Editing Ruth Dreifuss

{{Short description|Swiss politician}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| name                = Ruth Dreifuss
| image               = File:Ruth Dreifuss (2014, cropped).jpg
| caption             = Dreifuss in 2014
| office              = [[President of the Swiss Confederation|President of Switzerland]]
| vicepresident       = Adolf Ogi
| term_start          = 1 January 1999
| term_end            = 31 December 1999
| predecessor         = [[Flavio Cotti]]
| successor           = [[Adolf Ogi]]
| office1             = Vice President of Switzerland
| president1          = [[Flavio Cotti]]
| term_start1         = 1 January 1998
| term_end1           = 31 December 1998
| predecessor1        = Flavio Cotti
| successor1          = [[Adolf Ogi]]
| office2             = [[Federal Department of Home Affairs|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| term_start2         = 10 March 1993
| term_end2           = 31 December 2002
| predecessor2        = [[Flavio Cotti]]
| successor2          = [[Pascal Couchepin]]
| office3             = [[List of members of the Swiss Federal Council|Member of the Federal Council]]
| term_start3         = 1 April 1993
| term_end3           = 31 December 2002
| predecessor3        = [[René Felber]]
| successor3          = [[Micheline Calmy-Rey]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1940|1|9|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[St. Gallen]], [[Switzerland]]
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| party               = [[Social Democratic Party of Switzerland|Social Democratic Party]]
| alma_mater          = [[University of Geneva]]
}}
'''Ruth Dreifuss''' (born 9 January 1940) is a Swiss economist, [[Union worker|unionist]] and politician who served as a member of the [[Federal Council (Switzerland)|Federal Council]] from 1993 to 2002. She served as Vice President of Switzerland in 1998 and as [[President of the Swiss Confederation|President of Switzerland]] in 1999 for the [[Social Democratic Party of Switzerland|Social Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dreifuss, Ruth |url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/028730/2022-11-23/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=hls-dhs-dss.ch |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bildkollektion |url=https://visual.keystone-sda.ch/-/lightbox/page/1670134/1 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=Visual |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratsmitglied ansehen |url=https://www.parlament.ch/de/biografie/ruth-dreifuss/430 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=[[Federal Assembly (Switzerland)|Federal Assembly]]}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ruth Dreifuss was born 9 January 1940 in [[St. Gallen, Switzerland]], the second of two children, to Sidney Dreifuss (1899-1956), a merchant, and Jeanne "Johanna" ([[née]] Bicard; 1905-1962), a secretary.<ref>Obituary of Hermann Dreifuss (paternal grandfather)

https://www.e-newspaperarchives.ch/?a=d&d=NZZ19390911-03.2.19&srpos=5&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN-Sidney+Dreifuss-------0-----</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=La liberté 11 October 1993 — e-newspaperarchives.ch |url=http://www.e-newspaperarchives.ch/?a=d&d=LLE19931011-01.2.236&srpos=6 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=www.e-newspaperarchives.ch |language=en}}</ref> Her elder brother, Jean-Jacques Dreifuss, is a [[professor emeritus]] at the [[University of Geneva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archives UNIGE - Notices d'autorité |url=https://archives.unige.ch/authorities/view/586 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=archives.unige.ch}}</ref> Her paternal family belongs to the oldest Jewish families of Switzerland settled in [[Endingen, Switzerland|Endingen]]. Her maternal family originally hailed from [[Horbourg-Wihr]] in [[Alsace–Lorraine|Alsace]], they became citizens in [[Boppelsen]] in 1886.<ref>Bicard von Boppelsen (ZH)

https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/famn/index.php</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jules BICARD geb. 23 Jan 1867 Horburg (Horbourg-Wihr), Alsace (Elsass), Frankreich gest. Datum unbekannt: JMH Genealogy |url=https://www.hohenemsgenealogie.at/gen/getperson.php?personID=I45243&tree=Hohenems |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=www.hohenemsgenealogie.at}}</ref> Officially, Dreifuss is [[non-denominational]]; however, she considers herself a [[Jewish secularism|secular Jew]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dreifuss: Judentum ist mehr als eine Konfession |url=https://www.vgt.ch/vn/9703/judentum.htm |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=www.vgt.ch}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Spuren der Zeit - Die Schweizer Judendörfer - Auf Spurensuche in Endingen und Lengnau - Play SRF |url=https://www.srf.ch/play/tv/spuren-der-zeit/video/die-schweizer-judendoerfer-auf-spurensuche-in-endingen-und-lengnau?urn=urn:srf:video:19ea3eb7-68a4-4a16-8ce4-444995691c2e |access-date=2023-09-21 |language=de}}</ref>

In 1945, the family relocated to [[Geneva]], where Dreifuss attended ''École de Sécheron'', since 1947. After secondary school (Rue Neckar) she attended a commercial school, completing a general business diploma. In 1958, she started to study [[social studies]] at the [[:fr:Haute école de travail social de Genève|Haute école de travail social]] in Geneva, concurrently she attended several courses at the [[University of Geneva]] and its then-affiliated [[Graduate Institute of Development Studies]]. In 1970, aged 30, she obtained a [[Master of Arts]] in [[Economics]] from this university.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geschichte der Sozialen Sicherheit-Dreifuss, Ruth |url=https://www.geschichtedersozialensicherheit.ch/akteure/bundesraetinnen-und-bundesraete/dreifuss-ruth |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=www.geschichtedersozialensicherheit.ch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruth Dreifuss {{!}} IHEID |url=https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/enduring-legacy-future-generations/ruth-dreifuss |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.graduateinstitute.ch}}</ref>

== Career ==
After business education, Ruth worked as a secretary and social worker. Also, she was a journalist at ''Cooperation'' from 1961 to 1964. She joined the Socialist Party (SP) in 1964. Between 1972 and 1981, she was scientific expert at the Federal Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. Also, Dreifuss elected Secretary of the Swiss Trade Union, where she dealt with matters related to social insurance, labor law and women's issues, until her election to the Federal Council in 1993.<ref>Skard, Torild (2014) "Ruth Dreifuss" in ''Women of power - half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide'', Bristol: Policy Press, {{ISBN|978-1-44731-578-0}}, pp. 405-6</ref>[[File:Ruth Dreifuss (1988) by Erling Mandelmann.jpg|thumb|left|1988]]

Dreifuss was a social-democratic member of the City of [[Bern]]'s Legislative Assembly from 1989 to 1992. She missed out the election to the [[National Council of Switzerland]] in 1991.

She is a member of the [[Council of Women World Leaders]], an International network of current and former female leaders whose mission is to mobilize the highest-level women leaders globally for collective action on issues of critical importance to women and equitable development.

== Election to the Federal Council ==
[[File:Ruth Dreifuss und Christiane Brunner.jpg|thumb|Ruth Dreifuss (left) and Christiane Brunner on 8 March 1993]]

After the resignation of [[René Felber]] from the Federal Council, a member of the [[Social Democratic Party of Switzerland|Social Democratic Party]] was supposed to be elected, according to the unofficial "[[Swiss Federal Council#Party representation|magic formula]]" used to determine the representation of the Swiss parties at the Federal Council. While [[Christiane Brunner]] was the [[Social Democratic Party of Switzerland|Social Democratic Party]]'s official candidate for the election on 3 March 1993, the right-wing parties decided to back another member of the Social Democratic Party, [[Francis Matthey]], a member of the national parliament and a Minister of the [[Canton of Neuchâtel]] at that time who declined election, as his party did not support it.

A new election was organized on 10 March 1993, and the Social Democratic Party presented both Ruth Dreifuss and [[Christiane Brunner]] as the two official candidates. It was the first time that two women were on the official "ticket" for election, and Ruth Dreifuss was elected on the 3rd round with 144 votes.

== Political actions undertaken ==
[[File:4 pillars of Swiss drug policy.png|thumb|The 4 pillars of Switzerland's [[drug policy]]: prevention, treatment, [[harm reduction]] and repression.]]

Ruth Dreifuss held the [[Federal Department of Home Affairs (Switzerland)|Federal Department of Home Affairs]] until her resignation on 31 December 2002. She was the first woman ever to be elected [[President of the Swiss Confederation|President of the Confederation]] from 1 January to 31 December 1999.

She won several referendums, including a revision of the Health Insurance Bill, the 10th revision of the [[social security]] system, a drug policy based on prevention, therapy, help and rehabilitation, and a new law regarding the film industry and its development. The 4-pillar policy was also aimed at reducing the spread of the [[AIDS epidemic]], especially with a new policy regarding the supply of clean syringes.

She worked on a Maternity Insurance law, but since the majority of the Federal Council rejected the proposal, she had to ask the people to reject her own text, as she had to respect [[collegiality]].

She is a member and former chair of the [[Global Commission on Drug Policy]] and a member of [[International Commission Against the Death Penalty]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.lse.ac.uk/Events/2021/03/202103291300/drugs |title= Drugs and Development Policies: a discussion with the Global Commission on Drug Policy |date= 29 March 2021 |website= The London School of Economics & Political Science |access-date= 26 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.swansea.ac.uk/gdpo/gdpopeople/patron/ |title= GDPO Patron - Ruth Dreifuss |website= Swansea University |access-date= 26 October 2021}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

* ''Dreifuss ist unser Name'' (Dreifuss is our name), by Isabella Maria Fischli, Ed. Pendo, 2002, {{ISBN|3-85842-487-0}}.
* "Ruth Dreifuss" in ''Women of power - half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide'', by Torild Skard, Bristol: Policy Press, 2014, {{ISBN|978-1-44731-578-0}}.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
*{{Swiss Federal Councillor|ruth-dreifuss}}
* [https://www.historyofsocialsecurity.ch/stakeholders/federal-councilors/dreifuss-ruth/?L=3 Ruth Dreifuss] in [https://www.historyofsocialsecurity.ch/home/ History of Social Security in Switzerland]
*{{HDS|28730}}
*[http://www.legacymemorybank.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62 Legacy interview.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414231202/http://www.legacymemorybank.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62 |date=2016-04-14 }}. Personal history interview
*[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/abolish-drug-penalty_b_8272074 Time to Abolish Drug-Related Death Penalty] by Ruth Dreifuss. [[HuffPost]]. Published 13 October 2015. Updated 6 December 2017.

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[René Felber]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of members of the Swiss Federal Council|Member of the Swiss Federal Council]]|years=1993–2002}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Micheline Calmy-Rey]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Flavio Cotti]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Federal Department of Home Affairs|Minister of Home Affairs]]|years=1993–2002}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pascal Couchepin]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Flavio Cotti]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Vice President of Switzerland|years=1998}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Adolf Ogi]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the Swiss Confederation|President of Switzerland]]|years=1999}}
{{s-end}}

{{Swiss Presidents}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dreifuss, Ruth}}
[[Category:Women members of the National Council (Switzerland)]]
[[Category:Members of the Federal Council (Switzerland)]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Swiss Confederation]]
[[Category:Interior ministers of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Women members of the Federal Council (Switzerland)]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jewish Swiss politicians]]
[[Category:Anti–death penalty activists]]
[[Category:Drug policy reform activists]]
[[Category:Female interior ministers]]
[[Category:Women presidents in Europe]]
[[Category:People from St. Gallen (city)]]
[[Category:Social Democratic Party of Switzerland politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Swiss women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Swiss women politicians]]
[[Category:Jewish socialists]]
[[Category:Winners of the Stockholm Prize in Criminology]]
[[Category:20th-century Swiss Jews]]
[[Category:21st-century Swiss Jews]]
[[Category:First women presidents]]
[[Category:20th-century presidents in Europe]]
[[Category:20th-century women presidents]]
[[Category:Members of the National Council (Switzerland) 1991–1995]]
[[Category:Members of the National Council (Switzerland) 1995–1999]]
[[Category:Members of the National Council (Switzerland) 1999–2003]]