Editing Saint Mungo

{{Short description|Apostle of the British Kingdom of Strathclyde}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox saint
|name= Saint Kentigern alias Mungo
|birth_date=518 AD
|death_date= 13 January 614 (aged 95–96)
|feast_day= 13 January 
|venerated_in={{plainlist|
* [[Roman Catholic Church]]
* [[Anglican Communion]]
* [[Presbyterian Church]]
* [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
}}
|image= St Kentigern, better known as Mungo. Founder and patron saint of Glasgow. (10062429595).jpg
|imagesize= 200px
|caption= Kentigern with a robin, a bell and a fish with a ring in its mouth
|birth_place= [[Culross]]
|death_place=[[Glasgow]], [[Kingdom of Strathclyde]]
|titles=
|beatified_date=
|beatified_place=hourhukfjd
|beatified_by=
|canonized_date=
|canonized_place=
|canonized_by=
|attributes= Bishop with a robin on his shoulder; holding a bell and a fish with a ring in its mouth<ref>{{cite web |url=http://saints.sqpn.com/saintk04.htm |title=Saint Kentigern |publisher=Saints.sqpn.com |access-date=14 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306012500/http://saints.sqpn.com/saintk04.htm |archive-date=6 March 2012}}</ref>
|patronage= [[Glasgow]]; [[Scotland]]; [[Penicuik]]; [[salmon]]; those accused of infidelity; against bullies
|major_shrine= [[Glasgow Cathedral]]
|suppressed_date=
|issues=
}}

'''Kentigern''' ({{langx|cy|Cyndeyrn Garthwys}}; {{langx|la|Kentigernus}}), known as '''Mungo''', was a missionary in the [[Celtic Britons|Brittonic]] [[Kingdom of Strathclyde]] in the late sixth century, and the founder and [[patron saint]] of the city of [[Glasgow]].

==Name==
In [[Wales]] and [[England]], this saint is known by his birth and baptismal name Kentigern ({{langx|cy|Cyndeyrn}}). This name probably comes from the [[Common Brittonic|British]] {{lang|cel|*Cuno-tigernos}}, which is composed of the elements {{lang|cel|*cun}}, a [[hound]], and {{lang|cel|*tigerno}}, a lord, prince, or king. The evidence is based on the [[Old Welsh]] record {{lang|owl|Conthigirn(i)}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Kenneth |title=Language and History in Early Britain |year=1953 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=1-85182-140-6 |page=676 }}</ref> Other etymologies have been suggested, including British {{lang|cel|*Kintu-tigernos}} 'chief prince' based on the English form Kentigern, but the Old Welsh form above and [[Old English]] {{lang|ang|Cundiʒeorn}} do not appear to support this.<ref>It may also be worth noting that the Welsh {{lang|cy|cynt}} and [[Cornish language|Cornish]] and [[Breton language|Breton]] equivalents mean 'sooner, earlier, prior' and not 'chief' as is assumed by the derivation. Suggestions that the name may derive from British {{lang|cel|*Kon-tigern}} with {{lang|cel|*kom-}} 'with' (cognate with the Latin {{lang|la|com-, con-, co-}}) are unfounded. The element is barely known in Brythonic personal names and the meaning 'co-prince' or 'our ruler' (sic.) seems unlikely as a birth name. Moreover, the Brit. {{lang|cel|Kontigernos}} would have rendered Welsh {{lang|cy|**Cynteyrn}} which does not occur.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}</ref>

Particularly in Scotland, he is known by the [[nickname|pet name]] Mungo, possibly derived from the [[Cumbric language|Cumbric]] equivalent of the {{langx|cy|fy nghu}} 'my dear (one)'.<ref>However the meaning is disputed; as noted in Donald Attwater's ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints'', Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1965; p. 213</ref> The Mungo pet name or [[hypocorism]] has a Gaelic parallel in the form {{lang|gd|Mo Choe}} or {{lang|gd|Mo Cha}}, under which guise Kentigern appears in [[Kirkmahoe]], for example, in Dumfriesshire, which appears as {{lang|la|ecclesia Sancti Kentigerni}} in the ''Arbroath Liber'' in 1321. An ancient church in [[Bromfield, Cumbria]], is named after him, as are [[Crosthwaite Parish Church]] and some other churches in the northern part of [[Cumbria]], for example [[St Mungo's Church, Dearham]].

==Biographers==
The ''Life of Saint Mungo'' was written by the [[monastery|monastic]] [[hagiography|hagiographer]] [[Jocelin of Furness]] in about 1185.<ref>On this life by Jocelin, i.e. the ''Vita Kentigerni'', see Lindsay McArthur Irvin, "Building a British Identity: Jocelin of Furness's use of sources in ''Vita Kentigerni'', in ''Identity and Alterity in Hagiography and the Cult of Saints'', eds. Ana Mariković & Trpimir Vedriš; Zagreb: Hagiotheca, 2010; pp. 103–17.</ref> Jocelin states that he rewrote the 'life' from an earlier Glasgow legend and an [[Old Irish]] document. There are certainly two other medieval lives: the earlier partial life in the [[Cotton library|Cottonian]] manuscript now in the [[British Library]], and the later ''Life'', based on Jocelin, by [[John of Tynemouth (chronicler)|John of Tynemouth]].

==Life==
[[File:St Mungo's Chapel in Culross in March 2024.jpg|thumb|"St Mungo's Chapel" in [[Culross]]. The chapel occupies a site traditionally regarded as the birthplace of Mungo]]

Mungo's mother [[Teneu]] was a princess, the daughter of [[King Lot|King Lleuddun]] (Latin: Leudonus) who ruled a territory around what is now [[Lothian]] in Scotland, perhaps the kingdom of [[Gododdin]] in the [[Y Gogledd Hen|Old North]]. She became pregnant after being raped by [[Owain mab Urien]] according to the [[British Library]] manuscript. However, other historic accounts claim Owain and Teneu (also known as Thaney) had a love affair whilst he was still married to his wife Penarwen and that her father, King Lot, separated the pair after she became pregnant. Later, allegedly, after Penarwen died, Tenue/Thaney returned to King Owain and the pair were able to marry before King Owain met his death battling Bernicia in 597 AD.

Her furious father had her thrown from the heights of [[Traprain Law]]. Surviving, she was then abandoned in a [[coracle]] in which she drifted across the [[Firth of Forth]] to [[Culross]] in [[Fife]]. There Mungo was born.<ref name=hale>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNWhGD2JAzMC|title=The Beloved St. Mungo, Founder of Glasgow|first=Reginald B.|last=Hale|date=1989|publisher=University of Ottawa Press|isbn=978-0-7766-0227-1}}</ref>

Mungo was brought up by [[Saint Serf]] who was ministering to the [[Picts]] in that area. It was Serf who gave him his popular pet-name. At the age of twenty-five, Mungo began his missionary labours on the [[River Clyde|Clyde]], on the site of modern Glasgow. He built his church across the water from an extinct volcano, next to the Molendinar Burn, where the present medieval cathedral now stands. For some thirteen years, he laboured in the district, living a most austere life in a small cell and making many converts by his holy example and his preaching.<ref>[https://www.passionistsglasgow.com/st-mungo-patron-saint-of-glasgow.html "Saint Mungo", Saint Mungo's Church, Glasgow]</ref>

A strong anti-Christian movement in Strathclyde, headed by a certain [[King Morken]], compelled Mungo to leave the district, and he retired to Wales, via Cumbria, staying for a time with [[Saint David]] at [[St David's]], and afterwards moving on to [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|Gwynedd]] where he founded a [[St Asaph Cathedral|cathedral]] at [[St Asaph|Llanelwy]] (St Asaph in English). While there, he undertook a pilgrimage to [[Rome]]. However, the new King of Strathclyde, [[Riderch I of Alt Clut|Riderch Hael]], invited Mungo to return to his kingdom.<ref name=hunter>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08620a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Saint Kentigern |last=Hunter-Blair |first=Oswald|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref> He decided to go and appointed [[Saint Asaph|Saint Asaph/Asaff]] as [[Bishop of St Asaph|Bishop of Llanelwy]] in his place.

For some years, Mungo fixed his [[cathedra|Episcopal seat]] at [[Hoddom]] in [[Dumfriesshire]], evangelising thence the district of [[Galloway]]. He eventually returned to Glasgow where a large community grew up around him. It was nearby, in [[Kilmacolm]], that he was visited by [[Columba|Saint Columba]], who was at that time labouring in Strathtay. The two saints embraced, held long converse, and exchanged their pastoral staves.<ref name=hunter/> In old age, Mungo became very feeble and his chin had to be set in place with a bandage. He is said to have died in his bath, on Sunday 13 January.

==Miracles==<!-- This section is linked from [[Glasgow]] -->
[[File:GlasgowButeHallStKentigern.jpg|thumb|Saint Mungo (University of Glasgow)]]

In the ''Life of Saint Mungo'', he performed four miracles in Glasgow. The following verse is used to remember Mungo's four miracles:
{{poemquote|Here is the bird that never flew
Here is the tree that never grew
Here is the bell that never rang
Here is the fish that never swam<ref name=scotsman>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/st-mungo-and-his-mysterious-deeds-2511057|title=St Mungo and his mysterious deeds|website=www.scotsman.com}}</ref>}}

The [[Verse (poetry)|verse]]s refer to the following:
* ''The Bird'': Mungo restored life to a robin that had been killed by some of his classmates.<ref name=hale/>
* ''The Tree'': Mungo had been left in charge of a fire in Saint Serf's monastery. He fell asleep and the fire went out. Taking a hazel branch, he restarted the fire.<ref name=foghlam>[http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/scotlandshistory/britonsgaelsvikings/kentigern/index.asp "Kentigern", Foghlam Alba] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506215203/http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/scotlandshistory/britonsgaelsvikings/kentigern/index.asp |date=6 May 2014 }}</ref>
* ''The Bell'': the bell is thought to have been brought by Mungo from Rome. It was said to have been used in services and to mourn the dead. The original bell no longer exists, and a replacement, created in the 1640s, is now on display in Glasgow.
* ''The Fish'': refers to the story about Queen Languoreth of Strathclyde who was suspected of infidelity by her husband. King Riderch demanded to see her ring, which he claimed she had given to her lover. In reality the King had thrown it into the River Clyde. Faced with execution she appealed for help to Mungo, who ordered a messenger to catch a fish in the river. On opening the fish, the ring was miraculously found inside, which allowed the Queen to clear her name. (This story may be confused with an almost identical one concerning King [[Maelgwn Hir ap Cadwallon|Maelgwn]] of Gwynedd and [[Saint Asaph]].)

==Analysis==
Mungo's ancestry is recorded in the ''[[Bonedd y Saint]]''. His father, Owain was a King of [[Rheged]]. His maternal grandfather, Lleuddun, was probably a King of the [[Gododdin]]; [[Lothian]] was named after him. There seems little reason to doubt that Mungo was one of the first evangelists of Strathclyde, under the patronage of King Rhiderch Hael, and probably became the first [[Bishop of Glasgow]].

Jocelin seems to have altered parts of the original life that he did not understand; while adding others, like the trip to Rome, that served his own purposes, largely the promotion of the [[Diocese of Glasgow|Bishopric of Glasgow]]. Some new parts may have been collected from genuine local stories, particularly those of Mungo's work in [[Cumbria]]. S. Mundahl-Harris has shown that Mungo's associations with [[St Asaph]] were a [[Normans|Norman]] invention.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} However, in Scotland, excavations at Hoddom have brought confirmation of early Christian activity there, uncovering a late 6th-century stone baptistery.

Details of Mungo's infirmity have a ring of authenticity about them. The year of Mungo's death is sometimes given as 603, but is recorded in the [[Annales Cambriae]] as 612. 13 January was a Sunday in both 603 and 614. David McRoberts has argued that his death in the bath is a garbled version of his collapse during a baptismal service.

In a late 15th-century fragmentary manuscript generally called '[[Lailoken]] and Kentigern', Mungo appears in conflict with the mad prophet, Lailoken alias [[Merlin (wizard)|Merlin]]. Lailoken's appearance at the [[Battle of Arfderydd]] in 573 has led to a connection being made between this battle, the rise of Riderch Hael and the return of Mungo to Strathclyde.

The ''Life of Saint Mungo'' bears similarities with [[Chrétien de Troyes]]'s French romance ''[[Yvain, the Knight of the Lion]]''. In Chrétien's story, [[Ywain|Yvain]], a version of Owain mab Urien, courts and marries [[Laudine]], only to leave her for a period to go adventuring. This suggests that the works share a common source.<ref>Duggan, Joseph J. (1987). In Chrétien de Troyes; Burton Raffel, ''Yvain, the Knight of the Lion'', pp. 214–216. Yale University Press.</ref>

==Veneration==
[[Image:stmungotomb.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Tomb of St. Mungo in the crypt of [[Glasgow Cathedral]]]]
On the spot where Mungo was buried now stands the [[Glasgow Cathedral|cathedral]] dedicated in his honour. His [[shrine]] was a great centre of Christian pilgrimage until the [[Scottish Reformation]]. His remains are said to still rest in the crypt. A spring called "St. Mungo's Well"
fell eastwards from the apse.

His festival was kept throughout Scotland on 13 January. The [[Bollandist]]s have printed a special mass for this feast, dating from the 13th century. His [[feast day]] in the West is 13 January. His feast day in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] is 14 January.

Mungo's four religious miracles in Glasgow are represented in the city's [[Coat of arms of Glasgow|coat of arms]]. Glasgow's current [[motto]] ''Let Glasgow flourish by the preaching of His word and the praising of His name'' and the more secular ''Let Glasgow flourish'', are both inspired by Mungo's original call ''"Let Glasgow flourish by the preaching of the word"''.<ref name=foghlam/>

Saint Mungo's Well was a cold water spring and bath at Copgrove, near [[Ripon]], North Yorkshire, formerly believed effective for treating [[rickets]].<ref>"The grandchildren of Lady Anne Clifford were sent to Utrecht in 1655 for the treatment of rickets and returned two years later in a man-of-war. On their return they were taken off to St Mungo's well, near Knaresborough, for further treatment by cold bathing." (Swinburne, L. M. "Rickets and the Fairfax family receipt books" ''Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine'', '''99''', 2006:391–95).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.halikeld.f9.co.uk/holywells/north/mungo1.htm |title=Yorkshire Holy Wells |publisher=Halikeld.f9.co.uk |access-date=14 November 2012}}</ref>

Glasgow Fire Brigade also named their [[fireboat]] [[St. Mungo (fireboat)|''St. Mungo'']], which served the around the Clyde from 1959 to 1975.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kirkwood |first=Graeme |title=Fire Boats |url=http://www.btinternet.com/~graeme.kirkwood/SFB/FB.htm |access-date=16 December 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630225048/http://www.btinternet.com/~graeme.kirkwood/SFB/FB.htm |archive-date=30 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[LNER Peppercorn Class A1]] steam locomotive 60145 was named ''Saint Mungo'', entering service with [[British Rail]]ways in 1949.

Mungo is [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|remembered]] in the [[Church of England]] with a [[Commemoration (observance)|commemoration]] on 13 January.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=2021-03-27|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref>

===Namesake churches, schools and charities===
[[Image:stmungorc.JPG|thumb|145px|[[St Mungo's Church, Townhead]], [[Glasgow]]]]

Saint Mungo founded a number of churches during his period as Archbishop of Strathclyde of which [[Stobo Kirk]] is a notable example. At [[Townhead]] and [[Dennistoun]] in [[Glasgow]] there is a modern [[Roman Catholic]] church and a traditional [[Scottish Episcopal Church]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eastendepiscopal.org.uk/stkentigern.html|title=St Kentigern's Episcopal Church, Dennistoun, Glasgow|website=eastendepiscopal.org.uk}}</ref> respectively dedicated to the saint.

[[St Mungo's Academy]] is a [[Roman Catholic]], [[co-educational]], [[Comprehensive school|comprehensive]], [[secondary school]] located in [[Bridgeton, Glasgow]].

Another church established by the saint himself was [[St Kentigern's Church, Lanark (Hyndford Road)|St Kentigern's Church]] of [[Lanark]], founded shortly before his death, and which now stands in ruins. Another church called [[St Kentigern's Church, Lanark (Hope Street)|St Kentigern's]] was built in the town in the late 19th century. It is still present but has been converted to housing and office space.<ref name="Clydesdale's Heritage">{{cite web|title=St Kentigern's Church, Lanark|url=http://www.clydesdalesheritage.org.uk/st-kentigerns-church-lanark/|website=Clydesdale's Heritage|publisher=Lanark and District Archaeological Society|access-date=10 January 2016|date=13 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="HES Lanark Church (Hope St)">{{cite web|title=HOPE STREET ST KENTIGERN'S CHURCH (CHURCH OF SCOTLAND)|url=http://portal.historic-scotland.gov.uk/designation/LB37007|website=Historic Scotland: Designations|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|access-date=10 January 2016}}</ref>

In [[Kilmarnock]], a [[Church of Scotland]] congregation is named St Kentigern's.

[[St. Kentigern's Academy]] opened in [[Blackburn, West Lothian]] in September 1974.

In [[Alloa]], a chapel dedicated to St. Mungo is thought to have been erected during the fourteenth or fifteenth-century. The present [[Church of Scotland]] [[St. Mungo's Parish Church]] in Alloa was built in 1817.

In [[Cumbernauld]], there is St. Mungo's Parish Church in the centre of the New Town.

In the [[Lake District]] village of [[Caldbeck]] there is a church and a well named after him. The Cumbrian parish churches at Crossthwaite in Keswick, Mungrisdale, Castle Sowerby, and Irthington are also dedicated to St Kentigern. There are two Cumbrian churches dedicated to St Mungo, one at Bromfield (also a well and castle) and one at [[St Mungo's Church, Dearham|Dearham]].

There is a St Kentigern's school and church in [[Blackpool]].

In Falkirk, there is a St. Mungo's High School.

In [[Grinsdale]], Cumbria there is a church venerated to St. Kentigern.

Also in Cumbria, there are two Greek Orthodox Communities venerated to St. Mungo/Kentigern, one in [[Dalton-in-Furness]] and the other in [[Keswick, Cumbria|Keswick]].

In [[Fallowfield]], a suburb of the city of Manchester, a Roman Catholic church is dedicated to Saint Kentigern.

St Kentigern's is a small Roman Catholic Church in the village of [[Eyeries]], on the Beara peninsula in West Cork, Ireland.<ref>[http://www.eyeries.ie/activities-mass-times.php St Kentigern’s Catholic Church] on Eyeries website</ref>

Mungo or Kentigern is the patron of a [[Presbyterian church]] school in [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]], which has two campuses: [[Saint Kentigern College]], a secondary co-ed college in the suburb of [[Pakuranga]], and a joint Boys School, Girls School and Pre-School in the suburb of [[Remuera]].

There is a United Church of Canada charge in Cushing Quebec Canada, Saint Mungo's United Church. Built in the 1836 originally as a Church of Scotland, it has recently been restored for its 180th anniversary.

Although secular, the English charity for the support and empowerment of the homeless, [[St Mungo's (charity)|St. Mungo's]], was named after the saint by its founder. The Glasgow-born Harry Stone named it in honour of the patron saint of his birth city when the charity was established in 1969.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gould |first1=Mark |title=Soup and sympathy: Mark Gould talks to Charles Fraser, chief executive of St Mungo's |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2009/jul/08/st-mungos-fraser-homelessness |access-date=28 January 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=7 July 2009 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Our history |url=https://www.mungos.org/about-us/our-history/ |website=St Mungo's |access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref> Saint Mungo's runs hostels, outreach, emergency shelters, and employment and training services. It provides an online and in-person "Recovery College" free to its students.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our services: Recovery College |url=https://www.mungos.org/our-services/recovery-college/ |website=St Mungo's |access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref>

The ruinous St. Mungo's Chapel (also known as [[St. Serf]]'s Chapel) in Culross is traditionally said to have been built on the site of Mungo's birth place. Founded in 1503, it later fell into ruin and was silted up. The site was excavated in 1926. It is now a [[scheduled monument]].<ref name="CulrossCanmore">{{cite web |title=Culross, Low Causeway, St Mungo's Chapel |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/48020/culross-low-causeway-st-mungos-chapel |website=[[Canmore (database)|Canmore]] |access-date=4 April 2024 }}</ref><ref name="CulrossHES">{{cite web |title=Culross,St Mungo's or St Serf's Chapel |url=https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/SM832 |website=[[Historic Environment Scotland]] |access-date=4 April 2024 }}</ref>

==Fiction==
St. Mungo is mentioned in the ''[[Father Brown]]'' series of books by [[G. K. Chesterton]], as the titular saint of Father Brown's parish.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

St. Mungo is a primary antagonist in the book ''[[The Lost Queen]]'' by [[Signe Pike]]. He is portrayed as vindictive, cruel, and malicious.

St. Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries is the primary hospital of Magical Britain in the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' series of books by [[J. K. Rowling]].<ref name=scotsman/>

Kentigern Gardens is the location of a murder in ''[[The Cuckoo's Calling]]'', a novel published under [[J. K. Rowling]]'s [[pseudonym]] of Robert Galbraith.<ref>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling unmasked as author of detective novel writing under nom de-plume|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10178344/JK-Rowling-unmasked-as-author-of-detective-novel-writing-under-nom-de-plume.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130713231149/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10178344/JK-Rowling-unmasked-as-author-of-detective-novel-writing-under-nom-de-plume.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 July 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|accessdate=13 July 2013|location=London|first=Robert|last=Watts|date=13 July 2013}}</ref> {{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Mungo is the main character in ''[[Young Mungo]]'', a novel by Douglas Stuart. Name holds symbolic importance for the character's story.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Mungo's tomb is featured in the book Raven Nightshade - The Demon Sword - in the series of books by Martin Roy, where it is described as containing a cup of coffee, adding an intriguing and surreal detail to the narrative.

==See also==
*[[St Kentigern's Church (disambiguation)|St Kentigern's Church]] – dedicated churches
* [[Portal:Catholic Church/Patron Archive/January 14|Saint Mungo, patron saint archive]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources and references==
* The Magnificent Gael [Reginald B. Hale] 1976, World Media Productions* [[Sabine Baring-Gould|Baring-Gould, Sabine]] & Fisher, John (1907: 2000) ''Lives of the British Saints''. 8 vols. Felinfach: Llanerch (Facsim. reprint in 8 parts of the 4 vol. ed. published: London: Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, 1907–1913.)
* [[Chrétien de Troyes]]; [[Burton Raffel]], ed. (1987) ''Yvain, the Knight of the Lion''. New Haven: Yale University Press.
* Davies, John Reuben, "Bishop Kentigern among the Britons," in Boardman, Steve, John Reuben Davies, Eila Williamson (eds), ''Saints' Cults in the Celtic World'' (Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2009) (Studies in Celtic History),
* Delaney, John J. (1983) ''Pocket Dictionary of Saints''. Image Books.
* Lowe, Chris (1999) ''Angels, Fools and Tyrants''. Edinburgh: Canongate Books & [[Historic Scotland]]
* Rees, Elizabeth (2000) ''Celtic Saints: passionate wanderers''. London: Thames & Hudson
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08620a.htm "St. Kentigern"]. "The Catholic Encyclopedia". New Advent. 
* Tranter, Nigel (1993) ''[[Historical novels by Nigel Tranter set before 1286#Druid Sacrifice|Druid Sacrifice]]''. London: Hodder & Stoughton (historical novel)
* Wade-Evans, A. W. (1934) ''Welsh Christian Origins''. Oxford: Alden Press
* McArthur Irvin, Lindsay, "Building a British Identity: Jocelin of Furness's Use of Sources in Vita Kentigerni," in ''Identity and Alterity in Hagiography and the Cult ofSaints'', eds. Ana Marinkovic and Trpimir Vedris (Zagreb: Hagiotheca, 2010), 103–117
** {{cite web |url=http://www.centreleonardboyle.com/identityandalterity.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708132620/http://www.centreleonardboyle.com/identityandalterity.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=8 July 2011 |title=Identity and Alterity in Hagiography and the Cult of Saints |publisher=Centreleonardboyle.com |date=19 December 2010 |access-date=14 November 2012 }}

==External links==
{{commons}}
{{Wikisource|Kentigern}}
* [https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/Jocelyn-LifeofKentigern.asp Jocelyn's ''Life of Saint Mungo'']
*[https://www.glasgowlife.org.uk/museums/venues/st-mungo-museum-of-religious-life-and-art Glasgow Museums: St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120827062957/http://www.mun.ca/mst/heroicage/issues/6/gough-cooper.html Kentigern and Gonothigernus (''Heroic Age Online Journal'') ]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nC7CsylQ9eQ St Mungo's Holy Well, Alloway, Ayrshire]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mungo}}
[[Category:614 deaths]]
[[Category:7th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:Bishops of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Bishops of St Asaph]]
[[Category:City founders]]
[[Category:History of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Medieval Scottish saints]]
[[Category:Northern Brythonic saints]]
[[Category:People from Glasgow]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:People from Culross]]
[[Category:Anglican saints]]
[[Category:518 births]]