Editing Saint-Germain-en-Laye

{{short description|French commune}}
{{For|treaties with this name|Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox French commune
| name               = Saint-Germain-en-Laye
| commune status     = [[Subprefectures in France|Subprefecture]] and [[Communes of France|commune]]
| image              = Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye01.jpg
| caption            = [[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye]]
| map size           = 270px
| image coat of arms = Blason Saint-Germain-en-Laye.svg
| coordinates        = {{coord|48.8989|2.0938|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| arrondissement     = Saint-Germain-en-Laye
| canton             = Saint-Germain-en-Laye
| INSEE              = 78551
| postal code        = 78100 & 78112
| population demonym = Saint-Germanois<br />Saint-Germinois
| mayor              = Arnaud Pericard<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
| term               = 2020&ndash;2026
| intercommunality   = [[Communauté d'agglomération Saint Germain Boucles de Seine|CA Saint Germain Boucles Seine]]
| elevation m        = 78
| elevation min m    = 22
| elevation max m    = 107
| area km2           = 51.94
| population         = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| population date    = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
}}

'''Saint-Germain-en-Laye''' ({{IPA|fr|sɛ̃ ʒɛʁmɛ̃ ɑ̃ lɛ|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Saint-Germain-en-Laye.wav}}) is a [[Communes of France|commune]] in the [[Yvelines]] [[Departments of France|department]] in the [[Île-de-France]] in north-central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris, {{convert|19.1|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the [[Kilometre Zero|centre of Paris]].

Inhabitants are called ''Saint-Germanois'' or ''Saint-Germinois''. With its elegant tree-lined streets it is one of the more affluent suburbs of Paris, combining both high-end leisure spots and exclusive residential neighborhoods (see [[the Golden Triangle of the Yvelines]]).

Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a [[Subprefectures in France|sub-prefecture]] of the department. Because it includes the [[Forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye|National Forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], it covers approximately {{convert|48|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, making it the largest commune in the Yvelines. It occupies a large loop of the [[Seine]]. Saint-Germain-en-Laye lies at one of the western termini of [[RER A|Line A]] of the [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]].

==History==
{{See also|Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye}}

[[File:Saint-Germain-en-Laye - Église Saint-Germain001.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|A view of the Saint-Germain church in Saint-Germin-en-Laye, taken from the castle]]
Saint-Germain-en-Laye was founded in 1020 when King [[Robert the Pious]] (ruled 996–1031) founded a [[convent]] on the site of the present Church of [[Germain of Paris|Saint-Germain]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

In 1688, [[James II of England]] exiled himself to the city after being deposed from the throne in what has become known as the [[Glorious Revolution]]. He spent the remainder of his days there, and died on 16 September 1701.<ref>{{cite web |title= James II (1633–1701) |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/james_ii.shtml |work= BBC History |publisher= BBC |access-date= 16 May 2020 }}</ref>

Prior to the [[French Revolution]] in 1789, it had been a royal town and the [[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye|Château de Saint-Germain]] the residence of numerous French monarchs. The old [[château]] was constructed in 1348 by [[Charles V of France|King Charles V]] on the foundations of an old [[castle]] (''château-fort'') dating from 1238 in the time of [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]].  [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] was responsible for its subsequent restoration.  In 1862<!--or 1867-->, [[Napoleon III]] set up the ''[[Musée des Antiquités Nationales]]'' in the erstwhile royal château. This museum has exhibits ranging from Paleolithic to Celtic times.  The "[[Venus of Brassempouy|Dame de Brassempouy]]" sculpted on a mammoth's ivory tusk around 23,000 years ago is the most famous exhibit in the museum.

Kings [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] and [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]] left their mark on the town. [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] was born in the château (the city's [[coat of arms]] consequently shows a cradle and the date of his birth), and established Saint-Germain-en-Laye as his principal residence from 1661 to 1681. Louis XIV turned over the château to [[James II of England|James VII & II of Scotland and England]] after his exile from Britain after the [[Glorious Revolution]] in 1688. James lived in the Château for 13 years, and his daughter [[Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart|Louisa Maria Stuart]] was born in exile here in 1692. James II is buried in the parish church.

Saint-Germain-en-Laye is famous for its {{convert|2.4|km|adj=on}} long stone terrace built by [[André Le Nôtre]] from 1669 to 1673.  The terrace provides a view over the valley of the [[Seine]] and, in the distance, Paris. During the [[French Revolution]], the name was changed along with many other places whose names held connotations of religion or royalty. Temporarily, Saint-Germain-en-Laye became '''Montagne-du-Bon-Air'''. During his [[First French Empire|reign]], [[Napoleon I]] established his cavalry officers training school in the Château-Vieux.

[[File:Bunker-St-germain-en-laye-009.jpg|upright=1.2|thumb|One of the German bunkers built in 1942]]

The [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)|Treaty of Saint-Germain]] was signed in 1919 and was applied on 16 July 1920. The treaty officially registered the breakup of the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg empire]], which recognized the independence of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia).<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica "Treaty of Saint-Germain", retrieved from [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/517198/Treaty-of-Saint-Germain Britannica.com].</ref>

During the occupation from 1940 to 1944, the town was the headquarters of the [[Oberbefehlshaber West]], the commander of the German armed forces on the Western Front.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keegan |first1=John |title=Six Armies In Normandy |date=30 September 2011 |publisher=Random House |isbn=9781446498132 |page=145}}</ref> It has been called "the most occupied city in France."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Birden |first1=Sébastien |title=Saint-Germain-en-Laye : la ville la plus occupée de France a gardé ses bunkers |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/saint-germain-en-laye-la-ville-la-plus-occupee-de-france-garde-ses-vestiges-22-08-2018-7861002.php |access-date=28 May 2024 |work=[[Le Parisien]] |date=22 August 2018}}</ref>

On 1 January 2019, the former commune [[Fourqueux]] was merged into Saint-Germain-en-Laye.<ref>[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/arrete/2018/12/19/TERB1905205A/jo/texte Arrêté préfectoral] 19 December 2018 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

===Saint-Germain parish church===
[[File:Église Saint-Germain 120401.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|The Church of [[Germain of Paris|Saint-Germain]]]]
The parish church, which is dedicated to [[Germain of Paris]], was originally constructed in the eleventh century, and the present building (the fourth on the site) was built in the 1820s in a [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical style]], with six [[Tuscan column]]s supporting a [[pediment]] on the main façade. The church houses the mausoleum of [[James II of England]] and was visited by [[Queen Victoria]] in 1855.<ref>[https://frenchmoments.eu/church-of-saint-germain-en-laye/ French Monuments, Discover the church of Saint-Germain-en-Laye]. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</ref>

The organ, originally installed in 1698, was rebuilt by [[Aristide Cavaillé-Coll]] in the nineteenth century and refurbished in 1903. The church's organists have included [[Albert Renaud (organist)|Albert Renaud]] (1891–1924), [[Albert Alain]] (1924–1971) and [[Marie-Claire Alain]] (1971–2010).

==Population==

The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Saint-Germain-en-Laye proper, in its geography at the given years. The population of [[Fourqueux]], absorbed in 2019, is not included.

{{Historical populations
| align = none
| cols = 2
| percentages = pagr
| source = EHESS<ref name=ehess>{{Cassini-Ehess|32095|Saint-Germain-en-Laye}}</ref> and INSEE (2007-2017)<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2123878?geo=COM-78551 Populations légales 2012], INSEE</ref><ref name=pop2017>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4265429/ensemble.pdf Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2017], [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]</ref>
| graph-pos = bottom
|1793 |13400
|1800 |8954
|1806 |9798
|1821 |10291
|1831 |10671
|1836 |10951
|1841 |13618
|1846 |13488
|1851 |12527
|1856 |14283
|1861 |15708
|1866 |17478
|1872 |22862
|1876 |17199
|1881 |15790
|1886 |16312
|1891 |14262
|1896 |16489
|1901 |17297
|1906 |17288
|1911 |18344
|1921 |20008
|1926 |22180
|1931 |21996
|1936 |22539
|1946 |22013
|1954 |29429
|1962 |34621
|1968 |38308
|1975 |37509
|1982 |38499
|1990 |39926
|1999 |38423
|2007 |41517
|2012 |39476
|2017 |40765
}}

==Transport==
Saint-Germain-en-Laye is connected to other communes by the Résalys bus network operated by [[Transdev]]. Saint-Germain-en-Laye is served by [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye station]] on Paris [[RER A|RER line A]].

It was also served by two stations on the [[Grande ceinture Ouest|Grande Ceinture Ouest]] branch of the [[Transilien Paris-Saint-Lazare]] suburban rail line: Saint-Germain-Bel-Air–Fourqueux and [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye–Grande-Ceinture station|Saint-Germain–Grande Ceinture]]. The branch was in operation from 12 December 2004 to 28 June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anne |date=2019-04-25 |title=Fermeture de la Grande Ceinture Ouest pour les travaux du futur tram 13 Express |url=https://malignel.transilien.com/2019/04/25/fermeture-de-la-grande-ceinture-ouest-en-attendant-le-tram-13-express/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Ensemble sur la ligne L |language=fr}}</ref>

On 6 July 2022 the [[Île-de-France tramway Line 13 Express]] opened, serving the two former Grande Ceinture Ouest station, as well as two additional stations within Saint-Germain-en-Laye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Preston |first=Robert |date=2022-07-08 |title=Light rail line T13 opens in Paris |url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/light-rail/light-rail-line-t13-opens-in-paris/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=International Railway Journal |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=International2022-07-08T15:10:00+01:00 |first=Metro Report |title=Right and left-hand running as T13 tram-train route opens west of Paris |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/light-rail-and-tram/right-and-left-hand-running-as-t13-tram-train-route-opens-west-of-paris/62056.article |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Railway Gazette International |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Achères–Grand-Cormier station]] is also situated within the Saint-Germain-en-Laye commune. It is served by the Paris RER line A and the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line. The station is located in the middle of the [[Forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], far from the urbanized part of the commune.

==Sport==
===Football===
Saint-Germain-en-Laye has a proud footballing history. From 1904 to 1970, it was represented by [[Stade Saint-Germain]], but following a 1970 merger with [[Paris FC]], became [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] (PSG). PSG is a top-flight football team that is the most successful team in France in terms of trophies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psg.fr/fr/News/202001/Classement-L1|title=Site officiel du Paris Saint-Germain|website=FR|date=29 June 2023 }}</ref>

===Sporting facilities===
There is one main sporting facility in Saint-Germain-en-Laye: the [[Stade Municipal Georges Lefèvre]]. It covers over 12 hectares and contains:
– 5 football pitches
– 3 stands
– 1 athletic track
– 22 tennis courts
– 1 clubhouse
– 1 multibeach terrain
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.saintgermainenlaye.fr/en/loisirs/sports/stade-municipal-georges-lefevre/ |title=Site officiel de la Ville de Saint Germain-en-Laye: Stade municipal Georges Lefèvre |access-date=18 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621012730/http://www.saintgermainenlaye.fr/en/loisirs/sports/stade-municipal-georges-lefevre/ |archive-date=21 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
Capcom Entertainment France, a [[Capcom]] subsidiary, has its head office in Saint-Germain-en-Laye.<ref name="CapcomEurope">"[http://www.capcom-europe.com/contact Contact]." Capcom. Retrieved 12 August 2011. "France: Capcom Entertainment France 30 bis, rue du Viel Abreuvoir FR.78100 Saint Germain En Laye"</ref>

[[File:Slottet vid Lycée International de St-Germain-en-Laye.jpg|thumb|''[[Lycée International de Saint Germain-en-Laye]]'']]

==Education==
{{As of|2016}} the schools in this commune had 20,581 students, with 7,300 of them living in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. There is a high ratio of overall students to town inhabitants. The municipal nursery and primary schools have 3,549 students. 1,026 students attend private schools in the commune.

===Schools===
{{As of|2016}} the municipality operates ten nursery schools and nine primary schools.<ref name=childrenprez/>

Public schools include:
* Lycée Jeanne d'Albret
* Lycée technologique Léonard-de-Vinci
* Lycée technologique Jean-Baptiste-Poquelin
* {{Interlanguage link|lycée agricole et horticole de Saint-Germain-Chambourcy|fr}}
* Collège Marcel Roby

Private schools include:
* [[Institut Notre-Dame (Yvelines)|Collège et Lycée Notre-Dame]]
* {{Interlanguage link|École Saint-Érembert|fr}}
* Institut Saint Thomas de Villeneuve

The [[Lycée International de Saint Germain-en-Laye]] is a hybrid public/private international school.<ref name="childrenprez">"[http://www.saintgermainenlaye.eu/en/daily-life/children/presentation/ Children > Presentation]." Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Retrieved 1 September 2016.</ref>  It teaches children from nursery to high school age, who follow both the public French curriculum and an international program. There are 14 language program options, some of which are public and others private.

Saint-Germain-en-Laye is also home to the [[Institut d'études politiques de Saint-Germain-en-Laye]]. The [[political science]] [[grande école]] was founded in 2013 and, as of 2023, has a student body of over 800.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facts and Figures |url=https://www.sciencespo-saintgermainenlaye.fr/en/facts-and-figures/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Sciences Po Saint-Germain-en-Laye |language=fr-FR}}</ref>

===Libraries===
There are two libraries:<ref>"[http://mediatheques.saintgermainenlaye.fr/default.aspx?_lg=en-GB Home]." Saint-Germain-en-Laye Libraries. Retrieved 1 September 2016.</ref>
* Médiatèque Marc-Ferro
* Bibliothèque George-Sand

==In art==
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Alfred Sisley - The Terrace at Saint-Germain, Spring - Google Art Project.jpg|''The Terrace at Saint-Germain, Spring'', 1875 by [[Alfred Sisley]]. [[The Walters Art Museum]] 
</gallery>

== Hospital ==
* [[Centre hospitalier intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] mainly in [[Poissy]].

== Notable people ==

=== Entertainment ===
*[[Jaque Catelain]] (1897–1965), actor
* [[Albert Dupontel]] (born 1964), actor
* [[Mélanie Thierry]] (born 1981), actress

=== Literature ===

* [[Christian de Boisredon]] (born 1974), author and social entrepreneur
* [[Virginie Greiner]] (born 1969), comic book scriptwriter
* [[Jean-Jacques Lafaye]] (born 1958), writer, essayist
* [[Gérard de Nerval]] (1808–1855), poet, who lived there during part of his childhood and adolescence
* [[Emmanuelle Polack]] (born 1965), author and art historian
* [[Charles Gautier de Vinfrais]] (1704–1797), [[Encyclopédistes|encyclopédiste]]

=== Military ===

*[[John Patrick O'Gara]] (born 1692), soldier in the Spanish Army of Jacobite Irish descent
* [[Louis-Michel Letort de Lorville]] (1773–1815), French general of the [[Napoleonic Wars]]

=== Music ===
* [[Albert Renaud (organist)|Albert Renaud]] (1855–1924), organist
* [[Claude Debussy]] (1862–1918), composer
* [[Albert Alain]] (1880–1971), composer and organist
* [[Jehan Alain]] (1911–1940), composer 
* [[Marie-Claire Alain]] (1926–2013), organist and organ teacher
* [[St Germain (musician)|Ludovic Navarre]] (born 1955), electronic musician
* [[Benoît Delbecq]] (born 1966), jazz pianist and composer

=== Nobility ===
* [[Henry II of France|Henry II]] (1519–1559), [[France|King of France]]
* [[James II of England]], king who lived there in exile and is buried there
* [[Marie of France, Duchess of Bar|Marie of France]] (1344–1404), Duchess of Bar
* [[Jeanne d'Albret]] (1528–1572), [[Queen Regnant]] of [[Navarre]]
* [[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]] (1550–1574), King of France
* [[Louis de Buade de Frontenac]] (1622–1698), French courtier and [[Governor of New France]]
* [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] (1638–1715), King of France
* [[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans]], (1640–1701), younger brother of Louis XIV
* [[Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart]] (1692–1712), daughter of [[James II of England]], known to Jacobites as the Princess Royal
* [[Charles O'Gara]] (1699–1777), a courtier and official of the Holy Roman Empire of Jacobite Irish descent

=== Politics ===

* [[Pierre Appell]] (1887–1957), French politician
* [[Marion Maréchal-Le Pen]] (born 1989), French politician

=== Religion ===

* [[Jacques Fesch]] (1930–1957), [[Christian mystic]]
* [[Pierre de Porcaro]] (1904–1945), priest and prisoner-of-war during the Second World War

=== Science and engineering ===
* [[Jean Albert Gaudry]] (1827–1908), geologist and palaeontologist
* [[Gabriel de Mortillet]] (1821–1898) archeologist and anthropologist, mayor of the town from 1882 to1888
* [[Charles-Hippolyte de Paravey]], engineer who died in the city
* [[Salomon Reinach]] (1858–1932), [[archaeologist]]
* [[Sylvie Vauclair]] (born 1946), astrophysicist

=== Sports ===
* [[Mohamed Haddadou]] (born 1974), footballer
* [[Amélie Mauresmo]] (born 1979), [[tennis player]]
* [[Bruno Besson]] (born 1979), racing driver
* [[Ismael Gace]] (born 1986), footballer
* [[Christopher Oualembo]] (born 1987), footballer
* [[Jonathan Eysseric]] (born 1990), [[tennis player]]
* [[Frédéric Vieillot]] (born 1990), footballer
* [[Caroline Garcia]] (born 1991), [[tennis player]]
* [[Rashad Muhammed]] (born 1993), footballer
* [[David Aubry]] (born 1996), swimmer
* [[Gabriel Aubry (racing driver)|Gabriel Aubry]] (born 1998), racing driver

==Twin towns – sister cities==
Saint-Germain-en-Laye is twinned with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Les villes jumelles|url=https://www.saintgermainenlaye.fr/269/les-villes-jumelles.htm|website=saintgermainenlaye.fr|publisher=Saint-Germain-en-Laye|language=fr|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Aschaffenburg]], Germany, since 1975
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Schwelm]], Germany
* {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Ayr]], [[South Ayrshire]], Scotland, since 1984
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Winchester, Massachusetts]], United States, since 1990
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Gmina Konstancin-Jeziorna|Konstancin-Jeziorna]], Poland, since 1992

==See also==
{{Portal|France}}
* [[Communes of the Yvelines department]]
* [[The works of Antonin Mercié]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|d=y|voy=Île-de-France|c=category:Saint-Germain-en-Laye|b=no|v=no|wikt=Saint-Germain-en-Laye|s=no|q=no|n=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no}}
* [http://www.saintgermainenlaye.fr/ Saint-Germain-en-Laye] {{in lang|fr}}
* [http://www.mablehome.com/fortification/france/allemandes/st-germain-en-laye/saint-germain-en-laye-01.htm German bunkers in Saint-Germain-en-Laye]

{{Saint-Germain-en-Laye}}
{{Paris Metropolitan Area}}
{{Communes nouvelles of Yvelines}}
{{Yvelines communes}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1020 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1020s establishments in France]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 11th century]]
[[Category:Cities in Île-de-France]]
[[Category:Communes of Yvelines]]
[[Category:Communes nouvelles of Yvelines]]
[[Category:Subprefectures in France]]
[[Category:Saint-Germain-en-Laye| ]]