such as the ''Charlestown and [[Kersal|Lower Kersal]] New deal for Communities'', have concentrated on renovating existing terraced housing stock by block improvement and alleygating, as well as demolishing unsuitable properties and building new facilities, in consultation with the local community.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.chalk-ndc.info/index/doing/physical-environment/housing_and_new_development.htm |title=Housing and new Development |date=29 July 2008|work=Salford City Council CHALK-NDC|publisher=Salford City Council|access-date=29 January 2009 }}</ref>

Salford now has many tourist attractions, such as [[Ordsall Hall]], the [[Bridgewater Canal]] and the [[Lowry Centre]], an award-winning theatre and art gallery complex, consisting of two theatres and three art galleries. The centre is named after the artist [[L. S. Lowry]], who attended Salford School of Art and lived in nearby [[Pendlebury]] for 40&nbsp;years.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=157}}</ref> Many of his paintings of Salford and Manchester mill scenes, populated with small matchstick-like figures, are on display.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.thelowry.com/WhatsOn/EventDetail.aspx?EventId=2659 |title=Lowry Favourites |work=The Lowry Arts and Entertainment |publisher=The Lowry |access-date=3 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305073823/http://www.thelowry.com/WhatsOn/EventDetail.aspx?EventId=2659 |archive-date=5 March 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

A notable regeneration project is [[MediaCityUK]], located at Salford Quays. The development houses [[BBC]] departments including [[CBBC (TV channel)|CBBC]], [[BBC Sport]] and [[Radio 5 Live]] which moved in 2011 and [[BBC Breakfast]], which moved from London in spring 2012.

In recent years, various large residential schemes have been built in Salford. A notable development, the £700m [[Middlewood Locks]] began construction in 2016.<ref name=constructionstarted>{{cite web|url=http://www.constructionenquirer.com/2016/05/11/chinese-firm-starts-700m-salford-middlewood-locks-scheme/ |title=Beijing Construction starts £700m Salford scheme}}</ref>

==Governance==
[[File:Salfordshire.png|thumb|left|The former [[Salford Hundred]] area mapped over Greater Manchester]]Salford was anciently part of the [[Manchester (ancient parish)|Manchester parish]] of the [[Salford (hundred)|Salford Hundred]], an area much larger than the present-day city of Salford, within the [[historic counties of England|historic county boundaries]] of [[Lancashire]]. A stroke of a [[Normans|Norman]] [[baron]]'s pen is said to have divorced Manchester and Salford, although it was not Salford that became separated from Manchester, but Manchester, with its humbler line of [[lord]]s, that was separated from Salford.<ref name="GM Evolution"/> Salford received its town charter from [[Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester]], then [[Lord of the Manor]], in 1230.<ref name="GM Gazetteer"/> From then until 1791, when police commissioners were appointed, it was governed by a [[Reeve (England)|reeve]], a medieval administrator and law enforcement official.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=22}}</ref> It was not recognised as a borough in the [[Municipal Corporations Act 1835]], but was granted [[municipal borough|borough status]] in 1844; the new Salford borough was made up of the township of Salford and part of [[Broughton, Greater Manchester|Broughton]]. The remainder of Broughton, the township of [[Pendleton, Greater Manchester|Pendleton]], and a small part of [[Pendlebury]] were added in 1853.<ref name="GM Gazetteer"/>

When the [[Administrative counties of England|administrative county]] of Lancashire was created by the [[Local Government Act 1888]], Salford was elevated to become the [[County Borough of Salford]] and was, in modern terms, a [[unitary authority]] area exempt from the administration of [[Lancashire County Council]].<ref name="GM Gazetteer"/> Following a campaign supported by [[William Joynson-Hicks]], [[Home Secretary]] and [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for a neighbouring constituency of Manchester, [[City status in the United Kingdom|city status]] was granted to the county borough by [[letters patent]] dated 21 April 1926.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33154|pages=2776–2777|date=23 April 1926}}</ref> This was in spite of the opposition of civil servants in the [[Home Office]] who dismissed the borough as "merely a scratch collection of 240,000 people cut off from Manchester by the river".<ref>Beckett, J. V., ''City Status in the British Isles, 1830–2002''. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005</ref> In 1961, a small part of the [[Municipal Borough of Eccles]] was added to the city,<ref name="GM Gazetteer"/> and in 1966, Salford was [[Town twinning|twinned]] with [[Clermont-Ferrand]] in France.<ref>{{Citation|title=Salford's twin towns |url=http://www.salford.gov.uk/living/yourcom/salfordlife/twintowns.htm |publisher=Salford City Council |date=10 December 2008 |access-date=18 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217135452/http://www.salford.gov.uk/living/yourcom/salfordlife/twintowns.htm |archive-date=17 December 2007 }}</ref>

In 1974 the City and County Borough of Salford was abolished under the [[Local Government Act 1972]], and was replaced by the [[metropolitan borough]] of [[City of Salford]], a local government district of the new [[metropolitan county]] of [[Greater Manchester]],<ref name="GM Gazetteer">{{Citation|url=http://www.gmcro.co.uk/Guides/Gazeteer/gazzs.htm |title=Greater Manchester Gazetteer |publisher=Greater Manchester County Record Office |access-date=11 November 2007 |at=Places names – S |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718144349/http://www.gmcro.co.uk/Guides/Gazeteer/gazzs.htm |archive-date=18 July 2011 }}</ref> with triple the territory of the former City of Salford, taking in neighbouring Eccles, Swinton and Pendlebury, and Worsley and Irlam.<ref name="McNev42">{{Harvnb|McNeil|Nevell|2000|p=42}}.</ref> Both Salford and the wider City of Salford are [[unparished area]]s.

===Parliamentary representation===
Salford is represented by the Member of Parliament (MP) for the [[Salford (UK Parliament constituency)|Salford constituency]], which was (re)created in 2023 and first used in the [[2024 UK general election]]. Its MP is [[Rebecca Long-Bailey]], who served as a [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] MP in Salford since 2015.<ref name=UKP>{{cite web |title=Rebecca Long Bailey |url=https://members.parliament.uk/member/4396/career |website=MPs and Lords |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref> {{as of|2024}} she sits as an independent MP, after Labour suspended her for voting against a cap on child benefits, contradicting the [[party whip]].<ref name=UKP/><ref>{{cite news |author1=Sam Francis |author2=Nick Eardley |title=Labour suspends seven rebel MPs over two-child benefit cap |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c978m6z3egno |access-date=13 November 2024 |work=www.bbc.com |publisher=BBC |date=24 July 2024}}</ref>

Salford was enfranchised as a [[parliamentary borough]] by the [[Reform Act 1832]], returning a single [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP).<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.historyhome.co.uk/peel/refact/refact.htm |title=The Reform Act of 1832 |publisher=Dr. Marjorie Bloy|access-date=29 January 2009}}</ref> It has been subject to numerous constituency changes throughout history. From 1868 it returned two MPs to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] until the [[Redistribution of Seats Act 1885]], when the constituency was split into three single-member divisions: [[Salford North (UK Parliament constituency)|Salford North]], [[Salford South (UK Parliament constituency)|Salford South]] and [[Salford West (UK Parliament constituency)|Salford West]].<ref>{{citation |title=Salford North 1885–1950 |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/constituencies/salford-north |publisher=Millbank Systems |access-date=22 July 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Salford South 1885–1950 |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/constituencies/salford-south |publisher=Millbank Systems |access-date=22 July 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Salford West 1885–1983 |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/constituencies/salford-west |publisher=Millbank Systems |access-date=22 July 2008 }}</ref> Boundaries changed again under the provisions of the [[Representation of the People Act 1948]] when the constituencies were reorganised into [[Salford East (UK Parliament constituency)|Salford East]] and Salford West.<ref>{{citation |title=Salford East 1950–1997 |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/constituencies/salford-west |publisher=Millbank Systems |access-date=22 July 2009 }}</ref> From 1997, Salford lay within a reconstituted [[Salford (UK Parliament constituency)|Salford parliamentary constituency]]. From the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|general election of 2010]], Salford (excluding Broughton and Kersal) was part of the new constituency of [[Salford and Eccles (UK Parliament constituency)|Salford and Eccles]]<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.salford.gov.uk/council/othertiers/ukparliament.htm|title=UK Parliament|publisher=Salford City Council|access-date=29 January 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025014304/http://www.salford.gov.uk/council/othertiers/ukparliament.htm|archive-date=25 October 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> until it was replaced again with the Salford constituency by the [[2023 periodic review of Westminster constituencies]].

==Geography==
{{Further|Geography of Greater Manchester}}
{{Geographic Location
|title     = '''Neighbouring towns, villages and places.'''
|Northwest = [[Worsley]]
|North     = [[Swinton, Greater Manchester|Swinton]] and [[Pendlebury]]
|Northeast = [[Prestwich]]
|West      = [[Eccles, Greater Manchester|Eccles]]
|Centre    = Salford
|East      = [[Manchester]]
|Southwest = [[Stretford]]
|South     = [[Manchester]]
|Southeast = [[Manchester]]
}}

At {{Coord|53|28|59|N|2|17|35|W|type:city}} (53.483°, −2.2931°), and {{convert|205|mi|km|0}} northwest of [[central London]], Salford stands about {{convert|177|ft|m|0}} above sea level,<ref>{{Citation |title=Salford, United Kingdom |work=Global Gazetteer, Version 2.1 |publisher=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/UK/0/Salford3.html |access-date=22 January 2009 }}</ref> on relatively flat ground to the west of a [[meander]] of the River Irwell&nbsp;– the city's main [[Topography|topographical]] feature. In 1904, Salford was recorded as "within a great loop of the River Irwell&nbsp;... roughly three-quarters of a mile from north to south and one mile from east to west".<ref>{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=8}}.</ref> Salford is contiguous with [[Manchester]], and has been described "in participation of its trade, and for all other practical purposes, an integral part of it; presents a near resemblance to it in streets and edifices; contains several public buildings and a great public park, which belong fully more to Manchester than to itself".<ref name="Vision of Salford">{{Citation|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp?text_id=943270&word=NULL|publisher=visionofbritain.org.uk|title=Descriptive Gazetteer entry for Salford|author=[[Great Britain Historical GIS]]|access-date=11 April 2008}}</ref> Greengate, the original centre of Salford, is located at a fording point on the river opposite [[Manchester Cathedral]]. In 1969 [[Nikolaus Pevsner]] wrote: {{blockquote|That [neighbouring] [[Stretford]] and Salford are not administratively one with Manchester is one of the most curious anomalies of England.<ref name="Flemish">{{Harvnb|Pevsner|1969|p=265}}.</ref>|Nikolaus Pevsner|''Lancashire, The Industrial and Commercial South, 1969''}}
{{climate chart
|Salford
|1|6|70
|1|7|50
|3|9|60
|4|12|50
|7|15|60
|10|18|70
|12|20|70
|12|20|80
|10|17|70
|8|14|80
|4|9|80
|2|7|80
|source={{Citation|url=http://weather.yahoo.com/climo/UKXX0129_c.html|publisher=Yahoo! Weather|year=2008|title=Records and averages|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911082508/http://weather.yahoo.com/climo/UKXX0129_c.html|archive-date=11 September 2005|df=dmy-all}}
|float=right
}}

The Irwell, sourced at [[Cliviger]] in Lancashire, flows from the north and for a distance forms the statutory boundary between Salford and Manchester. Flooding has historically been a problem and the Irwell has seen much modification along its course in Salford with some bends being removed, [[Channelization (rivers)|channelisation]], and the construction of [[levees]] and bank reinforcements.<ref>{{Citation | last =O'Rourke | first=Adrian | title = Eyewitness in Manchester  |url =http://www.manchesteronline.co.uk/ewm/00features/424/00a.html | format =http| access-date=22 October 2008  |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060509134238/http://www.manchesteronline.co.uk/ewm/00features/424/00a.html |archive-date = 9 May 2006}}</ref><ref name=hampson-4-vi>Hampson (1972), Book Four: 1800–1930, Chapter VI: "Peel Park and the Irwell Floods", pp.&nbsp;257–262.</ref> Salford has expanded along the river valley to the north and south and on to higher ground on the valley sides at [[Irlams o' th' Height]] and [[Higher Broughton]]. Unconsolidated glacial deposits along the riverbank at Broughton have caused several landslides along the riverbank. The City Engineer's Department of the City of Salford recorded one such incident near Great Clowes Street in February 1882, and others in 1886, 1887 and 1888. In 1892 the road was propped with timber supports. The tram service along the road was discontinued in 1925, and the road closed to mechanically propelled vehicles in January 1926. Further slips saw the road closed completely in July 1933, and although no substantial movements have been recorded since 1948 slow subsidence around the Cliff continues to this day.<ref>{{Harvnb|Johnson|1985|pp=353–354}}.</ref>

[[File:SalfordSkyline.jpg|thumb|left|300px|alt=Image of the skyline of Salford, from a distance|Salford's cityscape from [[Hartshead Pike]]]]
Salford's built environment is made up of a range of building stock. Some inner-city areas are noted for chronic [[urban decay]]. Salford's housing stock is characterised by an oversupply of older, smaller terraced housing and flatted accommodation that declined in value during the late 20th century. As demand fell, it left many owners in [[negative equity]] and often without the means to maintain their homes in reasonable condition. As a result, much of the built environment is poor.<ref name="Renewal"/>

Land use in Salford is overwhelmingly urban, with a number of green spaces. The largest is [[Kersal Dale]] country park, which covers about {{convert|32|ha|km2}}.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.salford.gov.uk/leisure/parks/parksinsalford/countryparks/thecliff.htm|title=The Ciff/Kersal Dale|last=Anon|work=Country Parks and local nature reserves|publisher=Salford City Council|access-date=2 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121203753/http://www.salford.gov.uk/leisure/parks/parksinsalford/countryparks/thecliff.htm|archive-date=21 November 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Others include Kersal Moor in Higher Kersal, The Meadow, [[Peel Park, Salford|Peel Park]] and the adjacent David Lewis Recreation Ground close to the [[University of Salford]], and Albert Park and Clowes Park in Broughton. The territory of Salford is contiguous with other towns on all sides, and as defined by the [[Office for National Statistics]] forms the sixth-largest settlement in the [[Greater Manchester Urban Area]],<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/census2001/ks_urban_north_part_5.pdf |title=Census 2001: Key Statistics for urban areas in the North; Map 3 |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]], Government of the United Kingdom |access-date=19 February 2008 |year=2001  |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326053354/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/census2001/ks_urban_north_part_5.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/greater_manchester_urban_area.asp |title=Greater Manchester Urban Area |year=2001 |author=Office for National Statistics |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom |access-date=24 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205014453/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/greater_manchester_urban_area.asp |archive-date=5 February 2009 }}</ref> the [[List of conurbations in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom's second-largest conurbation]]. The [[M602 motorway]] enters Salford from [[Eccles, Greater Manchester|Eccles]] to the west. The [[A580 road|A580 "East Lancashire Road"]] terminates at Salford, entering the area from [[Pendlebury]].

===City centre===
Salford is polycentric (has more than one centre). The main city centre could be considered to be located around Bexley Square near where the town hall and cathedral are located. However, its main shopping centres are [[Salford Shopping Centre]] in [[Pendleton, Greater Manchester|Pendleton]] and [[Salford Quays]]. As the city has expanded and incorporated [[Eccles, Greater Manchester|Eccles]], [[Walkden]], [[Swinton, Greater Manchester|Swinton]] and [[Pendlebury]], there are now retail and economic centres belonging to these towns.

==Demography==
{{Further|Demographics of Greater Manchester}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 2em; width: 40%;" cellspacing="3"
|-
!colspan="4"|'''Salford compared'''
|-
|'''2001 UK census'''||'''Salford'''<ref name="2001_census">{{Citation |title=Census 2001 Key Statistics – Urban area results by population size of urban area |publisher= Office for National Statistics |url= http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211152 |date= 22 July 2004 |agency= Government of the United Kingdom |at=[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-area-results-by-population-size-of-urban-area/urban-area-results-by-population-size-of-urban-area-ks06--ethnic-group.xls KS06 Ethnic group] {{XLSlink}} |access-date= 5 August 2008}}</ref>||'''City of Salford'''<ref name="Salford neighbourhood stats">{{Citation |title= Salford Metropolitan Borough key statistics |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom |url= http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=3&b=276781&c=Salford&d=13&e=16&g=354179&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1198206645757&enc=1 }} Retrieved on 31 August 2008.</ref>||'''England'''
|-
|Total population||72,750||210,145||49,138,831
|-
|White||93.9%||96.1%||91%
|-
|Asian||1.9%||1.4%||4.6%
|-
|Black||1.2%||1.2%||2.3%
|}
As of the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 UK census]], Salford had a population of&nbsp;72,750. The 2001 population density was 9,151&nbsp;per mi<sup>2</sup> (3,533&nbsp;per km<sup>2</sup>), with a 100&nbsp;to&nbsp;98.4 female-to-male ratio.<ref>{{Citation |title=Census 2001 Key Statistics – Urban area results by population size of urban area |agency=Office for National Statistics |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211152 |date=22 July 2004|access-date=31 August 2008 |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|at=[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-area-results-by-population-size-of-urban-area/urban-area-results-by-population-size-of-urban-area-ks01-usual-resident-population.xls KS01 Usual resident population] {{XLSlink}}}}</ref> Of those over 16&nbsp;years age, 44.0%&nbsp;were single (never married) and 36.7%&nbsp;married.<ref>{{Citation |title=Census 2001 Key Statistics – Urban area results by population size of urban area |agency=Office for National Statistics |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211152 |date=22 July 2004|access-date=31 August 2008 |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|at=[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-area-results-by-population-size-of-urban-area/urban-area-results-by-population-size-of-urban-area-ks04--marital-status.xls KS04 Marital status] {{XLSlink}}}}</ref> Salford's 32,576&nbsp;households included 44.1%&nbsp;one-person, 22.0%&nbsp;married couples living together, 7.6%&nbsp;were [[cohabitation|co-habiting]] couples, and 13.3%&nbsp;single parents with their children.<ref>{{Citation |title=Census 2001 Key Statistics – Urban area results by population size of urban area |agency=Office for National Statistics |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211152|access-date=31 August 2008 |date=22 July 2004|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|at=[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-area-results-by-population-size-of-urban-area/urban-area-results-by-population-size-of-urban-area-ks20--household-composition.xls KS20 Household composition] {{XLSlink}}}}</ref> Of those aged&nbsp;16–74, 37.3%&nbsp;had no [[Education in England#Specialist qualifications|academic qualifications]], similar to that of&nbsp;35.5% in all of the City of Salford but significantly higher than&nbsp;28.9% in all of England.<ref name="Salford neighbourhood stats"/><ref name="Qualifications2001"/> 15.9%&nbsp;of Salford's residents aged&nbsp;16–74 had an educational qualification such as first degree, higher degree, qualified teacher status, qualified medical doctor, qualified dentist, qualified nurse, midwife, health visitor, etc. compared to 20%&nbsp;nationwide.<ref name="Salford neighbourhood stats"/><ref name="Qualifications2001">{{Citation |title=Census 2001 Key Statistics – Urban area results by population size of urban area |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211152|date=22 July 2004 |access-date=5 August 2008 |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|at=[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-area-results-by-population-size-of-urban-area/urban-area-results-by-population-size-of-urban-area-ks13--qualifications-and-students.xls KS13 Qualifications and students] {{XLSlink}}}}</ref>

As a result of 19th-century industrialisation, Salford has had ''"a special place in the history of the British working class"''; together with Manchester it had the world's ''"first fully formed industrial working class"''.<ref name="Workers1">{{Harvnb|Davies|Fielding|1992|p=1}}</ref> Salford has not, in general, attracted the same minority ethnic and cosmopolitan communities as in other parts of Greater Manchester,<ref name="CooperP41" /> although it did attract significant numbers of Irish in the mid-19th century.<ref name="Workers11">{{Harvnb|Davies|Fielding|1992|p=11.}}</ref> Many migrated to Salford because of ''[[the Great Hunger]]'' in Ireland combined with Salford's reputation as a hub for employment in its factories and docks.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=39.}}</ref> In 1848, [[Salford Cathedral|Salford Roman Catholic Cathedral]] opened, reflecting the large Irish-born community in Salford at that time.<ref>{{Citation|title=Shriking Cities: Manchester/Liverpool II|url=http://shrinkingcities.com/fileadmin/shrink/downloads/pdfs/WP-II_Manchester_Liverpool.pdf|date=March 2004|access-date=4 March 2008|page=36|publisher=shrikingcities.com}}</ref>

In the decades following the Second World War, Salford experienced significant population decline, as residents followed employment opportunities to other locations in Greater Manchester, taking advantage of a greater choice in the type and location of housing.<ref name="Renewal"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto; border:0; text-align:center; line-height:120%;"
|-
!  Year
! 1901
! 1911
! 1921
! 1931
! 1939
! 1951
! 1961
! 1971
! 1981
! 1991
! 2001
|- style="text-align:center;"
!  Population
| 162,452
| 172,998
| 234,045
| 223,438
| 166,386
| 178,194
| 155,090
| 131,006
| 98,343
| 79,755
| 72,750
|-
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"|
County Borough 1901–1971<ref name="visionofbritain"/>{{•}}
Urban Subdivision 1981–2001<ref>{{Citation |title=1981 Key Statistics for Urban Areas GB Table 1 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |year=1981 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/greater_manchester_urban_area.asp |title=Greater Manchester Urban Area 1991 Census |publisher=National Statistics |access-date=24 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205014453/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/greater_manchester_urban_area.asp |archive-date=5 February 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211152 |title=Census 2001 Key Statistics – Urban area results by population size of urban area |agency=Office for National Statistics |access-date=24 July 2008 |date=22 July 2004|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|at=[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-area-results-by-population-size-of-urban-area/urban-area-results-by-population-size-of-urban-area-ks01-usual-resident-population.xls KS01 Usual resident population] {{XLSlink}}}}</ref>
|}

In 2011, Salford had a population of 103,886,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/uk-england-northwestengland.php?cityid=E35000316|title=Salford (Greater Manchester, North West England, United Kingdom) – Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts|website=citypopulation.de|access-date=3 April 2016}}</ref> which is about the same size as [[Rochdale]]. The population increased from 72,750 in the previous census, mainly due to boundary changes. 
{| class="wikitable"
!Salford compared 2011
!Salford USD
!Salford Borough
|-
|White British
|77.3%
|84.4%
|-
|Asian
|5.5%
|4.1%
|-
|Black
|4.6%
|2.8%
|}

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukcensusdata.com/salford-e08000006#sthash.YDxmboJy.dpbs |title=Salford - UK Census Data 2011 |access-date=3 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806115421/http://www.ukcensusdata.com/salford-e08000006 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks201ew |title=KS201EW (Ethnic group) - Nomis - Official Labour Market Statistics |access-date=10 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022095240/https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks201ew |archive-date=22 October 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>

In 2011, 22.7% of the population in the Salford USD (Urban Subdivision) were non-white British, compared with 15.6% for the surrounding borough. The USD had a slightly larger percentage of Asian and black people. Salford has become a lot more ethnically diverse since the previous census, mostly due to boundary changes, but also due to the relocation of many [[BBC]] departments from London between 2011 and 2012. This has created many jobs and encouraged migration to the area, which was previously very deprived since the loss of many traditional industries in the 20th century.

According to the 2001 UK census, the industry of employment of Salford's residents aged 16–74 was 18.0% retail and wholesale, 14.4% property and business services, 12.3% manufacturing, 11.7% health and social work, 8.6% education, 7.3% transport and communications, 6.8% hotels and restaurants, 5.8% construction, 4.4% finance, 4.2% public administration, 0.6% energy and water supply, 0.3% agriculture, 0.1% mining, and 5.7% other. Compared with national figures, Salford had a relatively low percentage of residents working in agriculture.<ref>{{Citation |title=Census 2001 Key Statistics – Urban area results by population size of urban area |agency=Office for National Statistics |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211152 |date=22 July 2004 |access-date=8 June 2009 |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|at=[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-area-results-by-population-size-of-urban-area/urban-area-results-by-population-size-of-urban-area-ks11a--industry-of-employment---all-people.xls KS11a Industry of employment – all people] {{XLSlink}}}}</ref> The census recorded the economic activity of residents aged 16–74, 4.4% students were with jobs, 9.1% students without jobs, 6.3% looking after home or family, 11.2% permanently sick or disabled, and 4.8% economically inactive for other reasons.<ref name="Qualifications2001"/> The proportion of students economically active in Salford was higher than the City of Salford and England averages (3.0% and 2.6% respectively); the same is true for economically inactive students (5.1% in City of Salford and 4.7% in England). The rest of the figures were roughly inline with national trends.<ref name="Salford economic activity">{{Citation |title=Salford Local Authority key figures |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom |url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do;jsessionid=ac1f930c30d7001ecd8c4d554b939815feb9dcac174d?a=3&b=276781&c=Salford&d=13&e=16&g=354179&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1244477766844&enc=1&nsjs=true&nsck=true&nssvg=false&nswid=1259 |access-date=8 June 2009 }}</ref>

==Landmarks==
{{See also|List of tallest buildings and structures in Salford}}
[[File:Millennium Footbridge 20180506 124356 (49825498111).jpg|thumb|[[Lowry Bridge]]]]
Salford has a series of bridges over the [[Manchester Ship Canal]] and onto the [[River Irwell]], including the Grade II listed [[Blackfriars Bridge, Manchester|Blackfriars Bridge]], completed in 1820.<ref>{{NHLE | desc = Blackfriars Bridge | num = 1279490 | access-date =16 July 2009 | mode = cs2}}</ref> The settlement is dominated by the several [[railway viaducts]] built in the 19th century.<ref>{{NHLE | desc = Chapel Street Viaduct | num = 1386119 | access-date =16 July 2009 | mode = cs2}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE | desc = Northern Railway Viaduct | num = 1386161 | access-date =16 July 2009 | mode = cs2}}</ref>

Another Grade II* listed building, [[Salford Cathedral]], is a decorated [[neo-Gothic]] [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] church built between 1844 and 1848.<ref>{{NHLE |desc=Cathedral of St John, Salford |num=1386115 |access-date=24 February 2008 | mode = cs2}}</ref> Salford (Old) Town Hall, situated in Bexley Square off Chapel Street, is a [[Neoclassical architecture|Neo-classical]] brick building dressed in stone, designed by [[Richard Lane (architect)|Richard Lane]].<ref>{{NHLE | desc = Salford Old Town Hall | num = 1386076 | access-date =16 July 2009 | mode = cs2}}</ref> Closer to Manchester, the tower of the Church of the Sacred Trinity dates from 1635, the main building from 1752. It was restored between 1871 and 1874.<ref>{{NHLE | desc = Church of the Sacred Trinity | num = 1386185 | access-date =16 July 2009 | mode = cs2}}</ref> Public swimming baths were provided, on Blackfriars Road. Now in commercial use, the two-storey building was constructed in about 1890 from brick, with terracotta dressings and a part-glazed roof.<ref>{{NHLE | desc = Swimming Baths | num = 1386079 | access-date =16 July 2009 | mode = cs2}}</ref>

The University of Salford campus, visible partly from the Crescent, contains a number of interesting buildings including the Royal Art Gallery and the Peel Building.<ref>{{NHLE | desc = Royal Art Gallery | num = 1386179 | access-date =16 July 2009 | mode = cs2}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE | desc = Peel Building | num = 1386177 | access-date =16 July 2009 | mode = cs2}}</ref>

[[File:Kersal Cell.JPG|thumb|right|[[Kersal Cell]]]]
[[Kersal Cell]] is a Grade II* listed 16th-century timber-framed manor house, currently in use as a private residence.<ref>{{NHLE |desc=Kersal Cell |num=1386144 |access-date=23 February 2008 | mode = cs2 }}</ref> One of Salford's oldest buildings is the [[Grade I listed buildings in Greater Manchester|Grade I listed]] [[Ordsall Hall]], a [[Tudor style architecture|Tudor mansion]] and former [[stately home]] in nearby [[Ordsall, Greater Manchester|Ordsall]]. It dates back over 750 years, although the oldest surviving parts of the present hall were built in the 15th century.<ref>{{NHLE | desc = Ordsall Hall | num = 1386169 | access-date =16 July 2009 | mode = cs2}}</ref>

[[File:Salford lads club.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Salford Lads' Club]], on the corner of St. Ignatius Walk and Coronation Street, Ordsall]]
[[Salford Lads' Club]] is a recreational club established in 1903 and located in [[Ordsall, Greater Manchester|Ordsall]]. It is a [[listed building]] and gained international fame in 1986 when the pop band [[The Smiths]] posed in front of it for the inside cover of their album ''[[The Queen Is Dead]]''. A report by [[English Heritage]] said "The building is thought to be the most complete example of this rare form of social provision to survive in England."<ref>{{Citation | last = Keeling | first = Neal | title = The real Corrie to be saved for the future | url =http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/235/235424_the_real_corrie_to_be_saved_for_the_future_.html | publisher = manchestereveningnews.co.uk | date = 7 February 2007 | access-date =17 July 2009 }}</ref> In 2007, the ''[[Manchester Evening News]]'' reported that the club was third in a nationwide hunt to find the most iconic buildings in the country.<ref>{{Citation | last = Keeling | first = Neal | title = Lads club is a national icon | url = http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/233/233302_lads_club_is_a_national_icon.html | publisher = manchestereveningnews.co.uk | date = 16 January 2007 | access-date =17 July 2009 }}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Northern Rail 142 048 Salford Central.jpg|thumb|right|alt=An orange painted train with two carriages leaving a railway platform.|A [[British Rail Class 142]] train departing from [[Salford Central railway station]]]]
One of the earliest transport schemes in Salford was constructed by the Salford to Wigan [[turnpike trust]], by an act of Parliament, the [[Lancashire Roads Act 1753]] ([[26 Geo. 2]]. c. 63).<ref>{{Harvnb|Albert|2007|p=206}}</ref> Turnpike roads had a huge impact on the nature of business transport around the region. [[Packhorse]]s were superseded by [[wagon]]s, and merchants would no longer accompany their caravans to markets and fairs, instead sending agents with samples, and dispatching the goods at a later date.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tupling|1952|p=15}}</ref> However, road transport was not without its problems, and in 1808 the [[Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal]] was connected to the River Irwell. In the main a coal-carrying canal, it provided a valuable boost to the economies of Salford and Manchester,<ref>{{Citation |title=The Times newspaper: Canal rates and tolls | work=The Times | url=http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/viewArticle.arc?toDate=31%20December%201896&fromDate=1%20January%201892&currentPageNumber=1&resultsPerPage=10&sortBy=default&offset=0&viewName=&addFilters=&removeFilters=&addCat=&queryKeywords=bolton+canal&sectionId=1040&currPgSmartSet=1&pageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1893-10-18-04&articleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1893-10-18-04-006&xmlpath=&pubId=17&totalResults=255&addRefineFilters=&removeRefineFilters=&addRefineCat=&next_Page=false&prev_Page=false&date_dd_From=1&date_mm_From=01&date_yyyy_From=1892&date_dd_to_range=31&date_mm_to_range=12&date_yyyy_to_range=1896&date_dd_from_precise=1&date_mm_from_precise=01&date_yyyy_from_precise=1892&isDateSearch=false&dateSearchType=range&refineQuerykeywordText=|date=18 October 1893 | format = Registration required | access-date =29 June 2008 }}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> with a large number of wharves at its terminus in Salford.<ref>{{Citation | title = Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal Society – Salford history | url = http://www.mbbcs.org.uk/canal/salford.htm | publisher = mbbcs.org.uk | access-date = 7 July 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090502213943/http://www.mbbcs.org.uk/canal/salford.htm | archive-date = 2 May 2009 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Sixteen years later [[John Greenwood d.1851|John Greenwood]] started the first [[horse-drawn vehicle|bus]] operation from [[Pendleton, Greater Manchester|Pendleton]] to [[Market Street, Manchester|Market Street]], Manchester.<ref>{{Citation |title=A Short History of Public Transport in Greater Manchester |url=http://gmts.co.uk/explore/history/history.html |publisher=Museum of Transport, Manchester |access-date=27 February 2009  |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110051835/http://www.gmts.co.uk/explore/history/history.html |archive-date=10 November 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The [[Liverpool & Manchester Railway]]&nbsp;– the world's first [[steam locomotive|steam driven]] inter-city passenger railway&nbsp;– opened through Salford on 15 September 1830. The railway was primarily built to provide faster transport of materials and goods between the [[Port of Liverpool]] and [[factory|mills]] in Manchester and surrounding towns, and stopped along the route at <!-- Weaste, Seedley, Cross Lane, - were these in 'Salford', and also should the Manchester and Southport line be included? --> [[Ordsall Lane railway station]].<ref>{{Citation | title = Liverpool and Manchester Railway | url = http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/stations/o/ordsall_lane/index.shtml | format = For other stations see links in article | publisher = subbrit.org.uk | access-date=1 June 2009 }}</ref> Almost eight years later the [[Manchester and Bolton Railway]] was opened, terminating at [[Salford Central railway station]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Bardsley|1960|p=7.}}</ref>

[[File:Tram lines salford.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Tramlines running along a cobbled road in Broughton.|Tram services once criss-crossed Salford. Due to landslips further along the road, this section of line in [[Broughton, Greater Manchester|Broughton]] is still visible.]]
By 1801 the population of both Manchester and Salford was about 94,000. By 1861 this had risen to about 460,000, and so in the same year John Greenwood Jr. made an application to Salford Borough Council and to the Pendleton Turnpike Trust, to build a tramway from Pendleton to Albert Bridge in Salford. The system was innovative in that the rails were designed to be 'flush' with the road surface, with a third central rail to accommodate a perambulator wheel attached to the front axle of the omnibus. Approval was granted and work commenced immediately, with the horse-pulled tramway finished in September 1861. It remained in use for a further eleven years when the condition of the track had deteriorated such that the council ordered it removed. The [[Tramways Act 1870]] ([[33 & 34 Vict.]] c. 78) allowed councils to construct their own tramways, and on 17 May 1877 the 'Manchester and Salford Tramways' opened for business. The network of lines was largely complete by September 1880, the company changed its name to the [[Manchester Carriage & Tramways Company]], and the system reached its peak in the 1890s. A steam tramway was opened on 12 April 1883 from Bury to Higher Broughton. The vehicles provoked letters of complaints from residents about the associated noise, dirt, and grease, and by 1888 the route was eventually curtailed to [[Besses o' th' Barn]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Tomlinson|1975|pp=79–82}}</ref>

Electric trams were a common sight in early 20th century Salford, and had from 1901 replaced the earlier horse-drawn vehicles. A network of lines crossed the region, with coordinated services running through Salford, Manchester and the surrounding areas. Many served the new suburban housing and industrial developments built at the time, but in 1947 they were withdrawn in favour of more practical services&nbsp;– buses.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pooley|Turnbull|Adams|2005|p=26}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=City of Salford – Greater Manchester's Museum of Transport |url=http://www.gmts.co.uk/education/history/district_salford.html |publisher=gmts.co.uk |access-date=7 July 2009  |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828090858/http://www.gmts.co.uk/education/history/district_salford.html |archive-date=28 August 2008 }}</ref> The city is served by a complex road infrastructure, with connections from the [[M602 motorway]] to several major motorways, and A-roads including the A57 Regent Road and the A6042 Trinity Way.<ref>{{Harvnb|Pooley|Turnbull|Adams|2005|p=27}}</ref> Salford City Council has also created both advisory and mandatory [[cycle lane]]s across the city.<ref>{{Citation | title = Request for cycle lanes & routes | url = http://www.salford.gov.uk/cyclelanes.htm | publisher = Government of the United Kingdom | date = 5 March 2009 | access-date = 7 July 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110605012946/http://www.salford.gov.uk/cyclelanes.htm | archive-date = 5 June 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

Public transport in Salford is now co-ordinated by [[Transport for Greater Manchester]] (TfGM), a combined authority area-wide public body with direct operational responsibilities such as supporting (and in some cases running) local bus services, and managing [[integrated ticketing]] in Greater Manchester. Salford City Council is responsible for the administration and maintenance of public roads and footpaths throughout the city.<ref>{{Citation|title=Streets & traffic |agency=Government of the United Kingdom |publisher=Salford City Council |url=http://www.salford.gov.uk/living/streets.htm |access-date=7 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416230707/http://www.salford.gov.uk/living/streets.htm |archive-date=16 April 2008 }}</ref> The city is served by two railway stations, Salford Central and [[Salford Crescent railway station|Salford Crescent]]. Most train services are provided by [[Northern Trains]],<ref>{{Citation|title=Northern Rail Network Map |publisher=FWT |date=22 March 2007 |url=http://www.northernrail.org/pdfs/network_map/network_map.pdf |access-date=26 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410093323/http://www.northernrail.org/pdfs/network_map/network_map.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2008 }}</ref> although Salford Crescent is also served by [[TransPennine Express]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Blackpool Timetable |publisher=First TransPennine Express |date=9 December 2007 |url=http://www.tpexpress.co.uk/pdfs/Timetables/TT_Dec07_BPN_web(3).pdf |access-date=26 April 2008 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Buses run to destinations throughout Salford, the City of Salford, across Greater Manchester and further afield: [[Pendleton, Greater Manchester|Pendleton]] is served by a route to [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]] and [[Blackpool]].<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.gmpte.com/destination/Pendleton.pdf |title=Destination Finder: Pendleton |date=28 January 2008 |access-date=26 April 2008 |publisher=gmpte.com |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080414223740/http://www.gmpte.com/destination/Pendleton.pdf |archive-date = 14 April 2008}}</ref>

The [[Eccles line]] of the [[Manchester Metrolink]] runs through Salford, with stations at [[Exchange Quay tram stop|Exchange Quay]], [[Salford Quays tram stop|Salford Quays]], [[Anchorage tram stop|Anchorage]], [[Harbour City tram stop|Harbour City]], [[Broadway tram stop|Broadway]], [[Langworthy tram stop|Langworthy]], [[Weaste tram stop|Weaste]] and more recently [[MediaCityUK tram stop|MediaCityUK]]. The line was opened in two stages, in 1999 and 2000, as Phase 2 of the system's development.<ref>{{Citation|title=History |publisher=metrolink.co.uk |author=Metrolink |year=2004 |url=http://www.metrolink.co.uk/pdf/past_present_future.pdf |access-date=26 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325191627/http://www.metrolink.co.uk/pdf/past_present_future.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009 }}</ref>

Since 2020, electric scooters have been available for public hire in central Salford, Salford Quays, Ordsall, Pendleton and at the University of Salford. The e-scooter hire service is operated by shared micromobility company [[Lime (transportation company)|Lime]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=E-Scooter trial • Salford City Council |url=https://www.salford.gov.uk/parking-roads-and-travel/e-scooters/ |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.salford.gov.uk}}</ref>

==Education==
{{Further|List of schools in Salford}}

===University and museum===
[[File:Peel building salford university.jpg|thumb|left|Established in 1967, the [[University of Salford]] is one of four universities in Greater Manchester. It has some 19,000&nbsp;students.]]
The [[University of Salford]], a [[plate glass university]], is one of four in Greater Manchester. It has its origins in the former Royal Technical College, which was granted the status of a [[College of Advanced Technology (United Kingdom)|College of Advanced Technology]] (CAT), on 2 November 1956. In November 1963 the [[Robbins Report]] recommended that the CATs should become technological universities;<ref name=gordon-176>{{Harvnb|Gordon|1975|p=176}}</ref> and on 4 April 1967 a Charter was established creating the University of Salford.<ref name=gordon-198>{{Harvnb|Gordon|1975|p=198}}</ref> The university is undergoing £150M of redevelopment through investment in new facilities, including a £10M law school and a £22M building for health and social care, which were opened in 2006.<ref name="Salford university"/>

The University of Salford has over 19,000 students,<ref>{{Citation| title = Controlling access to university IT resources |work =Customer Snapshot: Education University of Salford | publisher =Sun Microsystems Inc.| url =http://www.sun.com/customers/software/salford.xml| access-date=14 June 2008}}</ref> and was ranked 81st in the UK by ''[[The Times]]'' newspaper. In 2007, the university received nearly 17,000&nbsp;applications for 3,660&nbsp;places, and the drop-out rate from the university was 25%. Of the students graduating, 50% gained [[First Class Honours|first class]] or [[British undergraduate degree classification#Upper Second Class Honours|2:1]] degrees,<ref name="Salford university">{{Citation| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2505569.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906134523/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2505569.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 September 2008 |title=University of Salford |work=The Times |date=21 September 2007 |access-date=28 December 2007 |first=Jeremy |last=Kelly}}</ref> below the national average of about 55%.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/quals0506.xls |format=[[Microsoft Excel|XLS]] |title=Table 14 – HE qualifications obtained in the UK by level, mode of study, domicile, gender, class of first degree and subject area(#1) 2005/06 |publisher=hesa.acuk |date=21 September 2007 |access-date=8 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216060925/http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/quals0506.xls |archive-date=16 December 2007 }}</ref> The level of student satisfaction in the 2009 survey ranged from 62% to 94%, depending on subject.<ref>{{Citation| title = National Student Survey 2009 | publisher = UCAS and Hotcourses Ltd | url =http://www.unistats.com/ | access-date=5 May 2009}}</ref>

[[File:Salford Museum and Art Gallery - geograph.org.uk - 3889437.jpg|thumb|[[Salford Museum and Art Gallery]]]]Salford developed several civic institutions; in 1806, Chapel Street became the first street in the world to be lit by gas (supplied by Phillips and Lee's cotton mill).<ref>{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=79}}.</ref> Salford Museum and Art Gallery opened in November 1850, under the terms of the [[Museums Act 1845]], as the Royal Museum and Public Library. It was built on the site of Lark Hill estate and Mansion, which was purchased by public subscription. The estate around the building was named Peel Park after [[Robert Peel]] who contributed to the subscription fund. The library was said to be the first unconditionally free public library in the country,<ref name="Library">{{Citation |title=Special Guest the Mayor of Salford |url=http://www.manchesteronline.co.uk/ewm/001ewm/024_sal_mayor/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014184824/http://www.manchesteronline.co.uk/ewm/001ewm/024_sal_mayor/index.html |publisher=manchesteronline.co.uk |access-date=3 March 2008 |archive-date=14 October 2007}}<br/>{{citation |title=An introduction to Salford&nbsp;– welcome! |url=http://www.salford.gov.uk/living/yourcom/salfordlife/aboutsalford.htm |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216090516/http://www.salford.gov.uk/living/yourcom/salfordlife/aboutsalford.htm |publisher=Salford City Council |access-date=7 January 2009 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Library2">{{citation |title=1st in Salford |url=http://www.visitsalford.info/whattosee/heritage/industrialheritage/industrialheritage1st.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107050723/http://www.visitsalford.info/whattosee/heritage/industrialheritage/industrialheritage1st.htm |publisher=visitsalford.info |access-date=19 January 2008 |archive-date=7 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}<br/>{{Citation |title=EWM: Special Guest The Mayor of Salford |url=http://www.manchesteronline.co.uk/ewm/001ewm/024_sal_mayor/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014184824/http://www.manchesteronline.co.uk/ewm/001ewm/024_sal_mayor/index.html |publisher=manchesteronline.co.uk |access-date=18 July 2009 |archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref> preceding the [[Public Libraries Act 1850]].

===Schools and colleges===
Despite the rapid progress made during the Industrial Revolution, by 1851 education in Salford was judged "inadequate to the wants of the population", and for those children who did get schooling "order and cleanliness were little regarded&nbsp;... [they] were for the most part crowded in close and dirty rooms".<ref>{{Harvnb|Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge|1841|p=351}}</ref>

Salford has thirty-two primary schools, and five secondary schools.<ref>{{Citation | title = School and college finder | url = http://services.salford.gov.uk/schools/ | publisher = Government of the United Kingdom | access-date = 20 July 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090818221137/http://services.salford.gov.uk/schools/ | archive-date = 18 August 2009 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Until recently there were three main 6th form and FE colleges:  [[Pendleton College]], [[Eccles College]] and Salford College. They merged to create [[Salford City College]] in January 2009.

==Religion==
<!-- Diocese history --><!-- Deanery history -->
[[File:Trinity Church, Salford.jpg|thumb|right|The Church of the Sacred Trinity is a [[Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester|Grade II* listed building]].]]

From the formation of the [[Hundred of Salford]], the entire area was within the [[Diocese of Lichfield]]. This diocese was divided in 1541, upon the creation of the See of Chester.<ref name="Vigeonp2"/>

Early worship took place at the parish church of Manchester, however a small chantry chapel existed in 1368 on the only bridge linking the two settlements. In the 16th century, it was converted into a dungeon, and was later demolished in 1779. In 1634–35, Humphrey Booth, a wealthy local merchant, opened a chapel of ease, which a year later was consecrated as the Chapel of Sacred Trinity (the parish of Sacred Trinity was created in 1650).<ref>Hartwell, C., et al. (2004) ''Lancashire: Manchester and the South-east''. New Haven: Yale University Press; p. 619</ref> [[John Wesley]] preached in the building, before his break with the [[Anglican]] Church. However, upon his return in 1747, he preached in the open, at Salford Cross. The chapel was rebuilt in about 1752–53, although the tower probably belonged to the original building.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vigeon|1975|pp=12–13}}.</ref><ref name="Penny352">{{Harvnb|Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge|1841|p=352}}</ref> It was restored in 1871–74 by the architect J. P. Holden and a chapel was added to the south-east in 1934.<ref>There are three galleries, supported by Tuscan (Doric according to Hartwell (2004)) columns. The wooden roof is Victorian. Pevsner, N. (1969) ''Lancashire; 1: The Industrial and commercial south''. Harmondsworth: Penguin; p. 391</ref><ref>Chapel 1934: Hartwell (2004)</ref> It is now a [[Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester|Grade II* listed building]].<ref name="Trinity">{{NHLE |desc=Church of the Sacred Trinity, Salford |num=1386185 | access-date=23 February 2008 | mode = cs2}}</ref>

[[Salford Cathedral]] is one of the largest Catholic cathedrals in Northern England. It was built between 1844 and 1848, and was [[Listed building|listed]] as a Grade II* building in 1980.<ref>{{NHLE |desc=Cathedral of St John and Attached Cathedral House |num=1386115 |access-date=10 November 2007 | mode = cs2}}</ref> It is at the centre of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Salford]], which was founded in 1850 as one of the first post-[[English Reformation|Reformation]] Catholic dioceses in Britain. Its current boundaries encompass [[Manchester]] and a large part of [[North West England]]. The [[Bishop of Salford]]'s official residence is at [[Wardley Hall]].<ref>{{Citation | title= Lancashire : Manchester and the South-East | series= The buildings of England | last1= Hartwell | first1= Clare | first2= Matthew | last2= Hyde |first3= Nikolaus | last3= Pevsner | year= 2004 | publisher= Yale University Press | location= New Haven, Conn.; London | isbn= 0-300-10583-5 | pages= 762–5 }}</ref>
[[File:St Philip with St Stephen Church - geograph.org.uk - 1415230.jpg|thumb|upright|[[St Philip's Church, Salford|St Philip with St Stephen Church]]]] Salford [[Deanery]] is in the Salford [[Archdeaconry]] of the [[Church of England]]. The sixteen churches in the deanery include the Parish Church of Saint Paul the Apostle in Paddington, [[St Thomas' Church, Pendleton|St. Thomas' in Pendleton]], St Philip with St Stephen near the town hall and [[St Clement's Church, Ordsall|St Clement's in Ordsall]].<ref>{{Citation | title = Salford Archdeaconry | url = http://www.manchester.anglican.org/churches/salford-archdeaconry | publisher = manchester.anglican.org | access-date = 18 July 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090818184658/http://www.manchester.anglican.org/churches/salford-archdeaconry | archive-date = 18 August 2009 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

The [[Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation, Manchester|Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation]], Manchester was founded in 1861, in [[Broughton, Greater Manchester|Broughton]]. It was established by the local Greek immigrant community, who had arrived in the area soon after the [[Greek War of Independence]] in the early 19th century. It replaced an earlier place of worship on [[Cheetham Hill|Cheetham Hill Road]], and an earlier chapel on Wellington Street. It is the oldest purpose-built Orthodox church in the country.<ref>{{Citation | title = Church of the Annunciation – Greek Orthodox | url = http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/LAN/BroughtonS/BuryNewRdGreekOrthodox.shtml | publisher = genuki.org.uk | access-date =18 July 2009 }}</ref>

==Sports==

Salford has a notable history in sports, which includes hosting some of the events in the [[2002 Commonwealth Games]]: rugby league, speedway, and horse racing. Salford had a venue for horse racing since the 17th century; the earliest record of racing at [[Kersal Moor]] dates from 1687.<ref>"{{Harvnb|Brownbill|Farrer|1911|pp=217–222}}</ref>

[[Salford Red Devils]] is the city's rugby league club and has been based in Salford since 1873. They participate in the [[Super League]]. Salford now play all home games at the [[AJ Bell Stadium]]. Junior rugby league is also played within Salford's boundaries, with Langworthy Reds, Folly Lane and [[Salford City Roosters]] amongst other clubs providing playing personnel to the senior club.<ref>{{Citation | title = Rugby league clubs in Salford | url = http://www.salford.gov.uk/leisure/facilities/sports-clubs/sports-clubs-rugby-league.htm | publisher = Government of the United Kingdom | access-date = 6 July 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080328013547/http://www.salford.gov.uk/leisure/facilities/sports-clubs/sports-clubs-rugby-league.htm | archive-date = 28 March 2008 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

The [[English Premiership (rugby union)|Premiership]] side [[Sale Sharks]] play their home games at the AJ Bell Stadium since the start of the [[2012–13 English Premiership (rugby union)|2012–13 season]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salesharks.com/club/stadium.php |title=The Stadium & Getting Here |access-date=9 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323212101/http://www.salesharks.com/club/stadium.php |archive-date=23 March 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>

[[Salford Quays]] has been used as a major international [[triathlon]] site, but a 2009 [[aquathlon]] was cancelled because of a lack of competitors.<ref>{{Citation|title=Salford Marks Countdown to World Cup |url=http://www.britishtriathlon.org/news/article.php?id=9324 |publisher=britishtriathlon.org |date=27 June 2007 |access-date=6 July 2009  |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616051836/http://britishtriathlon.org/news/article.php?id=9324 |archive-date=16 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Aquathlon Series at Salford Quays cancelled |url=http://www.britishtriathlon.org/news/article.php?id=10239 |publisher=britishtriathlon.org |date=1 June 2009 |access-date=6 July 2009  |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613074625/http://britishtriathlon.org/news/article.php?id=10239 |archive-date=13 June 2010 }}</ref>

During the early part of the 20th century [[Motorcycle speedway|speedway]] was staged at Albion Stadium.<ref>{{Harvnb|Huggins|Williams|2006|p=65}}</ref>

Prior to [[Salford City F.C.|Salford City]]'s promotion to the [[Football League]] in 2019, Salford was one of the largest settlements in the UK without a league [[association football|football]] team;.<ref>{{Citation | title = The spy who snubbed me | url =https://www.thetimes.com/article/the-spy-who-snubbed-me-8z7rdmhbvl3 | author = [[John Motson]] and Adam Ward | date = 26 April 2004 | access-date=27 January 2009 | work=The Times}}</ref> In the formative years of the sport the region's football heartland was in east Manchester, with few teams to the west.<ref>{{Citation |last=James |first=Gary |title=Manchester&nbsp;– A Football History |publisher=James Ward |location=Halifax |year=2008 |isbn= 978-0-9558127-0-5|page=32 }}</ref>  [[Salford City F.C.|Salford City]] are Salford's only representatives in the [[Football League]], playing in [[EFL League Two|League Two]], the fourth tier of English football, as of the 2024-25 season.

==Culture==
[[File:The Lowry.jpg|thumb|right|[[The Lowry]] is a combined theatre and gallery complex situated in Salford Quays, named after the painter [[L. S. Lowry]].]]
[[Harold Brighouse]]'s play ''[[Hobson's Choice (play)|Hobson's Choice]]'' takes place in the Salford of 1880, and the [[Hobson's Choice (1954 film)|1954 film version]] was shot in the town. [[Walter Greenwood]]'s 1933 novel ''[[Love on the Dole]]'' was set in a fictional area known as Hanky Park, said in the novel to be near Salford, but in reality based on Salford itself.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hopkins|2007|p=45}}.</ref> A more modern fictional setting influenced by the area is ''[[Coronation Street]]'''s [[Weatherfield]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Little|2000|p=93}}.</ref> The Salford of the 1970s was the setting for the [[BAFTA]] award winning ''[[East Is East (1999 film)|East is East]]''.<ref>{{Citation |title=East is East |url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/601091 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024023156/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/601091 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 October 2008 |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=12 February 2008 }}</ref> Salford was featured in the second series of the [[Channel 4]] programme ''The Secret Millionaire'', screened in 2007.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.channel4.com/culture/microsites/S/secret_millionaire/aboutchek.html |publisher=Channel 4 |title=Chek Whyte |access-date=27 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011102250/http://www.channel4.com/culture/microsites/S/secret_millionaire/aboutchek.html |archive-date=11 October 2008 }}</ref> Salford is also home to the theatre venue Studio Salford.<ref>{{cite web | title = Home page | url = http://www.studiosalford.com/ | agency = studiosalford.com | publisher = Studio Salford | access-date = 28 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160401115148/http://www.studiosalford.com/ | archive-date = 1 April 2016 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

The folk song "[[Dirty Old Town]]", written by native [[Ewan MacColl]], is the origin of Salford's nickname.<ref name="DirtyOldTown">{{Harvnb|Hopkins|2007|pp=33–34}}.</ref> Local band [[Doves (band)|Doves]] released a song on their 2005 album ''Some Cities'' called "Shadows of Salford".<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.nme.com/news/doves/18774 |title=The Next Broadcast |work=NME |date=15 December 2004 |access-date=21 January 2009}}</ref> One of the most famous photographs of band [[The Smiths]] shows them standing outside the [[Salford Lads Club]], and was featured in the artwork for their album ''[[The Queen Is Dead]]''.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1041599_vinnie_sings_to_save_lads_club |title=Vinnie sings to save Lads Club |author=Neal Keeling |work=[[Manchester Evening News]] |date=3 August 2008 |access-date=21 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705171045/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1041599_vinnie_sings_to_save_lads_club |archive-date=5 July 2008 }}</ref> In 2010, [[The Cold One Hundred]], an English indie rock band formed in Salford.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharif |first1=Adil Oliver |title=The Cold One Hundred |url=https://cargocollective.com/adilsharif/The-Cold-One-Hundred |website=cargocollective.com |publisher=DominoEffect |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref> The [[music video|videos]] for the [[Timbaland]] song "[[The Way I Are]]",<ref>{{Citation|title=Timbaland&nbsp;– The Way I Are |publisher=I Like Music |url=http://www.ilikemusic.com/home/Timbaland_The_Way_I_Are_single-3894 |access-date=10 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231206/http://www.ilikemusic.com/home/Timbaland_The_Way_I_Are_single-3894 |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> and the [[Justin Timberlake]] song "[[Lovestoned]]" were filmed in Salford.<ref>{{Citation |title=Justin on Manc Mission |author=Bourne, Dianne |publisher=Manchester Evening News |date=19 May 2007 |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/entertainment/music/rock_and_pop/s/1007/1007322_justin_on_manc_misssion.html |access-date=10 November 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185013/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/entertainment/music/rock_and_pop/s/1007/1007322_justin_on_manc_misssion.html |archive-date = 30 September 2007}}</ref>

==Public services==
Under the requirements of the [[Municipal Corporations Act 1835|Municipal Corporations Act, 1835]], the County Borough of Salford was obliged to appoint a [[Watch Committee]] to establish a police force and appoint a chief constable.<ref>Jenifer Hart, ''Reform of the Borough Police, 1835–1856'' in ''The English Historical Review'', Vol. 70, No. 276, (July 1955), pp.&nbsp;411–427</ref> On 1 June 1968 the Manchester and Salford city constabularies formed the [[Manchester and Salford Police]].<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.gmp.police.uk/mainsite/0/EAC0D05C283F269880257176003ABF1F/$file/GMPHistoryto74.pdf |title=A History of Policing in Manchester 1839–1974 |access-date=23 July 2008 |publisher=Greater Manchester Police |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018070247/http://www.gmp.police.uk/mainsite/0/EAC0D05C283F269880257176003ABF1F/%24file/GMPHistoryto74.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since 1974, [[Home Office]] policing in Salford has been provided by the [[Greater Manchester Police]]. The force's "(F) Division" has its headquarters for policing the [[City of Salford]] at Swinton, with further police stations in Little Hulton, Higher Broughton and Salford.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.gmp.police.uk/mainsite/0/EDB5628964A2AE15802572AD003AD03B/$file/salford.pdf |title=Local policing in the City of Salford 2007–2008 |publisher=gmp.police.uk |author=[[Greater Manchester Police]] |access-date=21 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224235835/http://www.gmp.police.uk/mainsite/0/EDB5628964A2AE15802572AD003AD03B/%24file/salford.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2009 }}</ref> The [[Fire service in the United Kingdom|Statutory emergency fire and rescue service]] is provided by the [[Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service]], whose headquarters are on [[A666|Bolton Road]] in nearby [[Pendlebury]].<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.manchesterfire.gov.uk/about-us/contact-us/find-our-headquarters.aspx|title=Find our Headquarters|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|author=[[Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service]]|access-date=11 April 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080314012828/http://www.manchesterfire.gov.uk/about-us/contact-us/find-our-headquarters.aspx |archive-date = 14 March 2008}}</ref>

Salford Royal Hospital dated back to 1830 and was extended in 1911. It was closed and converted into flats.<ref>{{Harvnb|Manchester Evening News Staff|2007|p=30}}</ref> The modern [[Salford Royal]], at Hope, near the boundary with [[Eccles, Greater Manchester|Eccles]], was opened in 1882 as the Salford Union Infirmary.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=162}}.</ref> Later renamed Hope Hospital and then again as Salford Royal,<ref>{{Harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=84}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Profile of Salford Royal |publisher=Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust |url=http://www.srht.nhs.uk/about-us/trust-profile/ |access-date=10 November 2007  }}{{dead link|date=January 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> it is a large [[National Health Service (England)|NHS]] hospital administrated by Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust. In a 2006–07 review of all 394 NHS Trusts in England by the [[Healthcare Commission]], Salford Royal was one of 19 to be rated excellent in its quality of services and its use of resources.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Annual Health Check: 2006/2007 |url=http://www.healthcarecommission.org.uk/_db/_documents/Annual_health_check_national_overview_2006-2007.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913104457/http://www.healthcarecommission.org.uk/_db/_documents/Annual_health_check_national_overview_2006-2007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2008 |publisher=Healthcare Commission |access-date=15 February 2008 }}</ref> The [[North West Ambulance Service]] provides emergency patient transport. Other forms of health care are provided for locally by several small clinics and surgeries.

Waste management is co-ordinated by the local authority via the [[Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority]].<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.gmwda.gov.uk/|title=Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority (GMWDA)|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|author=[[Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority]]|year=2008|access-date=8 February 2008}}</ref> Salford's [[distribution network operator]] for electricity is [[United Utilities]]; there are no [[power station]]s in the city. United Utilities also manages Salford's [[drinking water|drinking]] and [[waste water]].<ref name="UU">{{Citation|url=http://www.unitedutilities.com/?OBH=4188&ID=1417|title=Salford|publisher=unitedutilities.com|author=[[United Utilities]]|date=17 April 2007|access-date=22 February 2008}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Salford}}
People from Salford are called Salfordians, the city has been the birthplace to notable people of national and international acclaim. [[Joy Division]] were an English rock band formed in Salford in 1976. The group consisted of vocalist [[Ian Curtis]], guitarist/keyboardist [[Bernard Sumner]], bassist [[Peter Hook]] and drummer [[Stephen Morris (musician)|Stephen Morris]] which later reformed as [[New Order (band)|New Order]] in wake of Curtis' death in 1980. Amongst other notable persons of historic significance with a connection to Salford are [[Emmeline Pankhurst]], one of the founders of the British [[suffragette]] movement, who lived in Salford, and the scientist [[James Prescott Joule]], who was born and raised in Salford.<ref>{{Harvnb|Purvis|2002|p=19}}.</ref> The novelist [[Walter Greenwood]] (''[[Love on the Dole]]'') and the dramatist [[Shelagh Delaney]] (''[[A Taste of Honey]]'') were both born in, and wrote about, Salford.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.wcml.org.uk/contents/creativity-and-culture/drama-and-literature/walter-greenwood-and-love-on-the-dole-/ |title=Walter Greenwood and 'Love on the Dole' |last=Anon |work=Working Class movement Library Collection |publisher=Working Class Movement Library |access-date=19 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209014243/http://www.wcml.org.uk/contents/creativity-and-culture/drama-and-literature/walter-greenwood-and-love-on-the-dole- |archive-date=9 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.queens-theatre.co.uk/biographies/shelaghdelaney.htm |title=Shelagh Delaney |last=Anon |year=2009 |work=The Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch: Biography |publisher=The Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch |access-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228190452/http://queens-theatre.co.uk/biographies/shelaghdelaney.htm |archive-date=28 February 2009 }}</ref>
Folk singer-songwriter and communist activist [[Ewan MacColl]], one of the instigators of the 1960s folk revival in England, was born in Salford. He is known for writing such songs as "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" and "Dirty Old Town", the latter of which is about Salford.
Salford is also the hometown of the band [[Happy Mondays]] and punk poet [[John Cooper Clarke]].
Composer Sir [[Peter Maxwell Davies]], who was appointed [[Master of the Queen's Music]] in 2004,<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page3933.asp |title=Interview with Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, Master of the Queen's Music |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom |access-date=5 August 2008 |date=March 2005  |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426202801/http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page3933.asp |archive-date=26 April 2007 }}</ref> was born in Salford.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/desertislanddiscs_20050130.shtml |title=Desert Island Discs: Peter Maxwell Davies |publisher=BBC |access-date=5 August 2008 }}</ref> Notable Salfordian sportspeople include former [[England national football team|England]] football international and [[Manchester United F.C.]] midfielder [[Paul Scholes]], who with several celebrity team mates from his Manchester United playing days bought [[Salford F.C.]]<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/may/18/manchesterunited.championsleague1 |title=Simply the best |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |last=Jackson |first=Jamie |date=18 May 2008 |access-date=20 September 2008  |location=London}}</ref> 
Another notable resident of Salford is [[Eddie Colman]], the youngest of the [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] players to die in the [[Munich air disaster]] of 6 February 1958, when only 21. Born at Archie Street in November 1936, he lived in the area all his life and is buried at Weaste Cemetery. His former home was demolished in the early 1970s. [[Geoff Bent]], another Manchester United player who died at Munich, was born in Salford.
Other sporting Salfordians include Olympic Javelin Thrower [[Shelley Holroyd]], English former snooker player [[Mick Price (snooker player)|Mick Price]], who was born in the area, and Great Britain and England rugby league international and former [[Warrington Wolves]] front-rower [[Adrian Morley]] (later with the [[Salford Red Devils]].)<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.salfordonline.com/sport.php?func=viewdetails&vdetails=12438 |title=Razor Ray ready to send local hero Morley packing |publisher=salfordonline.com |last=Parkinson |first=Kate |date=9 April 2008 |access-date=17 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715232547/http://www.salfordonline.com/sport.php?func=viewdetails&vdetails=12438 |archive-date=15 July 2011 }}</ref> 
Actors [[Albert Finney]] and [[Robert Powell]] were both born and raised in Salford.<ref>{{citation | title=Albert Finney Biography | url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/2/Albert-Finney.html | work=filmreference | year=2008 | access-date=22 January 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/97/Robert-Powell.html|title=Robert Powell Biography (1944–)|last=Anon|work=filmreference|publisher=Net Industries, LLC. |access-date=22 March 2010}}</ref> 
Journalist [[Alistair Cooke]] who wrote and broadcast "Letter from America" for decades on the [[BBC]] was born in Salford.

==See also==
*[[Listed buildings in Salford, Greater Manchester]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Salford}}
{{Wikivoyage|Salford}}
*[http://www.salford.gov.uk/ www.salford.gov.uk], Salford City Council

{{Areas of Salford}}
{{Greater Manchester}}
{{Portal bar|Greater Manchester}}
{{Good article}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Salford| ]]
[[Category:Cities in North West England]]
[[Category:Towns in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Unparished areas in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Former civil parishes in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Geography of Salford]]