Editing Rutaceae

{{Short description|Family of flowering plants in the order Sapindales}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Skimmia reevesiana2.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Skimmia japonica]]''
| taxon = Rutaceae
| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]], 1789<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?979 |title=''Rutaceae'' Juss., nom. cons. |work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]] |date=2003-01-17 |access-date=2009-04-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506180339/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?979 |archive-date=2009-05-06 }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision =
{{unbulleted list
|[[Amyridoideae]]
|[[Aurantioideae]]
|[[Cneoroideae]]
|[[Haplophyllum (plant)|Haplophylloideae]]
|[[Rutoideae]]
|[[Zanthoxyloideae]]
| subdivision_ref = <ref name=GropKallPiraAnto12/>
}}
| diversity = About 160 genera, totaling over 1600 species
| diversity_link = List of Rutaceae genera
| range_map = Rutoideae distribution.svg
| range_map_caption = Range of subfamily Rutoideae ''sensu'' Groppo et al., 2012
| range_map2 = Cneoroideae distribution.svg
| range_map2_caption = Range of subfamily Cneoroideae
}}

The '''Rutaceae''' ({{IPAc-en|r|uː|'|t|eɪ|s|i|ˌ|aɪ|,_|-|s|iː|ˌ|iː}}) is a [[family (biology)|family]], commonly known as the [[rue]]<ref name="BoDD">[http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/RUTA.html RUTACEAE] in BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database</ref> or [[citrus]] family,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plantsystematics.org/taxpage/0/family/Rutaceae.html|title=Rutaceae (Citrus family) – 245 images at PlantSystematics.org images, phylogeny, nomenclature for (Rutaceae)|work=plantsystematics.org}}</ref> of [[flowering plant]]s, usually placed in the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Sapindales]].

Species of the family generally have [[flower]]s that divide into four or five parts, usually with strong scents. They range in form and size from [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]] to [[shrub]]s and large<ref>{{cite web |title=''Flindersia schottiana'', PlantNET - NSW Flora Online, Retrieved September 3rd, 2017|last= M. F. Porteners|url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Flindersia~schottiana}}</ref> [[tree]]s.

The most economically important [[genus]] in the family is ''[[Citrus]]'', which includes the [[Orange (fruit)|orange]] (''C.'' × ''sinensis''), [[lemon]] (''C.'' × ''limon''), [[grapefruit]] (''C.'' × ''paradisi''), and [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] (various). ''[[Boronia]]'' is a large Australian genus, some members of which are plants with highly fragrant flowers and are used in commercial [[Essential oil|oil]] production. Other large genera include ''[[Zanthoxylum]],'' several species of which are cultivated for [[Sichuan pepper]], ''[[Melicope]]'', and ''[[Agathosma]]''. About 160 [[genus|genera]] are in the [[List of Rutaceae genera|family Rutaceae]].

== Characteristics ==
Most species are trees or shrubs, a few are herbs (the type genus ''[[Ruta]]'', ''[[Boenninghausenia]]'', and ''[[Dictamnus]]''), frequently aromatic with [[gland]]s on the [[Leaf|leaves]], sometimes with [[Thorns, spines, and prickles|thorns]]. The leaves are usually opposed and [[compound leaf|compound]] and without [[stipule]]s. Pellucid glands, a type of oil gland, are found in the leaves responsible for the aromatic smell of the family's members; traditionally they have been the primary [[synapomorphic]] characteristic to identify the Rutaceae.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

Flowers are [[bract]]less, solitary or in [[Inflorescence|cyme]], rarely in [[raceme]], and mainly [[Pollination|pollinated]] by insects. They are [[Floral symmetry|radially]] or (rarely) laterally symmetric and generally [[plant sexuality|hermaphroditic]]. They have four or five—sometimes three—mostly separate [[petal]]s and [[sepal]]s and eight to ten [[stamen]] (five in ''[[Skimmia]]'', many in ''[[Citrus]]''), usually separate or in several groups. Usually they have only a single stigma with 2 to 5 united [[carpel]]s. Their ovaries are sometimes separate, but their styles are combined.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

The fruit of the Rutaceae are very variable: [[Berry (botany)|berries]], [[drupe]]s, [[hesperidium|hesperidia]], [[samara (fruit)|samaras]], [[capsule (fruit)|capsules]], and [[follicle (fruit)|follicles]] all occur. Seed number also varies widely.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

== Taxonomy ==
The family is closely related to the [[Sapindaceae]], [[Simaroubaceae]], and [[Meliaceae]], and all are usually placed into the same [[order (biology)|order]], although older systems separate that order into [[Rutales]] and [[Sapindales]]. The families [[Flindersiaceae]] and [[Ptaeroxylaceae]] are sometimes kept separate, but nowadays generally are placed in the Rutaceae, as are the former [[Cneoraceae]].{{cn|date=April 2024}}

===Subfamilies===
In 1896, Engler published a division of the family Rutaceae into seven subfamilies.<ref name=Engl96/> One, Rhabdodendroideae, is no longer considered to belong to the Rutaceae, being treated as the segregate family Rhabdodendraceae, containing only the genus ''[[Rhabdodendron]]''. Two monogeneric subfamilies, Dictyolomatoideae and Spathelioideae, are now included in the subfamily [[Cneoroideae]], along with genera Engler placed in other families. The remaining four Engler subfamilies were [[Aurantioideae]], [[Rutoideae]], Flindersioideae and Toddalioideae. Engler's division into subfamilies largely relied on the characteristics of the fruit, as did others used until [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] methods were applied.<ref name=AppeBaylHeslGrop21/>

Molecular methods have shown that only Aurantioideae can be clearly differentiated from other members of the family based on fruit. They have not supported the [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]]s of Engler's three other main subfamilies.<ref name=AppeBaylHeslGrop21/> In 2012, Groppo et al. divided Rutaceae into only two subfamilies, retaining Cneoroideae but placing all the remaining genera in a greatly enlarged subfamily Rutoideae ''s.l.''<ref name=GropKallPiraAnto12/> A 2014 classification by Morton and Telmer also retained Engler's Aurantioideae, but split the remaining Rutoideae ''s.l.'' into a smaller Rutoideae and a much larger Amyridoideae ''s.l.'', containing most of Engler's Rutoideae.<ref name=MortTelm14/> Until 2021, molecular phylogenetic methods had only sampled between 20% and 40% of the genera of Rutaceae. A 2021 study by Appelhans et al. sampled almost 90% of the genera. The two main [[clade]]s recognized by Groppo et al. in 2012 were upheld, but Morton and Telmer's Rutoideae was [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]] and their Amyridoideae was [[Polyphyly|polyphyletic]] and did not include the type genus. Applehans et al. divided the family into six subfamilies, shown below in the [[cladogram]] produced in their study. The large subfamily [[Zanthoxyloideae]] was shown to contain distinct clades, but the authors considered that a revised classification at the tribal level was not yet feasible at the time their paper was published.<ref name=AppeBaylHeslGrop21/>

{{clade
|label1=Rutaceae
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Cneoroideae]] (8 genera)
   |label2=Rutoideae ''s.l.''<ref name=GropKallPiraAnto12/>
   |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |1=[[Rutoideae]] (5 genera)
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Amyridoideae]] (3 genera)
            |2={{clade
               |1=Haplophylloideae (1 genus, ''[[Haplophyllum (plant)|Haplophyllum]]'')
               |2=[[Aurantioideae]] (about 27 genera)
               }}
            }}
         }}
      |2=[[Zanthoxyloideae]] (about 110 genera)
      }}
   }}
}}

== Notable species ==
{{See also|List of Rutaceae genera|Citrus taxonomy}}
[[File:NIH citrus.jpg|thumb|upright|Various ''Citrus'' fruits]]
The family is of great economic importance in warm temperate and subtropical climates for its numerous edible fruits of the genus ''[[Citrus]]'', such as the [[orange (fruit)|orange]], [[lemon]], [[calamansi]], [[lime (fruit)|lime]], [[kumquat]], [[Mandarin orange|mandarin]] and [[grapefruit]].

Non-citrus fruits include the [[white sapote]] (''Casimiroa edulis''), [[orangeberry]] (''Glycosmis pentaphylla''), limeberry (''[[Triphasia trifolia]]''), and the [[Aegle marmelos|bael]] (''Aegle marmelos'').{{cn|date=April 2024}}

The [[curry tree]], ''Murraya koenigii'', is of culinary importance in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and elsewhere, as its leaves are used as a spice to flavour dishes. Spices are also made from a number of species in the genus ''[[Zanthoxylum]]'', notably [[Sichuan pepper]].{{cn|date=April 2024}}

Other plants are grown in [[horticulture]]: ''[[Murraya]]'' and ''[[Skimmia]]'' species, for example. ''[[Ruta]]'', ''[[Zanthoxylum]]'' and ''[[Casimiroa]]'' species are [[Herbalism|medicinals]]. Several plants are also used by the [[perfume]] industry, such as the Western Australian ''[[Boronia megastigma]]''.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

The genus ''[[Pilocarpus]]'' has species (''P. jaborandi'', and ''P. microphyllus'' from Brazil, and ''P. pennatifolius'' from Paraguay) from which the medicine [[pilocarpine]], used to treat glaucoma, is extracted.

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=AppeBaylHeslGrop21>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Appelhans |first1=Marc S. |last2=Bayly |first2=Michael J. |last3=Heslewood |first3=Margaret M. |last4=Groppo |first4=Milton |last5=Verboom |first5=G. Anthony |last6=Forster |first6=Paul I. |last7=Kallunki |first7=Jacquelyn A. |last8=Duretto |first8=Marco F. |date=2021 |title=A new subfamily classification of the ''Citrus'' family (Rutaceae) based on six nuclear and plastid markers |journal=Taxon |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=1035–1061 |doi=10.1002/tax.12543 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free |hdl=11343/288824 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=Engl96>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Engler |first1=A. |date=1896 |editor1-last=Engler |editor1-first=A. |editor2-last=Prantl |editor2-first=K. |contribution=Rutaceae |title=Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien |volume=III(4) |publication-place=Leipzig |publisher=Engelmann |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>

<ref name=GropKallPiraAnto12>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Groppo |first1=M. |last2=Kallunki |first2=J.A. |last3=Pirani |first3=J.R. |last4=Antonelli |first4=A. |date=2012 |title=Chilean ''Pitavia'' more closely related to Oceania and Old World Rutaceae than to Neotropical groups: Evidence from two cpDNA non-coding regions, with a new subfamilial classification of the family |journal=PhytoKeys |issue=19 |pages=9–29 |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.19.3912 |pmid=23717188 |name-list-style=amp |pmc=3597001 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=MortTelm14>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Morton |first1=Cynthia M. |last2=Telmer |first2=Cheryl |date=2014 |title=New Subfamily Classification for the Rutaceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=620–641 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275969900 |doi=10.3417/2010034 |s2cid=85667129 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>
}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chase |first=Mark W. |author2=Cynthia M. Morton |author3=Jacquelyn A. Kallunki |date=August 1999 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of Rutaceae: a cladistic analysis of the subfamilies using evidence from RBC and ATP sequence variation |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=1191–1199 |doi=10.2307/2656983 |pmid=10449399 |jstor=2656983 |publisher=Botanical Society of America|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Gurjaran |title=Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach |year=2004 |publisher=Science Publishers |location=Enfield, New Hampshire |isbn=1-57808-342-7| pages=438–440}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Rutaceae}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline}}

{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q146030}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rutaceae| ]]
[[Category:Sapindales families]]