Editing SEPECAT Jaguar

{{Short description|French/British attack aircraft}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2017}}
{{good article}}
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{{Infobox aircraft
| name = Jaguar
| image = File:French Jaguar A of EC 1-7 Provence in flight over the Adriatic Sea, 8 April 2003 (DF-SD-05-05511).jpg
| image_caption = A French Air Force Jaguar completes [[Aerial refueling|air-to-air refueling]] over the [[Adriatic Sea]]
| alt =
| aircraft_type = [[Attack aircraft]]
| national_origin = France/United Kingdom
| manufacturer = [[SEPECAT]] ([[Breguet Aviation|Breguet]]/[[British Aircraft Corporation|BAC]])
| builder = [[SEPECAT]]
| first_flight = 8 September 1968
| introduction = 1973
| retired = 2005 (France) / 2007 (UK) / 2014 (Oman)
| status = In service with Indian Air Force
| primary_user = [[Indian Air Force]]
| more_users = {{plainlist|
*[[Royal Air Force]] (historical)
*[[French Air Force]] (historical)
*[[Royal Air Force of Oman]] (historical)}}
| produced = 1968–1981
| number_built = 573<ref name="url"/>
| variants =
}}

The '''SEPECAT Jaguar''' is a British-French [[supersonic]] jet [[attack aircraft]] originally used by the British [[Royal Air Force]] and the [[French Air Force]] in the [[close air support]] and nuclear strike role. As of 2025, the Jaguar remains in service with the [[Indian Air Force]].

Originally conceived in the 1960s as a [[jet trainer]] with a light ground attack capability, the requirement for the aircraft soon changed to include [[supersonic]] performance, reconnaissance and [[tactical nuclear weapon|tactical nuclear strike]] roles. A carrier-based variant was also planned for French Navy service, but this was cancelled in favour of the cheaper, fully French-built [[Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard]]. The aircraft were manufactured by [[SEPECAT]] (''Société Européenne de Production de l'avion Ecole de Combat et d'Appui Tactique''), a joint venture between [[Bréguet Aviation|Breguet]] and the [[British Aircraft Corporation]], one of the first major joint British-French military aircraft programmes.

The Jaguar was exported to India, Oman, Ecuador and Nigeria. The aircraft was used in numerous conflicts and military operations in [[Mauritania]], [[Chad]], [[Iraq]], [[Bosnia]], and [[Pakistan]], as well as providing a ready nuclear delivery platform for the United Kingdom, France, and India throughout the latter half of the [[Cold War]] and beyond. In the [[Gulf War]], the Jaguar was praised for its reliability and was a valuable coalition resource. The aircraft served with the French Air Force as the main strike/attack aircraft until 1 July 2005, and with the Royal Air Force until the end of April 2007. Its role was replaced by the [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] in the RAF and the [[Dassault Rafale]] in the French Air Force.

==Development==
===Background===
[[File:JaguarT2 RAF over Scotland 1981.jpg|thumb|RAF Jaguar T2 in flight displaying underside, 1,187 litre tanks and CBLS (carrier, bomb, light store) fitted to its under-wing pylons.]]
The Jaguar programme began in the early 1960s, in response to a British requirement (Air Staff Target 362) for an advanced [[Supersonic aircraft|supersonic]] jet trainer to replace the [[Folland Gnat|Folland Gnat T1]] and [[Hawker Hunter|Hawker Hunter T7]], and a French requirement (the ''École de Combat et d'Appui Tactique'', ECAT "tactical combat support trainer") for a cheap, subsonic dual role trainer and light attack aircraft to replace the [[Fouga Magister]], [[Lockheed T-33]] and [[Dassault Mystère IV]].<ref name="url">[http://www.dassault-aviation.com/en/passion/aircraft/military-dassault-aircraft/jaguar.html?L=1 "Military Dassault aircraft: Jaguar."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620024938/http://www.dassault-aviation.com/en/passion/aircraft/military-dassault-aircraft/jaguar.html?L=1 |date=20 June 2008 }} ''Dassault Aviation.'' Retrieved: 15 November 2010.</ref><ref>Bowman 2007, pp. 12–13.</ref> In both countries several companies tendered designs: BAC, [[Hunting Aircraft|Hunting]], [[Hawker Siddeley]] and [[Folland Aircraft|Folland]] in Britain; Breguet, [[Potez]], [[Sud Aviation|Sud-Aviation]], [[Nord Aviation|Nord]], and Dassault from France.<ref name="WAPJ11 p56"/> A [[Memorandum of understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] was signed in May 1965 for the two countries to develop two aircraft, a trainer based on the ECAT, and the larger [[BAC/Dassault AFVG|AFVG]] (British-French Variable Geometry).<ref name="WAPJ11 p56">Jackson 1992, p. 56.</ref>

Cross-channel negotiations led to the formation of SEPECAT (''Société Européenne de Production de l'Avion d'École de Combat et d'Appui Tactique'' – the "European company for the production of a combat trainer and tactical support aircraft"<ref name = 'wagner 122'>Wagner 2009, p. 122.</ref>) in 1966 as a joint venture between Breguet{{#tag:ref|Breguet later merged to form Dassault-Breguet, subsequently [[Dassault Aviation]]|group=N}} and the British Aircraft Corporation to produce the airframe. Though based in part on the Breguet Br.121, using the same basic configuration and an innovative French-designed landing gear, the Jaguar was built incorporating major elements of design from BAC, notably the wing and high lift devices.<ref name="WAPJ11 p58,71">Jackson 1992, pp. 58, 71.</ref>

Production of components would be split between Breguet and BAC, and the aircraft themselves would be assembled on two production lines; one in the UK and one in France,<ref>Bowman 2007, pp. 14–17.</ref> To avoid any duplication of work, each aircraft component had only one source.<ref name = 'flight 1969 600'/> The British light strike/tactical support versions were the most demanding design, requiring supersonic performance, superior avionics, a cutting edge nav/attack system of more accuracy and complexity than the French version, [[moving map display]], laser range-finder and marked-target seeker (LRMTS). As a result, the initial Br.121 design needed a thinner wing, redesigned fuselage, a higher rear cockpit, and after-burning engines. The British design departed from the French sub-sonic Breguet 121 to such a degree that it was effectively a new design.<ref name="thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/jaguar/history.php|title = Thunder & Lightnings - SEPECAT Jaguar - History}}</ref>

A separate partnership was formed between [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]] and [[Turbomeca]] to develop the [[Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour|Adour]] afterburning turbofan engine.<ref name="JAWA80 p105"/><ref name="JAWA80 p708">Taylor 1980, p. 708.</ref> The Br.121 was proposed with Turbomeca's Tourmalet engine for ECAT but Breguet preferred the RR RB.172 and their joint venture would use elements of both. The new engine, which would be used for the AFVG as well, would be built in [[Derby]] and [[Tarnos]].<ref>Bowman 2007. p18-19</ref>

Previous collaborative efforts between Britain and France had been complicated – the AFVG programme ended in cancellation, and controversy surrounded the development of the supersonic airliner [[Concorde]].<ref name = 'wallace 27'>Wallace 1984, p. 27.</ref> Whilst the technical collaboration between BAC and Breguet went well,<ref name="WAPJ11 p58"/> when Dassault took over Breguet in 1971 it encouraged acceptance of its own designs, such as the [[Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard|Super Étendard]] naval attack aircraft and the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1]], for which it would receive more profit, over the British-French Jaguar.<ref name = 'wallace 27'/><ref name="WAPJ11 p77">Jackson 1992, p. 77.</ref>

The initial plan was for Britain to buy 150 Jaguar "B" trainers, with its strike requirements being met by the advanced BAC-Dassault AFVG aircraft, with France to buy 75 "E" trainers (''école'') and 75 "A" single-seat strike attack aircraft (''appui''). Dassault favoured its own [[Dassault Mirage G|Mirage G]] aircraft above the collaborative AFVG, and in June&nbsp;1967, France cancelled the AFVG on cost grounds.<ref name = 'segell 169'>Segell 1998, p. 169.</ref> This left a gap in the RAF's planned strike capabilities for the 1970s;<ref name = 'segell 169'/> at the same time as France's cancellation of the AFVG, Germany was expressing a serious interest in the Jaguar,<ref name = 'segell 172'>Segell 1998, p. 172.</ref> and thus the design became more oriented towards the low-level strike role.<ref name="WAPJ11 p56,8">Jackson 1992, pp. 56, 58.</ref>

With the cancellation of both the [[BAC TSR-2]] tactical strike aircraft and [[Hawker Siddeley P.1154]] supersonic V/STOL fighter, the RAF were looking increasingly hard at their future light strike needs and realizing that they now needed more than just advanced trainers with some secondary counter insurgency capability. At this point, the RAF's proposed strike fleet was to be the American [[General Dynamics F-111]]s plus the AFVG for lighter strike purposes. There was concern that both F-111 and AFVG were high risk projects and with the French already planning on a strike role for the Jaguar, there was an opportunity to introduce a credible backup plan for the RAF's future strike needs – the Jaguar. As a result, by October&nbsp;1970, the RAF's requirements had changed to 165 single-seat strike aircraft and 35 trainers.<ref name="WAPJ11 p58">Jackson 1992, p. 58.</ref>

The Jaguar was to replace the [[McDonnell Douglas Phantom in UK service|McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR2]] in the [[close air support]], tactical reconnaissance and tactical strike roles, freeing the Phantom to be used for air defence.<ref name="Hobbs p37">Hobbs 2008, p.37.</ref> Both the French and British trainer requirements had developed significantly, and were eventually fulfilled instead by the [[Alpha Jet]] and [[Hawker Siddeley Hawk]] respectively.<ref name = 'wallace 28'>Wallace 1984, p. 28.</ref> The French, meanwhile, had chosen the Jaguar to replace the ''[[French Naval Aviation|Aeronavale]]'''s [[Dassault Étendard IV]], and increased their order to include an initial 40 of a carrier-capable [[Navalised|maritime version]] of the Jaguar, the Jaguar M.<ref name="Bowman 2007, p. 21">Bowman 2007, p. 21.</ref> From these apparently disparate aims would come a single and entirely different aircraft: relatively high-tech, supersonic, and optimised for ground-attack in a high-threat environment.<ref>Wagner 2009, pp. 122–123.</ref>

===Prototypes===
The first of eight prototypes flew on 8&nbsp;September&nbsp;1968, a two-seat design fitted with the first production model Adour engine.<ref name="1stFlight">''Flight'' 12 September 1968, p. 391.</ref><ref name="JAWA71 p107">Taylor 1971, p. 107.</ref> This aircraft went supersonic on its third flight but was lost on landing on 26 March 1970 following an engine fire.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Year 1970|url=http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/project/year_pages/1970.htm|publisher=Ejection-history.org.uk|access-date=8 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004200854/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/project/year_pages/1970.htm|archive-date=4 October 2012|url-status = dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The second prototype flew in February 1969; a total of three prototypes flew at the [[Paris Air Show]] that year. The first French "A" prototype flew in March 1969. In October a British "S" conducted its first flight.<ref name = 'flight 1969 600'>''Flight'' 16 October 1969, p. 600.</ref>

[[File:Musée de L’Aéronautique Navale (11).JPG|thumb|Jaguar M prototype]]
A Jaguar M prototype flew in November 1969. This had a strengthened airframe, an arrestor hook and different undercarriage: twin nosewheel and single mainwheels. After testing in France it went to [[RAF Thurleigh|RAE at Thurleigh]] for carrier landing trials from their land based catapult, after which, in July 1970, it underwent a series of shipboard trials from the French carrier ''[[French aircraft carrier Clemenceau (R98)|Clemenceau]]''. From these trials there were doubts about the throttle response in case of an aborted landing. The shipboard testing also revealed problems with the aircraft's handling when flying on one engine, although planned engine improvements were to have rectified these problems.<ref name="WAPJ11 p77"/> The "M" was considered a suitable replacement for the Etendard IV but the ''Aeronavale'' would only be able to afford 60 instead of 100 aircraft.<ref>Bowman 2007, p. 23-27.</ref>

In 1971, Dassault proposed the Super Étendard, claiming that it was a simpler and cheaper development of the existing Étendard IV, and in 1973, the French Navy ordered it instead of the Jaguar. However, rising costs meant that only 71 of the planned 100 Super Étendards were purchased.<ref name="WAPJ11 p77"/> The M was cancelled by the French government in 1973.<ref>Bowman 2007, p. 26.</ref>

==Design==
===Overview===
[[File:JaguarGR3 41Sqn RAF 1999.jpeg|thumb|RAF Jaguar GR3 with view of overwing AIM-9L Sidewinder missile.]]
The Jaguar is an orthodox single-seat, swept-wing, twin-engine [[monoplane]] design, with tall [[tricycle gear|tricycle-type]] retractable [[landing gear]].<ref name="WAPJ11 p58,71"/> In its original configuration, it had a maximum take-off weight in the 15 tonne class;<ref name="JAWA80 p106-7">Taylor 1980, pp. 106–107.</ref> with a combat radius on internal fuel of {{convert|850|km|mi|abbr=on}}, giving the Jaguar a greater operational range than competitor aircraft such as the [[Mikoyan MiG-27]].<ref>Tellis 2001, p. 535.</ref> The aircraft had hardpoints fitted for an external weapons load of up to 10,000&nbsp;lb (4,500&nbsp;kg).<ref name="JAWA80 p106-7"/> Typical weapons fitted included the Matra LR.F2 rocket pod, BAP 100-mm bombs, [[Martel (missile)|Martel]] AS.37 anti-radar missiles, [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] missiles, and [[CBU-100 Cluster Bomb|Rockeye cluster bombs]].<ref name = 'glenn 8'/><ref name = 'glenn 9'>Glenn 2005, p. 9.</ref><ref name = 'glenn 40'>Glenn 2005, p. 40.</ref> The RAF's Jaguars gained several new weapons during the Gulf War, including [[CRV7]] high-velocity rockets and American [[CBU-87 Combined Effects Munition|CBU-87]] [[cluster bomb]]s.<ref name="WAPJ11 p63-6">Jackson 1992, pp. 63–66.</ref> Finally, the Jaguar was equipped with either a pair of 30&nbsp;mm autocannon - the French [[DEFA cannon]], or British [[ADEN cannon]].<ref name="auto">Wagner 2009, p. 123.</ref><ref name="owen 217">Owen 2000, p. 217.</ref>

The Jaguar International had the unusual option of overwing pylons, used for short-range air-to-air missiles, such as the [[R.550 Magic|Matra R550 Magic]] or the Sidewinder. This option freed up the under-wing pylons for other weapons and stores. RAF Jaguars gained overwing pylons in the buildup to [[Operation Granby]] in 1990,<ref name="IAPR11 p64">Jackson 1992, p. 64.</ref> but French Jaguars were not modified.<ref name="IAPR11 p69">Jackson 1992, p. 69.</ref>

===Engine===
{{main|Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour}}
The SEPECAT Jaguar is powered by the [[Rolls-Royce Turbomeca]] Adour [[turbofan]] engine, which was developed in parallel with, and primarily for the Jaguar. A separate partnership was formed between Rolls-Royce and Turbomeca to develop the Adour, a two-shaft turbofan engine with [[afterburner]].<ref name="JAWA80 p105"/> Twin engines were selected for survivability. Ease of maintenance was major consideration, an engine change being possible within 30 minutes. For the Jaguars it needed a low bypass capable of high thrust for take off, supersonic flight and low level "dashes".<ref>Bowman 2007, p. 19-20.</ref>

[[File:Jaguar Refueling.JPEG|thumb|RAF Jaguar GR3 during [[Aerial refueling|mid-air refueling.]]]]

When the first prototype Jaguar flew on 8&nbsp;September&nbsp;1968, it was also the first flight for the engine.<ref name="1stFlight"/> In its initial development the Adour engine had complications with the stability of the [[afterburner]] system,<ref>Gunston, Bill. "The Phoenix of Derby." ''New Scientist'', Vol. 52, No. 773, 9 December 1971, p. 76.</ref> and shipboard testing showed slow throttle response times, problematic in the situation of an aborted landing; engine improvements rectified these problems prior to the Jaguar coming into service.<ref name="WAPJ11 p77"/> In French service, the Jaguars were introduced using the original Mk.101 engine. RAF Jaguars entered service using the Mk.102 engine, mainly featuring better afterburner-throttle control over the Mk.101.<ref>Ford, T. "Rolls-Royce Adour." ''Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology'', 51(3), 1979, pp. 2–5.</ref> The RAF later had its Jaguars re-engined around 1981 with the improved Adour Mk.104, and again in 1999 with the Mk.106, each providing greater performance.<ref name="WAPJ11 p94">Jackson 1992, p. 94.</ref><ref name = 'morebite'/>

The Adour was developed into both afterburning and non-afterburning models;<ref name = 'RR spcs'>[http://www.rolls-royce.com/defence/products/combat_jets/adour.jsp "Adour: Product Description."] ''Rolls-Royce'', Retrieved: 22 January 2011.</ref> the Hawk, which had beaten the Jaguar to fulfill the Air Staff Target 362 trainer requirement, also used the non-afterburning Adour engine.<ref name = 'RR spcs'/> Other applications include the [[McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk]], the [[Mitsubishi T-2]], and derived [[Mitsubishi F-1]].<ref name="Sekigawa p130">Sekigawa 1980, p. 130.</ref>

===Avionics===
[[File:Cockpit of Jaguar GR.3A.jpg|thumb|Cockpit of an RAF Jaguar GR3A.]]
From the outset the Jaguar was equipped with a navigation and attack system. While A versions had a reliable double gyroscopic system and a [[Doppler radar]] derived from the Mirage IIIE, the GR1s had a totally new digital system with an [[inertial navigation system]] and a [[heads-up display]], plus a Laser Ranging and Marked Targeting System (LRMTS) in the nose. These systems were a step above the current technology of the time, but reliability was quite low.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

There were many more systems added with the time, like the Atlis II in the French aircraft, and, in 1994–95, some GR1s had laser-designator systems fitted. Missiles like [[AS-30]] and the anti-ship [[Sea Eagle (missile)|Sea Eagle]] were added. Some IAF aircraft had the Agave radar system, purposely for maritime strike. India later developed the DARIN system in its Jaguar fleet, with a modern 1553 databus.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Although in operational theatres such as the [[Gulf War]] the Jaguar proved to be mechanically more reliable than the [[Panavia Tornado]], the aircraft's avionics were a hindrance to conducting missions.<ref name = 'D&C 34'>Donald and Chant 2001, p. 34.</ref> Owing to the Jaguar A's shortcomings in navigation and target acquisition, French Jaguars had to be escorted by Mirage F1CR reconnaissance aircraft to act as guides. The Jaguar provided a valuable component of the campaign; the RAF detachment of 12 Jaguars flew 612 combat sorties, with no aircraft lost.<ref name="WAPJ11 p93">Jackson 1992, p. 93.</ref>

Significant changes were made both during and shortly after the war.<ref name="Barrie"/> Both French and British Jaguars had recently-developed [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) receivers fitted, more accurate than their previous navigational systems.<ref name = 'R&H 151'>Russell and Hasik 2002, p. 151.</ref> Prior to [[Operation Deliberate Force]], the 1995 NATO bombing campaign in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], a dozen Jaguars were upgraded with the capability to carry the [[TIALD]] [[laser designator]] pod and [[British military aircraft designation systems|redesignated]] ''Jaguar GR1B'' or ''T2B'' respectively.<ref name="AI Oct97 p226-8">Lake ''Air International'' October 1997, pp. 226–228.</ref> Shortly afterwards, the RAF upgraded its Jaguar fleet to a common standard, incorporating TIALD and the ability to use new reconnaissance pods. The interim GR3 (''Jaguar 96'') upgrade added a new [[Head-up display|HUD]], a new [[Joystick|hand controller]] and stick top, integrated GPS and [[TERPROM]] Terrain Referenced Navigation.<ref name="Barrie">Barrie ''Flight International'' via ''flightglobal.com,'' 8–14 April 1998, pp. 30–32.</ref><ref name="AI Nov97 p274-6">Lake ''Air International'' November 1997, pp. 274–276.</ref> The further upgraded ''Jaguar GR3A'' introduced the new EO GP1 (JRP) digital reconnaissance pod, a helmet-mounted sight, improved cockpit displays, a datalink, and improved [[Night vision device|night vision goggles]] compatibility.<ref name="AI Dec00 p359-0">Lake ''Air International'' December 2000, pp. 359–360.</ref>
A single Jaguar was converted into the Jaguar Active Control Technology (ACT) with [[fly-by-wire]] controls and aerodynamic alterations to the airframe, allowing aerodynamic instability which improved manoeuvrability, providing data used in the development of the [[Eurofighter]].<ref>[http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/cosford/collections/aircraft/sepecat-jaguar-act-demonstrator.cfm ''SEPECAT Jaguar ACT Demonstrator.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105041649/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/cosford/collections/aircraft/sepecat-jaguar-act-demonstrator.cfm |date=5 January 2011 }} ''RAF Museum Cosford.'' Retrieved: 2 January 2011.</ref>

==Operational history==
===France===
The French Air Force took delivery of the first production Jaguar in 1973, one of an eventual 160 single-seat Jaguar As. For type conversion training, France also took 40 of the two-seat ''Jaguar E''.<ref name="WAPJ11 p99"/> While the Jaguar was capable of carrying a single [[AN-52 bomb|AN-52]] nuclear bomb, the French government did not assign any Jaguars for use in the ''[[Force de frappe]]'', France's strategic nuclear deterrent.<ref>Croddy and Wirtz 2005, pp. 276, 361.</ref> Nuclear armed Jaguars were instead assigned the "Pre-Strategic" role, to clear a path for the Strategic strike force.<ref name="WAPJ11 p80,100">Jackson 1992, pp. 80, 100.</ref> The AN-52 nuclear bomb was retired from service in September 1991, when the formerly nuclear-armed squadrons of Escadre de Chasse 7 then concentrated on conventional attack.<ref name="WAPJ11 p100"/> French Jaguars also performed in the role of [[Electronic countermeasure|electronic counter measures]] (ECM) aircraft, bearing the Martel [[anti-radiation missile]], capable of staying airborne to suppress enemy defences for long periods of time through mid air refuelling.<ref name = 'glenn 8'>Glenn 2005, p. 8.</ref>

[[File:Jaguar 33 ardennes 2.jpg|thumb|A French Jaguar on runway under tow.|alt=Jet aircraft being towed on taxiway towards left of camera.]]

In French service, the Jaguar was frequently deployed in defence of national interests in Africa during the 1970s, a policy sometimes referred to as "Jaguar diplomacy" (''la diplomatie du Jaguar'').<ref name=Lespinois1>de Lespinois, Jérôme. [http://www.cesa.air.defense.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/PLAF24.pdf "La diplomatie aérienne: The new gunboat diplomacy" (in French).] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720012338/http://www.cesa.air.defense.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/PLAF24.pdf |date=20 July 2011 }} ''Penser les Ailes françaises,'' Issue 24, 2010/2011. Retrieved: 19 January 2011.</ref> Jaguars made their combat debut against [[Polisario Front]] forces in [[Mauritania]] in December 1977, as part of [[Opération Lamantin]].<ref name="JAWA80 p105">Taylor 1980, p. 105.</ref><ref name=Forget>Forget, Michel. [http://www.cesa.air.defense.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/RHA1_1992.pdf "Mauritanie 1977: Lamantin, une intervention extérieure à dominante air" (in French).] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720012458/http://www.cesa.air.defense.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/RHA1_1992.pdf |date=20 July 2011 }} ''Revue historique des armées,'' January 1992. Retrieved: 19 January 2011.</ref> In August 1978 a conventionally armed rapid reaction squadron was established, intended to deploy in support of French forces and interests anywhere in the world.<ref name = 'glenn 8'/>

France had been involved in the [[Chadian–Libyan conflict|conflict in Chad]] for many years, and 2,000 men of the ''Force d'Intervention'' along with helicopters and Jaguars were deployed to defend central Chad in 1978; further forces arrived later as part of [[Opération Tacaud]].<ref>Burr and Collins 2008, pp. 119, 124.</ref> The Jaguars were engaged in May and June 1978, contributing significantly in halting an offensive by [[Goukouni Oueddei]]'s [[FROLINAT]] forces, who were routed. One aircraft was shot down, but the pilot was recovered by helicopter.<ref name=Lespinois2>de Lespinois, Jérôme. [http://www.cesa.air.defense.gouv.fr/DPESA/PLAF/PLAF_N_6.pdf "L'emploi de la force aérienne au Tchad (1967–1987)" (in French).] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305170836/http://www.cesa.air.defense.gouv.fr/DPESA/PLAF/PLAF_N_6.pdf |date=5 March 2009 }} ''Penser les Ailes françaises,'' Issue 6, June 2005, pp. 65–74. Retrieved: 19 January 2011.</ref>

In support of the further military action in the region, known as [[Operation Manta]], Jaguars were deployed to [[Bangui]], [[Central African Republic]], in 1983, before being rebased inside [[Chad]] at [[N'Djamena International Airport]]. On 25&nbsp;January&nbsp;1984, Jaguars attacked a rebel column that was withdrawing after raiding the town of [[Zigey]]. One aircraft was shot down and the pilot, Captain Michel Croci, was killed.<ref>Shaked and Dishion 1984, p. 589.</ref> The "Manta" forces were withdrawn in 1984, as part of a de-escalation agreement, whereby both [[Libya]]n and French forces were to be withdrawn from Chad. The Libyans did not respect the agreement, and Jaguars returned to Chad in 1986, as part of [[Operation Epervier]], this time with a more forceful role. On 16&nbsp;February&nbsp;1986, 11 Jaguars, escorted by Mirage F1 fighters and supported by [[Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker|Boeing C-135F]] tankers and [[Breguet Atlantic]] aircraft, launched a [[Ouadi Doum air raid|raid on the airfield at Wadi Doum]], which the Libyans had constructed in Northern Chad, using BAP-100 anti-runway bombs.<ref>Burr and Collins 2008, p. 201.</ref> In response to Libyan incursions, another strike was carried out on 7&nbsp;January&nbsp;1987, when a Jaguar destroyed a Libyan radar with a Martel missile.<ref name=Lespinois2/><ref>Cooper, Tom. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040220180841/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_360.shtml "Libyan Wars, 1980–1989, Part 6."]}} ''Air Combat Information Group,'' 13 November 2003. Retrieved: 19 January 2011.</ref> The Jaguars stationed at Ndjamena were a target for Libyan sabotage owing to their effectiveness against enemy forces, but the attempts were unsuccessful.<ref>Burr and Collins 2008, p. 124.</ref>

====Persian Gulf War====
[[File:JaguarGR1 41Sqn refueling Gulf1991.jpeg|thumb|right|An RAF Jaguar deployed to the Middle East, being refuelled on the ground.|alt=View of mechanics servicing a desert pink jet aircraft.]]

France committed military assets to the Gulf War coalition; in October 1990, eight Jaguar A aircraft and several Mirage F1CR reconnaissance aircraft were sent to the Middle East. The Mirages, which had more advanced avionics, acted as guides for the Jaguars.<ref name = 'D&C 39-40'>Donald and Chant 2001, pp. 39–40.</ref> Because their obsolete navigational systems were unable to provide the accuracy required, both French and British Jaguars were quickly modified with GPS receivers; RAF Tornados also had to be modified, but to a lesser extent.<ref name="R&H 151"/> The French Jaguar force in Saudi Arabia grew to a maximum of 28 aircraft and carried out 615 combat sorties, during which one Jaguar was damaged by an Iraqi surface-to-air missile.<ref name="WAPJ11 p91">Jackson 1992, p. 92.</ref> Typical targets were Iraqi armoured units, [[Scud]] missile sites, and naval vessels.<ref name = 'glenn 40'/>

On 17 January 1991, 12 French Jaguars bombed [[Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base]], Kuwait; three were damaged in the attack but all returned to base.<ref name = 'glenn 40'/> On 26&nbsp;January, RAF Jaguars and Tornados raided several [[Silkworm missile]] batteries in Kuwait to encourage the perception of an imminent amphibious invasion to liberate the country.<ref name = 'glenn 41'>Glenn 2005, p. 41.</ref> On the 30th, two RAF Jaguars destroyed a [[Polnocny class landing ship|''Polnochny''-class landing ship]] with rockets and cannon.<ref>Bowman 2007, pp. 174–175.</ref> The [[Iraqi Republican Guard]], entrenched on the Kuwait-Saudi border, were subjected to a continuous intensive bombing campaign for weeks to demoralise them, allied Jaguars forming a portion of the delivering aircraft.<ref name = 'glenn 44'>Glenn 2005, p. 44.</ref> The Jaguars also performed valuable reconnaissance of the combat area for Coalition forces.<ref name = 'glenn 44'/> Both nations' Jaguars were withdrawn from the region in March 1991, at the end of Desert Storm.<ref name = 'glenn 44'/>

====Subsequent operations====
In [[Operation Deliberate Force]] in 1995, six Jaguars based in Italy conducted 63 strike missions.<ref name = 'owen 217'/> The last Jaguars in French service were retired in 2005, being replaced in the ground attack roles by the Dassault Rafale.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/channels/mro/articles/2006/07/04/207575/rafale-squadron-inaugurated.html "Rafale squadron inaugurated."] ''Flight International'' via ''flightglobal.com,'' 4 July 2006.</ref>

===United Kingdom===
[[File:RAF Jaguar Tactical Meet.JPEG|thumb|No. 2 Squadron Jaguar GR1s at RAF Wildenrath, Germany, in 1978.|alt=Two dark green jet aircraft (one partly obscured) parked on concrete ramp in front of building.]]

The RAF accepted delivery of the first of 165 single seat Jaguar GR1s (the [[British military aircraft designation systems|service designation]] of the Jaguar S) with [[No. 54 Squadron RAF|No 54 (F) squadron]] in 1974. These were supplemented by 35 two seat trainers, the Jaguar T2 (previously ''Jaguar B''). The Jaguar S and B had a more comprehensive nav/attack system than the A and E models used by the French Air Force, consisting of a Ferranti/Marconi Navigation and Weapon Aiming Sub System (NAVWASS) and a Plessey 10 Way Weapon Control System. RAF Jaguars were used for rapid deployment and regional reinforcement,<ref>Eden 2004, p. 404.</ref><!--Quote "Moreover, a squadron could deploy at a moment's notice, and with minimal ground support.--> and others flew in the tactical nuclear strike role, carrying the [[WE.177]] bomb.<ref name="WE.177">Cirincione et al. 2005, p. 199.</ref>

Beginning in 1975 with [[No. 6 Squadron RAF|6 Squadron]], followed by 54 Squadron based at [[RAF Coltishall]], and a '[[Shadow squadron]]', [[No. 226 Operational Conversion Unit RAF|226 OCU]] based at [[RAF Lossiemouth]], Jaguar squadrons were declared operational to [[SACEUR]] with the WE.177.<ref>[http://nuclear-weapons.info/images/1975.PNG "RAF nuclear front line Order-of-Battle 1975."] ''nuclear-weapons.info.'' Retrieved: 15 November 2010.</ref> [[No. 14 Squadron RAF|14 Squadron]] and [[No. 17 Squadron RAF|17 Squadron]] based at [[RAF Bruggen]] followed by 1977.<ref>[http://nuclear-weapons.info/images/1976.PNG "RAF nuclear front line Order-of-Battle 1976."] ''nuclear-weapons.info.'' Retrieved: 15 November 2010.</ref><ref>[http://nuclear-weapons.info/images/1977-78.PNG "RAF nuclear front line Order-of-Battle 1977–78."] ''nuclear-weapons.info.'' Retrieved: 15 November 2010.</ref> [[No. 20 Squadron RAF|20 Squadron]] and [[No. 31 Squadron RAF|31 Squadron]] also based at RAF Bruggen brought the RAF Jaguar force to its peak strength of six squadrons plus the OCU, each of twelve aircraft equipped with eight WE.177s. Two further squadrons, [[No. 2 Squadron RAF|2 Squadron]] and [[No. 41 Squadron RAF|41 Squadron]] based at [[RAF Laarbruch]] and RAF Coltishall respectively, were primarily tasked with tactical reconnaissance.<ref name = 'wagner 124'>Wagner 2009, p. 124.</ref> From 1975 the OCU's wartime role was as an operational squadron in the front line assigned to SACEUR with 12 Jaguar aircraft, eight WE.177 nuclear bombs, and a variety of conventional weapons.<ref name="Carriage"/>

In April 1975, a single Jaguar was used to test the aircraft's rough airstrip capacity, by landing and taking off multiple times from the [[M55 motorway]], the final test flight was conducted with a full weapons load; the ability was never used in service but was considered useful as improvised runways might be the only runways left available in a large scale European conflict.<ref name = 'glenn 19'>Glenn 2005, p. 19.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Video shows 1975 military jet landing on motorway |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/videos/cgkg0xnvn11o |website=BBC News |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref> In a high intensity European war, the role of the Jaguar was to support land forces on the continent in resisting a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] assault on Western Europe, striking targets beyond the forward edge of the battlefield should a conflict escalate. The apparent mismatch between aircraft numbers and nuclear bombs was a consequence of RAF staff planners concluding that there would be one third attrition of Jaguars in an early conventional phase, leaving the survivors numerically strong enough to deliver the allocated stockpile of 56 nuclear bombs.<ref name="Carriage">[http://www.nuclear-weapons.info/vw.htm#WE.177 "WE.177 Carriage."] ''nuclear-weapons.info.'' Retrieved: 15 November 2010.</ref>
[[File:Jaguar GR1As 54Sqn RAF 2002.jpeg|thumb|Three RAF Jaguars during [[Operation Northern Watch]] in September 2002.|alt=Grey jet aircraft flying above desert, with white aircraft further out, trailed be another jet.]]
From December 1983, 75 Jaguar GR1s and 14 T2s were updated to the GR1A and T2A standards with FIN1064 navigation and attack systems replacing the original NAVWASS. At about the same time, most were also re-engined with Adour 104 engines and were fitted with the ability to carry Sidewinder air to air missiles or [[List of military electronics of the United States#A|AN-ALQ-101(V)-10]] [[electronic countermeasures]] pods under the wings.<ref name="WAPJ11 p94"/>

The RAF Jaguar force was altered in late 1984, when 17 Squadron, 20 Squadron and 31 Squadron exchanged their Jaguars for [[Panavia Tornado|Tornado GR1s]], although their assignment to SACEUR and their wartime role remained unchanged. The two other RAF Germany units, 14 Squadron and 2 Squadron, followed suit in 1985 and 1989 respectively, which left the operational Jaguar force concentrated in 6, 41 and 54 Squadrons at RAF Coltishall.<ref>[http://nuclear-weapons.info/images/1984.PNG "RAF nuclear front line Order-of-Battle 1984."] ''nuclear-weapons.info.'' Retrieved: 15 November 2010.</ref><ref>[http://nuclear-weapons.info/images/1985.PNG "RAF nuclear front line Order-of-Battle 1985."] ''nuclear-weapons.info.'' Retrieved: 15 November 2010.</ref>

====1990 Gulf War====
[[File:JaguarGR1 41Sqn Gulf1991.jpeg|thumb|An RAF Jaguar from No. 41 Squadron deployed to [[RAFO Thumrait]], in the Middle East, taking off to participate in ''Desert Shield''.]]

Following the Iraqi [[invasion of Kuwait]], on 9&nbsp;August&nbsp;1990 the British government assigned an initial 12 Jaguar GR1A and 12 Tornado F3 aircraft to the Middle East in [[Operation Granby]],<ref>Donald and Chant 2001, p. 32.</ref> these aircraft operated from bases in [[Oman]] and [[Bahrain]].<ref>Donald and Chant 2001, p. 33.</ref> On 23&nbsp;August&nbsp;1990, a squadron of Tornado GR1 interdictors were dispatched to the region as well, but the Tornado GR1 was difficult to keep operational in the high temperatures.<ref name="D&C 34"/> [[Blackburn Buccaneer]]s were dispatched in January 1991 to act as laser designators for the ground strike aircraft.<ref name = 'D&C 35'>Donald and Chant 2001, p. 35.</ref> The RAF's Jaguars gained several new weapons during the Persian Gulf War, including [[CRV7]] high-velocity rockets and American [[CBU-87 Combined Effects Munition|CBU-87]] [[cluster bomb]]s which were used because the RAF's existing [[BL755]] bombs were designed for low-level release, and therefore unsuitable for higher-altitude operations common over the Persian Gulf.<ref name="WAPJ11 p63-6"/> The RAF's detachment of 12 Jaguars flew 612 combat sorties, with no aircraft being lost.<ref name="WAPJ11 p93"/> ''XZ364'' "Sadman" flew 47 missions; the highest number of missions of any aircraft.<ref>Bowman 2007, p. 162.</ref>

====Subsequent upgrades====
In 1994, in order to meet an urgent need to increase the number of aircraft able to designate targets for [[laser-guided bomb]]s, 10 GR1As and two T2As were upgraded with the capability to carry the TIALD laser designator pod and [[British military aircraft designation systems|redesignated]] as ''Jaguar GR1B'' and ''T2B'' respectively.<ref name="AI Oct97 p226-8"/> TIALD equipped Jaguar GR1Bs were deployed to Italy in August to take part in Operation Deliberate Force against [[Bosnian Serb]] forces, being used to designate targets for RAF Harriers.<ref name="AI Oct97 p228">Lake ''Air International'' October 1997, p. 228.</ref> During the Bosnian operations, a Jaguar of 41 Squadron carried out the first RAF bombing raid in Europe since the end of the [[Second World War]] fifty years before.<ref name="RAF-41">[http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/41squadron.cfm "41 Squadron."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003724/http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/41squadron.cfm |date=4 March 2016 }} ''Royal Air Force,'' 2011. Retrieved: 16 January 2011.</ref>
[[File:Eleven retired Royal Air Force (RAF) SEPECAT Jaguar GR3As, formerly of No. 6 Squadron, now used as ground instructional airframes to train tomorrows' RAF aircraft technicians and engineers, at RAF Cosford.jpg|thumb|RAF Jaguars used as ground instructional airframes at RAF Cosford.]]

Following the success of the GR1B/T2B upgrade, the RAF launched a plan to upgrade its Jaguar fleet to a common standard, incorporating improvements introduced to some aircraft during the Gulf War, together with adding the ability to use TIALD and new reconnaissance pods. The upgrade came in two parts; the interim GR3 (''Jaguar 96'') upgrade added a new [[Head-up display|HUD]], a new [[Joystick|hand controller]] and stick top, integrated GPS and TERPROM Terrain Referenced Navigation. It was delivered in two standards, for [[Reconnaissance|recce]] and TIALD.<ref name="Barrie"/><ref name="AI Nov97 p274-6"/> The further upgraded ''Jaguar GR3A'' (also known as ''Jaguar 97'') introduced fleet-wide compatibility with TIALD and the new EO GP1 (JRP) digital reconnaissance pod, a helmet mounted sight, improved cockpit displays, a datalink, and improved [[Night vision device|night vision goggles]] compatibility.<ref name="AI Dec00 p359-0"/> All GR3As were subsequently re-engined with the new Adour 106 turbofan.<ref name = 'morebite'>Thomas, Geoff. [https://www.flightglobal.com/more-bite-for-jaguars-with-upgraded-adour/27019.article "More bite for Jaguars with upgraded Adour."] ''Flight Daily News'', 16 June 1999.</ref> The RAF's Jaguar 97s were intended to be wired for the carriage of [[ASRAAM]]s on the overwing launchers, but clearance of this weapon was never completed because of funding cuts.<ref name="AI Dec00 p360">Lake ''Air International'' December 2000, p. 360.</ref><ref name="mixed">Ripley, Tim. [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2000/07/25/68455/mixed-news-for-contractors-in-uk-defence-spending-plans.html "Mixed news for contractors in UK defence spending plans."] ''Flightglobal.com'', 25 July 2000. Retrieved: 6 January 2011.</ref>

The Jaguars did not see service in the [[2003 Iraq War]]; they had been planned to operate from bases in Turkey, to the north of Iraq, but Turkey refused access to its airbases and the northern attack was cancelled.<ref>[http://nationalcoldwarexhibition.org/explore/squadron.cfm?number=41 "Cold War Squadrons: No. 41 Squadron."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727111816/http://nationalcoldwarexhibition.org/explore/squadron.cfm?number=41 |date=27 July 2011 }} ''Royal Air Force Museum''. Retrieved: 16 January 2011.</ref>

Demands by the [[HM Treasury|UK Treasury]] to cut the defence budget led to Defence Secretary [[Geoff Hoon]] detailing plans on 21&nbsp;July&nbsp;2004 to withdraw the Jaguar by 2007.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} An expected out of service date of October 2007 was brought forward at just five days notice to 30 April 2007.<ref>[http://www.raf.mod.uk/newsweather/index.cfm?storyid=2CEE8041-1143-EC82-2ECACAEDD252410F "RAF News: RAF Jaguars leave service after 33 years."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020050019/http://www.raf.mod.uk/newsweather/index.cfm?storyid=2CEE8041-1143-EC82-2ECACAEDD252410F |date=20 October 2012 }} ''Royal Air Force.'' Retrieved: 4 June 2011.</ref> On 20&nbsp;December&nbsp;2007, a Jaguar operated by [[Qinetiq|QinetiQ]] undertook the last British military Jaguar flight.<ref>Millard, Douglas. [http://www.qinetiq.com/home/newsroom/news_releases_homepage/2007/4th_quarter/last_jaguar_flight.html "QinetiQ says farewell with last ever UK Jaguar flight."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229160322/http://www.qinetiq.com/home/newsroom/news_releases_homepage/2007/4th_quarter/last_jaguar_flight.html |date=29 December 2007 }} ''Qinetiq.'' 20 December 2007. Retrieved: 15 November 2010.</ref>

Following their retirement from flying service, many Jaguars continued to serve as ground instructional airframes, most notably at [[RAF Cosford]], used in the training of RAF fitters.

===India===
India had been approached as a possible customer for the Jaguar as early as 1968, but had declined, partly on the grounds that it was not yet clear if the French and British would themselves accept the aircraft into service.<ref>Cohen and Dasgupta 2010, p. 77.</ref> India already had its indigenous [[HAL Marut|HF-24 Marut]] fighter-bomber, and tried to upgrade it with new engines, until the new project collapsed. A decade later IAF became the largest single export customer, with a $1 billion order for the aircraft in 1978, the Jaguar being chosen ahead of the [[Dassault Mirage F1]] and the [[Saab Viggen]] after a long and difficult evaluation process.<ref name = 'Barua 274'>Barua 2005, p. 274.</ref><ref name="AI Oct88 p177-181">''Air International'' October 1988, pp. 177–181.</ref> The order involved 40 Jaguars built in Europe at [[Warton Aerodrome|Warton]], and 120 [[licence-built]] aircraft from [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) under the local name ''[[Shamshir|Shamsher]]'' ("Sword of Justice").<ref name = 'Barua 274'/><ref name="Eden p.400-1"/>

As an interim measure, 18 RAF Jaguars were loaned to the IAF with the first two loaned aircraft operational with [[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]] on 27&nbsp;July&nbsp;1979.<ref name="green">Green et al. 1982, p. 16.</ref> The second batch of aircraft for the IAF were 40 Jaguar Internationals built at [[Warton Aerodrome|Warton]], the first aircraft being delivered in March 1981.<ref name="WAPJ11 p108">Jackson 1992, p. 108.</ref> The third batch was the assembly of another 45 aircraft by HAL of kits shipped from the United Kingdom, the first kit being shipped to India in May 1981.<ref name="WAPJ11 p108"/> In the following phases more aircraft were built in India with less European content. A total of 80 aircraft were built by HAL.<ref name="WAPJ11 p108"/><ref name="bharat-rakshak">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/aircraft/specs/560-bae-jaguar.html|title=BAe Sepecat Jaguar IS/IB/IM "Shamsher"|website=www.bharat-rakshak.com}}</ref>

[[File:US Navy 070907-N-8591H-194 F-A-18F Super Hornet Strike Fighter Squadron 102, F-A-18E Super Hornet Strike Fighter Squadron 27, Indian Navy Sea Harriers, Indian Air Force Jaguars over INS Viraat (R 22), Malabar 07-2.jpg|thumb|left|A pair of [[Indian Air Force]] Jaguars flying in formation besides a pair of [[Indian Navy]] [[Sea Harriers]] and a pair of [[U.S. Navy]] [[F/A-18 Super Hornet]]s, flying over the Indian Navy aircraft carrier [[INS Viraat]] during [[Exercise Malabar]].]]

Indian Jaguars were quite different from the RAF ones. The Adour Mk 811 engines were soon adopted in the HAL production line (the previous Jaguars made in UK had the earlier Mk 804), giving 8,400&nbsp;lbf each. IAF Jaguars also used the [[R.550 Magic|R-550 Magic]] in rails over the wings. But more importantly, the NAWASS, even if very modern in conception, was replaced because it was found quite unreliable.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} The RAF was already upgrading the system with the modern Ferranti Type 1024 INS, but India was offered the 1024E export, less powerful version. So IAF instead pursued the development of new nav-attack system, called DARIN, that combined several technologies from France, UK and other sources. This system was more reliable and more precise than the older NAWASS and all the IAF Jaguars had it as standard. The Jaguar was found to be a long-range, fast, stable and effective strike aircraft in IAF service. Another important upgrade was the Maritime Strike version, fitted with a radar (the French Agave) and powerful British anti-ship missiles, produced in a very limited number (12). The only real issue with Jaguar is the lack of power at altitude, especially with heavy ordnance on board.

Indian Jaguars were used to carry out reconnaissance missions in support of the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] in [[Sri Lanka]] between 1987 and 1990.<ref name="Wilson p71"/> They later played an active role in the 1999 [[Kargil War]] with Pakistan, dropping both unguided and laser-guided bombs,<ref name="Wilson p71"/> the IAF defining its role as a "deep penetrating strike aircraft".<ref>Abbas, Ahmed. "Indian Ambitions for Aerospace Supremacy: Options for Pakistan." ''Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad'', Retrieved: 2 January 2011.</ref> The Jaguar is also used in small numbers for the anti-ship role, equipped with the [[Sea Eagle missile]].<ref name="Eden p.400-1">Eden 2004, pp. 400–401.</ref><ref name = 'Barua 378'>Barua 2005, p. 378.</ref> The Jaguar remains an important element of the Indian military as, along with the [[Mirage 2000]], the Jaguar has been described as one of the few aircraft capable of performing the nuclear strike role with reasonable chances of success.<ref>Tellis 2001, p. 533.</ref> It has been alleged that the Indian military decided against developing the Jaguar into an active nuclear platform because of its lack of ground clearance for deploying India's gravity-dropped nuclear bombs.<ref>Tellis 2001, p. 542.</ref> The Jaguar IM, a naval strike variant was used to test fire [[Sea Eagle (missile)|Sea Eagle]] missiles at the decommisioned {{INS|Hosdurg|K73|6}} in June 2000.<ref><nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20100316203249/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Past/87-Nanuchka-II-Durg-Class.html</nowiki></ref>

As the aircraft aged, the avionics were viewed as lacking suitable components for the ground attack mission, such as terrain-following radar, GPS navigation or modern night-flight systems;<ref>Tellis 2001, p. 546.</ref> consequently, several upgrades were carried out in the mid-1990s, including the addition of the [[Litening]] targeting pod.<ref name = 'Barua 274'/> India placed an order for 17 additional upgraded Jaguar aircraft from [[Hindustan Aeronautics]] in 1999 and a further 20 in 2001–2002.<ref name="Wilson p68">Wilson and McBride 2009, p. 68.</ref> The IAF plans to upgrade up to 125 Jaguars starting in 2013 by upgrading the avionics (including multi mode radar, auto-pilot and other changes) as part of the DARIN III programme and  reportedly considered fitting more powerful engines such as the [[Honeywell/ITEC F124|Honeywell F125IN]] to improve performance, particularly at medium altitudes.<ref name="Wilson p71">Wilson and McBride 2009, p. 71.</ref>The latest upgrade program DARIN III (Display Attack Ranging Inertial Navigation) has also been approved. In addition to new avionics and equipment installed as part of DARIN II upgrade, DARIN III featured modified avionics architecture, new cockpit with dual SMD, solid state flight data recorder and solid state video recording system, auto pilot system, integration of new multi-mode radar on Jaguar IS (currently only Jaguar IM are fitted with radars). Major structural modification was carried out on the air frame to accommodate the radar. Initial Jaguars delivered to the IAF were powered by two Adour 804E; further deliveries were powered by Adour Mk811. All the current IAF Jaguars are powered by Adour Mk811. DARIN III upgrade will cause additional weight problems due to addition of new avionics and radar, resulting in it becoming underpowered. Later IAF took decisions not to upgrade the engines due to budget problems. As part of technology transfer agreement with [[Israel Aerospace Industries|Israeli Aerospace Industries]] (IAI) for 54 [[EL/M-2052]] AESA radar to be manufactured by HAL Avionics Division, the first production version will be ready by March 2021 to be fitted on Jaguar IS as part of DARIN III UPG standard.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 February 2021|title=HAL to Fly Production Version of AESA Radar in Jaguar Darin III Aircraft in March|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28885/HAL_to_Fly_Production_Version_of_AESA_Radar_in_Jaguar_Darin_III_Aircraft_in_March#.YBtWXnnhU2w|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Defense World}}</ref>

In 2018, India cannibalised 31 airframes purchased from France, 2 airframes each from UK and Oman, a few engines and several hundred types of critically needed spares for optimum squadron serviceability.<ref>{{Cite news|title=First lot of Jaguar frames for ageing IAF fleet soon|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/first-lot-of-jaguar-frames-for-ageing-iaf-fleet-soon-666480|access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref>

Indian Air Force plans to retire the oldest batch of 60 aircraft from 2028 to 2031 and replace them with modern [[Fourth-generation fighter|4.5 generation]] aircraft like [[HAL Tejas|HAL Tejas Mk1A]]. IAF will upgrade the rest of the Jaguars to DARIN III configuration, [[EL/M-2052]] [[Active electronically scanned array|AESA]] radar and [[ASRAAM]] [[Air-to-air missile|air-to-air]] missile integration. As of 2024, 60 aircraft (more than half of the Jaguar fleet) is being upgraded to DARIN III standards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-25 |title=IAF to Retire 60 Jaguar Aircraft with DARIN-II by 2031, Remaining Upgrading with DARIN-III, AESA Radar and ASRAAM |url=https://defence.in/threads/iaf-to-retire-60-jaguar-aircraft-with-darin-ii-by-2031-remaining-upgrading-with-darin-iii-aesa-radar-and-asraam.9467/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Defence.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 7 March 2025, a Jaguar IS aircraft crashed in [[Panchkula district]], [[Haryana]] at around 3:45 pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] after taking off from [[Ambala Air Force Station]] for a routine training sortie. The pilot ejected safely after maneuvering the jet away from residential areas. The Jaguars, in-service for 45 years, had suffered 50 major and minor incidents some of which had been fatal, as per a report.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bajwa |first=Harpreet |date=2025-03-07 |title=IAF's Jaguar aircraft crashes in Haryana, pilot ejects safely |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Mar/07/iafs-jaguar-aircraft-crashes-in-haryana-pilot-ejects-safely |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Air Force's Jaguar Fighter Jet Crashes In Ambala, Pilot Ejects Safely |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-air-forces-jaguar-fighter-jet-crashes-in-haryana-pilot-ejects-safely-7870502 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-07 |title=Indian Air Force's Jaguar fighter jet crashes in Haryana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-air-force-jaguar-fighter-jet-crashes-in-haryana/articleshow/118786854.cms |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 2 April 2025, another Jaguar crashed near [[Jamnagar Air Force Station]] in an open field off the [[National Highway 927D (India)|Kalavad highway]] near Suvarda village, 12 km from [[Jamnagar]], during a night training sortie. While one pilot ejected and landed safely the other pilot was still missing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-02 |title=Jaguar fighter jet crashes in Jamnagar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/jaguar-fighter-jet-crashes-in-jamnagar/articleshow/119913868.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Later it was confirmed that the missing pilot has succumbed to his injuries and the survivor was receiving treatment in a hospital.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-03 |title=Air Force pilot dies after fighter jet crashes in Gujarat's Jamnagar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/air-force-pilot-dead-fighter-jet-crash-gujarat-jamnagar-9921407/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Between 8 and 10 May, [[Indian Air Force|Indian Air Force (IAF)]] Jaguar Darin II fighter jets struck 11 military air bases across Pakistan in a coordinated, precision-led campaign.
<ref>{{cite web|title=IAF severely damaged 11 Pak airbases in May 8–10 military strikes — Nur Khan, Sargodha, Skardu among key targets|url=https://www.economictimes.com/news/defence/india-pakistan-ceasefire-iaf-strikes-11-pakistani-airbases-inflicts-severe-damage-targets-include-nur-khan-sargodha-and-skardu/articleshow/121060642.cms|access-date=12 May 2025|website=The Economic Times|date=11 May 2025}}</ref>

===Other operators===
[[File:JaguarSO1 IL-38 1987.jpeg|thumb|A Royal Air Force of Oman Jaguar S(O) intercepting a Soviet [[Ilyushin Il-38|Il-38]] in 1987|alt=Black-and-white photography of jet aircraft, carrying external fuel tank under fuselage, accompanying behind a four-turboprop-driven aircraft.]]
In 1969, while still in the prototype stage of development, formal approaches had been made to Switzerland, India, Japan, Australia, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany, promoting the aircraft for sale.<ref name = 'flight 1969 604'>''Flight'' 16 October 1969, p. 604.</ref> Japan began negotiations towards [[licence-built|licensed production]] of the Jaguar,<ref name="Lake p139">Lake 1994, p.139.</ref> but these plans failed in part because of the high [[Royalties|royalty payments]] sought by SEPECAT.<ref name="Lake p139"/> A proposal for Turkey to construct Jaguars under licence also did not come to fruition.<ref name = 'segell 168'>Segell 1998, p. 168.</ref> Kuwait initially ordered 50 Jaguars and 16 [[Dassault Mirage 5|Mirage 5s]], but instead chose F1s.<ref name="Eden p.399">Eden 2004, p. 398.</ref> Pakistan approached SEPECAT after the US refused to sell its aircraft of choice, the [[LTV A-7 Corsair II]], due to an arms embargo; Pakistan eventually opted for Mirage 5s.<ref name="Eden p.399"/>

Jaguars were successfully sold to a number of overseas countries, India being the largest operator. The ''Jaguar International'' was an export version which was sold to [[Ecuador]], [[Nigeria]] and [[Oman]]. The [[Ecuadorian Air Force]], the only Latin American export customer, purchased 10 single- and 2 two-seat variants, officially designated ''Jaguars ES'' and ''EB'', respectively.<ref name="Eden p.399"/> The first of twelve aircraft arrived in January 1977.<ref name="Eden p.399"/> They were used mainly for ground attack roles and occasionally for air superiority duties during the [[Cenepa War]] with Peru in 1995, but the main part of the fleet was held in reserve in case of a wider conflict with the Peruvians.<ref>Cooper, Tom. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20031011115124/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_164.shtml "Peru vs. Ecuador; Alto-Cenepa War, 1995."]}} ''Air Combat Information Group,'' 1 September 2003. Retrieved: 15 November 2010.</ref> Nigeria ordered 13 single-seat ''SN'' and 5 two-seat ''BN'' variants; SEPECAT delivered the first of these in May 1984.<ref name="Eden p.399"/> A subsequent order for an 18-aircraft second batch was cancelled.<ref name="Eden p.399"/> Some of those in service were withdrawn from operations on the grounds of economy, with the remaining aircraft put up for re-sale.<ref name="Eden p.399"/> The [[Royal Air Force of Oman]] ordered 10 single-seat and 2 two-seat variants, designated ''Jaguars OS'' and ''OB'', respectively; the first was delivered in March 1977.<ref name="Eden p.399"/> A second identical 12-aircraft order was placed in the mid-1980s; these were joined by two secondhand Indian and RAF examples. The last of the Omani aircraft were retired on 6 August 2014.<ref name="flightglobal.com">[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/oman-retires-last-jaguar-strike-aircraft-402605/ Oman retires last Jaguar strike aircraft] – Flightglobal.com, 12 August 2014</ref>

==Variants==
;Jaguar A
: Single-seat all-weather tactical strike, ground-attack fighter version for the [[French Air Force]], two prototypes and 160 production aircraft built.<ref name="WAPJ11 p99">Jackson 1992, p. 99.</ref>

;Jaguar B/Jaguar T2
[[File:ETPS Sepecat Jaguar T2 Lofting-1.jpg|thumb|ETPS Jaguar T2, 2005]]
:Two-seat training version for the [[Royal Air Force]], one prototype and 38 production aircraft built.<ref name="WAPJ11 p94"/> Capable of secondary role of strike and ground attack.<ref>Bowman 2007, p. 237.</ref> Two flown by [[Empire Test Pilots School]] (ETPS) and one by Institute of Aviation Medicine. Equipped for inflight refuelling and with a single Aden cannon.<ref name="Bowman p. 113">Bowman 2007, p. 113.</ref>
[[File:RAF Sepecat Jaguar T2A Lofting-1.jpg|thumb|RAF T2A]]

:;Jaguar T2A
::Jaguar T2 upgrade similar to GR1A, 14 conversions from T2.<ref name="WAPJ11 p94"/>
;;Jaguar T2B
:: two Jaguar T2A aircraft given TIALD capability.<ref name="AI Oct97 p228"/> An "unofficial" designation.<ref name="Bowman p. 117">Bowman 2007, p. 117.</ref>
[[File:Royal Air Force (RAF) SEPECAT Jaguar T4 XX838 'FZ' of 41 Squadron from RAF Coltishall at a hardened aircraft shelter (HAS) dispersal somewhere in RAF Germany (RAFG) in 2005.jpg|thumb|A Jaguar T4 two-seat trainer of the [[Royal Air Force]]]]
:;Jaguar T4
::Jaguar T2A upgraded to ''Jaguar 96'' standard.<ref name="AI Dec00 p359">Lake ''Air International'' December 2000, p. 359.</ref>

;Jaguar E
:[[File:E40 (Sepecat JaguarE).jpg|thumb|A Sepecat Jaguar E from the [[French Air and Space Force|French Air Force]]]]Two-seat training version for the [[French Air Force]], two prototypes and 40 production aircraft built.<ref name="WAPJ11 p99"/>
;Jaguar S / Jaguar GR1
:Single-seat all-weather tactical strike, ground-attack fighter version for the Royal Air Force, 165 built.<ref name="WAPJ11 p94"/> Equipped with NAVigation And Weapon Aiming Sub-System (NAVWASS) for attacking without use of radar. Ferranti "laser ranger and marked target seeker" added to nose during production<ref>Bowman 2007, p. 112.</ref> Engines replaced by Adour Mk 104 from 1978.<ref name="Bowman p. 113"/>
:;Jaguar GR1A
::Jaguar GR1 with navigation (NAVWASS II), chaff/flare, ECM and Sidewinder capability upgrades, 75 conversions from GR1.<ref name="WAPJ11 p94"/><ref name="Bowman p. 117"/>

[[File:Jaguar.sideon.arp.jpg|thumb|Sepecat Jaguar GR3A of [[No. 41 Squadron RAF|41 Sqn RAF]], at Kemble Airfield, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom.]]

:;Jaguar GR1B
::Ten GR1 aircraft modified to carry TIALD pods.<ref name="AI Oct97 p228"/>
:;Jaguar GR3
::''Jaguar 96'' avionics upgrade to GR1A.<ref name="AI Dec00 p359"/>
:;Jaguar GR3A
::''Jaguar 97'' avionics upgrade to GR1B/GR3.<ref name="AI Dec00 p359"/>

;Jaguar M
:Single-seat naval strike prototype for the [[French Navy]], one built.<ref name="WAPJ11 p99"/>
;Jaguar Active Control Technology
:One Jaguar converted into a research aircraft.

;Jaguar MAX
:[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]-developed upgrade for the Indian Air Force S, M and B variant fleet. The upgrade suite was unveiled in February 2019 and includes new avionics, a reworked cockpit and integration of modern armaments.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Udoshi |first1=Rahul |title=HAL showcases upgraded Jaguar MAX combat aircraft |url=https://www.janes.com/article/86852/hal-showcases-upgraded-jaguar-max-combat-aircraft |website=Jane's 360 |access-date=26 February 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190226185635/https://www.janes.com/article/86852/hal-showcases-upgraded-jaguar-max-combat-aircraft |archive-date=26 February 2019 |location=Bangalore |date=26 February 2019 |url-status = live}}</ref>

;Jaguar International

:Export versions based on either the Jaguar S or Jaguar B.
:;Jaguar ES
:: Export version of the Jaguar S for the [[Ecuadorian Air Force]], 10 built.<ref name="WAPJ11 p107">Jackson 1992, p. 107.</ref>
:;Jaguar EB
:: Export version of the Jaguar B for the Ecuadorian Air Force, two built.<ref name="WAPJ11 p107"/>
:;Jaguar S(O)
:: Export version of the Jaguar S for the [[Royal Air Force of Oman]], 20 built.<ref name="WAPJ11 p111">Jackson 1992, p. 111.</ref>
:;Jaguar B(O)
:: Export version of the Jaguar B for the Royal Air Force of Oman, four built.<ref name="WAPJ11 p111"/>
:;Jaguar IS
:: Single-seat all-weather tactical strike, ground-attack fighter for the [[Indian Air Force]], 35 built by BAe<ref name="WAPJ11 p108"/> and 89 built by HAL (Shamser).<ref name="Wilson p68"/>
:;Jaguar IB
:: Two-seat training version for the Indian Air Force, five built by BAe<ref name="WAPJ11 p108"/> and 27 built by HAL.<ref name="Wilson p68"/>
:;Jaguar IM
:: Single-seat maritime strike aircraft for the Indian Air Force. Fitted with Agave radar and capable of carrying [[Sea Eagle (missile)|Sea Eagle]] anti-ship missile,<ref name="WAPJ11 p108"/> 12 built by HAL.<ref name="Wilson p68"/> Refitted with the Elta [[EL/M-2052]] radar set under the DARIN III upgrade program.
:;Jaguar SN
:: Export version of the Jaguar S for the [[Nigerian Air Force]], 13 built.<ref name="WAPJ11 p111"/>
:;Jaguar BN
:: Export version of the Jaguar B for the Nigerian Air Force, five built.<ref name="WAPJ11 p111"/>

==Operators==
[[File:SEPECAT Jaguar operators.png|thumb|upright=1.35|{{legend|#2580ff|Current operator(s)}}{{legend|#ff2525|Former operators}}]]

===Current===
;{{IND}}
[[File:IAF Jaguar.jpg|thumb|A Jaguar of Indian Air Force.]]
*[[Indian Air Force]]<ref name="toi-23jul18">{{cite news |last1=Pandit |first1=Rajat |title=IAF 'harvesting organs' of globally retired jets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-harvesting-organs-of-globally-retired-jets/articleshow/65096225.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=The Times Group |date=23 July 2018}}</ref>
**[[No. 5 Squadron, Indian Air Force|No. 5 Squadron "Tuskers"]], [[Ambala Air Force Station|Ambala AFS]] with Direct Supply (i.e. UK built) Jaguar IS and IB from August 1981.<ref name="Lake indiap345–6"/>
**[[No. 6 Squadron, Indian Air Force|No. 6 Squadron "Dragons"]], [[Jamnagar Airport|Jamnagar AFS]] with Jaguar IM, IS, IB from 1987.<ref name="Lake indiap346">Lake ''Air International'' December 2001, p. 346.</ref>
**[[No. 14 Squadron IAF|No. 14 Squadron "Bulls"]], Ambala AFS. Operational from September 1980 with loaned RAF Jaguar GR1s and T2s, and re-equipped with Direct Supply Jaguar IS and IBs from March 1981.<ref name="Lake indiap345–6">Lake ''Air International'' December 2001, pp. 345–346.</ref>
**[[No. 16 Squadron IAF|No. 16 Squadron "Cobras"]], [[Gorakhpur Airport|Gorakhpur AFS]]. Equipped with Indian-built Jaguar IS and IB from October 1986.<ref name="Lake indiap345–6"/>
**[[No. 27 Squadron IAF|No. 27 Squadron "Flaming Arrows"]], Gorakhpur AFS. Equipped with Indian-built Jaguar IS and IB from June 1985.<ref name="Lake indiap345–6"/>
**[[No. 224 Squadron, Indian Air Force|No. 224 Squadron "Warlords"]], Jamnagar AFS. Reequipped with Indian-built Jaguars from March 2008.<ref name="Wilson p71"/>

===Former operators===
[[File:Jaguar EB Equador 1986.jpeg|thumb|A twin-seat Jaguar EB of the Ecuadorian Air Force.|alt=Jet aircraft in mostly green camouflage scheme taxiing.]]

;{{ECU}}
*[[Ecuadorian Air Force]] – ordered 10 single-seat EBs and 2 two-seat ESs in 1974, with the aircraft being delivered in 1977. It purchased 3 ex-RAF Jaguar GR.1s as attrition replacements in 1991.<ref name="WAPJ11 p107"/><ref name = 'taylor 143'/>
**Escuadron de Combate 2111 "Águilas" (Eagles)<ref name="WAPJ11 p107"/>

;{{FRA}}
*[[French Air Force]] – ''all retired''
**Escadron de Chasse 3/3 "Ardennes" at [[Nancy – Ochey Air Base|Nancy]] (1977–1987)<ref name="WAPJ11 p100">Jackson 1992, p. 100.</ref>
**[[1/7 fighter squadron Provence|Escadron de Chasse 1/7]] "Provence" at St Dizier. Re-equipped with Jaguars in May 1973 and declared operational September 1974.<ref name="WAPJ11 p100"/> It discarded the Jaguar in July 2005, the last French squadron to operate the Jaguar.<ref name="Frnc AI p25">Francillon 2005, p. 25.</ref>
**Escadron de Chasse 2/7 "Argonne" at St Dizier. French Jaguar OCU. Formed October 1974.<ref name="WAPJ11 p100-1">Jackson 1992, pp. 100–101.</ref> It was disbanded in June 2001.<ref name="Frnc AI p25"/>
**Escadron de Chasse 3/7 "Languedoc" at St Dizier. Received first Jaguars in March 1974 and operational in July 1975.<ref name="WAPJ11 p101">Jackson 1992, p. 101.</ref> Disbanded July 1997.<ref name="Frnc AI p25"/>
**Escadron de Chasse 4/7 "Limousin". Formed April 1980 at St Dizier, but soon moved to [[Istres-Le Tubé Air Base|Istres]]. Disbanded July 1989.<ref name="IAPR11 p102">Jackson 1992, p. 102.</ref>
**Escadron de Chasse 1/11 "Roussillon" at [[Toul-Rosières Air Base|Toul]]. Operational March 1976.<ref name="IAPR11 p103">Jackson 1992, p. 103.</ref> Disbanded June 1994.<ref name="Frnc AI p25"/>
**Escadron de Chasse 2/11 "Vosges" at Toul. Operational June 1977.<ref name="IAPR11 p104">Jackson 1992, p. 104.</ref> Disbanded July 1996.<ref name="Frnc AI p25"/>
**Escadron de Chasse 3/11 "Corse" at Toul. Received Jaguars February 1975.<ref name="IAPR11 p104"/> Disbanded July 1997.<ref name="Frnc AI p25"/>
**Escadron de Chasse 4/11 "Jura" at [[Bordeaux-Mérignac Air Base|Bordeaux-Mérignac]]. Formed August 1978, disbanded June 1992.<ref name="IAPR11 p105">Jackson 1992, p. 105.</ref>

;{{NGR}}
*[[Nigerian Air Force]] ordered 13 ''Jaguar SN''s & 5 ''Jaguar BN''s in 1983, with delivery from 1984, being operated by a squadron at [[Makurdi]].<ref name="WAPJ11 p111"/><ref name = 'taylor 143'/> Withdrawn from use in 1991 as an economy measure.<ref name="WAPJ11 p111"/> 14 examples were offered as a bulk lot purchase by Inter Avia Group on behalf of the Nigerian Air Force. (11 single-seat fighters and 3 trainers)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trade-a-plane.com/search?listing_id=2394913&s-type=aircraft|title=1983 SEPECAT JAGUAR Jets|website=trade-a-plane.com|accessdate=7 April 2023}}</ref>

;{{OMN}}
[[File:A Royal Air Force of Oman Jaguar taxies towards the runway at Thumrait, Oman. MOD 45143904.jpg|thumb|A Royal Air Force of Oman Jaguar]]
* [[Royal Air Force of Oman]] purchased 10 Jaguar OSs and two Jaguar OBs in 1974, with an identical order following in 1980, supplementing these aircraft by an ex-RAF Jaguar T2 and GR1 in 1982 and 1986 respectively.<ref name="WAPJ11 p111"/><ref name = 'taylor 143'>Taylor 1989, p. 143.</ref> Oman's Jaguars were brought to full GR3A standards during the 1990s.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/1997/11/16/29688/omani-air-force-to-upgrade-jaguars.html "Omani Air Force to Upgrade Jaguars."] ''Flight Daily News'', 16 November 1997.</ref> Oman's last four operational Jaguars were retired on 6 August 2014.<ref name="flightglobal.com"/>
**No. 8 Squadron RAFO at [[RAFO Thumrait]].<ref name="WAPJ11 p111"/>
**No. 20 Squadron RAFO at RAFO Thumrait.<ref name="WAPJ11 p111"/>

[[File:SEPECAT Jaguar.png|thumb|SEPECAT Jaguar GR1 XX109 of [[No. 54 Squadron RAF|54 Squadron]]]]
;{{UK}}
*[[Royal Air Force]] – ''all retired''
**[[No. 2 Squadron RAF|No. 2 Squadron]]. Jaguar GR.1/s replaced 2 Squadron's Phantoms at RAF Laarbruch, Germany in 1976, with a main role of tactical reconnaissance. It re-equipped with Tornado GR1As in 1988.<ref name="WAPJ11 p94"/>
**[[No. 6 Squadron RAF|No. 6 Squadron]] Jaguar GR.1A/GR.3/GR.3As formed at RAF Lossiemouth in October 1974, moving to RAF Coltishall in November 1974, serving in the attack role.<ref name="WAPJ11 p95">Jackson 1992, p. 95.</ref> It moved to [[RAF Coningsby]] in April 2006, disbanding in May 2007.<ref>[http://www.raf.mod.uk/news/archive.cfm?storyid=EC9520D2-5056-A318-A8DD8FF01AD76DD8 "RAF Leuchars Welcomes the Typhoon."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208224829/http://www.raf.mod.uk/news/archive.cfm?storyid=EC9520D2-5056-A318-A8DD8FF01AD76DD8 |date=8 December 2010 }} ''Royal Air Force'', 7 September 2010. Retrieved: 13 January 2011.</ref>
**[[No. 14 Squadron RAF|No. 14 Squadron]] Jaguar GR.1/GR.1As replaced its Phantoms with Jaguars in 1974, based at RAF Bruggen. Its Jaguars were replaced by Tornados in 1985.<ref name="WAPJ11 p95"/>
**[[No. 16 Squadron RAF|No. 16 (Reserve) Squadron]], JaguarGR.1/GR.1A/GR.3/T.4s the OCU was formed at RAF Lossiemouth by renumbering 226 OCU,<ref name="WAPJ11 p96"/> later moving Coltishall and finally disbanding in March 2005.<ref name="flight startdis"/>
**[[No. 17 Squadron RAF|No. 17 Squadron]] at RAF Bruggen replaced its Phantoms in the strike role with JaguarGR.1s from 1975 to 1976, and re-equipped with Tornados in 1984–85.<ref name="WAPJ11 p95"/>
**[[No. 20 Squadron RAF|No. 20 Squadron]] Jaguar GR.1s formed at RAF Bruggen in February 1977 in the strike role, disbanding in June 1984.<ref name="WAPJ11 p96">Jackson 1992, p. 96.</ref>
**[[No. 31 Squadron RAF|No. 31 Squadron]] Jaguar GR.1/GR.1As based at RAF Bruggen replaced its Phantoms in 1976 in the strike role. Its Jaguars were replaced by Tornados in 1984.<ref name="WAPJ11 p96"/>
**[[No. 41 Squadron RAF|No. 41 Squadron]] Jaguar GR.1/GR.1A/GR.3/GR.3As formed at RAF Coltishall in 1976 in the reconnaissance role.<ref name="WAPJ11 p96"/> It disbanded in April 2006.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2006/04/11/205903/jaguars-depart.html "Jaguars Depart."] ''Flight International'' via ''flightglobal.com,'' 11 April 2006. Retrieved: 16 January 2011.</ref>
**[[No. 54 Squadron RAF|No. 54 Squadron]] Jaguar GR.1/GR.1A/GR.3/GR.3As formed at RAF Lossiemouth in March 1974 in the attack role, moving to RAF Coltishall in August 1974.<ref name="WAPJ11 p96"/> It disbanded in March 2005.<ref name="flight startdis">[http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/03/15/195326/raf-starts-disbanding-jaguar-squadrons-ahead-of-typhoon.html "RAF starts disbanding Jaguar squadrons ahead of Typhoon."] ''Flight International'' via ''flightglobal.com,'' 15 March 2005. Retrieved: 16 January 2011.</ref>
**[[No. 226 Operational Conversion Unit RAF|No. 226 OCU (Operational Conversion Unit)]] GR.1/GR.1A/T.2/T.2A/T.4s, formed at RAF Lossiemouth in October 1974 and was redesignated [[No. 16 Squadron RAF|No. 16 (Reserve) Squadron]] in September 1991.<ref name="WAPJ11 p96"/>
**Jaguar Conversion Team at RAF Lossiemouth (initial OCU).<ref name="WAPJ11 p96"/>
*[[Empire Test Pilots' School]].<ref name="WAPJ11 p98">Jackson 1992, p. 98.</ref>

==Surviving aircraft==
[[File:Jaguar XX110 RAF Cosford.jpg|thumb|Jaguar XX110, gate guardian at RAF Cosford]]
[[File:SEPECAT Jaguar GR3 XZ394.jpg|thumb|Jaguar XZ394, at Tattersett in Norfolk]]
[[File:Jaguar GR1 XX975.jpg|thumb|Jaguar GR1 XX975 at Montrose Air Station Museum, Angus, Scotland]]
===France===
; On display
* ''A91'' Jaguar A, Gulf-War veteran with damage from an Iraqi SAM at [[Musée de l'air et de l'espace]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=SEPECAT Jaguar A n°91|url=https://www.museeairespace.fr/aller-plus-haut/collections/sepecat-jaguar-a91/|access-date=2021-12-22|website=Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace|language=fr-FR}}</ref>
* A Jaguar E is on display at [[Aeroscopia|Musée Aeroscopia]].
[[File:SEPECAT Jaguar - 2018-09-16-01.jpg|thumb|Jaguar XX985, at Flugausstellung Hermeskeil, Germany]]

=== Germany ===
'''On display'''

* XX985 is displayed at Flugausstellung Hermeskeil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flugausstellung Junior |url=https://www.flugausstellung.de/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |language=de-DE}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
;On display
*XW563 Jaguar GR1 (former gate guardian of RAF Bruggen then RAF Coltishall) is displayed in the grounds of County Hall, [[Norfolk County Council]], given the name ''Spirit of Coltishall''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Norwich – County Hall, Norfolk|url=http://www.eurodemobbed.org.uk/locations.php?location=3613|website=Demobbed – Out of Service British Military Aircraft|access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref>
*XX108 Jaguar GR1B is displayed in AirSpace at the [[Imperial War Museum Duxford]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thunder & Lightnings - SEPECAT Jaguar - survivor XX108|url=https://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/jaguar/survivor.php?id=978|access-date=2024-01-09|website=Thunder-and-Lightnings.co.uk}}</ref>
*XX109 Jaguar GR1 at the [[City of Norwich Aviation Museum]] in [[Horsham St Faith]], Norfolk.<ref name=CNAM>{{cite web |title=Aircraft List |url=http://www.cnam.org.uk/aircraft-list |website=City of Norwich Aviation Museum |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref>{{efn|the museum also has the cockpit of T.2A ''XX830''<ref name=CNAM />}}
*XX146 Jaguar T.4 at the [[Solway Aviation Museum]], Carlisle Airport, Cumbria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aircraft {{!}} Solway Aviation Museum |url=https://www.solway-aviation-museum.co.uk/?page_id=105|access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Solway Aviation Museum|language=en}}</ref>
*XX734 Jaguar GR1 at BDAC Old Sarum Airfield Museum, Old Sarum, Wiltshire<ref>https://www.boscombedownaviationcollection.co.uk/index_files/Page1514.htm. BDAC Old Sarum Museum website Retrieved 7 May 2022.</ref>
*XX741 Jaguar GR1A is in taxiable condition at the [[RAF Bentwaters#Bentwaters Cold War Museum|Bentwaters Airfield]], Suffolk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thunder & Lightnings - SEPECAT Jaguar - Survivor XX741 |url=https://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/jaguar/survivor.php?id=1010 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk}}</ref>
*XX763 Jaguar GR1 at the [[Bournemouth Aviation Museum]], Dorset.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-28 |title=Sepecat Jaguar GR1 |url=https://www.bamhurn.org/exhibits/sepecat-jaguar-gr1/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Bournemouth Aviation Museum - Hurn |language=en-US}}</ref>
*XX975 Jaguar GR1 at the [[Montrose Air Station Museum]], Montrose, Angus, Scotland.
*XZ119 Jaguar GR1A at the [[National Museum of Flight]], East Fortune Airfield, East Lothian.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEPECAT Jaguar {{!}} National Museum of Flight |url=https://www.nms.ac.uk/national-museum-of-flight/things-to-see-and-do/explore-the-hangars/military-aircraft/jaguar/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=National Museums Scotland |language=en}}</ref>
*XZ383 Jaguar GR1 at the [[Yorkshire Air Museum]], Yorkshire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thunder & Lightnings - SEPECAT Jaguar - Survivor XZ383 |url=https://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/jaguar/survivor.php?id=1095 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk}}</ref>

===United States===
;On display
*XZ396 Jaguar GR3A at the [[Pima Air and Space Museum]] in Tucson, Arizona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEPECAT Jaguar GR3A (GR1)  |url=https://pimaair.org/museum-aircraft/sepecat-jaguar/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=Pima Air and Space Museum}}</ref>

==Specifications (Jaguar A / S)==
[[File:SEPECAT Jaguar 3-view line drawing.png|right|350px|Orthographically projected diagram of the SEPECAT Jaguar.]]
[[File:RRTurbomecaAdour.JPG|thumb|The Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour Mk 102 turbofan engine.]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1980–81,<ref name="JAWA80 p106-7"/>
|prime units?=met
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|crew=1 (A and S); 2 (B and E)
|capacity=
|length m=16.83
|length note=  {{efn|(A and S) with minor variations dependent on nose configuration; {{cvt|17.53|m}} (B and E) with minor variations dependent on nose probe type (AAR or pitot) }}
|span m=8.69
|height m=4.89
|wing area sqm=24.18
|aspect ratio=3.12
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=7000
|empty weight note= typical, (dependent on variant and role)
|gross weight kg=10954
|gross weight note=full internal fuel and 120 rpg
|max takeoff weight kg=15700
|max takeoff weight note=with external stores
|fuel capacity={{cvt|4200|L|USgal impgal}} internal, with provision for three {{cvt|1200|L|USgal impgal}} drop tanks on inboard and centreline pylons
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=2
|eng1 name=[[Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour Mk.102]]
|eng1 type=afterburning turbofan engines
|eng1 kn=22.75
|eng1 lbf=5110
|eng1 note=
|power original=
|thrust original=
|eng1 kn-ab=32.5
|eng1 lbf-ab=7300
<!--
        Performance
-->
|max speed kmh=1350

|max speed note=Mach 1.1 at sea level<br />
::::{{cvt|1699|km/h|mph kn}} Mach 1.6 at {{cvt|11000|m}}
|max speed mach=
|cruise speed kmh=
|stall speed kmh=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|range km=
|combat range km=815
|combat range note=hi-lo-hi (internal fuel)
::::{{cvt|575|km|mi nmi}} lo-lo-lo (internal fuel){{efn|With external fuel: {{cvt|1408|km|mi nmi}} hi-lo-hi and {{cvt|908|km|mi nmi}} lo-lo-lo }}

|ferry range km=1902
|ferry range note=with full internal and external tanks
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=14,000
|ceiling note=<ref name="Donald milp378">Donald and Lake 1996, p. 378.</ref>
|g limits=+8.6 (ultimate load +12)
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms=
|time to altitude={{cvt|9145|m}} in 1 minute 30 seconds<ref name="Donald milp378"/>
|wing loading kg/m2=649.3
|wing loading note=maximum
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=Adour Mk.102: 0.422{{efn|Adour Mk.104: 0.464, Adour Mk.811: 0.486 }}

|more performance=
*'''Take-off run:''' {{cvt|580|m}} with typical tactical load
*'''Take-off run to {{cvt|15|m}}:''' {{cvt|940|m}} with typical tactical load
*'''Landing run from {{cvt|15|m}}:''' {{cvt|785|m}} with typical tactical load
*'''Landing run:''' {{cvt|470|m}} with typical tactical load
*'''Landing speed:''' {{cvt|213|km/h|mph kn}}
<!--
        Armament
-->
|guns=2× {{cvt|30|mm|3}} calibre [[DEFA cannon]] with up to 150 rounds/gun
|bombs=
|rockets=
|missiles=
|hardpoints=7 (4× under-wing, 2× over-wing and 1× centreline)
|hardpoint capacity={{Convert|10000|lb|abbr=on}}
|hardpoint rockets=8× Matra rocket pods with 18× [[SNEB]] 68 mm rockets each
|hardpoint missiles=<br />
***[[Air-to-air missile]]s:
****2× [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] on outboard pylons ([[French Air and Space Force]]) or 2× [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] on overwing pylons 
****2× [[R.550 Magic]] on outboard pylons ([[French Air and Space Force]])
****[[ASRAAM]] ([[Indian Air Force]])<ref>{{cite news |title=IAF Jaguar Fighters To Get 'F-35 Missiles'; New-Gen French Missiles To Boost 'Nuclear Capable' Warplanes|url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/same-missile-as-f-35-french-new-gen-close/ |access-date=6 May 2024 |publisher=EurAsian Times |date=22 April 2024}}</ref>
***[[Air-to-surface missile]]s:
****[[AS-30L]] ([[French Air and Space Force]])
****[[Rampage (missile)|Rampage]] ([[Indian Air Force]])<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Air Force, Navy induct air-to-surface Rampage missile in its fleet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-air-force-navy-induct-air-to-surface-rampage-missile-in-its-fleet/articleshow/109649375.cms |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=27 April 2024}}</ref>
***[[Anti-ship missile]]s:
****[[Harpoon (missile)|Harpoon]] ([[Indian Air Force]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india/a-first-for-iaf-anti-ship-harpoon-missile-fired-from-fighter-jet/story-MXA3sHLLvDCW4OfsohDRPN.html|title=A first for IAF: Anti-ship Harpoon missile fired from fighter jet|work=Hindustan times|date=29 May 2015}}</ref>
****[[Sea Eagle (missile)|Sea Eagle]] ([[Indian Air Force]])
***[[Anti-radiation missile]]s:
****[[Martel missile|AS.37 Martel]]
****[[Rudram-1]] ([[Indian Air Force]])<ref name="the hindu">{{cite news |title=Captive flight trials of anti-radiation missile soon |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/captive-flight-trials-of-antiradiation-missile-soon/article8245955.ece |work=THE HINDU |date=17 February 2016 |access-date=18 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220141757/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/captive-flight-trials-of-antiradiation-missile-soon/article8245955.ece |archive-date=20 February 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
***[[Precision-guided munition]]:
****[[DRDO Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon]] ([[Indian Air Force]])
|hardpoint bombs=various unguided or [[laser-guided bomb]]s <br/>
***[[Nuclear bombs]]:
****2× [[WE177]]A nuclear bombs
****1× [[AN-52 bomb|AN-52 nuclear bomb]] ([[French Air and Space Force]])
|hardpoint other=external [[drop tank]]s for extended range/loitering time.
|avionics=
*[[EL/M-2052]] [[AESA radar]], as a part of [[Indian Air Force]]'s DARIN III upgrade program.<ref>{{cite web |title=HAL to Fly Production Version of AESA Radar in Jaguar Darin III Aircraft in March |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28885/HAL_to_Fly_Production_Version_of_AESA_Radar_in_Jaguar_Darin_III_Aircraft_in_March#.YBtWXnnhU2w |website=Defense World |date=3 February 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref>
*[[ATLIS II]] laser/electro-optical targeting pod
*[[Electronic countermeasures|ECM]] protection pod 
*[[Reconnaissance pod]]
}}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|United Kingdom|France|Aviation}}
{{aircontent
|related=
|similar aircraft=
* [[Fiat G.91Y]]
* [[IAR-93 Vultur]]
* [[LTV A-7 Corsair II]]
* [[Mitsubishi F-1]]
* [[Nanchang Q-5]]
* [[Soko J-22 Orao]]
* [[Sukhoi Su-17]]

|lists=
* [[List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force]]
|see also=
}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=N}}
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite magazine |last= Barrie |first= Douglas |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1998/1998%20-%200946.html |title=A Matter of Survival |magazine=[[Flight International]]  |date= 8–14 April 1998 |pages=30–32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308234344/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1998/1998%20-%200946.html |archive-date=2012-03-08}}
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* Bowman, Martin W. ''SEPECAT Jaguar.'' London: Pen and Sword Books, 2007. {{ISBN|1-84415-545-5}}.
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*Carbonel, Jean-Christophe. ''French Secret Projects 1: Post War Fighters''. Manchester, UK: Crecy Publishing, 2016 {{ISBN|978-1-91080-900-6}}
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*{{Cite magazine |last= Wilson |first= Michael |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%202988.html |title=Britain's Jaguar Emerges |magazine=Flight International |date= 16 October 1969 |pages=600–604 |archive-url =  https://web.archive.org/web/20120308224035/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1969/1969%20-%202988.html   |archive-date= 2012-03-08   }}
* Wilson, Séan and Liam McBride. "Indian Jaguars-Still on the Prowl". ''Air International'', Vol. 77, No. 4, October 2009, pp.&nbsp;66–71. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing. ISSN 0306-5634.
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==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Lacaze |first1=Henri |title=Les avions Louis Breguet Paris| volume=2: le règne du monoplan |date=2016 |location=Le Vigen, France Aircraft of Louis Breguet, Paris| isbn=9782914017886| publisher = Éditions Lela presse}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|SEPECAT Jaguar}}
*[http://www.faqs.org/docs/air/avjag.html The SEPECAT Jaguar] faqs.org
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080119034416/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Aircraft_by_Type/Jaguar/Jaguar.htm Chronological Sepecat & BAC Jaguar Losses & Ejections]

{{Breguet aircraft}}
{{British Aircraft Corporation aircraft}}
{{BAE aircraft}}
{{British military aircraft since World War II}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sepecat Jaguar}}
[[Category:British Aircraft Corporation aircraft]]
[[Category:Breguet aircraft]]
[[Category:France–United Kingdom military relations]]
[[Category:1960s international attack aircraft]]
[[Category:Twinjets]]
[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:History of science and technology in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1968]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]