Editing Rzeszów

{{short description|City in Podkarpackie Voivodeship, Poland}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rzeszów
| settlement_type = [[City with powiat rights|City county]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 268
| image_style = border:1
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Rzeszów, zespół urbanistyczny średniowiecznego miasta i nowego miasta, 1354, XVIII, XX 007 (cropped).jpg{{!}}Main Market Square
| image2 = PL Rzeszów, ratusz 2021-05-04--11-00-20 (cropped).jpg{{!}}City Hall
| image3 = Rzeszów, zamek, 1600, 1903-1906 danz 007 (cropped).jpg{{!}}Castle
| image4 = Rzeszów - Letni Pałac Lubomirskich (cropped)2.jpg{{!}}Lubomirski Summer Palace
| image5 = Muzeum Rzeszow.jpg{{!}}Church of the Holy Cross and Regional Museum
| image6 = Rzeszów (Olszynki Park) - widok z al. Lubomirskich.jpg{{!}}
| image7 = PL Rzeszów, ulica 3 Maja, 2021-03-01--08-21 (cropped).jpg{{!}}3 Maja Street
| caption1 = Main Market Square
| caption2 = City Hall
| caption3 = [[Rzeszów Castle]]
| caption4 = Lubomirski Summer Palace
| caption5 = Holy Cross Church and Regional Museum
| caption6 = Olszynki Park
| caption7 = 3 Maja Street}}
| image_flag = POL Rzeszów flag.svg
| image_shield = POL Rzeszów COA.svg
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type = [[Brandmark]]
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = top
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Podkarpackie Voivodeship|name=Subcarpathian}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of Polish counties|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = ''city county''
| governing_body = [[Rzeszów City Council]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Konrad Fijołek ([[The Left (Poland)|L]])
| established_title3 = Town rights
| established_date3 = 1354
| area_total_km2 = 130.65
| population_as_of = 26 April 2022
| population_total = 198,609 {{increase}} ([[List of cities and towns in Poland|14th]])<ref name="auto3"/>
| population_density_km2 = 1531
| population_demonym = rzeszowianin (male) <br/> rzeszowianka (female) ([[Polish language|pl]])
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| coordinates = {{coord|50|2|N|22|0|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 35-001 to 35–959
| area_code = +48 17
| blank_name = [[Vehicle registration plates of Poland|Car plates]]
| blank_info = RZ
| website = {{URL|erzeszow.pl/}}
| blank_name_sec2 = Primary airport
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Rzeszów–Jasionka Airport]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Highways in Poland|Highways]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[File:A4-PL.svg|32px|link=A4 autostrada (Poland)]] [[File:S19-PL.svg|32px|link=Expressway S19 (Poland)]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Humid continental climate|Dfb]]
}}

'''Rzeszów''' ({{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|ʒ|ɛ|ʃ|uː|f|,_|-|ʃ|ʊ|f}} {{respell|ZHESH|oof|,_-|uuf}},<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Rzeszów|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Rzeszow|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|pl|ˈʐɛʂuf|lang|Pl-Rzeszów.ogg}}{{efn|{{langx|uk|Ряшiв|Riashiv}}; {{langx|la|Resovia}}; {{langx|yi|ריישא|Raisha}}<ref>Cf. ''Pięć wieków miasta Rzeszowa XIV-XVIII'', Collective of authors, {{Interlanguage link|Franciszek Błoński|pl|3=Franciszek Błoński (historyk)}} (ed.) on behalf of the Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne, Rzeszów department, Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1958, p. 18; and Władysław Makarski, ''Roczniki humanistyczne'', Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, 1983. T. 33, p. 70. During the German occupation 1939–1944 Rzeszów was given the artificial new name Reichshof</ref>}}) is the largest city in southeastern [[Poland]]. It is located on both sides of the [[Wisłok River]] in the heartland of the [[Sandomierz Basin]]. Rzeszów is the capital of the [[Subcarpathian Voivodeship]] and the [[county seat|seat]] of [[Rzeszów County]].

The history of Rzeszów dates back to the [[Middle Ages]]. It received city rights and privileges from King [[Casimir III the Great]] in 1354. Local trade routes connecting Europe with the Middle East and the [[Ottoman Empire]] resulted in the city's early prosperity and development. In the 16th century, Rzeszów had a connection with [[Gdańsk]] and the [[Baltic Sea]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.staypoland.com/cityHistory.aspx?TownId=54|title=History of Rzeszow|first=StayPoland Sp. z|last=o.o.|access-date=28 April 2017}}</ref> It also experienced growth in commerce and craftsmanship, especially under local [[Szlachta|rulers and noblemen]]. Following the [[Partitions of Poland]], Rzeszów was annexed by the [[Austrian Empire]] and did not regain its position until it [[Second Polish Republic|returned to Poland]] after [[World War I]].

Rzeszów has found its place in the group of the most elite cities in Poland, with a growing number of investments, rapid progress and a high [[standard of living]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rzeszow.pl/file/14850/Rzeszow_The_Excellent_Choice_2012.pdf |title=Rzeszów excellent choice |access-date=27 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921021737/http://www.rzeszow.pl/file/14850/Rzeszow_The_Excellent_Choice_2012.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rzeszow-news.pl/raport-o-polskich-metropoliach-jak-wypadl-w-nim-rzeszow/|title=Raport o polskich metropoliach. Jak wypadł w nim Rzeszów?|date=10 December 2015|access-date=28 April 2017}}</ref> In 2011 [[Forbes]] awarded Rzeszów with the second place in the ranking of the most attractive semi-large cities for business.<ref name="auto1"/> Moreover, the city is home to a number of higher education schools and foreign consulates. Rzeszów is also developing as a regional [[Tourism in Poland|tourist destination]]; its Old Town, Main Market Square, churches and synagogues are among the best preserved in the country.

In recent years, the population of Rzeszów has grown from 159,000 (2005) to over 301,000 (2022),<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=https://rzeszow-news.pl/rzeszow-ma-juz-300-tys-mieszkancow-co-trzeci-jest-obywatelem-ukrainy/ |author=Sebastian Stankiewicz |title=Rzeszów ma już 300 tys. mieszkańców. Co trzeci jest obywatelem Ukrainy |website = rzeszow-news.pl |access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref> mainly owing to an influx of [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] [[Ukrainian refugee crisis (2022–present)|refugees]] after the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. Further plans for extending the city's borders include incorporating surrounding counties to strengthen its function as a [[List of cities in Poland|metropolitan center]] in southeastern Poland.<ref name="auto1"/> Rzeszów is served by an [[Rzeszów–Jasionka Airport|international airport]] and is a member of [[Eurocities]].

==History==
In the area of Rzeszów, the first [[early European modern humans]] appeared in the [[Upper Paleolithic|late Paleolithic Age]]; archaeologists have excavated a tool made in that period at site Rzeszów 25. In the mid-6th century BC, the first farmers came to the area of the city, most likely through the [[Moravian Gate]]. Later on, Rzeszów was a settlement of the [[Lusatian culture]], which was followed by the [[Przeworsk culture]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In the 7th century, the first [[Slavs]] appeared in the area, which is confirmed by numerous archaeological findings.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} Most probably, Rzeszów was then inhabited by the [[Vistulans]]. In the 10th century, it became part of the emerging [[Duchy of Poland (c. 960–1025)|Duchy of Poland]]. Sometime between 11th and 13th century the town was conquered and subsequently annexed by the [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] [[Ruthenians]] from the [[History of Poland during the Piast dynasty#Fragmentation of the realm (1138–1320)|weakened and fragmented Polish state]] (see [[Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty|Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth]]).

Polish rulers of the [[Piast dynasty]] recaptured Rzeszów in 1264. In [[Tarnów]], there was a meeting of Prince [[Bolesław V the Chaste]], and Prince [[Daniel of Galicia|Daniel]] of [[Principality of Galicia|Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia]], during which both sides agreed that the border would go between Rzeszów and [[Czudec]] (Rzeszów belonged to [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia]], while Czudec and [[Strzyżów]] to [[Lesser Poland]]).

After the reunification of Poland following the fragmentation period, Rzeszów remained in Ruthenian hands until 1340, when King [[Casimir III the Great]] eventually recaptured the area, inviting his knights to govern the re-acquired land. According to some sources, at that time Rzeszów was inhabited by the [[Walddeutsche]], and was called Rishof (during [[World War II]], the Germans renamed it ''Reichshof''). The town was granted [[Magdeburg rights]], it had a parish church, a market place and a cemetery, and its total area was some 1,5&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Magdeburg rights entitled Rzeszów's local authorities to punish criminals, build fortifications and tax merchants.

[[File:Mikołaj Spytek Ligęza.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Nobleman [[Mikołaj Spytek Ligęza]] greatly contributed to the city's importance]]
In 1458 Rzeszów was burned by the [[Vlachs]] and the [[Tatars]]. In 1502 the Tatars destroyed it again. Earlier, in 1427, Rzeszów had burned to the ground in a big fire, but the town recovered after these events, thanks to its favorable location on the main West – East ([[Kraków]] – [[Lwów]]) and North – South ([[Lublin]] – [[Slovakia]]) trade routes. In the 15th century the first [[Jew]]s settled in Rzeszów.

The 16th century was the time of prosperity for the town, especially when Rzeszów belonged to [[Mikołaj Spytek Ligęza]] (since the 1580s), who invested in infrastructure, building a castle, a Bernardine church and a monastery. Rzeszów then had some 2,500 inhabitants, with a rapidly growing Jewish community. The town was granted several royal rights, including the privilege to organise several markets a year. At that time, Rzeszów finally grew beyond its medieval borders, marked by fortifications.

[[File:WiedemannRzeszow.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rzeszów Castle]] with surroundings, by K.H. Wiedemann, 1762]]

In 1638 Rzeszów passed into the hands of the powerful and wealthy [[Lubomirski family]], becoming the center of its vast properties. At first, the town prospered and in 1658, the first college was opened there, which now operates as High School Nr 1. The period of prosperity ended, and furthermore, there were several fires and wars, which destroyed the town.

Rzeszów was first captured by the Swedes during [[Deluge (history)|The Deluge]], then by the troops of [[George II Rákóczi]] leading to the [[Treaty of Radnot]]. During the [[Great Northern War]], the Swedes again captured Rzeszów, in 1702, then several different armies occupied the town, ransacking it and destroying houses.

In the mid-eighteenth century, the town's population was composed of Poles (Roman Catholics) and Yiddish Jews in almost equal numbers (50.1% and 49.8%, respectively).<ref>J. Motylkiewicz. "Ethnic Communities in the Towns of the Polish-Ukrainian Borderland in the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries". C. M. Hann, P. R. Magocsi ed. ''Galicia: A Multicultured Land''. [[University of Toronto Press]]. 2005. p. 37.</ref>

=== Rzeszów under Austrian rule ===
In 1772, following the [[First Partition of Poland]], Rzeszów became part of the [[Austrian Empire]], to which it belonged for 146 years. In the late 18th century, Rzeszów had 3,000 inhabitants. By the mid-19th century, the population grew to around 7,500, with 40% of them Jewish. In 1858, the [[Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis]] reached Rzeszów, which resulted in further development of the town. In 1888 the first telephone lines were opened, in 1900 – gas street lamps, and in 1911 – a power plant and water system. The population grew to 23,000, with half of the inhabitants being Jews. A number of modern buildings were constructed, most of them in [[Secession (art)|Secession]] style.

[[File:Rzeszow - rynek glowny. 1908 (89975817).jpg|thumb|left|Market Square in 1908]]
During [[World War I]], several battles took place near the town. Rzeszów was home to a large garrison of the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]], and in the city of [[Przemyśl]], located nearby, there was a major fortress. During the [[Battle of Galicia]] in the late summer of 1914, Russian troops moved towards Rzeszów, and on 21 September, they captured it. The first Russian occupation lasted only 16 days, ending after an attack by the Austrians, on 4 October.

Under Russian pressure, the Austrians were unable to keep the town, and on 7 November, the Russians again appeared in Rzeszów. In the late fall of 1914, the front line was established between Tarnów and [[Gorlice]], and Rzeszów became an important center of the [[Imperial Russian Army]], with large magazines of food and ammunition located there. The Russian occupation lasted until May 1915. After the Russians were pushed out of Galicia, Rzeszów remained outside the area of military activity. The Austrian administration returned, but wartime reality and damage to the town had a negative effect on the population, and the quality of life deteriorated.

===Interwar period===
[[File:Rzeszow, Plac Farny 1938 (68115890).jpg|thumb|''Plac Farny'' in 1938]]
On 12 October 1918, Rzeszów's mayor, together with the town council, sent a message to [[Warsaw]], announcing loyalty to the independent [[Second Polish Republic]]. On November 1, after clashes with German and Austrian troops, Rzeszów was liberated, and the next day, mayor Roman Krogulski took a pledge of allegiance to the reborn Polish state. During World War I some 200 residents of Rzeszów died, rail infrastructure was destroyed, as well as approximately 60 houses.

In 1920, Rzeszów became capital of a county in the [[Lwów Voivodeship]]. The town grew, and the creation of the [[Central Industrial Region (Poland)|Central Industrial Region]] had an enormous impact on Rzeszów. It became a major center of the defense industry, with [[Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze|PZL]] Rzeszów opening there in 1937. It was also home to a large garrison of the Polish Army, with the [[10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade (Poland)|10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade]] stationed there. In 1939, Rzeszów had 40,000 inhabitants, but its dynamic growth was stopped by the [[Invasion of Poland]] and outbreak of [[World War II]].

===Second World War===
[[File:Flugmotorenwerke Reichshof GmbH (1941).jpg|thumb|left|Aircraft engine factory during German occupation]]
On 6–8 September 1939, Rzeszów was bombed by the [[Luftwaffe]]. The town was defended by the [[10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade (Poland)|10th Cavalry Brigade]] and [[Uhlans|24th Uhlan Regiment]] from [[Kraśnik]]. The German attack began on 8 September in the afternoon, and the [[Wehrmacht]] entered Rzeszów the next morning. The ''[[Einsatzgruppen|Einsatzgruppe I]]'' entered the city to commit [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|crimes against the population]], and its members co-formed the local German police.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|pages=58–59}}</ref> Under German occupation, Rzeszów, renamed into ''Reichshof'', became part of the [[General Government]].

The occupiers established a Nazi prison, in which they imprisoned over 1,100 Poles, especially the [[intelligentsia]], arrested in the region between October 1939 and June 1940, during the ''[[Intelligenzaktion]]''.<ref name=mw>Wardzyńska, p. 257</ref> Some people were eventually released, some were deported to prisons in [[Kraków]] and [[Tarnów]], while many were executed at the prison yard.<ref name=mw/> On 2 November 1939, the Germans carried out mass arrests of local priests and Bernardine friars, and afterwards, they also carried out executions of Polish intelligentsia at the local Bernardine monastery.<ref>Wardzyńska, pp. 257–258</ref>

Persecution of Polish intelligentsia was continued with the ''[[German AB-Aktion in Poland|AB-Aktion]]'', and on 27 June 1940, 104 Poles from the local prison were exterminated in the forest of [[Lubzina]].<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 269</ref> In 1941, the Germans established a [[Nazi ghettos|ghetto]], whose Jewish inhabitants were later murdered in [[Bełżec extermination camp]] (for more information see ''The Holocaust'' below).

[[File:Monument to Home Army in Rzeszów (2022)b.jpg|thumb|[[Home Army]] Monument]]
During the war, Rzeszów was a main center of the [[Polish Underground State]], with the Rzeszów Inspectorate of the [[Home Army]] covering several counties. On 25 May, during Action Kosba, Home Army soldiers killed the [[Gestapo]] henchmen Friederich Pottenbaum and Hans Flaschke on a Rzeszów street. In the summer of 1944, during [[Operation Tempest]], units of the Home Army attacked German positions in the town, and on 2 August, Rzeszów was in the hands of the Home Army.

Polish authorities loyal to the [[Polish government-in-exile]] tried to negotiate with the Soviets, but without success. The [[NKVD]] immediately opened a prison in the cellars of the Rzeszów Castle, sending there a number of Home Army soldiers. On the night of 7/9 October 1944, a Home Army unit under [[Łukasz Ciepliński]] attacked the castle, trying to release 400 inmates kept there. The attack failed, and [[1951 Mokotów Prison execution|Ciepliński was captured and subsequently executed in 1951]].

====The Holocaust====
[[File:Rzeszów, Synagoga Staromiejska w Rzeszowie DZolopa 2019-08-17 152252 1333.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Old Town Synagogue]]

Before the outbreak of World War II, the Jews of Rzeszów numbered 14,000, more than one-third of the total population.<ref name="Virtual">{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0017_0_17208.html|title=Rzeszow|work=jewishvirtuallibrary.org|access-date=5 February 2010}}</ref> The town was occupied by the German Army on 10 September 1939 and was renamed "Reichshof".<ref name="Virtual" /> German [[Persecution of Jews|persecution of the Jews]] began almost immediately. By the end of 1939, there were 10 [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] camps in the Rzeszów region and many Jews became [[Slavery|slave labour]]ers. Jews were forced to live in the [[Gestapo]]-controlled [[Nazi ghettos|ghetto]].<ref name="Virtual" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/rzeszow%20ghetto.html|title=Rzeszow Ghetto|access-date=28 April 2017}}</ref>

Many Jews managed to flee to [[Kresy|Soviet-occupied eastern Poland]]. By June 1940, the number of Jews in Rzeszów had decreased to 11,800, of whom 7,800 were pre-war residents of the city; the rest were from the surrounding villages. As in all [[List of Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland|Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland]], life in the ghetto was impossible and hundreds died of malnutrition and disease. During the war, some 20,000 Jews were murdered in the ghetto in Rzeszów. This number includes thousands who were sent to Rzeszów only to be deported or murdered soon after arrival.<ref name="JVL"/><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/rzeszow.html|title=Rzeszow www.HolocaustResearchProject.org|access-date=28 April 2017}}</ref>

In the summer of 1942, hundreds were murdered in forests near Rzeszów. Hundreds more were sent to [[Belzec extermination camp|Belzec]] to be immediately gassed. Later in 1942, another round up sent nearly 1,500 children to their deaths and their parents to labor camps. In final "[[Aktion]]s" in the fall of 1943, most Jewish slave labour was transported in [[Holocaust trains]] to the newly reopened [[Szebnie concentration camp]]. A month later, on 5 November 1943, some 2,800 Jews were deported to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] and murdered.<ref name="JVL">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0017_0_17208.html|title=Rzeszow. Holocaust Period|author=Stefan Krakowski|year=2013|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Judaica|publisher=Jewish Virtual Library|access-date=8 July 2013|quote=In September 1943 the able-bodied Jews of Rzeszów were transported to Szebnia, where the majority met their death.}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/> Most of those who had been sent to labor camps were eventually murdered there or in an extermination camp.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dobroszycki |first1=Lucjan |title=Survivors of the Holocaust in Poland |date=1994 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=Armonk, NY |isbn=1-56324-463-2 |pages=73, 80}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Megargee |first1=Geoffrey |title=Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos |date=2012 |publisher=University of Indiana Press |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=978-0-253-35599-7 |page=Volume I 567–569I}}</ref>

Of Rzeszów's 14,000 Jews, only 100 survived the war, whether in Rzeszów itself, hiding all over Poland, or in various camps. The secret [[Żegota|Polish Council to Aid Jews, "Żegota"]], established by the [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance movement]], operated in the region.<ref>{{cite book|last=Datner|first=Szymon|year=1968|title=Las sprawiedliwych|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Książka i Wiedza|page=71}}</ref> Cases are also known of local Poles who were captured and either executed or sent to concentration camps for [[Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust|rescuing and aiding Jews]].<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludności żydowskiej w okresie II wojny światowej|year=2014|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=IPN|pages=241, 360}}</ref> Poles who saved Jews in other places in the region were also temporarily imprisoned in the local castle or sentenced to death by the local German court.<ref>''Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludności żydowskiej w okresie II wojny światowej'', pp. 66, 78, 98, 106, 384</ref> After the war, an additional 600 Rzeszów Jews returned from the [[Soviet Union]]. Almost all of them subsequently left Rzeszów and Poland.

=== People's Republic and present times ===
[[File:PodkarpackiUrządWojewódzki-POL, Rzeszów.jpg|thumb|Subcarpathian Voivodeship Office (''Podkarpacki Urząd Wojewódzki'') in Rzeszów]]

After rumors of the murder of a Christian girl in the city surfaced, on 1 June 1945,<ref name=":0" /> or after the mutilated body of 9-year-old Bronisława Mendoń was found in the basement of a tenement building largely inhabited by Holocaust survivors on 11 June 1945,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-06-17 |title=Tajemnicza zbrodnia i odwet |url=https://plus.dziennikpolski24.pl/tajemnicza-zbrodnia-i-odwet/ar/c15-15666454 |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=plus.dziennikpolski24.pl |language=pl}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Marcinkowska |first=Halina Hila |date=2019-11-30 |title=Pogromy z 1945 i 1946 roku. Krwawe wydarzenia we wspomnieniach świadków |url=https://wielkahistoria.pl/pogromy-z-1945-i-1946-roku-krwawe-wydarzenia-w-rzeszowie-krakowie-i-kielcach-we-wspomnieniach-swiadkow/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=WielkaHistoria |language=pl-PL}}</ref> the [[Milicja Obywatelska|Polish Communist Citizens' Militia]] arrested all of Rzeszów's remaining Jews,<ref name=":0" /> or the Jewish inhabitants of the area and some Jews transiting through the railway station,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> and led them through the city amidst an angry crowd, while at the same time looting the homes of the arrested Jews. All of the arrested people were released the same day, but the main suspect, who was linked to the crime through a sheet of paper from Mendoń's notebook and bloodstains in his flat,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Włusek |first=Andrzej |date=2015-08-21 |title=Czy wiesz jaką ponurą tajemnicę kryje rzeszowska kamienica przy ul. Okrzei? » Historykon.pl |url=https://historykon.pl/czy-wiesz-jaka-ponura-tajemnice-kryje-rzeszowska-kamienica-przy-ul-okrzei/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=Historykon.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref> was arrested on June 14 and held until September.<ref name=":1" /> As a result, more than 200 Jews fled Rzeszów, so that a restoration of Jewish life in the city after 1945 failed to materialize.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|author=Dan Diner|title=Enzyklopädie jüdischer Geschichte und Kultur (EJGK)|volume= 3: He–Lu|publisher= Metzler|place= Stuttgart/Weimar|year= 2012|isbn=978-3-476-02503-6|pages=345}}</ref>

On 7 July 1945, Rzeszów became capital of the newly created [[Rzeszów Voivodeship]], which consisted of western counties of prewar Lwów Voivodeship, and several counties of prewar [[Kraków Voivodeship (1919–1939)|Kraków Voivodeship]]. This decision had a major impact on the city, as it quickly grew. New offices of the regional government were built, and in 1951, several neighbouring villages were included within the city limits of Rzeszów, and the area of the city grew to 39&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.

Before the [[Polish People's Republic]] deported [[Ukrainians in Poland|ethnic Ukrainians]] to the western "[[Recovered Territories]]" in [[Operation Vistula]], the city was a major base of support for the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]] during the [[Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)|Polish anti-communist resistance.]]<ref>Applebaum, Anne (2012). ''Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944-1956''. New York USA: Doubleday. p. 130-132. {{ISBN|978-0-385-51569-6}}.</ref>

In 1971 and 1977, further villages were included within the city limits. In early 1981, Rzeszów was a main center of [[Rural Solidarity#Creation of the organization|farmer protests]], who occupied local offices for fifty days, which resulted in the signing of the [[Rural Solidarity#Rzeszów-Ustrzyki Agreement|Rzeszów – Ustrzyki Agreement]], and the creation of [[Rural Solidarity]].{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

On 1 January 1999, the city became the capital of [[Podkarpackie Voivodeship]]. Its population grew to 170,000, and area to 91,43&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.

In 2004, Rzeszów hosted the [[Central European Olympiad in Informatics]] (CEOI).{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

In 2017–2021, Rzeszów's city limits were greatly expanded by including the villages of [[Bzianka, Rzeszów County|Bzianka]],<ref>{{Cite Polish law|title=Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 19 lipca 2016 r. w sprawie ustalenia granic niektórych gmin i miast, nadania niektórym miejscowościom statusu miasta oraz zmiany nazwy gminy|year=2016|number=1134}}</ref> [[Miłocin, Podkarpackie Voivodeship|Miłocin]]<ref>{{Cite Polish law|title=Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 25 lipca 2018 r. w sprawie ustalenia granic niektórych gmin i miast oraz nadania niektórym miejscowościom statusu miasta|year=2018|number=1456}}</ref> and [[Pogwizdów Nowy]].<ref>{{Cite Polish law|title=Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 31 lipca 2020 r. w sprawie ustalenia granic niektórych gmin i miast, nadania niektórym miejscowościom statusu miasta, zmiany nazwy gminy oraz siedziby władz gminy|year=2020|number=1332}}</ref> The area of Rzeszów increased to over 120 square kilometres and more than 188,000 inhabitants.

In 2022 following the February [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Rzeszów became a "main artery" and hub for resupply of military material being transshipped to [[Ukraine]] from a number of countries of the Western alliance, including Sweden, Turkey, Germany, the U.S., and the Czech Republic.<ref name=wsj20220323>{{cite news |title=Weapons for Ukraine's Fight Against Russia Flow Through Small Polish Border Towns |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/weapons-for-ukraines-fight-against-russia-flow-through-small-polish-border-towns-11648066417 |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=23 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022 }}</ref>

In June 2022, Rzeszów formed a partnership agreement with [[Chernihiv|Chernihiv, Ukraine]] to become sister cities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rzeszow signs partnership agreement with Chernihiv |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3512211-rzeszow-signs-partnership-agreement-with-chernihiv.html |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=www.ukrinform.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rzeszow Signs Partnership Agreement With Chernihiv {{!}} MENAFN.COM |url=https://menafn.com/1104411532/Rzeszow-Signs-Partnership-Agreement-With-Chernihiv |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=menafn.com}}</ref>

====Papal visit====
In 1991 [[Pope John Paul II]] visited Rzeszów. During the celebrations in which nearly 1,000,000 people participated, the pope beatified Bishop [[Józef Sebastian Pelczar]], former bishop of [[Przemyśl]]. On 25 March 1992 Pope John Paul II established the new Diocese of Rzeszów.<ref name="Serwis">{{cite web|url=http://www.rzeszow.pl/en/history/history-of-rzeszow |title=Serwis informacyjny UM Rzeszów – History of Rzeszów |work=rzeszow.pl |access-date=5 February 2010 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The city of Rzeszów became the administrative center of the new Diocese and the Church of the Sacred Heart became the new city cathedral.<ref name="Serwis"/>

[[File:Podgórze Rzeszowskie1.jpg|thumb|center|700px|Countryside surrounding Rzeszów]]

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|1790|3336|1816|4536|1824|4779|1860|7342|1880|11166|1890|11953|1900|15010|1910|23688|1921|24942|1931|26902|1939|41300|1950|28133|1960|62526|1970|83105|1978|112684|1988|148560|2002|160376|2011|179386|2021|195871|source=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demographics - Rzeszów |url=https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/article/rzeszow/6,demografia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808225442/https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/article/rzeszow/6,demografia/ |archive-date=2013-08-08 |language=pl}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=1950 census|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/V23BYCLDIL473QC8MPYRQGUYFKVYDV.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1960 census|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/81YKKICKRTXKV5LAER54LARGAJ6BEJ.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1970 census|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/76EMNHPUX2B49GMQEDMCT2V3K4HFFT.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Demographic and occupational structure and housing conditions of the urban population in 1978-1988|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/RQ1U9XAX48KJJDQ54QSAFQKQ6AK6GS.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics Poland - National Censuses|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/podgrup/temat/}}</ref>|align=none|cols=2}}

== Geography ==
=== Climate ===
Rzeszów lies in the [[Temperateness|north temperate zone]] and has a [[continental climate]] with four distinct seasons. It is characterised by a significant variation between hot summers and cold, snowy winters. Average temperatures in summer range from {{convert|18|to|19.6|C|F|0}} and in winter from {{convert|-2.1|to|0|C|F|0}}. The average annual temperature is {{convert|8.9|C|F|0}}.

In summer temperatures often exceed {{convert|25|C|F|0}}, and sometimes even {{convert|30|C|F|0}}. In winter the temperature drops to {{convert|-5|C|F|0}} at night and about {{convert|0|C|F|0}} at day. During very cold nights the temperature drops to {{convert|-15|C|F|0}}.<ref name="EuroWeather">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurometeo.com/english/climate/city_EPRZ/id_GTx/meteo_rzeszow%20poland|title=EuroWEATHER – Maximum temperature, Rzeszow, Poland – Climate averages|work=eurometeo.com|access-date=5 February 2010}}</ref><ref name="MSN Weather">{{cite web|url=http://weather.uk.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?wealocations=wc:28470&q=Rzesz%C3%B3w%2C+POL+forecast:averagesm|title=MSN Weather – Yearly, Monthly Temperature and Precipitation Averages and Records for Rzeszów, POL.|publisher=MSN|access-date=5 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714125804/http://weather.uk.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?wealocations=wc:28470&q=Rzesz%C3%B3w,+POL+forecast:averagesm|archive-date=14 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> With Rzeszów being near the [[Carpathian Mountains]], there is sometimes a [[halny]]<ref name="Polish meaning">A note attempting to provide the English comprehension of ''halny'', which lacks a one-word translation: ''Halny'' is a singular masculine noun in Polish (plural: ''halne'') when denoting the wind. Wind is of masculine gender in Polish: ''wiatr''. The terms ''halny'' and ''wiatr halny'' are synonymous. ''Halny'' is also a general masculine adjective derived from the feminine noun ''hala'', a grassy meadow typical of the higher elevations of the Carpathian Mountains and the [[Alps]]. The feminine singular adjective is ''halna'', while the neuter singular and the plural for all three genders of the adjective is ''halne''.</ref> – a [[foehn wind|föhn wind]], when the temperature can rise rapidly.

{{Weather box
| location = Rzeszów (Jasionka) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1952–present
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 14.6
| Feb record high C = 17.2
| Mar record high C = 23.8
| Apr record high C = 29.1
| May record high C = 33.0
| Jun record high C = 34.8
| Jul record high C = 35.6
| Aug record high C = 36.5
| Sep record high C = 36.0
| Oct record high C = 25.6
| Nov record high C = 21.3
| Dec record high C = 16.5
| year record high C = 36.5
| Jan avg record high C = 8.0
| Feb avg record high C = 10.9
| Mar avg record high C = 17.1
| Apr avg record high C = 23.9
| May avg record high C = 27.5
| Jun avg record high C = 30.5
| Jul avg record high C = 32.1
| Aug avg record high C = 32.0
| Sep avg record high C = 27.2
| Oct avg record high C = 22.3
| Nov avg record high C = 16.2
| Dec avg record high C = 9.3
| year avg record high C = 33.1
| Jan high C = 0.8
| Feb high C = 2.7
| Mar high C = 7.9
| Apr high C = 15.0
| May high C = 20.1
| Jun high C = 23.5
| Jul high C = 25.6
| Aug high C = 25.2
| Sep high C = 19.6
| Oct high C = 13.6
| Nov high C = 7.4
| Dec high C = 2.1
| year high C = 13.6
| Jan mean C = -1.9
| Feb mean C = -0.6
| Mar mean C = 3.3
| Apr mean C = 9.1
| May mean C = 14.0
| Jun mean C = 17.6
| Jul mean C = 19.4
| Aug mean C = 18.9
| Sep mean C = 13.9
| Oct mean C = 8.9
| Nov mean C = 4.1
| Dec mean C = -0.5
| year mean C = 8.9
| Jan low C = -4.7
| Feb low C = -3.9
| Mar low C = -0.8
| Apr low C = 3.4
| May low C = 8.2
| Jun low C = 11.9
| Jul low C = 13.5
| Aug low C = 13.0
| Sep low C = 8.9
| Oct low C = 4.8
| Nov low C = 1.2
| Dec low C = -3.0
| year low C = 4.4
| Jan avg record low C = -17.5
| Feb avg record low C = -15.4
| Mar avg record low C = -9.3
| Apr avg record low C = -3.8
| May avg record low C = 0.8
| Jun avg record low C = 5.9
| Jul avg record low C = 7.9
| Aug avg record low C = 6.7
| Sep avg record low C = 1.3
| Oct avg record low C = -3.6
| Nov avg record low C = -7.7
| Dec avg record low C = -13.8
| year avg record low C = -20.3
| Jan record low C = -33.6
| Feb record low C = -35.8
| Mar record low C = -30.9
| Apr record low C = -10.0
| May record low C = -4.6
| Jun record low C = -0.9
| Jul record low C = 3.7
| Aug record low C = 0.9
| Sep record low C = -5.3
| Oct record low C = -11.4
| Nov record low C = -21.0
| Dec record low C = -29.8
| year record low C = -35.8
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 33.4
| Feb precipitation mm = 32.3
| Mar precipitation mm = 39.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 45.9
| May precipitation mm = 79.3
| Jun precipitation mm = 81.6
| Jul precipitation mm = 90.8
| Aug precipitation mm = 63.5
| Sep precipitation mm = 66.0
| Oct precipitation mm = 49.6
| Nov precipitation mm = 36.1
| Dec precipitation mm = 34.4
| year precipitation mm = 651.8
| Jan snow depth cm = 8.2
| Feb snow depth cm = 8.8
| Mar snow depth cm = 5.4
| Apr snow depth cm = 1.5
| May snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jun snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0.0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0.0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0.0
| Oct snow depth cm = 0.5
| Nov snow depth cm = 3.1
| Dec snow depth cm = 4.4
| year snow depth cm = 
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 16.23
| Feb precipitation days = 14.61
| Mar precipitation days = 13.90
| Apr precipitation days = 12.43
| May precipitation days = 14.07
| Jun precipitation days = 13.20
| Jul precipitation days = 14.23
| Aug precipitation days = 11.23
| Sep precipitation days = 11.10
| Oct precipitation days = 12.07
| Nov precipitation days = 13.47
| Dec precipitation days = 15.40
| year precipitation days = 161.94
| unit snow days = 0 cm
| Jan snow days = 18.0
| Feb snow days = 16.2
| Mar snow days = 6.8
| Apr snow days = 0.8
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.4
| Nov snow days = 4.6
| Dec snow days = 12.0
| year snow days = 58.8
| Jan humidity = 85.2
| Feb humidity = 82.4
| Mar humidity = 76.5
| Apr humidity = 70.8
| May humidity = 73.6
| Jun humidity = 74.4
| Jul humidity = 74.4
| Aug humidity = 75.0
| Sep humidity = 80.4
| Oct humidity = 83.0
| Nov humidity = 86.3
| Dec humidity = 86.5
| year humidity = 79.0
| Jan sun = 48.9
| Feb sun = 67.1
| Mar sun = 124.1
| Apr sun = 177.8
| May sun = 231.0
| Jun sun = 232.4
| Jul sun = 245.9
| Aug sun = 240.7
| Sep sun = 163.5
| Oct sun = 117.3
| Nov sun = 55.4
| Dec sun = 38.6
| year sun = 1742.8
| source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<ref name=IMGWtavg>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| archive-date = 3 December 2021
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 22 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmin>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 22 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmax>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 22 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecip>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| archive-date = 9 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| title = Miesięczna suma opadu
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 22 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecipdays>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| title = Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 22 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdepth>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 22 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdays>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| archive-date = 21 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 22 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsun>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
| language = pl
| access-date = 22 January 2022
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
| source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)<ref name=recordhigh>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350220580&par=tmax&max_empty=3
| title = Rzeszów-Jasionka Absolutna temperatura maksymalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 22 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=recordlow>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350220580&par=tmin&max_empty=3
| title = Rzeszów-Jasionka Absolutna temperatura minimalna
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 22 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=relativehumidity>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350220580&par=rh&max_empty=3
| title = Rzeszów-Jasionka Średnia wilgotność
| date = 6 April 2018
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 22 January 2022}}</ref>
}}
<div style="width: 80%;"></div>
{{Graph:Weather monthly history
| table = Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Rzeszów.tab
| title = Rzeszów temperature
}}

===Main sights===
[[File:Rzeszów, zespół urbanistyczny średniowiecznego miasta i nowego miasta, 1354, XVIII, XX 007.jpg|thumb|right|Main Market Square]]
* The Main Square
*[[Rzeszów Town Hall]], built in 1591, later remodelled in [[Neogothic]] and [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Renaissance Revival]] styles
* Saint Adalbert and Saint Stanislaus Church, built in 15th century in Gothic style
* Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Bernardine monastery), built in 17th century in Baroque style
* Regional Museum, located in the former 17th century Piarists monastery
* Old Town (17th century) and New Town (18th century, restored 1954–63) Synagogues
* [[Rzeszów Castle]], rebuilt in 17th century
* Lubomirski Summer Palace, rebuilt in 18th century in Rococo style
* Wanda Siemaszkowa Theatre - former Sokol houses, built 1890-1900
* PKO Bank Building, built 1906–07 in [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Renaissance Revival]] style
* Socialist realist buildings of the Rzeszów Court of Appeals (former regional headquarters of the [[Polish United Workers' Party]]) and of the Music Institute
* Modernist building of the Subcarpathian Philharmonic
* Monument to The Revolutionary Action, erected in 1974
* [[Olszynki Park]] - {{convert|220.67|m|ft|sp=us}} high skyscraper
* ''Podziemia'', [[Tunnel]]s

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Ratusz-POL, Rzeszów.jpg|City Hall
File:Rzeszów, zamek, 1600, 1903-1906 danz 009.jpg|[[Rzeszów Castle]]
File:Rzeszów - Letni Pałac Lubomirskich.jpg|[[Lubomirski Summer Palace]]
File:Rzeszów, kościół farny p.w. śś. Stanisława i Wojciecha, 1434, 1623, 1754 danz 004.jpg|Saint Adalbert and Saint Stanislaus Church
File:Zielono mi, czyli eko Rzeszów....JPG|Basilica of the Assumption
File:4 Rzeszów, zespół klasztorny pijarów, 1642-1646, 1703-1707.JPG|Regional Museum in Rzeszów
File:SynagogaNowomiejska-POL, Rzeszów.jpg|New Town Synagogue
File:Rzeszów, gmach PKO, 1906 danz.jpg|PKO Bank Building
File:Rzeszów, Sąd Apelacyjny.jpg|Rzeszów Court of Appeals
File:Rzeszów - Filharmonia Podkarpacka.jpg|Subcarpathian Philharmonic
File:Rzeszów Pomnik Czynu Rewolucyjnego.jpg|Revolution Monument
File:Kościół Świętej Trójcy w Rzeszowie (front).jpg|Greek Catholic Church of the Holy Trinity
File:Kościół parafialny Najświętszego Serca Pana Jezusa w Rzeszowie4.jpg|Rzeszów Cathedral
File:Olszynki Park - Rzeszow.jpg|Olszynki Park skyscraper
</gallery>

===Demographics===
According to [[Główny Urząd Statystyczny|GUS]] data, as of 30 June 2020, Rzeszów had 196 821 inhabitants. In contrast to other cities close to the size of Rzeszów in [[Poland]], the population is growing.

Rzeszów is the 17th largest Polish city in terms of population and the 20th largest city in terms of area.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

<!-- DO NOT ADD MORE PICTURES TO THIS SECTION -->
{{Historical populations|align=left|cols=2
| 1910 |23700
| 1931 |26902
| 1939 |42000
| 1946 |29470
| 1950 |28133
| 1960 |62526
| 1970 |83105
| 1980 |121321
| 1990 |153041
| 2000 |160779
| 2010 |178227|2020|196638
| footnote=source <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Rzeszow | title=Rzeszów (Podkarpackie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia }}</ref>
}}
{{clear|left}}

==Culture==
[[File:PL-PK Rzeszów, Teatr Dramatyczny im. W. Siemaszkowej 2016-08-30--10-07-15-001.jpg|thumb|Wanda Siemaszkowa Theatre]]
[[File:Wojewódzka i Miejska Biblioteka Publiczna w Rzeszowie.jpg|thumb|Provincial and City Public Library]]

===Theatres===
* Wanda Siemaszkowa Theatre (est. 1944)
* Maska Theatre
* Rzeszów Dance Theatre

===Museums===
* Ethnographic Museum
* Museum of the City of Rzeszów
* Diocesan Museum
* [[Rzeszów Castle]]

===Art galleries===
* "Szajna" gallery
* "Pod Ratuszem" gallery
* "z Podwórza" gallery
* OPe Photo Gallery

===Libraries===
* Provincial and City Public Library in Rzeszów
* Rzeszów University Library
* Rzeszów University of Technology Library

===Other===
* [[Podpromie Hall]]
* Artur Malawski Philharmonic Hall

==Sports==
[[File:Hala Podpromie przd meczem Resovi Rzeszów ze Skrą Bełchatów.jpg|thumb|Volleyball match between [[Resovia (volleyball)|Resovia]] and [[Skra Bełchatów]]]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+ Professional sports teams
|-
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Trophies<!--Major international trophies or domestic championships and cups.-->
|-
|[[Resovia (volleyball)|Resovia]]
|[[Volleyball]] (men's)
|[[PlusLiga]]
|7 Polish Championships<br>3 [[Polish Men's Volleyball Cup|Polish Cups]] (1975, 1983, 1987)<br>1 [[CEV Cup]] ([[2023–24 CEV Cup|2024]])
|-
|[[KS Developres Rzeszów]]
|Volleyball (women's)
|[[Polish Women's Volleyball League|Tauron Liga]]
|1 Polish Championship (2025)<br>2 [[Polish Women's Volleyball Cup|Polish Cups]] (2022, 2025)
|-
|[[Stal Rzeszów (motorcycle speedway)|Stal Rzeszów]]
|[[Motorcycle speedway|Speedway]]
|[[Polish Speedway First League|I liga]]
|2 Polish Championships (1960, 1961)
|-
|[[Resovia (football)|Resovia]]
|[[Association football|Football]] (men's)
|[[II liga]]
|0
|-
|[[Stal Rzeszów (football)|Stal Rzeszów]]
|[[Association football|Football]] (men's)
|[[I liga]]
|1 [[Polish Cup]] (1975)
|-
|[[Resovia (basketball)|Resovia]]
|[[Basketball]] (men's)
|[[I Liga (basketball)|I Liga]]
|1 Polish Championship (1975)<br>1 [[Polish Basketball Cup|Polish Cup]] (1974)
|}

== Economy and infrastructure ==
===Industry===
[[File:Galeria Rzeszów.JPG|thumb|''CH Galeria Rzeszów'' – the largest shopping center in the city]]
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
*[[Asseco]] Poland SA (earlier Comp Rzeszów S.A.) – the largest computer software company in Poland
*Eastern IT Cluster<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.klasterit.pl/|title=Informatyka, oprogramowanie i systemy informatyczne: Klaster Firm Informatycznych Polski Wschodniej|website=www.klasterit.pl}}</ref> grouping several IT companies is headquartered in Rzeszów
*FIBRAIN – manufacturer in the field of [[Information and communications technology|ICT]] systems
*[[G2A|G2A.COM Limited]] - a global digital marketplace which specializes in gaming products
*[[Goodrich Corporation]] opened a {{convert|5.3|hectare|acre|adj=on}} manufacturing facility near Rzeszów in November 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/11/09/349379/business-briefs.html |access-date=10 November 2010 |title=Business briefs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112051112/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/11/09/349379/business-briefs.html |archive-date=12 November 2010 }}</ref>
*[[Novartis]] International AG (NYSE:NVS) Rzeszów – [[Gerber Products Company]] [[Food industry|food production]] facilities
*[[Sanofi-Aventis]] (NYSE:SNY)
*[[United Technologies Corporation]] (NYSE:UTX) [[Pratt & Whitney]] division (acquired WSK-PZL Rzeszów) – [[Aerospace engineering]] including one of the world's two F-16 engine manufacturers
*[[Valeant Pharmaceuticals International]] (NYSE:VRX) Rzeszów (formerly ICN Polfa Rzeszów)
*{{Ill|Zelmer SA|pl|Zelmer}} – household equipment

At [[Widełka]] substation, situated approximately {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=off}} north-northeast of Rzeszów, the [[Rzeszów–Khmelnytskyi powerline]], the only 750&nbsp;kV powerline in Poland, ends.

===Media===
[[File:Rzeszów, Pałac Burgallera (Polskie Radio).jpg|thumb|Burgaller Palace (Polish Radio Rzeszów)]]

====Radio====
* Radio Rzeszów
* Radio Eska Rzeszów
* Akademickie Radio Centrum
* Katolickie Radio Via
* Radio RES

====Press====
* Gazeta Codzienna NOWINY
* Super Nowości
* Nasz Dom<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naszdom.rzeszow.pl/|title=Stowarzyszenie Nasz Dom-Rzeszów|website=www.naszdom.rzeszow.pl}}</ref>
* Gazeta Wyborcza Rzeszów
[[File:6 Kopisto Street in Rzeszów (2022).jpg|thumb|TVP Rzeszów]]

====Television====
*[[Telewizja Polska|Polish Television]] (TVP) branch in Rzeszów
* Rzeszów municipal television

====Internet====
* Rzeszow-Info.pl<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rzeszow-info.pl/|title=Rzeszów Info, Rzeszów News - Najważniejsze wiadomości i wydarzenia|website=Rzeszow Info}}</ref>

===Transport===

====Transit====
Rzeszów is located on the main [[File:Tabliczka E40.svg|22px]] [[European route E40|West-East European E40 Highway]], which goes from [[Calais]] in France via [[Belgium]], across Germany, [[Poland]], [[Ukraine]] and onto Russia and [[Kazakhstan]]. Within [[Poland]] the [[European route E40|E40]] follows the [[File:Tabliczka A4.svg|22px]] [[A4 autostrada (Poland)|A4 Highway]], passing through [[Wrocław]], [[Katowice]], [[Kraków]] and [[Korczowa]]. The [[File:S19-PL.svg|22px]] [[Expressway S19 (Poland)|S19 Expressway]] connects Rzeszów with Belarus and Slovakia as part of planned [[Via Carpathia]] route from the Baltic to the Black Sea.

In recent years, communication has been improved by a modernization of the roads within the city. [[Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System|SCATS]] traffic system has been implemented.
The A4 highway and S19 expressway act as bypass of the city, running through the northern and eastern districts of Rzeszów.

====Airport====
[[File:Rzeszow Airport-1.jpg|thumb|Rzeszów–Jasionka Airport]]

[[Rzeszów-Jasionka Airport]] (Port Lotniczy Rzeszów-Jasionka) is located in the village of Jasionka {{convert|10|km|abbr=off}} north of the city. As of June 2015 scheduled passenger services are offered by [[Ryanair]], [[LOT Polish Airlines]], and [[Lufthansa]]. This is supplemented seasonally by tourist charter flights to typical summer leisure destinations.

====Buses====
The city operates 49 bus lines including night and airport buses. Rzeszów is also a gateway to the [[Bieszczady Mountains|Bieszczady mountains]], with many buses heading for [[Sanok]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.pks.rzeszow.pl/ |title=PKS Rzeszów S.A. |publisher=web.pks.rzeszow.pl |access-date=8 January 2010}}</ref>
[[File:WK15 Rzeszów Główny (27) Lichen99.jpg|thumb|[[Rzeszów Główny railway station]]]]

====Railways====
Rzeszów is an important rail hub is on the main west–east rail route; {{fontcolor|DarkGreen|'''Line 91'''}}. This runs from [[Silesia]] and [[Kraków]], [[Transport in Kraków#Kraków Central station|Kraków Main station]] ''(Kraków Główny)'' – [[Medyka]] on the Polish eastern border. This line then continues on to [[Ukraine]]. Its [[Rzeszów Main Station|main railway station]] was established in the 19th century and apart from it, there are five additional stations in the city: ''Rzeszów Staroniwa'', ''Rzeszów Zwięczyca'', ''Rzeszów Osiedle'', ''Rzeszów Załęże'' and ''Rzeszów Zachodni'' ([[freight]] only). There are also two non-electrified lines stemming from Rzeszów – to [[Jasło]] and to [[Tarnobrzeg]].

==Education==
[[File:Albigowa 0121popr.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rzeszów University of Technology]]]]

Universities:
*[[Rzeszów University]] (established in 2001 from a number of smaller schools)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.univ.rzeszow.pl/eng/index2.php |title=University of Rzeszów: News |publisher=univ.rzeszow.pl |access-date=8 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209011300/http://www.univ.rzeszow.pl/eng/index2.php |archive-date=9 February 2010 }}</ref>
*[[Rzeszów University of Technology]] (formed from The Higher Engineering School in 1974)
* [[Rzeszów University of Technology]] University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszów (established in 1996)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wsiz.edu.pl/|title=Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Zarządzania|website=WSIiZ w Rzeszowie}}</ref>
** Branches in [[Dębica]], [[Krosno]] and [[Nisko]]
* Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wszrze.edu.pl/|title=Prawo w Polsce - Prawo dla ludzi|website=Prawo w Polsce}}</ref>
* [[WSPiA Rzeszów School of Higher Education]] (established in 1995)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wspia.eu/|title=WSPiA Rzeszowska Szkoła Wyższa|website=www.wspia.eu}}</ref>

Notable high schools:
*[[Konarski Secondary School in Rzeszów|Konarski's Number 1 High School in Rzeszów]]
*John Paul II High School

==International relations==
===Consulates===
There are honorary consulates of the [[Czech Republic]], [[Germany]], [[Hungary]] and [[Slovakia]] in Rzeszów.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/dyplomacja/misje-dyplomatyczne-urzedy-konsularne-i-organizacje-miedzynarodowe-w-polsce|title=Misje dyplomatyczne, urzędy konsularne i organizacje międzynarodowe w Polsce|website=Portal Gov.pl|language=pl|access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref>

===Twin towns – sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}
Rzeszów is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web|title=Miasta partnerskie|url=https://www.erzeszow.pl/pl/508-wspolpraca-miedzynarodowa/5888-miasta-partnerskie.html|publisher=Rzeszów|language=pl|access-date=2022-11-23}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagdeco|GER}} [[Bielefeld]], Germany
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], United States
*{{flagdeco|UKR}} [[Chernihiv]], Ukraine
*{{flagdeco|CHN}} [[Fangchenggang]], China
*{{flagdeco|USA}} [[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]], United States
*{{flagdeco|UKR}} [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], Ukraine
*{{flagdeco|AUT}} [[Klagenfurt]], Austria
*{{flagdeco|SVK}} [[Košice]], Slovakia
*{{flagdeco|GRC}} [[Lamia (city)|Lamia]], Greece
*{{flagdeco|UKR}} [[Lutsk]], Ukraine
*{{flagdeco|UKR}} [[Lviv]], Ukraine
*{{flagdeco|HUN}} [[Nyíregyháza]], Hungary
*{{flagdeco|ENG}} [[Rushmoor]], England, United Kingdom
*{{flagdeco|ROU}} [[Satu Mare]], Romania
*{{flagdeco|CRO}} [[Split, Croatia|Split]], Croatia
*{{flagdeco|UKR}} [[Truskavets]], Ukraine
{{div col end}}

==Notable people==
[[File:Michael Kors Fall-Winter 2010 086 (cropped).jpg|thumb|160px|[[Anja Rubik]]]]
[[File:Deutsches Jazzfestival 2013 - Tomasz Stanko New York Quartet - Tomasz Stanko - 09.JPG|thumb|160px|[[Tomasz Stańko]]]]
[[File:Fred Zinnemann 1940s.jpg|thumb|160px|[[Fred Zinnemann]]]]

*[[Maurycy Allerhand]] (1868–1942), lawyer 
*[[Jan Wojciech Balicki]] (1869–1948), Roman Catholic priest
*[[Aleksander Bobko]] (born 1952), politician
*[[Stan Borys]] (born 1941), singer
*[[Amalia Carneri]] (1875–1942), opera singer
*[[Aleksander Cichoń]] (born 1958), wrestler 
*[[Łukasz Ciepliński|Lukasz Cieplinski]] (1913–1951), anti-Nazi and anti-Soviet resistance hero
*[[Jan Domarski]] (born 1946), footballer
*[[Tadeusz Ferenc]] (1940-2022), politician
*[[Wanda Gołkowska]] (1925–2013), artist
*[[Jerzy Grotowski]] (1933–1999), theatre director and theorist
*[[Hermann Horner]] (1892–1942), Austrian-Hungarian operatic bass-baritone
*[[Rafał Jonkisz]] (born 1997), male model
*[[Juliusz Kaden-Bandrowski]] (1885–1944), journalist and novelist
*[[Dawid Kostecki]] (1981–2019), boxer 
*[[Paweł Kowal]] (born 1975), politician
*[[Dawid Lampart]] (born 1990), motorcycle speedway rider
*[[Joanna Lech]] (born 1984), poet
*[[Saul Lowenstam]] (1717–1790), Dutch rabbi and talmudist.
*[[Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski]] (1648–1706), nobleman and military commander
*[[Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski]] (1642–1702), nobleman and politician
*[[Łukasz Łuczaj]] (born 1972), botanist
*[[Łukasz Różański]] (born 1986), professional boxer
*[[Anja Rubik]] (born 1983), supermodel and philanthropist
*[[Władysław Sikorski]] (1881–1943), military and political leader, statesman
*[[Mieczysław Boruta-Spiechowicz]] (1894–1985), military officer
*[[Tomasz Stańko]] (1942–2018), jazz musician and composer
*[[Justyna Steczkowska]] (born 1972), singer and songwriter
*[[Józef Szajna]] (1922–2008), set designer and painter
*[[Rich Szaro]] (1948–2015), Polish-born American football player
*[[Andrzej Szlachta]] (born 1947), politician
*[[Łukasz Trałka]] (born 1984), football pundit, commentator and former player 
*[[Stanisław Wisłocki]] (1921–1998), conductor
*[[Konrad Wysocki]] (born 1982), Polish-German basketball player
*[[Józef Zając]] (1891–1963), general and pilot
*[[Oscar Zehngut]] (born 1874), violinist
*[[Fred Zinnemann]] (1907–1997), film director

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book|author=Jerzy Jawczak|title=Rzeszów|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVMRAAAACAAJ|access-date=25 February 2010|year=1991|publisher=Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza|isbn=978-83-03-02788-7|ref=Jawczak69}}
*{{Cite book|last=Malczewski|first=Jan|editor-last=Rakuś|editor-first=Anna|editor-last2=Staszewski|editor2-first=Krzysztof|editor3-last=Malczewski|editor3-first=Jan|title='Zamek w Rzeszowie, jego otoczenie i właściciele|publisher=Libri Ressovienses|location=Rzeszów|year=1995|isbn=83-902021-5-8|language=pl|ref=Malczewski69}}
* Moshe Yaari-Wald (ed.), Sefer Zikkaron li-Kehillat Risha (Heb., some Yid. and Eng., 1967).

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline}}
*[http://borowik.blox.pl/ Gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121221101424/http://borowik.blox.pl/ |date=21 December 2012 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041009133203/http://www.erzeszow.pl/en/ Rzeszów City Department]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061009193914/http://www.go-rzeszow.com/ Welcome to Rzeszów!]
*[http://www.naszrzeszow.pl Best infoblog in Rzeszów] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124090656/https://naszrzeszow.pl/ |date=24 January 2019 }}
* {{JewishGen-LocalityPage|527004|Rzeszów, Poland}}
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