Editing Russians

{{short description|East Slavic ethnic group}}
{{About|the East Slavic ethnic group|other meanings|Russian (disambiguation){{!}}Russian}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Russians
| native_name      = {{native name|ru|русские|paren=no}}
| native_name_lang = ru
| image            = 
| caption          = 
| population       = {{circa|135 million}} {{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
| popplace         = [[File:Map of the Russian Diaspora in the World.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]]
Russia{{nbsp|2}} 105,620,179 (2021)<ref name="census2021">{{cite web|title=Национальный состав населения|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=30 December 2022|archive-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region1          = Germany
| pop1             = approx. 7,500,000 <br /><small>(including [[Russian Jews]] and [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union|Russian Germans]])</small>
| ref1             = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/AuslaendBevoelkerung2010200177004.pdf|title=Migration und Integration|access-date=19 January 2019|archive-date=19 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121319/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/AuslaendBevoelkerung2010200177004.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.mid.ru//bdomp/brp_4.nsf/e78a48070f128a7b43256999005bcbb3/55cec39404735aadc32572ea005b9953!OpenDocument|title=Regarding Upcoming Conference on Status of Russian Language Abroad|publisher=Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=24 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223001931/http://archive.mid.ru//bdomp/brp_4.nsf/e78a48070f128a7b43256999005bcbb3/55cec39404735aadc32572ea005b9953!OpenDocument|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.mid.ru//bdomp/brp_4.nsf/e78a48070f128a7b43256999005bcbb3/55cec39404735aadc32572ea005b9953!OpenDocument |title=Regarding Upcoming Conference on Status of Russian Language Abroad |publisher=Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=24 June 2014 |archive-date=23 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223001931/http://archive.mid.ru//bdomp/brp_4.nsf/e78a48070f128a7b43256999005bcbb3/55cec39404735aadc32572ea005b9953!OpenDocument |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| region2          = Ukraine
| pop2             = 7,170,000 (2018) (including [[Crimea]])
| ref2             = <ref name="Національний склад населення">{{cite web |url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/ |title=Державна служба статистики України |publisher=Ukrstat.gov.ua |date= |accessdate=28 February 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123112523/http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| region3          = United States
| pop3             = 3,072,756 <small>(2009)</small><br /><small>(including Russian Jews and Russian Germans)</small>
| ref3             = <ref name=census1>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_5YR_B04003&prodType=table|title=American FactFinder – Results|work=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS)|access-date=19 September 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212205834/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_5YR_B04003&prodType=table|archive-date=12 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region4          = Kazakhstan
| pop4             = 2,983,317 <small>(2024 government est.)</small>
| ref4             = <ref>https://stat.gov.kz/api/iblock/element/178068/file/en/</ref>
| region5          = 
| pop5             = 
| ref5             = 
| region7          = Uzbekistan
| pop7             = 720,324 (2019)
| ref7             = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.egov.uz/eng/data/6117a05996188a0f14ac917b?page=1 |url-status=dead |title=Permanent population by national and / Or ethnic group, urban / Rural place of residence |access-date=11 October 2023 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202184355/https://data.egov.uz/eng/data/6117a05996188a0f14ac917b?page=1 }}</ref>
| region8          = Belarus
| pop8             = 706,992 (2019)
| ref8             = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.belstat.gov.by/upload/iblock/df5/df5842f32b1b8a711043f8f54856f5c8.pdf |title=National composition of the population. The Republic of Belarus statistical bulletin |website=belstat.gov.by |place=Minsk |date=2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420032346/https://www.belstat.gov.by/upload/iblock/df5/df5842f32b1b8a711043f8f54856f5c8.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region9          = Canada
| pop9             = 622,445 (2016)<br/><small>(Russian ancestry, excluding Russian Germans)</small>
| ref9             = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=&Code2=&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1 |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census |date=8 February 2017 |publisher=statcan.gc.ca |access-date=24 March 2018 |archive-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210170531/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{collapsed infobox section begin|Other countries}}
| region10         = Latvia
| pop10            = 454,350 (2022)
| ref10            = <ref>{{cite web |author=Social Statistics Department of Latvia |title=Pastāvīgo iedzīvotāju etniskais sastāvs reģionos un republikas pilsētās gada sākumā |url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE010/table/tableViewLayout1/ |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928153547/https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE010/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| region11         = Kyrgyzstan
| pop11            = 352,960 (2018)
| ref11            = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.kg/ru/statistics/download/operational/729/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227230442/http://www.stat.kg/ru/statistics/download/operational/729/ |archive-date=27 December 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| region12         = France
| Pop12            = 
| ref12            = 200,000<ref name="russieinfo.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.russieinfo.com/la-communaute-russe-en-france-est-eclectique-2014-10-30|title=La communauté russe en France est "éclectique"|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122143216/http://www.russieinfo.com/la-communaute-russe-en-france-est-eclectique-2014-10-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> to 500,000<ref name="russieinfo.com"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://vestnik.spbu.ru/html14/s02/s02v3/02.pdf |title= communauté russe en France |access-date= 19 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190412044628/http://vestnik.spbu.ru/html14/s02/s02v3/02.pdf |archive-date= 12 April 2019 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
| region13         = Estonia
| pop13            = 315,252 (2021)
| ref13            = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__rahvus-emakeel/RL21428/table/tableViewLayout2 |title=Population by Sex, Ethnic Nationality and County, 1 January. Administrative Division as at 01.01.2018 |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611131932/http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PO0222U&ti=POPULATION+BY+SEX%2C+ETHNIC+NATIONALITY+AND+COUNTY%2C+1+JANUARY.+ADMINISTRATIVE+DIVISION+AS+AT+01.01.2018&path=..%2FI_Databas%2FPopulation%2F01Population_indicators_and_composition%2F04Population_figure_and_composition%2F&lang=1 |archive-date=11 June 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| region14         = Argentina
| pop14            = 300,000 (2018)
| ref14            = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ellitoral.com/index.php/diarios/2018/02/25/informaciongeneral/INFO-02.html|title=Los rusos en Argentina constituyen la mayor comunidad de Latinoamérica – Edición Impresa – Información General|access-date=22 February 2019|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019042936/https://www.ellitoral.com/index.php/diarios/2018/02/25/informaciongeneral/INFO-02.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region15         = Moldova
| pop15            = 201,218 (2014)
| ref15            = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://statistica.gov.md/public/files/Recensamint/Recensamint_pop_2014/Rezultate/Tabele/Caracteristici_populatie_RPL_2014_rom_rus_eng.xls|title=Moldovan Population Census from 2014|work=Moldovan National Bureau of Statistics|access-date=3 May 2020|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016094053/https://statistica.gov.md/public/files/Recensamint/Recensamint_pop_2014/Rezultate/Tabele/Caracteristici_populatie_RPL_2014_rom_rus_eng.xls|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region16        = Brazil
| pop16           = 200,000  <small>(2018)</small><br /><small>(Russian citizens and Russian ancestry)</small>
| ref16           = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://noticias.r7.com/sao-paulo/contra-pais-estagnado-comunidade-russa-foge-e-se-estabelece-no-brasil-14062018/ |title=Contra país estagnado, comunidade russa foge e se estabelece no Brasil |access-date=2 March 2025 |website=R7.com |language=pt-br |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528125113/https://noticias.r7.com/sao-paulo/contra-pais-estagnado-comunidade-russa-foge-e-se-estabelece-no-brasil-14062018/ |archive-date=28 May 2022 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| region17         = Turkmenistan
| pop17            = 150,000 (2012)
| ref17            = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://repin.info/nacionalnyy-otvet/russkie-v-turkmenii-lyudi-vtorogo-sorta |title=Русские в Туркмении: люди второго сорта &#124; Журнал РЕПИН.инфо |access-date=19 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121541/http://repin.info/nacionalnyy-otvet/russkie-v-turkmenii-lyudi-vtorogo-sorta |archive-date=19 January 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| region18         = Lithuania
| pop18            = 129,797 (2017)
| ref18            = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/statistiniu-rodikliu-analize?theme=all#/|title=Gyventojų pagal tautybę dalis, palyginti su bendru nuolatinių gyventojų skaičiumi|publisher=osp.stat.gov.lt|access-date=13 August 2017|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813151222/https://osp.stat.gov.lt/statistiniu-rodikliu-analize?theme=all#/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region19         = Italy
| pop19            = 120,459
| ref19            = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/str2006/index.html|title=2006 census|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-date=14 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814010947/http://demo.istat.it/str2006/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region20         = Azerbaijan
| pop20            = 119,300 (2009)
| ref20            = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/AP_1.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107000309/http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/AP_1.shtml|title=The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan|archive-date=7 January 2012|publisher=azstat.org}}</ref>
| region21         = Finland
| pop21            = 90,801 (2020)
| ref21            = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/sv/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rv.px/|title=Befolkning 31.12. Efter Område, Bakgrundsland, Kön, År och Uppgifter|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-date=30 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330122834/https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/sv/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rv.px/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region22         = Spain
| pop22            = 72,234 (2017)
| ref22            = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Tabla.htm?path=/t20/e245/p08/l0/&file=02005.px&L=0|title=Población extranjera por Nacionalidad, comunidades, Sexo y Año.|website=INE|access-date=7 April 2022|archive-date=26 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426032350/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/Tabla.htm?path=%2Ft20%2Fe245%2Fp08%2Fl0%2F&file=02005.px&L=0|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region23         = Turkey
| pop23            = 50,000–100,000<br />(2019)
| ref23            = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.mid.ru//ns_publ.nsf/cb8e241d18a8904ec3256fc7002ddc0e/a26c797ba51042d2c32576800031670a?OpenDocument|title=МИД России &#124; 12/02/2009 &#124; Интервью Посла России в Турции В.Е.Ивановского, опубликованное в журнале "Консул" № 4 /19/, декабрь 2009 года|publisher=Mid.ru|access-date=22 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102074707/http://archive.mid.ru//ns_publ.nsf/cb8e241d18a8904ec3256fc7002ddc0e/a26c797ba51042d2c32576800031670a?OpenDocument|archive-date=2 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.yeniakit.com.tr/haber/turkiyede-yasayan-rus-sayisi-belli-oldu-679523.html|title=Türkiye'deki Rus Sayısı Belli Oldu. (Turkish)|publisher=Yeni Akit|access-date=22 November 2022|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328200029/https://m.yeniakit.com.tr/haber/turkiyede-yasayan-rus-sayisi-belli-oldu-679523.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region24         = Australia
| pop24            = 67,055 (2006)
| ref24            = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/|title=Australian Bureau of Statistics|publisher=Abs.gov.au|access-date=22 July 2012|archive-date=23 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223171605/https://www6.abs.gov.au/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region25         = Poland
| pop25            = 40,000 (2019)
| ref25            = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination|title=Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination|date=10 February 2014|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319075252/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region26         = Romania
| pop26            = 36,397 (2002)<br /> ([[Lipovans]])
| ref26            = <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070513211550/http://mimmc.ro/info_util/formulare_1294/ Informatii utile | Agentia Nationala pentru Intreprinderi Mici si Mijlocii] (2002 census) {{in lang|ro}}</ref>
| region27         = Czech Republic
| pop27            = 35,759 (2016)
| ref27            = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27914491/1612_c01t02.pdf/fb43eb2d-e0b2-4692-ba3f-cc696b3b2b70?version=1.0|title=(number of foreigners in the Czech Republic)|format=PDF|language=cs|date=31 December 2016|access-date=6 October 2017|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412044625/https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27914491/1612_c01t02.pdf/fb43eb2d-e0b2-4692-ba3f-cc696b3b2b70?version=1.0|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region28         = Tajikistan
| pop28            = 35,000 (2010)
| ref28            = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0559/barom02.php|title=Доля титульной национальности возрастает во всех странах СНГ, кроме России|access-date=19 January 2019|archive-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024004752/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0559/barom02.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region29         = South Korea
| pop29            = 30,098 (2016)
| ref29            = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.immigration.go.kr/doc_html/attach/imm/f2016//20160830263386_1_1.hwp.files/Sections1.html|title=출입국·외국인정책 통계월보|work=출입국·외국인정책 본부 이민정보과|access-date=11 August 2017|archive-date=2 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102152359/http://www.immigration.go.kr/doc_html/attach/imm/f2016/20160830263386_1_1.hwp.files/Sections1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region30         = Georgia
| pop30            = 26,453 (2014)
| ref30            = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://census.ge/files/results/english/17_Total%20population%20by%20regions%20and%20ethnicity.xls |title=Total population by regions and ethnicity |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808174812/http://census.ge/files/results/english/17_Total%20population%20by%20regions%20and%20ethnicity.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| region31         = Hungary
| pop31            = 21,518 (2016)
| ref31            = <ref name="KSH">{{cite book|last=Vukovich|first=Gabriella|url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf|title=Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok|trans-title=2016 microcensus – 12. Ethnic data|language=hu|publisher=Hungarian Central Statistical Office|location=Budapest|year=2018|access-date=9 January 2019|isbn=978-963-235-542-9|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region32         = Sweden
| pop32            = 20,187 (2016)
| ref32            = <ref>{{cite web|title=Utrikes födda efter födelseland, kön och år|url=http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/UtrikesFoddaR/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=f45f90b6-7345-4877-ba25-9b43e6c6e299|website=www.scb.se|publisher=Statistiska Centralbyrån|access-date=25 May 2017}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| region33         = China
| pop33            = 15,609 (2000)
| ref33            = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/renkoupucha/2000pucha/html/t0106.htm|title=(2000 census)|publisher=Stats.gov.cn|access-date=22 July 2012|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826143557/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/renkoupucha/2000pucha/html/t0106.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region34         = Bulgaria
| pop34            = 15,595 (2002)
| ref34            = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm|title=(2002 census)|publisher=Nsi.bg|access-date=22 July 2012|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107090330/http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm%20|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region35         = Armenia
| pop35            = 14,076 (2022)
| ref35            = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=10 July 2024}}</ref>
| region36         = Greece
| pop36            = 13,635 (2002)<
| ref36            = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcnk.gr/pdflink|title=rcnk.gr|date=April 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020}}</ref>
| region37         = Serbia
| pop37            = 10,486 (2021)
| ref37            = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/popisni-podaci-eksel-tabele/|title=ПОПИС 2022 - еxcел табеле &#124; О ПОПИСУ СТАНОВНИШТВА|access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref>
| region38         = India
| pop38            = 6,000–15,000 (2011)
| ref38            = <ref>{{cite web|title=Центральная избирательная комиссия Российской Федерации|url=http://www.foreign-countries.vybory.izbirkom.ru/region/region/foreign-countries?action=show&root=1000182&tvd=100100022111493&vrn=100100021960181&region=99&global=true&sub_region=99&prver=0&pronetvd=null&vibid=100100022111493&type=233|access-date=17 June 2021|website=www.foreign-countries.vybory.izbirkom.ru|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009103728/http://www.foreign-countries.vybory.izbirkom.ru/region/region/foreign-countries?action=show&root=1000182&tvd=100100022111493&vrn=100100021960181&region=99&global=true&sub_region=99&prver=0&pronetvd=null&vibid=100100022111493&type=233|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region39         = Slovakia
| pop39            = 8,116 (2021)
| ref39            = <ref>{{Cite web |title=SODB2021 – Obyvatelia – Základné výsledky |url=https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=www.scitanie.sk |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531025903/https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SODB2021 – Obyvatelia – Základné výsledky |url=https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-dalsej-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=www.scitanie.sk |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715111536/https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/struktura-obyvatelstva-podla-dalsej-narodnosti/SR/SK0/SR |url-status=live }}</ref>
| region40         = Denmark
| pop40            = 7,686 (2019)
| ref40            = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/Graphics/MapAnalyser.asp?Maintable=FOLK1C&PLanguage=0&HERKOMST=TOT&IELAND=5700&OMR%C3%85DE=000&K%C3%98N=TOT&ALDER=IALT |title=Statistics Denmark 2019 K4: Russian |publisher=Statistics Denmark |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602235918/https://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/Graphics/MapAnalyser.asp?Maintable=FOLK1C&PLanguage=0&HERKOMST=TOT&IELAND=5700&OMR%C3%85DE=000&K%C3%98N=TOT&ALDER=IALT |url-status=live }}</ref>
| region41         = New Zealand
| pop41            = 5,979 (2013)<
| ref41            = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/ethnic-profiles.aspx?request_value=24692&parent_id=24650&tabname=#24692 |year=2013 |title=Census ethnic group profiles: Russian |publisher=Stats NZ |access-date=29 November 2016 |archive-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804174217/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/ethnic-profiles.aspx?request_value=24692&parent_id=24650&tabname=#24692 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{collapsed infobox section end}}
| langs            = [[Russian language|Russian]] ([[Russian Sign Language]])
| rels             = Predominantly [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] ([[Russian Orthodoxy]]), minority [[irreligion]]
| related          = Other [[East Slavs]] ([[Belarusians]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Rusyns]])<ref name="2008ydna">{{cite journal |title=Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |date=January 2008 |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=236–50 |last1=Balanovsky |first1=Oleg |last2=Rootsi |first2=Siiri |last3=Pshenichnov |first3=Andrey |last4=Kivisild |first4=Toomas |last5=Churnosov |first5=Michail |last6=Evseeva |first6=Irina |last7=Pocheshkhova |first7=Elvira |last8=Boldyreva |first8=Margarita |last9=Yankovsky |first9=Nikolay |last10=Balanovska |first10=Elena |last11=Villems |first11=Richard |pmc=2253976 |pmid=18179905 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019}}</ref>
| tablehdr         = [[Russian diaspora|Diaspora]]
}}

'''Russians''' ({{langx|ru|русские|russkiye|link=yes}} {{IPA|ru|ˈruskʲɪje||Ru-русские.ogg}}) are an [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] [[ethnic group]] native to [[Eastern Europe]]. Their [[mother tongue]] is [[Russian language|Russian]], the most spoken [[Slavic languages|Slavic language]]. The majority of Russians adhere to [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]], ever since the [[Middle Ages]]. By total numbers, they compose the largest [[Slavs|Slavic]] and [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European nation]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=173–4|loc=The Russians}}

Genetic studies show that Russians are closely related to [[Polish people|Poles]], [[Belarusians]], [[Ukrainians]], as well as [[Estonians]], [[Latvians]], [[Lithuanians]], and [[Finns]].<ref name="2008ydna" />{{sfn|Malyarchuk|Derenko|2004|pp=877–900}}{{sfn|Balanovsky|Rootsi|2008|pp=236–50}}{{sfn|Balanovsky|2012|p=23}} They were formed from East Slavic tribes, and their cultural ancestry is based in [[Kievan Rus']]. The Russian word for the Russians is derived from the [[Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia|people of Rus' and the territory of Rus']]. Russians share many historical and cultural traits with other European peoples, and especially with other East Slavic ethnic groups, specifically [[Belarusians]] and [[Ukrainians]]. 

The vast majority of Russians live in native [[Russia]],{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=173–4|loc=The Russians}} but notable minorities are scattered throughout other [[post-Soviet states]] such as [[Russians in Belarus|Belarus]], [[Russians in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]], [[Russians in Moldova|Moldova]], [[Russians in Ukraine|Ukraine]], and the [[Russians in the Baltic states|Baltic states]]. A large [[Russian diaspora]] (sometimes including Russian-speaking non-Russians), estimated at 25 million people,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coolican |first=Sarah |date=December 2021 |title=The Russian Diaspora in the Baltic States: The Trojan Horse that never was |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/Assets/Documents/updates/LSE-IDEAS-Russian-Diaspora-Baltic-States.pdf |journal=LSE Ideas |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522180544/https://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/Assets/Documents/updates/LSE-IDEAS-Russian-Diaspora-Baltic-States.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> has developed all over the world, with notable numbers in the [[Russian Americans|United States]], [[Russians in Germany|Germany]], [[Russian Brazilians|Brazil]], and [[Russian Canadians|Canada]].

==Ethnonym==
There are two [[Russian language|Russian]] words which are commonly translated into English as "Russians". One is {{lang|ru|[[wikt:русский#Russian|русские]]}} (''russkiye''), which in modern Russia most often means "ethnic Russians". The other one is {{lang|ru|[[wikt:россиянин#Russian|россияне]]}} (''rossiyane''), derived from {{lang|ru|[[wikt:Россия#Russian|Россия]]}} (''Rossiya'', Russia), which denotes "people of Russia", regardless of ethnicity or religious affiliation.{{sfn|Milner-Gulland|1997|pp=1–4}} In daily usage, those terms are often mixed up, and since [[Vladimir Putin]] became president, the ethnic term русские has supplanted the non-ethnic term.<ref name="KappelerBrothers">{{cite book|first=Andreas|last=Kappeler|author-link=Andreas Kappeler|title=Ungleiche Brüder: Russen und Ukrainer vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart|trans-title=Unequal Brothers: Russians and Ukrainians from the Middle Ages to the Present|year=2023|publisher=C.H.Beck oHG|place=München|isbn=978-3-406-80042-9|lang=de}}</ref>{{rp|26}}

The name of the Russians derives from the early medieval [[Rus' people]], a group of [[Norsemen|Norse]] merchants and warriors who relocated from across the [[Baltic Sea]] and played an important part in the foundation of the first [[East Slavic peoples|East Slavic]] state that later became the [[Kievan Rus']].<ref>{{cite book|title=Viking Rus|last=Duczko|first=Wladyslaw|year=2004|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-13874-2|pages=10–11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC&pg=PA10|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414014750/https://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC&pg=PA10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Andreas|last=Kappeler|author-link=Andreas Kappeler|title=Russische Geschichte|trans-title=Russian History|year=2022|publisher=C.H.Beck oHG|place=München|isbn=978-3-406-79290-8|lang=de|page=13}}</ref>

The idea of a single "[[all-Russian nation]]" encompassing the [[East Slavs|East Slavic peoples]], or a "triune nation" of three brotherly "[[Great Russia]]n", "[[Little Russia]]n" (i.e. [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]), and "[[White Ruthenia|White Russian]]" (i.e. [[Belarusians|Belarusian]]) peoples became the official doctrine of the [[Russian Empire]] from the beginning of the 19th century onwards.<ref name="KappelerBrothers" />{{rp|25-26}}

==History==
=== Ancient history ===
{{further|Rus' people|Old Russians}}
[[File:East Slavic tribes peoples 8th 9th century.jpg|thumb|[[East Slavs|East Slavic]] tribes and peoples, 8th–9th century]]
The ancestors of modern Russians are the [[List of ancient Slavic peoples|Slavic tribes]], whose original home is thought by some scholars to have been the wooded areas of the [[Pripet Marshes|Pinsk Marshes]], one of the largest [[wetland]]s in Europe.<ref>For a discussion of the origins of Slavs, see {{Cite book|last=Barford, P. M.|title=The Early Slavs|publisher=Cornell University Press|pages=15–16|isbn=978-0-8014-3977-3|year=2001}}</ref> The East Slavs gradually settled Western Russia with [[Moscow]] included in two waves: one moving from [[Kiev]] toward present-day [[Suzdal]] and [[Murom]] and another from [[Polotsk]] toward [[Novgorod]] and [[Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast|Rostov]].<ref name="Christian">{{Cite book|author=[[David Christian (historian)|Christian, D.]]|title=A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=1998|pages=286–288|isbn=978-0-631-20814-3}}</ref> Prior to the Slavic migration  in the 6-7th centuries, the Suzdal-Murom and Novgorod-Rostov areas  were populated by [[Finnic peoples]],<ref name="backus">{{Cite journal |last=Backus |first=Oswald P. |date=1973 |title=The impact of the Baltic and Finnic peoples upon Russian history |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01629777300000011 |journal=Journal of Baltic Studies |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1080/01629777300000011 |issn=0162-9778}}</ref> including the [[Meryans|Merya]],<ref>{{Cite book|author=Paszkiewicz, H.K.|title=The Making of the Russian Nation|publisher=Darton, Longman & Todd|year=1963|page=262}}</ref> the [[Muromians|Muromian]]s,<ref>{{Cite book|author=McKitterick, R.|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=15 June 1995|page=497|isbn=0521364477}}</ref> and the [[Meshchera]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=[[Aleksandr Mongait|Mongaĭt, A.L.]]|title=Archeology in the U.S.S.R.|publisher=Foreign Languages Publishing House|year=1959|page=335}}</ref>

From the 7th century onwards, the East Slavs slowly assimilated the native Finnic peoples,<ref>Ed. [[Timothy Reuter]], ''The New Cambridge Medieval History'', Volume 3, Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 494-497. {{ISBN|0-521-36447-7}}.</ref> so that by year 1100, the majority of the population in Western Russia was Slavic-speaking.<ref name="Christian"/><ref name="backus"/> Recent genetic studies confirm the presence of a Finnic substrate in modern Russian population.<ref>
Interactions between gene pools of Russian and Finnish-speaking populations from tver region: Analysis of 4 million snp markers. 2020. Bull Russ State Med Univ. 6, 15-22. O.P. Balanovsky, I.O. Gorin, Y.S. Zapisetskaya, A.A. Golubeva, E.V. Kostryukova, E.V. Balanovska. doi: 10.24075/BRSMU.2020.072.</ref>

Outside archaeological remains, little is known about the predecessors to Russians in general prior to 859 AD, when the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'' starts its records.<ref>The ''Primary Chronicle'' is a history of the Ancient Rus' from around 850 to 1110, originally compiled in [[Kiev]] about 1113.</ref> By 600 AD, the [[Slavs]] are believed to have split linguistically into [[South Slavs|southern]], [[West Slavs|western]], and eastern branches.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

=== Medieval history ===
{{main|Kievan Rus'|Grand Duchy of Moscow|Tsardom of Russia}}
[[File:Lebedev baptism.jpg|thumb|''The [[Baptism of Kievans]]'', by [[Klavdy Lebedev]]]]
The Rus' state was established in northern Russia in the year 862,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roesdahl |first1=Else |title=The Vikings |date=30 April 1998 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-194153-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9XNbDqS7dsC |language=en |access-date=2 September 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907233142/https://books.google.com/books?id=S9XNbDqS7dsC |url-status=live}}</ref> which was ruled by the [[Varangians]].{{sfn|Borrero|2004|p=3}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Riasanovsky |first1=Nicholas V. |title=Russian Identities: A Historical Survey |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-515650-8 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno8DwAAQBAJ |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928153551/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno8DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Staraya Ladoga]] and [[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]] became the first major cities of the new union of immigrants from [[Scandinavia]] with the Slavs and [[Finnic peoples|Finns]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Russian Nationalism, Past and Present |publisher=Springer |year=1998 |isbn=9781349265329 |editor-last=Hosking |editor-first=Geoffrey |page=8 |editor-last2=Service |editor-first2=Robert}}</ref> In 882, the prince [[Oleg the Wise|Oleg]] seized [[Kiev]], thereby uniting the northern and southern lands of the [[East Slavs]] under one authority.{{sfn|Borrero|2004|p=3}} The state [[Christianization of Kievan Rus'|adopted Christianity]] from the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 988. [[Kievan Rus']] ultimately disintegrated as a state as a result of in-fighting between members of the princely family that ruled it collectively.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Channon |first1=John |last2=Hudson |first2=Robert |title=The Penguin Historical Atlas of Russia |date=1995 |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-0-670-86461-4 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kewWAQAAIAAJ |language=en |access-date=2 September 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907233145/https://books.google.com/books?id=kewWAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the 13th century, [[Moscow]] became a political and cultural center. Moscow has become a center for the [[Collector of Russian lands|unification of Russian lands]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moss |first1=Walter G. |title=A History of Russia Volume 1: To 1917 |date=1 July 2003 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-023-5 |page=88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHdPAgAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=2 September 2023 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928153551/https://books.google.com/books?id=bHdPAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> By the end of the 15th century, Moscow united the northeastern and northwestern Russian principalities, overthrew the "Mongol yoke" in 1480,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chew |first1=Allen F. |title=An Atlas of Russian History: Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders |date=1 January 1970 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-01445-7 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShZK2-Fz-kC |language=en |access-date=2 September 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907233142/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShZK2-Fz-kC |url-status=live }}</ref> and would be transformed into the [[Tsardom of Russia]] after [[Ivan the Terrible|Ivan IV]] was crowned tsar in 1547.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Payne |first1=Robert |last2=Romanoff |first2=Nikita |title=Ivan the Terrible |date=1 October 2002 |publisher=Cooper Square Press |isbn=978-1-4616-6108-5 |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1abtsPCPm8C |language=en |access-date=2 September 2023 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928153552/https://books.google.com/books?id=p1abtsPCPm8C |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Modern history ===
{{main|Russian Empire|Soviet Union|Russia}}
[[File:Максимов Бабушкины сказки 1867.jpg|thumb|220px|''Grandma's Fairy Tales'', by [[Vassily Maximov]]]]
In 1721, Tsar [[Peter the Great]] renamed his state as the [[Russian Empire]], hoping to associate it with historical and cultural achievements of ancient Rus' – in contrast to his policies oriented towards Western Europe. The state now extended from the eastern borders of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]], and became a [[great power]]; and one of the most powerful states in Europe after the [[French invasion of Russia|victory over Napoleon]]. Peasant revolts were common, and all were fiercely suppressed. The Emperor [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] [[Emancipation reform of 1861|abolished]] [[Serfdom in Russia|Russian serfdom]] in 1861, but the peasants fared poorly and revolutionary pressures grew. In the following decades, reform efforts such as the [[Stolypin reform]]s of 1906–1914, the [[Russian Constitution of 1906|constitution of 1906]], and the [[State Duma (Russian Empire)|State Duma]] (1906–1917) attempted to open and liberalize the economy and political system, but the Emperors refused to relinquish [[Tsarist autocracy|autocratic rule]] and resisted sharing their power.

[[File:Percentage of Russians by region.svg|thumb|Percentage of ethnic Russians by [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subjects]] of Russia according to the [[Russian Census (2010)|2010 census]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_etn_10.php |title=EAll- Russian population census 2010 – Population by nationality, sex and subjects of the Russian Federation |work=Demoscope Weekly |year=2010 |access-date=1 April 2023 |archive-date=19 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819112304/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_etn_10.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{legend|#ff0000|above 80%}}]]
A combination of economic breakdown, [[Russia in World War I|war-weariness]], and discontent with the autocratic system of government triggered [[Russian Revolution|revolution in Russia in 1917]]. The [[February Revolution|overthrow of the monarchy]] initially brought into office a coalition of liberals and moderate socialists, but their failed policies led to [[October Revolution|seizure of power]] by the [[Communism|communist]] [[Bolsheviks]] on 25 October 1917 (7 November [[Old Style and New Style dates|New Style]]). In 1922, Soviet Russia, along with [[Soviet Ukraine]], [[Soviet Belarus]], and the [[Transcaucasian SFSR]] signed the [[Treaty on the Creation of the USSR]], officially merging all four republics to form the Soviet Union as a country. Between 1922 and 1991, the history of Russia became essentially the [[history of the Soviet Union]], effectively an ideologically based state roughly conterminous with the Russian Empire before the 1918 [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]]. From its first years, government in the Soviet Union based itself on the one-party rule of the Communists, as the Bolsheviks called themselves, beginning in March 1918. The approach to the building of socialism, however, varied over different periods in Soviet history: from the [[New Economic Policy|mixed economy]] and diverse society and culture of the 1920s through the [[Stalinism|command economy and repressions]] of the [[Joseph Stalin]] era to the [[Era of Stagnation|"era of stagnation"]] from the 1960s to the 1980s. The actions of the Soviet government caused the death of millions of citizens in the [[Soviet famine of 1930–1933|famine of 1930–1933]] and the [[Great Purge]]. The [[Operation Barbarossa|attack]] by [[Nazi Germany]] and the ensuing [[World War II|war]], together with [[the Holocaust]], again claimed [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|millions of lives]]. Millions of Russian civilians and [[German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war|prisoners of war]] were killed or starved to death during Nazi Germany's genocidal policies called the [[Hunger Plan]] and the [[Generalplan Ost]], including one million civilian casualties during the [[Siege of Leningrad]]. After the victory of the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[Allies of World War II|Western Allies]], the Soviet Union became a [[superpower]] opposing Western countries during the [[Cold War]].

By the mid-1980s, with Soviet economic and political weaknesses becoming acute, Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] embarked on major reforms; these culminated in the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], leaving Russia again alone and marking the beginning of the [[History of Russia (1991–present)|post-Soviet]] Russian period. The [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] renamed itself the [[Russian Federation]] and became the [[Succession of states#Soviet Union and the Russian Federation|successor state to the Soviet Union]]. One of the negative consequences of the collapse of the Soviet Union was the problem of discrimination against the 25 million ethnic Russians living in a number of [[post-Soviet states]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-surname=Curtis |editor-given=Glenn E. |title=Russia: A Country Study |series=Area handbook series |others=Library of Congress, Federal Research Division |edition=1st |place=Washington, DC |publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-8444-0866-2 |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/97007563/ |archive-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611210545/http://countrystudies.us/russia/ |url-status=live |page=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210518024135/http://countrystudies.us/russia/76.htm 429] |quote=The problem of discrimination and ethnic violence against the 25 million ethnic Russians living in the new states was a growing concern in relations with several of the former Soviet republics.}}</ref>

== Geographic distribution ==
{{main|Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states|Russian diaspora}} 
[[File:Russians ethnic 94.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Ethnic Russians in former Soviet Union states in 1994]]
Ethnic Russians historically migrated within the areas of the former [[Russian Empire]] and [[Soviet Union]], though they were sometimes encouraged to re-settle in borderland areas by the Tsarist and later Soviet government.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm Russians left behind in Central Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115111257/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm |date=15 November 2019 }}. BBC News. 23 November 2005.</ref> Sometimes ethnic Russian communities, such as the [[Lipovans]] who settled in the [[Danube delta]] or the [[Doukhobor]]s in [[Canada]], emigrated as religious dissidents fleeing the central authority.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wallace |first=Donald Mackenzie |url=http://archive.org/details/trent_0116302179423 |title=A short history of Russia and the Balkan states |date=1914 |publisher=London Encyclopaedia Britannica Co |others=Internet Archive}}</ref>[[File:Eglise notre dame de l assomption 7.jpg|thumb|[[Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery]] in Paris, the resting place of many eminent [[White émigré|Russian émigrés]] after 1917]]

There are also small Russian communities in the [[Balkans]] — including [[Lipovans]] in the Danube delta<ref>"[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/7571310/Saving-the-souls-of-Russias-exiled-Lipovans.html Saving the souls of Russia's exiled Lipovans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620112211/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/7571310/Saving-the-souls-of-Russias-exiled-Lipovans.html |date=20 June 2017 }}". ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. 9 April 2013.</ref> — Central European nations such as [[Germany]] and [[Poland]], as well as Russians settled in [[China]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], [[Mexico]], [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]] and [[Australia]]. These communities identify themselves to varying degrees as Russians, citizens of these countries, or both.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Significant numbers of Russians emigrated to [[Canada]], [[Australia]] and the [[United States]]. [[Brighton Beach, Brooklyn]] and [[South Beach, Staten Island]] in [[New York City]] are examples of large communities of recent Russian and [[Russian Jews|Russian-Jewish]] immigrants. Other examples are [[Sunny Isles Beach]], a northern suburb of [[Miami]], and [[West Hollywood]] of the [[Los Angeles]] area.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

After the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] in 1917, many Russians who were identified with the [[White army]] moved to [[China]]&nbsp;— most of them settling in [[Harbin]] and [[Shanghai]].<ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/21/style/21iht-shang.t.html The Ghosts of Russia That Haunt Shanghai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308113826/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/21/style/21iht-shang.t.html |date=8 March 2016 }}". ''[[The New York Times]]''. 21 September 1999.</ref> By the 1930s, Harbin had 100,000 Russians. Many of these Russians moved back to the Soviet Union after [[World War II]]. Today, a large group in northern China still speak Russian as a second language. [[Ethnic Russians in China|Russians (''eluosizu'')]] are one of the [[Nationalities of China|56 ethnic groups]] officially recognized by the [[People's Republic of China]] (as ''the Russ''); there are approximately 15,600 Russian Chinese living mostly in northern [[Xinjiang]], and also in [[Inner Mongolia]] and [[Heilongjiang]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

According to the [[2021 Russian census]], the number of ethnic Russians in the [[Russian Federation]] decreased by nearly 5.43 million, from roughly 111 million people in 2010 to approximately 105.5 million in 2021.<ref>* {{Cite news |last=Sidorov |first=Harun |date=7 January 2023 |title="Русский мир" Путина и "кот Шредингера" |trans-title=Putin's "Russian World" and "Schrödinger's cat" |url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/32211336.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107213809/https://www.idelreal.org/a/32211336.html |archive-date=7 January 2023 |work=idelreal.org |language=ru}}
* {{Cite news |date=10 January 2023 |title=5 Million Fewer Than in 2010, Ethnic Russians Make Up Only 72 Percent of Russia's Population |url=https://jamestown.org/program/5-million-fewer-than-in-2010-ethnic-russians-make-up-only-72-percent-of-russias-population/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225214004/https://jamestown.org/program/5-million-fewer-than-in-2010-ethnic-russians-make-up-only-72-percent-of-russias-population/ |archive-date=25 February 2023 |work=Eurasia Daily Monitor |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |volume=20 |issue=6}}
* {{Cite news |date=4 March 2023 |title=Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410004023/https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/03/04/russias-population-nightmare-is-going-to-get-even-worse |archive-date=10 April 2023 |newspaper=The Economist |quote=The decline was largest among ethnic Russians, whose number, the census of 2021 said, fell by 5.4m in 2010-21. Their share of the population fell from 78% to 72%.}}</ref>

==Ethnographic groups==
[[File:Вилково, Дунайские плавни 1962 г.JPG|thumb|[[Lipovans]] in the [[Danube Delta]]]]
Among Russians, a number of [[ethnographic group]]s stand out, such as: the [[Northern Russian dialects|Northern Russians]], the [[Southern Russian dialects|Southern Russians]], the [[Cossacks]], the [[Goryuns]], the [[Kamchadals]], the [[Polekhs]], the [[Pomors]], the [[Russians in China|Russian Chinese]], the [[Siberians]] (''Siberiaks''), [[Starozhily]], some groupings of [[Old Believers]] ([[Kamenschik]]s, [[Lipovans]], [[Semeiskie]]), and others.{{sfn|Alexandrov|Vlasova|Polishchuk|1997|pp=107–123}}

The main ones are the Northern and Southern Russian groups. At the same time, the proposal of the ethnographer [[Dmitry Konstantinovich Zelenin|Dmitry Zelenin]] in his major work of 1927 ''Russian (East Slavic) Ethnography'' to consider them as separate East Slavic peoples{{sfn|Zelenin|1991|loc=§§ 1–4}} did not find support in scientific circles.{{sfn|Shmeleva|1994|p=283}}

Russia's Arctic coastline had been explored and settled by [[Pomors]], Russian settlers from [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorod]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3157665 |author=Teriukov, A.I. |title=Поморы |trans-title=Pomors |encyclopedia=Большая российская энциклопедия/[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]] Online |year=2016 |language=ru |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909122639/https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3157665 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Cossacks]] inhabited sparsely populated areas in the [[Don (river)|Don]], [[Terek (river)|Terek]], and [[Ural (river)|Ural]] river basins, and played an important role in the historical and cultural development of parts of Russia.<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L0Zk3tUQ1M4C&q=cossacks+old+believers&pg=PA62 |title= Warriors and peasants: The Don Cossacks in late imperial Russia |isbn= 978-0-312-22774-6 |last1= O'Rourke |first1= Shane |year= 2000 |publisher= Palgrave Macmillan |access-date= 10 November 2020 |archive-date= 6 February 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220206071147/https://books.google.com/books?id=L0Zk3tUQ1M4C&q=cossacks+old+believers&pg=PA62 |url-status= live }}</ref>

==Genetics==
{{Main|Genetic studies on Russians}}{{See also|Yamnaya culture#Eastern Europe and Finland|Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture#Genetics}}
In accordance with the 2008 research results of Russian and Estonian geneticists, two groups of Russians are distinguished: the northern and southern populations.{{sfn|Balanovsky|Rootsi|2008|pp=236–50}}{{sfn|Balanovsky|2012|p=24}}

Central and Southern Russians, to which the majority of Russian populations belong, according to [[Y chromosome]] R1a, are included in the general "East European" [[gene cluster]] with the rest [[East Slavs|East]] and [[West Slavs]] (Poles, Czechs and Slovaks), as well as the non-Slavic [[Hungarians]] and [[Aromanians]].{{sfn|Malyarchuk|Derenko| 2004|pp=877–900}}{{sfn|Balanovsky|Rootsi|2008|pp=236–50}}{{sfn|Balanovsky|2012|p=23}} Genetically, East Slavs are quite similar to West Slavs; such genetic similarity is somewhat unusual for genetics with such a wide settlement of the Slavs, especially Russians.{{sfn|Balanovsky|2012|p=13}} The high unity of the [[autosome|autosomal]] markers of the East Slavic populations and their significant differences from the neighboring Finnic, Turkic and Caucasian peoples were revealed.{{sfn|Balanovsky|Rootsi|2008|pp=236–50}}{{sfn|Malyarchuk|Derenko| 2004|pp=877–900}}

[[Northern Russian dialects|Northern Russians]], according to [[Mitochondrial DNA|mtDNA]], Y chromosome and autosomal marker CCR5de132, are included in the "North European" gene cluster (the [[Polish people|Poles]], the [[Balts]], [[Germanic-speaking Europe|Germanic]] and [[Baltic Finnic peoples]]).{{sfn|Balanovsky|Rootsi|2008|pp=236–50}}{{sfn|Balanovsky|2012|p=26}}

Consequently, the already existing biologo-genetic studies have made all hypotheses about the mixing of the Russians with non-Slavic ethnic groups or their "non-Slavism" obsolete or pseudoscientific. At the same time, the long-standing identification of the Northern Russian and Southern Russian ethnographic groups by ethnologists was confirmed. The previous conclusions of physical anthropologists,{{sfn|Sankina|2000|p=98}} historians and linguists (see, in particular, the works of the academician [[Valentin Yanin]]) about the proximity of the ancient [[Novgorod Slavs]] and their language not to the East, but to west [[Lechites|Baltic Slavs]]. As can be seen from [[genetic resources]], the contemporary Northern Russians also are genetically close of all Slavic peoples only to the Poles and similar to the Balts. However, this does not mean the northern Russians origin from the Balts or the Poles, more likely, that all the peoples of the Nordic gene pool are descendants of [[Comb Ceramic culture|Paleo-European]] population, which has remained around [[Baltic Sea]].{{sfn| Balanovsky|Rootsi|2008|pp=236–50}}{{sfn|Balanovsky|2012|p=26}}

At the same time, according to other scholars, the Russians have close genetic affinities to surrounding Northeast and Eastern European populations. They also display evidence for multiple genetic ancestries and admixture events, and high identity-by-descent sharing with the [[Finnic peoples]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Usoltsev |first1=Dmitrii |last2=Kolosov |first2=Nikita |last3=Rotar |first3=Oxana |last4=Loboda |first4=Alexander |last5=Boyarinova |first5=Maria |last6=Moguchaya |first6=Ekaterina |last7=Kolesova |first7=Ekaterina |last8=Erina |first8=Anastasia |last9=Tolkunova |first9=Kristina |last10=Rezapova |first10=Valeriia |last11=Molotkov |first11=Ivan |last12=Melnik |first12=Olesya |last13=Freylikhman |first13=Olga |last14=Paskar |first14=Nadezhda |last15=Alieva |first15=Asiiat |date=23 July 2024 |title=Complex trait susceptibilities and population diversity in a sample of 4,145 Russians |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=6212 |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-50304-1 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=11266540 |pmid=39043636 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.6212U |quote=We present the analysis of genetic and phenotypic data from a cohort of 4,145 individuals collected in three metro areas in western Russia. We show the presence of multiple admixed genetic ancestry clusters spanning from primarily European to Asian and high identity-by-descent sharing with the Finnish population. As a result, there was notable enrichment of Finnish-specific variants in Russia. ... In addition, another study showed that Siberian populations separated from other East Asian populations 8800–11,200 years ago and significantly contributed to the formation of Eastern European populations 4700–8000 years ago16. ... Our cohort illustrates that the genetic structure of the Russian population, sampled in metropolitan areas in the European part of the country, consists of the number of subpopulations with high relatedness to Finnish and East Asian populations. We also identified a subgroup that has Central Asian origins.}}</ref>

While modern European populations derive most of their ancestry from three major sources: [[Western hunter-gatherer|Western hunter-gatherers]], [[Early European Farmers]], and [[Western Steppe Herders]] (Yamnaya), this three-way model is insufficient to explain the ethnogenesis of northeastern Europeans such as Saami, Russians, Mordovians, Chuvash, Estonians, Hungarians, and Finns. They carry an additional Siberian/[[Nganasan people|Nganasan]]-related genetic component and increased allele sharing with modern East Asians.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lamnidis |first1=Thiseas C. |last2=Majander |first2=Kerttu |last3=Jeong |first3=Choongwon |last4=Salmela |first4=Elina |last5=Wessman |first5=Anna |last6=Moiseyev |first6=Vyacheslav |last7=Khartanovich |first7=Valery |last8=Balanovsky |first8=Oleg |last9=Ongyerth |first9=Matthias |last10=Weihmann |first10=Antje |last11=Sajantila |first11=Antti |last12=Kelso |first12=Janet |last13=Pääbo |first13=Svante |last14=Onkamo |first14=Päivi |last15=Haak |first15=Wolfgang |date=27 November 2018 |title=Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=5018 |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=6258758 |pmid=30479341 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.5018L |quote=This model, however, does not fit well for present-day populations from north-eastern Europe such as Saami, Russians, Mordovians, Chuvash, Estonians, Hungarians, and Finns: they carry additional ancestry seen as increased allele sharing with modern East Asian populations1,3,9,10. [qpAdm results in supplementary data 4.]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peltola |first1=Sanni |last2=Majander |first2=Kerttu |last3=Makarov |first3=Nikolaj |last4=Dobrovolskaya |first4=Maria |last5=Nordqvist |first5=Kerkko |last6=Salmela |first6=Elina |last7=Onkamo |first7=Päivi |date=9 January 2023 |title=Genetic admixture and language shift in the medieval Volga-Oka interfluve |journal=Current Biology |language=English |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=174–182.e10 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.036 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=36513080|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023CBio...33E.174P }}</ref>

The most common [[human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup]] is haplogroup [[R1a]] (c. 46,7%), followed by haplogroup [[Haplogroup N-M231|N-M231]] (c. 21,6%), haplogroup [[Haplogroup I-M170|I-M170]] (c. 17,6%), and haplogroup [[R1b]] (c. 5,8%). The remainder (c. 8,3%) are other less frequent haplogroups (E3b, J2, etc.).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Balanovsky |first1=Oleg |last2=Rootsi |first2=Siiri |last3=Pshenichnov |first3=Andrey |last4=Kivisild |first4=Toomas |last5=Churnosov |first5=Michail |last6=Evseeva |first6=Irina |last7=Pocheshkhova |first7=Elvira |last8=Boldyreva |first8=Margarita |last9=Yankovsky |first9=Nikolay |last10=Balanovska |first10=Elena |last11=Villems |first11=Richard |date=10 January 2008 |title=Two Sources of the Russian Patrilineal Heritage in Their Eurasian Context |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=English |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=236–250 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=2253976 |pmid=18179905}}</ref>

== Assimilation and immigration ==
{{sectstub|date=May 2024}}
Russians have sometimes found it useful to emphasize their self-perceived ability to [[cultural assimilation|assimilate]] other people [[Russification|to the Russian ethnicity]] - and as a historic great power with imperial expansionist tendencies the Russian state has sometimes encouraged Russian-centred monoculturalism. Steppe peoples, Tatars, Baltic Germans, Lithuanians and native Siberians in [[Kievan Rus'|Rus']], [[Muscovy (disambiguation)|Muscovy]] or the [[Russian Empire]] could in theory become "Russians" ({{langx |ru| русские}}) simply by accepting [[Russian Orthodoxy]] as their faith.<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Nițescu
 |first1               = Julia
 |editor-last1         = Simon Dreher
 |editor-first1        = Simon
 |editor-last2         = Mueller
 |editor-first2        = Wolfgang
 |date                 = 15 December 2022
|chapter              = From Individual Destinies to an Emergent Community: Latins in Sixteenth-Century Moscow
 |title                = Foreigners in Muscovy: Western Immigrants in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Russia
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=PmmdEAAAQBAJ
 |publisher            = Taylor & Francis
 |isbn                 = 9781000802986
 |access-date          = 15 May 2024
|quote                = Conversion to Orthodoxy became a rather common means for accessing positions at the court or entering the service of the grand prince. As the Muscovite state grew, it became the preferred method for integrating non-Orthodox individuals, whether Latins or Tatars.
}} 
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Khazanov
 |first1               = Anatoly M.
 |author-link1         = Anatoly Khazanov
 |editor-last1         = T. V. Paul
 |editor-first1        = T. V.
 |editor-link1         = T. V. Paul
 |editor-last2         = Ikenberry
 |editor-first2        = G. John 
 |editor-link2         = John Ikenberry
 |editor-last3         = Hall
 |editor-first3        = John A.
 |editor-link3         = John A. Hall
 |date                 = 10 November 2020
|orig-date            = 2003
 |chapter              = A State without a Nation? Russia after empire
 |title                = The Nation-State in Question
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=-kP_DwAAQBAJ
 |publication-place    = Princeton
 |publisher            = Princeton University Press
 |page                 = 93
 |isbn                 = 9780691221496
 |access-date          = 15 May 2024
|quote                = Russian nationalists considered linguistic and even cultural assimilation insufficient. To them and even to the majority of the general public, the sine qua non of assimilation was conversion to Orthodoxy. The Russian literature is abundant with characters of non-Russian ancestry who refer to their profession of the Orthodox faith in order to prove their Russianness.
}} 
</ref>
The attitude of ready inclusivity is summed up in the popular phrase (sometimes attributed to Emperor [[Alexander III of Russia]]) - Хочешь быть русским - будь им! ({{translation| You want to be Russian - be that!}}).<ref>
For example:
{{cite book
 |last1                = Koldovskaya
 |first1               = Mariya
 |year                 = 1998
 |chapter              = Хочешь быть русским - будь им!
 |title                = Voĭna i rabochiĭ klass
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=nSUtAQAAMAAJ
 |publisher            = Izd. gazety "Trud"
 |page                 = 11
 |access-date          = 15 May 2024
}} 
</ref>

==Language==
{{Main|Russian language}}
[[Russian language|Russian]] is the [[official language|official]] and the predominantly spoken language in Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-04.htm|title=Chapter 3. The Federal Structure|quote="1. The Russian language shall be a state language on the whole territory of the Russian Federation."|work= [[Constitution of Russia]] |access-date=22 April 2015|archive-date=9 May 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200509113142/http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-04.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> It is the most-spoken native language in Europe,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.tandem.net/10-most-spoken-languages-europe|title=The 10 Most Spoken Languages in Europe|work= [[Tandem (app)|Tandem]]|date= 12 September 2019|access-date= 31 May 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215325/https://www.tandem.net/10-most-spoken-languages-europe|url-status=live}}</ref> the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia,<ref name="language">{{cite web|url=https://learn.utoronto.ca/programs-courses/languages-and-translation/language-learning/russian|title=Russian|publisher= [[University of Toronto]] |quote= "Russian is the most widespread of the Slavic languages and the largest native language in Europe. Of great political importance, it is one of the official languages of the United Nations – making it a natural area of study for those interested in geopolitics."|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210812061133/https://learn.utoronto.ca/programs-courses/languages-and-translation/language-learning/russian|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as the world's most widely spoken [[Slavic languages|Slavic language]].<ref name="language"/> Russian is the third-most used language on the [[Internet]] after [[English language|English]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]],<ref>{{cite web|url= https://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_language|title=Usage statistics of content languages for websites|website= W3Techs|access-date= 24 October 2023|archive-date= 25 March 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200325113425/https://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_language|url-status=live}}</ref> and is one of two official languages aboard the [[International Space Station]],<ref>{{cite web|last= Wakata|first= Koichi|author-link= Koichi Wakata|url=https://global.jaxa.jp/article/special/expedition/wakata01_e.html|title=My Long Mission in Space|publisher= [[JAXA]]|quote="The official languages on the ISS are English and Russian, and when I was speaking with the Flight Control Room at JAXA's Tsukuba Space Center during ISS systems and payload operations, I was required to speak in either English or Russian."|access-date=18 July 2021|archive-date=11 March 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200311062633/https://global.jaxa.jp/article/special/expedition/wakata01_e.html|url-status= live}}</ref> as well as one of the six [[official languages of the United Nations]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages |title= Official Languages|newspaper= [[United Nations]]|quote= "There are six official languages of the UN. These are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. The correct interpretation and translation of these six languages, in both spoken and written form, is very important to the work of the Organization, because this enables clear and concise communication on issues of global importance."|access-date= 16 July 2021|archive-date= 13 July 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210713075145/https://www.un.org/en/our-work/official-languages |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{main|Culture of Russia}}

=== Literature ===
[[File:L.N.Tolstoy Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg|thumb|[[Leo Tolstoy]]'s (1828–1910)  notable works include the novels ''[[War and Peace]]'' and ''[[Anna Karenina]]'', often cited as pinnacles of [[Literary realism|realist]] fiction.]]
[[Russian literature]] is considered to be among the world's most influential and developed.{{sfn|Kahn|Lipovetsky|Reyfman|Sandler|2018|p=}} It can be traced to the [[Middle Ages]], when epics and chronicles in vernacular [[Old East Slavic]] were composed.{{sfn|Kahn|Lipovetsky|Reyfman|Sandler|2018|p=}}<ref>{{cite book |surname=Zenkovsky |given=Serge A. |authorlink=Serge Aleksandrovich Zenkovsky |year=1963 |title=Medieval Russia's Epics, Chronicles and Tales |place=New York |publisher=}}</ref> By the [[Age of Enlightenment]], literature had grown in importance, with works from [[Mikhail Lomonosov]], [[Denis Fonvizin]], [[Gavrila Derzhavin]], and the [[Sentimentalism (literature)|Sentimentalist]] [[Nikolay Karamzin]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} From the early 1830s, during the [[Golden Age of Russian Poetry]], literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prose |first1=Francine |last2=Moser |first2=Benjamin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/books/review/what-makes-the-russian-literature-of-the-19th-century-so-distinctive.html |title=What Makes the Russian Literature of the 19th Century So Distinctive? |work=The New York Times |date=25 November 2014 |access-date=2021-07-19 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331103449/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/books/review/what-makes-the-russian-literature-of-the-19th-century-so-distinctive.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Romantic literature]] permitted a flowering of poetic talent: [[Vasily Zhukovsky]] and later his protégé [[Alexander Pushkin]] came to the fore.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Emerson |first=Caryl |jstor=20057504 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |volume=29 |number=4 |date=1998 |pages=653–672 |journal=[[New Literary History]] |title=Pushkin, Literary Criticism, and Creativity in Closed Places |doi=10.1353/nlh.1998.0040 |s2cid=144165201 |quote=...and Pushkin, adapting to the transition with ingenuity and uneven success, became Russia's first fully profes-sional writer.}}</ref> Following Pushkin's footsteps, a new generation of poets were born, including [[Mikhail Lermontov]], [[Nikolay Nekrasov]], [[Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy]], [[Fyodor Tyutchev]] and [[Afanasy Fet]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}

The first great Russian novelist was [[Nikolai Gogol]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Strakhovsky |first=Leonid I. |title=The Historianism of Gogol |jstor=2491790 |doi=10.2307/2491790 |volume=12 |number=3 |date=October 1953 |pages=360–370 |journal=The American Slavic and East European Review (Slavic Review) |publisher=[[Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} Then, during the Age of [[Literary realism|Realism]], came [[Ivan Turgenev]], who mastered both short stories and novels.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Henry Chamberlin |first=William |title=Turgenev: The Eternal Romantic |jstor=125154 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |doi=10.2307/125154 |volume=5 |number=2 |pages=10–23 |journal=[[The Russian Review]]|year=1946}}</ref> [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky|Fyodor Dostoevsky]] and [[Leo Tolstoy]] soon became internationally renowned.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} [[Ivan Goncharov]] is remembered mainly for his novel [[Oblomov]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Pritchett |first=V.S. |title=Saint of Inertia |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1974/03/07/saint-of-inertia/ |magazine=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=7 March 1974 |access-date=2021-07-29 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329061729/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1974/03/07/saint-of-inertia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin]] wrote prose satire,{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Neuhäuser |first=Rudolf |title=The Early Prose of Saltykov-Shchedrin and Dostoevskii: Parallels and Echoes |journal=[[Canadian Slavonic Papers]] |jstor=40867755 |volume=22 |number=3 |date=1980 |pages=372–387 |doi=10.1080/00085006.1980.11091635}}</ref> while [[Nikolai Leskov]] is best remembered for his shorter fiction.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Muckle |first=James |title=Nikolay Leskov: educational journalist and imaginative writer |publisher=Australia and New Zealand Slavists' Association |date=1984 |pages=81–110 |journal=New Zealand Slavonic Journal |jstor=40921231}}</ref> In the second half of the century [[Anton Chekhov]] excelled in short stories and became a leading dramatist.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jul/03/classics |title=A Chekhov lexicon |last=Boyd |first=William |date=3 July 2004 |access-date=15 January 2022 |work=The Guardian |quote=...Chekhov, whatever his standing as a playwright, is quite probably the best short-story writer ever. |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329082810/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jul/03/classics |url-status=live}}</ref> Other important 19th-century developments included the fabulist [[Ivan Krylov]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pirie |first1=Gordon |last2=Chandler |first2=Robert |title=Eight Tales from Ivan Krylov |journal=[[Translation and Literature]] |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |jstor=40340118 |volume=18 |number=1 |date=2009 |pages=64–85 |doi=10.3366/E096813610800037X}}</ref> non-fiction writers such as the critic [[Vissarion Belinsky]],{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gifford |first=Henry |title=Belinsky: One Aspect |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |jstor=4204011 |volume=27 |number=68 |date=1948 |pages=250–258}}</ref> and playwrights such as [[Aleksandr Griboyedov]] and [[Aleksandr Ostrovsky]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brintlinger |first=Angela |title=The Persian Frontier: Griboedov as Orientalist and Literary Hero |journal=[[Canadian Slavonic Papers]] |jstor=40870888 |volume=45 |number=3/4 |date=2003 |pages=371–393 |doi=10.1080/00085006.2003.11092333 |s2cid=191370504}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Beasly |first=Ina |title=The Dramatic Art of Ostrovsky. (Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky, 1823–86) |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |jstor=4202212 |volume=6 |number=18 |date=1928 |pages=603–617}}</ref> The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the [[Silver Age of Russian Poetry]]. This era had poets such as [[Alexander Blok]], [[Anna Akhmatova]], [[Boris Pasternak]], [[Konstantin Balmont]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Markov |first=Vladimir |title=Balmont: A Reappraisal |jstor=2493225 |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |volume=28 |number=2 |date=1969 |pages=221–264 |doi=10.2307/2493225|s2cid=163456732 }}</ref> [[Marina Tsvetaeva]], [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]], and [[Osip Mandelstam]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} It also produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as [[Aleksandr Kuprin]], Nobel Prize winner [[Ivan Bunin]], [[Leonid Andreyev]], [[Yevgeny Zamyatin]], [[Dmitry Merezhkovsky]] and [[Andrei Bely]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}

After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and [[white émigré]] parts. In the 1930s, [[Socialist realism]] became the predominant trend in Russia. Its leading figure was [[Maxim Gorky]], who laid the foundations of this style.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tikhonov |first=Nikolay |title=Gorky and Soviet Literature |date=November 1946 |pages=28–38 |volume=25 |number=64 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |jstor=4203794 |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]]}}</ref> [[Mikhail Bulgakov]] was one of the leading writers of the Soviet era.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=4212557 |last=Lovell |first=Stephen |title=Bulgakov as Soviet Culture |volume=76 |number=1 |pages=28–48 |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |year=1998 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]]}}</ref> [[Nikolay Ostrovsky]]'s novel [[How the Steel Was Tempered]] has been among the most successful works of Russian literature. Influential émigré writers include [[Vladimir Nabokov]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grosshans |first=Henry |title=Vladimir Nabokov and the Dream of Old Russia |jstor=40753878 |publisher=University of Texas Press |pages=401–409 |date=1966 |journal=[[Texas Studies in Literature and Language]] |volume=7 |number=4}}</ref> Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, such as Nobel Prize-winning novelist [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]], who wrote about life in the Gulag camps.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rowley |first=David G. |title=Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Russian Nationalism |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]] |jstor=260964 |publisher=SAGE Publishing |pages=321–337 |volume=32 |number=3 |date=July 1997|doi=10.1177/002200949703200303 |s2cid=161761611}}</ref>

During the post-Soviet 1990s writers are already not recognised as very special guides by most Russians.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=222–228|loc=Literature}} At the beginning of the 21st century, the most discussed figures, [[Russian postmodernism|postmodernists]] [[Victor Pelevin]] and [[Vladimir Sorokin]] remained the leading Russian writers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Aslanyan |first=Anna |title=Revolutions and resurrections: How has Russia's literature changed? |publisher=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/revolutions-and-resurrections-how-has-russias-literature-changed-2264690.html |date=April 8, 2011 |access-date=2024-05-18}}</ref>

=== Philosophy ===
{{Main|Russian philosophy|List of Russian philosophers}}
Russian philosophy has been greatly influential. Religious and spiritual philosophy is represented by works of [[Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)|Vladimir Solovyov]], [[Nikolai Berdyaev]], [[Pavel Florensky]], [[Semyon Frank]], [[Nikolay Lossky]], [[Vasily Rozanov]], and others.{{sfn|Lossky|1952}} [[Helena Blavatsky]] gained international following as the leading theoretician of [[Theosophy]], and co-founded the [[Theosophical Society]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bevir |first=Mark |title=The West Turns Eastward: Madame Blavatsky and the Transformation of the Occult Tradition |jstor=1465212 |pages=747–767 |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=62 |number=3 |journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]] |date=1994|doi=10.1093/jaarel/LXII.3.747}}</ref>

Social and political philosophy is also remarkable. [[Alexander Herzen]] is known as one of the fathers of [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] [[populism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kelly |first=Aileen |title=The Destruction of Idols: Alexander Herzen and Francis Bacon |jstor=2709278 |doi=10.2307/2709278 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]] |year=1980 |volume=41 |number=4 |pages=635–662}}</ref> [[Mikhail Bakunin]] is referred to as the father of [[anarchism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rezneck |first=Samuel |title=The Political and Social Theory of Michael Bakunin |jstor=1945179 |doi=10.2307/1945179 |pages=270–296 |volume=21 |number=2 |journal=[[The American Political Science Review]] |year=1927 |publisher=[[American Political Science Association]]|s2cid=147141998 }}</ref> [[Peter Kropotkin]] was the most important theorist of [[anarcho-communism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Adams |first=Matthew S. |title=Rejecting the American Model: Peter Kropotkin's Radical Communalism |jstor=26227268 |pages=147–173 |volume=35 |number=1 |journal=[[History of Political Thought]] |publisher=Imprint Academic |date=2014}}</ref> [[Mikhail Bakhtin]]'s writings have significantly inspired scholars.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schuster |first=Charles I. |title=Mikhail Bakhtin as Rhetorical Theorist |jstor=377158 |doi=10.2307/377158 |volume=47 |number=6 |pages=594–607 |journal=[[College English]] |year=1985 |publisher=[[National Council of Teachers of English]]|s2cid=141332657}}</ref>  [[Vladimir Lenin]], a major revolutionary, developed a variant of communism known as [[Leninism]]. [[Leon Trotsky]], on the other hand, founded [[Trotskyism]]. [[Alexander Zinoviev]] was a prominent philosopher and writer in the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brom |first=Libor |title=Dialectical Identity and Destiny: A General Introduction to Alexander Zinoviev's Theory of the Soviet Man |jstor=1347433 |doi=10.2307/1347433 |volume=42 |number=1/2 |date=1988 |pages=15–27 |publisher=Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association |journal=Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature|s2cid=146768452}}</ref> [[Aleksandr Dugin]], known for his [[fascist]] views, has been regarded as the "guru of geopolitics".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rutland|first=Peter|date=December 2016|title=Geopolitics and the Roots of Putin's Foreign Policy|journal=[[Russian History (Brill journal)|Russian History]]|publisher=Brill Publishers|volume=43|issue=3–4|pages=425–436|doi=10.1163/18763316-04304009|jstor=26549593}}</ref>

=== Science ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Russia}}
[[File:Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907).jpg|thumb|[[Dmitri Mendeleev]] (1837–1906) is best known for formulating the [[Periodic Law]] and creating a version of the [[periodic table|periodic table of elements]].]]
{{See also|Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records|List of Russian scientists|List of Russian inventors}}
[[Mikhail Lomonosov]] proposed the [[conservation of mass]] in [[chemical reactions]], discovered the [[atmosphere of Venus]], and founded modern [[geology]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Usitalo |first=Steven A. |title=Lomonosov: Patronage and Reputation at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences |journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas |date=2011 |pages=217–239 |publisher=[[Franz Steiner Verlag]] |jstor=41302521 |volume=59 |number=2|doi=10.25162/jgo-2011-0011 |s2cid=252450664 }}</ref> Since the times of [[Nikolay Lobachevsky]], who pioneered the [[non-Euclidean geometry]], and a prominent tutor [[Pafnuty Chebyshev]], Russian [[List of Russian mathematicians|mathematicians]] became among the world's most influential.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vucinich |first=Alexander |title=Mathematics in Russian Culture |jstor=2708192 |doi=10.2307/2708192 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |volume=21 |number=2 |date=1960 |journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]] |pages=161–179}}</ref> [[Dmitry Mendeleev]] invented the [[Periodic table]], the main framework of modern [[chemistry]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Leicester |first=Henry M. |title=Factors Which Led Mendeleev to the Periodic Law |jstor=27757115 |doi=10.2307/27757115 |date=1948 |pages=67–74 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |journal=[[Chymia]]|volume=1 }}</ref> [[Sofya Kovalevskaya]] was a pioneer among [[Timeline of women in mathematics#19th Century|women in mathematics]] in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rappaport |first=Karen D. |title=S. Kovalevsky: A Mathematical Lesson |jstor=2320506 |doi=10.2307/2320506 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |journal=[[The American Mathematical Monthly]] |volume=88 |number=8 |pages=564–574 |date=October 1981}}</ref> [[Grigori Perelman]] was offered the first ever Clay [[Millennium Prize Problems]] Award for his final proof of the [[Poincaré conjecture]] in 2002, as well as the Fields Medal in 2006, both of which he declined.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/science/02math.html |title=A Math Problem Solver Declines a $1 Million Prize |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |date=1 July 2010 |access-date=8 January 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230504/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/science/02math.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/science/02math.html |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Highest Honor in Mathematics Is Refused |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=22 August 2006 |access-date=8 January 2022 |archive-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230504/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/science/02math.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Alexander Stepanovich Popov|Alexander Popov]] was among the [[invention of radio|inventors of radio]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Marsh |first=Allison |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/who-invented-radio-guglielmo-marconi-or-aleksandr-popov |title=Who Invented Radio: Guglielmo Marconi or Aleksandr Popov? |work=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=12 July 2021 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416082156/https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/dawn-of-electronics/who-invented-radio-guglielmo-marconi-or-aleksandr-popov |url-status=live }}</ref> while [[Nikolai Basov]] and [[Alexander Prokhorov]] were co-inventors of [[laser]] and [[maser]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shampo |first1=Marc A. |last2=Kyle |first2=Robert A. |last3=Steensma |first3=David P. |title=Nikolay Basov—Nobel Prize for Lasers and Masers |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |date=January 2012 |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=e3 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.11.003 |pmid=22212977 |pmc=3498096}}</ref> [[Zhores Alferov]] contributed significantly to the creation of [[Heterojunction|modern heterostructure physics and electronics]].<ref>{{cite journal |title= Remembering Zhores Alferov |last=Ivanov |first=Sergey |volume=13 |number=10 |pages=657–659 |date=10 September 2019 |doi=10.1038/s41566-019-0525-0 |journal=[[Nature Photonics]]|bibcode=2019NaPho..13..657I |s2cid=203099794 }}</ref> [[Oleg Losev]] made crucial contributions in the field of [[semiconductor junction]]s, and discovered [[light-emitting diode]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zheludev |first=Nikolay |title=The life and times of the LED — a 100-year history |date=April 2007 |volume=1 |pages=189–192 |doi=10.1038/nphoton.2007.34 |journal=[[Nature Photonics]]|issue=4 |bibcode=2007NaPho...1..189Z }}</ref> [[Vladimir Vernadsky]] is considered one of the founders of [[geochemistry]], [[biogeochemistry]], and [[Radiometric dating|radiogeology]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ghilarov |first=Alexej M. |title=Vernadsky's Biosphere Concept: An Historical Perspective |jstor=3036242 |publisher=The [[University of Chicago Press]] |volume=70 |number=2 |journal=[[The Quarterly Review of Biology]] |date=June 1995 |pages=193–203|doi=10.1086/418982 |s2cid=85258634 }}</ref> [[Élie Metchnikoff]] is known for his groundbreaking research in [[immunology]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Siamon |title=Elie Metchnikoff, the Man and the Myth |journal=Journal of Innate Immunity |pmid=26836137 |date=3 February 2016 |volume=8 |number=3 |pages=223–227 |doi=10.1159/000443331 |pmc=6738810 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Ivan Pavlov]] is known chiefly for his work in [[classical conditioning]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Anrep |first=G. V. |title=Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. 1849–1936 |jstor=769124 |publisher=[[Royal Society]] |volume=2 |number=5 |date=December 1936 |pages=1–18 |journal=[[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]]|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1936.0001 }}</ref> [[Lev Landau]] made fundamental contributions to many areas of [[theoretical physics]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gorelik |first=Gennady |title=The Top-Secret Life of Lev Landau |jstor=24995874 |journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume=277 |number=2 |pages=72–77 |date=August 1997 |publisher=Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0897-72 |bibcode=1997SciAm.277b..72G }}</ref>

[[Nikolai Vavilov]] was best known for having identified the [[Vavilov center|centers]] of origin of [[Horticulture|cultivated]] plants.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |title=Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: Plant Geographer, Geneticist, Martyr of Science |doi-access=free |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.50.6.772 |date=1 June 2015 |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pdfs/772.full.pdf |volume=50 |number=6 |journal=HortScience |pages=772–776 |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402131158/https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pdfs/772.full.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were [[émigrés]]. [[Igor Sikorsky]] was an [[List of aviation pioneers|aviation pioneer]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hunsaker |first=Jerome C. |title=A Half Century of Aeronautical Development |jstor=3143642 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |volume=98 |number=2 |pages=121–130 |date=15 April 1954 |journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]]}}</ref> [[Vladimir Zworykin]] was the inventor of the [[iconoscope]] and [[kinescope]] television systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/vladimir-zworykin |title=Vladimir Zworykin |work=[[Lemelson–MIT Prize]] |access-date=12 July 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329042251/https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/vladimir-zworykin |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]] was the central figure in the field of [[evolutionary biology]] for his work in shaping the [[modern synthesis (20th century)|modern synthesis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ford |first=Edmund Brisco |author-link= E. B. Ford |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1977.0004 |title=Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky, 25 January 1900 – 18 December 1975 |date=November 1977 |journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |volume= 23 |pages=58–89 |pmid= 11615738 |doi-access=free |issn=1748-8494}}</ref> [[George Gamow]] was one of the foremost advocates of the [[Big Bang]] theory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.colorado.edu/physics/events/outreach/george-gamow-memorial-lecture-series/distinguished-life-and-career-george-gamow |title=The Distinguished Life and Career of George Gamow |date=11 May 2016 |publisher=[[University of Colorado Boulder]] |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528173448/https://www.colorado.edu/physics/events/outreach/george-gamow-memorial-lecture-series/distinguished-life-and-career-george-gamow |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]] is called the father of theoretical [[astronautics]], whose works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as [[Valentin Glushko]], and many others.<ref>{{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Asif A. |title=Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974 |date=2000 |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office]] |isbn=978-0-160-61305-0}}</ref>{{rp|6–7,333}}

In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by [[Yuri Gagarin]]. In 1963, [[Valentina Tereshkova]] became the first and youngest [[women in space|woman in space]], having flown a solo mission on [[Vostok 6]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-woman-in-space |title=Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space |work=[[History (American TV network)|History]] |publisher=[[A&E Networks]] |date=9 February 2010 |access-date=18 January 2022 |quote=On June 16, 1963, aboard Vostok 6, Soviet Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman to travel into space. |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182644/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-woman-in-space |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1965, [[Alexei Leonov]] became the first human to conduct a [[spacewalk]], exiting the [[space capsule]] during [[Voskhod 2]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/2014/newsspec_9035/index.html |title=The First Spacewalk |work=[[BBC]] |first=Paul |last=Rincon |date=13 October 2014 |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=16 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216020616/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/2014/newsspec_9035/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Painting ===
[[File:Boris Kustodiev - Shrovetide - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Russian artist [[Boris Kustodiev]]'s ''[[Maslenitsa]]'', 1916]]
Early Russian painting is [[Russian icons|represented in icons]] and vibrant [[fresco]]s. In the early 15th century, the master icon painter [[Andrei Rublev]] created some of Russia's most treasured religious art.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}} The [[Russian Academy of Arts]], which was established in 1757, to train Russian artists, brought Western techniques of secular painting to Russia.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|loc=Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting}} In the 18th century, academicians [[Ivan Argunov]], [[Dmitry Levitzky]], [[Vladimir Borovikovsky]] became influential.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grover |first=Stuart R. |title=The World of Art Movement in Russia |jstor=128091 |doi=10.2307/128091 |pages=28–42 |volume=32 |number=1 |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |publisher=Wiley |date=January 1973}}</ref> The early 19th century saw many prominent paintings by [[Karl Briullov]] and [[Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov|Alexander Ivanov]], both of whom were known for [[Romanticism|Romantic]] historical canvases.<ref>{{cite journal |year=2018 |volume=77 |number=1 |jstor=26565352 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |journal=[[Slavic Review]] |last=Dianina |first=Katia |title=The Making of an Artist as National Hero |pages=122–150|doi=10.1017/slr.2018.13 |s2cid=165942177 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sibbald |first=Balb |title=If the soul is nourished ... |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |date=5 February 2002 |volume=166 |number=3 |pages=357–358 |pmc=99322}}</ref> [[Ivan Aivazovsky]], another Romantic painter, is considered one of the greatest masters of [[marine art]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Leek|first=Peter|year=2012|title=Russian Painting|publisher=Parkstone International|isbn=978-1-780-42975-5|page=178}}</ref>

In the 1860s, a group of critical [[Realism (arts)|realists]] ([[Peredvizhniki]]), led by [[Ivan Kramskoy]], [[Ilya Repin]] and [[Vasiliy Perov]] broke with the academy, and portrayed the many-sided aspects of social life in paintings.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Valkenier |first=Elizabeth Kridl |title=The Peredvizhniki and the Spirit of the 1860s |journal=[[The Russian Review]] |year=1975 |volume=34 |number=3 |pages=247–265 |publisher=Wiley |doi=10.2307/127973 |jstor=127973}}</ref><ref>Brunson, M. (2016). ''[http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv177td37 Russian Realisms: Literature and Painting, 1840–1890]''. NIU Series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. DeKalb, Il: Northern Illinois University Press.</ref> The turn of the 20th century saw the rise of [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolism]]; represented by [[Mikhail Vrubel]] and [[Nicholas Roerich]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reeder |first=Roberta |title=Mikhail Vrubel': A Russian Interpretation of "fin de siècle" Art |jstor=4207296 |publisher=[[Modern Humanities Research Association]] |journal=[[The Slavonic and East European Review]] |volume=54 |number=3 |date=July 1976 |pages=323–334}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Archer |first=Kenneth |title=Nicholas Roerich and His Theatrical Designs: A Research Survey |jstor=1478046 |doi=10.2307/1478046 |volume=18 |number=2 |publisher=Dance Studies Association |journal=[[Congress on Research in Dance#Dance Research Journal|Dance Research Journal]] |pages=3–6 |year=1986|s2cid=191516851 }}</ref> The [[Russian avant-garde]] flourished from approximately 1890 to 1930; and globally influential artists from this era were [[El Lissitzky]],<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=CAA |pages=437–439 |doi=10.2307/3049132 |jstor=3049132 |journal=[[The Art Bulletin]] |date=September 1973 |volume=55 |number=3 |last=Birnholz |first=Alan C. |title=Notes on the Chronology of El Lissitzky's Proun Compositions}}</ref> [[Kazimir Malevich]], [[Natalia Goncharova]], [[Wassily Kandinsky]], and [[Marc Chagall]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Salmond |first=Wendy |title=The Russian Avant-Garde of the 1890s: The Abramtsevo Circle |journal=The Journal of the Walters Art Museum |volume=60/61 |year=2002 |pages=7–13 |publisher=The [[Walters Art Museum]] |jstor=20168612}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Russia|List of Russian composers}}
[[File:Porträt des Komponisten Pjotr I. Tschaikowski (1840-1893).jpg|thumb|190px|The classic ballet of ''[[Swan Lake]]'' was composed by [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] (1840–1893) ]]
Until the 18th century, music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=228–230|loc=Music}} In the 19th century, it was defined by the tension between classical composer [[Mikhail Glinka]] along with other members of [[The Mighty Handful]], and the [[Russian Musical Society]] led by composers [[Anton Rubinstein|Anton]] and [[Nikolay Rubinstein]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=228–230|loc=Music}} The later tradition of [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]], one of the greatest composers of the [[Romantic music|Romantic era]], was continued into the 20th century by [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]], one of the last great champions of the Romantic style of European classical music.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Norris|first=Gregory|editor-last=Stanley|editor-first=Sadie|title=The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition|publisher=Macmillan|year=1980|location=London|page=707|isbn=978-0-333-23111-1}}</ref> World-renowned composers of the 20th century include [[Alexander Scriabin]], [[Alexander Glazunov]], [[Igor Stravinsky]], [[Sergei Prokofiev]], [[Dmitri Shostakovich]], [[Georgy Sviridov]] and [[Alfred Schnittke]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=228–230|loc=Music}}

Soviet and Russian conservatories have turned out generations of world-renowned soloists. Among the best known are violinists [[David Oistrakh]] and [[Gidon Kremer]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Violin Virtuosos: From Paganini to the 21st Century|url=https://archive.org/details/violinvirtuososf0000roth|url-access=registration|last=Roth|first=Henry|year=1997|publisher=California Classic Books |isbn=1-879395-15-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Charlotte|last=Higgins|title=Perfect isn't good enough|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2000/nov/22/artsfeatures2|work=The Guardian|quote="Thirty years ago Gidon Kremer was rated as one of the world's outstanding violinists. Then he really started making waves..."|date=22 November 2000|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132052/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2000/nov/22/artsfeatures2|url-status=live}}</ref> cellist [[Mstislav Rostropovich]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Elizabeth|title=Mstislav Rostropovich: Cellist, Teacher, Legend|location=[[London]]|date=2007|publisher=[[Faber & Faber]]|isbn=978-0-571-22051-9}}</ref> pianists [[Vladimir Horowitz]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Dubal|first=David|url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinghorow0000unse|title=Remembering Horowitz: 125 Pianists Recall a Legend|publisher=Schirmer Books|date=1993|isbn=0-02-870676-5}}</ref> [[Sviatoslav Richter]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Hunt|first=John|title=Sviatoslav Richter: Pianist of the Century: Discography|location=London|publisher=Travis & Emery|date=2009|isbn=978-1-901395-99-0}}</ref> and [[Emil Gilels]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Phil|last=Carrick|url=http://www.abc.net.au/classic/content/2013/09/21/3851467.htm|title=Emil Gilels: A True Giant of the Keyboard|work=[[ABC Classic]]|date=21 September 2013|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126072651/http://www.abc.net.au/classic/content/2013/09/21/3851467.htm|archive-date=26 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> and vocalist [[Galina Vishnevskaya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knightfoundation.org/articles/galina-vishnevskaya-the-russian-tigress-2/|title=Galina Vishnevskaya, the Russian tigress|work=[[Knight Foundation]]|first=Sebastian|last=Spreng|date=19 December 2012|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190530/https://knightfoundation.org/articles/galina-vishnevskaya-the-russian-tigress-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the Soviet times, [[popular music]] also produced a number of renowned figures, such as the two [[Bard (Soviet Union)|balladeers]]—[[Vladimir Vysotsky]] and [[Bulat Okudzhava]],<ref name="music2">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Music|title=Russia – Music|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407043936/https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Music|url-status=live}}</ref> and performers such as [[Alla Pugacheva]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/28/nyregion/superstar-evokes-superpower-diva-s-voice-adoring-fans-hear-echoes-soviet-days.html?scp=5&sq=pugacheva&st=cse|title=A Superstar Evokes a Superpower; In Diva's Voice, Adoring Fans Hear Echoes of Soviet Days|work=The New York Times|first=Alison|last=Smale|date=28 February 2000|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231350/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/28/nyregion/superstar-evokes-superpower-diva-s-voice-adoring-fans-hear-echoes-soviet-days.html?scp=5&sq=pugacheva&st=cse|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jazz]], even with sanctions from Soviet authorities, flourished and evolved into one of the country's most popular musical forms.<ref name="music2"/> The [[Vyacheslav Ganelin|Ganelin Trio]] have been described by critics as the greatest ensemble of free-jazz in [[continental Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scaruffi.com/jazz/ganelin.html|title=Ganelin Trio|first=Piero|last=Scaruffi|author-link=Piero Scaruffi|quote="The Ganelin Trio was the greatest ensemble of free-jazz in continental Europe, namely in Russia. Like other European improvisers, pianist Vyacheslav Ganelin, woodwind player Vladimir Chekasin and percussionist Vladimir Tarasov too found a common ground between [[Free jazz|free-jazz]] and [[Dada]]ism. Their shows were as much music as they were provocative antics."|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184606/https://www.scaruffi.com/jazz/ganelin.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By the 1980s, [[Rock music in Russia|rock music]] became popular across Russia, and produced bands such as [[Aria (band)|Aria]], [[Aquarium (band)|Aquarium]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20141013-meet-the-bob-dylan-of-russia|title=Boris Grebenshikov: 'The Bob Dylan of Russia'|work=BBC|first=Sally|last=McGrane|date=21 October 2014|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091042/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20141013-meet-the-bob-dylan-of-russia|url-status=live}}</ref> [[DDT (band)|DDT]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Pellegrinelli|first=Lara|url=https://www.npr.org/2008/02/06/18752518/ddt-notes-from-russias-rock-underground|title=DDT: Notes from Russia's Rock Underground|work=[[National Public Radio]]|quote="For the Russian band DDT, it was hard enough being a rock group under the Soviet regime. The band, which formed in 1981, gave secret concerts in apartments, bomb shelters, and even kindergarten classrooms to avoid the attention of authorities... Later, the policies of perestroika allowed bands to perform out in the open. DDT went on to become one of Russia's most popular acts..."|date=6 February 2008|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331101353/https://www.npr.org/2008/02/06/18752518/ddt-notes-from-russias-rock-underground|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Kino (band)|Kino]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/leningrad-rock-club-scorpions-meine-soviet-union-wind-of-change-tsoi/31157285.html|title='Crazy Pirates': The Leningrad Rockers Who Rode A Wind Of Change Across The U.S.S.R.|work=Radio Liberty|first=Coilin|last=O'Connor|date=23 March 2021|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413053633/https://www.rferl.org/a/leningrad-rock-club-scorpions-meine-soviet-union-wind-of-change-tsoi/31157285.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-music-kino-tsoi/27185480.html|title=Musician, Songwriter, Cultural Force: Remembering Russia's Viktor Tsoi|work=Radio Liberty|quote="Also in 1982, [[Viktor Tsoi|Tsoi]] formed the band Kino and the group recorded its first album, [[45 (Kino album)|45]]... Tsoi and Kino quickly became a sensation... In 1986, the band released [[Khochu peremen]] – an anthem calling on the young generation to become more active and demand political change. The song made Kino's reputation across the Soviet Union..."|date=12 August 2015|access-date=19 July 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331102434/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-music-kino-tsoi/27185480.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Russian pop|Pop music]] in Russia has continued to flourish since the 1960s, with globally famous acts such as [[t.A.T.u.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/tatu-bad-to-be-true-20030614-gdvvq0.html|title=Tatu bad to be true|work=[[The Age]]|date=14 June 2003|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331103131/https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/tatu-bad-to-be-true-20030614-gdvvq0.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the recent times, [[Little Big (band)|Little Big]], a [[rave music|rave]] band, has gained popularity in Russia and across Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@sabrinafaramarzi/a-review-of-russian-rave-band-little-big-in-berlin-9eb4e8e1b0db|title=Little Big: camp, outrageous Russian rave|work=[[Medium (website)|Medium]]|first=Sabrina|last=Faramarzi|date=12 May 2019|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190111/https://medium.com/@sabrinafaramarzi/a-review-of-russian-rave-band-little-big-in-berlin-9eb4e8e1b0db|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Cinema ===
{{main|Cinema of Russia|Cinema of the Soviet Union}}
[[File:Vintage Potemkin.jpg|thumb|upright|Poster of ''[[Battleship Potemkin]]'' (1925) by Sergei Eisenstein, which was named the [[List of films considered the best|greatest film of all time]] at the [[Expo 58|Brussels World's Fair]] in 1958.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hodgson|first=Jonathan|url=https://www.play.mdx.ac.uk/media/EISENSTEIN%2C+Sergei+-+BATTLESHIP+POTEMKIN+-+1925+Russia/1_sub9wj41|title=EISENSTEIN, Sergei – BATTLESHIP POTEMKIN – 1925 Russia|publisher=[[Middlesex University]]|date=4 December 2020|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=29 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329091227/https://www.play.mdx.ac.uk/media/EISENSTEIN%2C+Sergei+-+BATTLESHIP+POTEMKIN+-+1925+Russia/1_sub9wj41|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Russian and later [[Soviet cinema]] was a hotbed of invention, resulting in world-renowned films such as ''[[The Battleship Potemkin]]''.<ref>Miller, Jamie. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20451166?seq=1 Soviet Cinema, 1929–41: The Development of Industry and Infrastructure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527122843/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20451166?seq=1 |date=27 May 2021 }}" Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 58, no. 1, 2006, pp. 103–124. [[JSTOR]]. Retrieved 26 May 2021.</ref> Soviet-era filmmakers, most notably [[Sergei Eisenstein]] and [[Andrei Tarkovsky]], would go on to become among of the world's most innovative and influential directors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inverse.com/article/40392-sergei-eisenstein-google-doodle|title=Sergei Eisenstein: How the "Father of Montage" Reinvented Cinema|work=[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]]|first=Mike|last=Brown|date=22 January 2018|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331100137/https://www.inverse.com/article/40392-sergei-eisenstein-google-doodle|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/where-begin-with-andrei-tarkovsky|title=Where to begin with Andrei Tarkovsky|work=[[British Film Institute]]|first=Carmen|last=Gray|date=27 October 2015|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091343/https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/where-begin-with-andrei-tarkovsky|url-status=live}}</ref> Eisenstein was a student of [[Lev Kuleshov]], who developed the groundbreaking [[Soviet montage theory]] of film editing at the world's first [[film school]], the [[Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography|All-Union Institute of Cinematography]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/All-Union-State-Institute-of-Cinematography|title=All-Union State Institute of Cinematography|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331092540/https://www.britannica.com/topic/All-Union-State-Institute-of-Cinematography|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dziga Vertov]]'s "[[Kino-Eye]]" theory had a huge impact on the development of documentary filmmaking and cinema realism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yale.edu/2019/08/12/yale-film-scholar-dziga-vertov-enigma-movie-camera|title=Yale film scholar on Dziga Vertov, the enigma with a movie camera|work=[[Yale University]]|first=Kendall|last=Teare|date=12 August 2019|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=19 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419004549/https://news.yale.edu/2019/08/12/yale-film-scholar-dziga-vertov-enigma-movie-camera|url-status=live}}</ref> Many Soviet socialist realism films were artistically successful, including ''[[Chapaev (film)|Chapaev]]'', ''[[The Cranes Are Flying]]'', and ''[[Ballad of a Soldier]]''.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema. The comedies of [[Eldar Ryazanov]] and [[Leonid Gaidai]] of that time were immensely popular, with many of the catchphrases still in use today.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/eldar-ryazanov-films/27398408.html|title=Eldar Ryazanov And His Films|work=[[Radio Free Europe]]|quote="Eldar Ryazanov, a Russian film director whose iconic comedies captured the flavor of life and love in the Soviet Union while deftly skewering the absurdities of the communist system... His films ridiculed Soviet bureaucracy and trained a clear eye on the predicaments and peculiarities of daily life during the communist era, but the light touch of his satire helped him dodge government censorship."|date=30 November 2015|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331102410/https://www.rferl.org/a/eldar-ryazanov-films/27398408.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Prokhorova, Elena, "The Man Who Made Them Laugh: Leonid Gaidai, the King of Soviet Comedy", in Beumers, Birgit (2008) ''A History of Russian Cinema'', Berg Publishers, {{ISBN|978-1845202156}}, pp. 519–542</ref> In 1961–68 [[Sergey Bondarchuk]] directed an [[Academy Award|Oscar]]-winning [[War and Peace (film series)|film adaptation]] of Leo Tolstoy's epic ''[[War and Peace]]'', which was [[the most expensive film]] made in the Soviet Union.<ref>Birgit Beumers. ''A History of Russian Cinema''. Berg Publishers (2009). {{ISBN|978-1-84520-215-6}}. p. 143.</ref> In 1969, [[Vladimir Motyl]]'s ''[[White Sun of the Desert]]'' was released, a very popular film in a genre of [[ostern]]; the film is traditionally watched by [[cosmonauts]] before any trip into space.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmlinc.com/wrt/onsale08/russian08/whitesunofthedesert.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905102633/http://filmlinc.com/wrt/onsale08/russian08/whitesunofthedesert.html|archive-date=5 September 2008|publisher=Film Society of Lincoln Center|title=White Sun of the Desert|access-date=18 January 2008}}</ref> In 2002, ''[[Russian Ark]]'' was the first feature film ever to be shot in a single take.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/russian-ark-history-one-shot/|title='Russian Ark' a history in one shot|work=[[The Michigan Daily]]|first=Jeff|last=Dickerson|date=31 March 2003|access-date=25 May 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525123421/https://www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/russian-ark-history-one-shot/|url-status=live}}</ref> Today, the Russian cinema industry continues to expand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/01/18/the-revival-of-russias-cinema-industry-a64197|title=The Revival of Russia's Cinema Industry|work=[[The Moscow Times]]|first=Ben|last=Aris|date=18 January 2019|access-date=25 May 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331103222/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/01/18/the-revival-of-russias-cinema-industry-a64197|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Russian architecture|List of Russian architects}}
[[File:Saint Basil's Cathedral in Moscow.jpg|thumb|[[Saint Basil's Cathedral]], built between 1555 and 1683 and combined earlier chuch and the [[Volga Tatars|Tatar]] east styles,{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}} Moscow]]
[[File:Собор Воскресения Христова (Спаса на крови).jpg|thumb|[[Church of the Savior on Blood]] in [[Russian Revival]] style, the 19th c., Saint Petersburg]]
The history of [[Russian architecture]] begins with early woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs,{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rem Koolhaas, James Westcott, Stephan Petermann|title=Elements of Architecture|year=2017|publisher=[[Taschen]]|isbn=978-3-8365-5614-9|page=102}}</ref> and the [[architecture of Kievan Rus']].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Rappoport|first=Pavel A.|title=Building the Churches of Kievan Russia|year=1995|page=248|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780860783275}}</ref> Following the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus']], for several centuries it was influenced predominantly by the [[Byzantine Empire]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Voyce|first=Arthur|date=1957|title=National Elements in Russian Architecture|journal=[[Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians]]|volume=16|issue=2|pages=6–16|doi=10.2307/987741|issn=0037-9808|jstor=987741}}</ref> Due to Mongol occupation cut ties with the Byzantine Empire Russian architecture inreached some original innovations, among them the church altar screen dividing [[iconostasis]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}} [[Aristotle Fioravanti]] and other Italian architects brought [[Renaissance]] trends into Russia, especially in reconstruction of [[Kremlin]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jarzombek|first1=Mark M.|last2=Prakash|first2=Vikramaditya|last3=Ching|first3=Frank|title=A Global History of Architecture 2nd Edition|year=2010|page=544|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0470402573}}</ref> The 16th century saw the development of the unique [[tent-like church]]es; and the [[onion dome]] design, which is a distinctive feature of Russian architecture.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lidov|first=Alexei|title=The Canopy over the Holy Sepulchre. On the Origin of Onion-Shaped Domes|url=https://www.academia.edu/2694753|journal=[[Academia.edu]]|date=2005|pages=171–180|archive-date=29 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329115442/https://www.academia.edu/2694753|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 17th century, the "fiery style" of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and [[Yaroslavl]], gradually paving the way for the [[Naryshkin baroque]] of the 1690s. After the reforms of Peter the Great, Russia's architecture became influenced by Western European styles.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}}<ref name="Shvidkovsky">{{cite book|last=Shvidkovsky|first=Dmitry|title=Russian Architecture and the West|publisher=Yale University Press|page=480|year=2007|isbn=9780300109122}}</ref> The 18th-century taste for [[Rococo]] architecture led to the splendid works of [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]] and his followers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ring|first1=Trudy|last2=Watson|first2=Noelle|last3=Schellinger|first3=Paul|title=Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places|year=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfPYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA657|page=657|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781884964015|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928153552/https://books.google.com/books?id=yfPYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA657#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> During the reign of Catherine the Great, Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of [[Neoclassical architecture]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Most Intentional City: St. Petersburg in the Reign of Catherine the Great|last=Munro|first=George|publisher=Farleigh Dickinson University Press|year=2008|isbn=9780838641460|location=Cranbury, NJ|page=233}}</ref> During [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]]'s rule, [[Empire style]] became the ''de facto'' architectural style, and [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] opened the gate of [[Eclecticism]] to Russia. The second half of the 19th-century was dominated by the [[Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire|Neo-Byzantine]] and [[Russian Revival]] style.{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=232–233|loc=Architecture and Painting}} In early 20th-century, [[Russian neoclassical revival]] became a trend.<ref name="Shvidkovsky"/> Prevalent styles of the late 20th-century were the [[Art Nouveau architecture in Russia|Art Nouveau]], [[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Lodder|first=Christina|title=Russian Constructivism|date=1985|page=328|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0300034066}}</ref> and [[Stalinist architecture|Socialist Classicism]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tarkhanov|first1=Alexei|last2=Kavtaradze|first2=Sergei|title=Architecture of the Stalin Era|year=1992|page=192|publisher=Rizzoli |isbn=9780847814732}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Russian Orthodox Church|Religion in Russia}} 
{{POV section|date=November 2023}}
[[File:День Святой Троицы. Престольный праздник.jpg|thumb|[[Trinity Sunday]] in Russia; the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] has experienced a great revival since the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], a country that had a policy of [[state atheism]].]]
[[File:Te Deum Lyahovo Guslitsa 8687.jpg|right|thumb|The communal [[Old Believers]]' service for the [[Holy Week|Bright Easter Week]], [[Moscow Oblast]].]]

Most religious Russians are [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox Christians]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=203–210|loc=The Russian Orthodox Church}}{{sfn|Shmeleva|1994|p=270}} According to differing sociological surveys on religious adherence, between 41% to over 80% of the total population of Russia adhere to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=203–210|loc=The Russian Orthodox Church}}<ref name="ArenaAtlas2012">There is no official census of religion in Russia, and estimates are based on surveys only. In August 2012, [http://sreda.org/arena ARENA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143249/http://sreda.org/arena |date=12 June 2018 }} determined that about 46.8% of Russians are Christians (including Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant, and non-denominational), which is slightly less than an absolute 50%+ majority. However, later that year the [http://www.levada.ru/17-12-2012/v-rossii-74-pravoslavnykh-i-7-musulman Levada Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231020830/http://www.levada.ru/17-12-2012/v-rossii-74-pravoslavnykh-i-7-musulman |date=31 December 2012}} determined that 76% of Russians are Christians, and in June 2013 the [http://fom.ru/obshchestvo/10953 Public Opinion Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415213226/https://fom.ru/obshchestvo/10953 |date=15 April 2020}} determined that 65% of Russians are Christians. These findings are in line with [http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-exec/ Pew] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510181111/https://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-exec/ |date=10 May 2020 }}'s 2010 survey, which determined that 73.3% of Russians are Christians, with [http://wciom.ru/index.php?id=268&uid=13365 VTSIOM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929201730/https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=268&uid=13365%2F |date=29 September 2020}}'s 2010 survey (~77% Christian), and with [http://www.fgi-tbff.org/sites/default/files/elfinder/FGIImages/Research/fromresearchtopolicy/ipsos_mori_briefing_pack.pdf#page=40 Ipsos MORI] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013643/http://www.fgi-tbff.org/sites/default/files/elfinder/FGIImages/Research/fromresearchtopolicy/ipsos_mori_briefing_pack.pdf |date=17 January 2013 }}'s 2011 survey (69%).</ref><ref name="Ogonek">''[http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1997068 Верю — не верю] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827114409/http://kommersant.ru/doc/1997068 |date=27 August 2012 }}''. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27 August 2012. ''Retrieved 24 September 2012''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religare.ru/2_42432.html|script-title=ru:Опубликована подробная сравнительная статистика религиозности в России и Польше|language=ru|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081009/http://www.religare.ru/2_42432.html|archive-date=2 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Non-religious Russians may associate themselves with the Orthodox faith for cultural reasons. Some Russian people are [[Old Believers]]: a relatively small [[Schism (religion)|schismatic]] group of the Russian Orthodoxy that rejected the liturgical reforms introduced in the 17th century. Other schisms from Orthodoxy include [[Spiritual Christianity]], namely [[Doukhobor]]s which in the 18th century rejected secular government, the Russian Orthodox priests, icons, all church ritual, the Bible as the supreme source of divine revelation and the divinity of Jesus, and later emigrated into Canada. Another Spiritual Christian mivement were [[Molokan]]s which formed in the 19th century and rejected Czar's [[Divine right of kings|divine right to rule]], icons, the [[Trinity]] as outlined by the [[Nicene Creed]], Orthodox [[Fasting#Eastern Orthodoxy|fasts]], military service, and practices including [[Baptism|water baptism]].<ref>{{cite journal |surname=Berdyaev |given=Nikolai |authorlink=Nikolai Berdyaev |translator=S. Janos |title=Spiritual Christianity and Setvctarianism in Russia |journal=Russkaya Mysl ("Russian Thought") |date=1999 |orig-year=1916 |url=http://www.berdyaev.com/berdiaev/berd_lib/1916_252a.html |via=Berdyaev.com |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719084458/https://www.berdyaev.com/berdiaev/berd_lib/1916_252a.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Other world religions have negligible representation among ethnic Russians. The largest of these groups are [[Islam]] with over 100,000 followers from national minorities,<ref name="ArenaAtlas">{{cite web|url=http://sreda.org/arena/arena-v-pdf|title=Арена|access-date=21 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232117/http://sreda.org/arena/arena-v-pdf|archive-date=2 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Baptists]] with over 85,000 Russian adherents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_639.html |title=statistics |publisher=Adherents.com |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810101834/http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_639.html |archive-date=10 August 2018 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Others are mostly [[Pentecostals]], [[Evangelicals]], [[Seventh-day Adventists]], [[Lutherans]], [[The Salvation Army]], and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].{{sfn|Curtis|Leighton|1998|pp=210–220|loc=Other Religions}}

Since the fall of the Soviet Union various new religious movements have sprung up and gathered a following among ethnic Russians. The most prominent of these are [[Rodnovery]], the revival of the Slavic native religion also common to other [[Slavs|Slavic nations]].<ref>Shnirelman, Victor (2002). ''[http://legacy.wlu.ca/documents/6483/Christians_Go_home.pdf "Christians! Go home": A Revival of Neo-Paganism between the Baltic Sea and Transcaucasia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202101/http://legacy.wlu.ca/documents/6483/Christians_Go_home.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }}''. Journal of Contemporary Religion, Vol. 17, No. 2.</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in Russia}}
[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Russia.<ref>{{cite book|first=Suzanne J.|last=Murdico|title=Russia: A Primary Source Cultural Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwEWwYhv9ZUC&pg=PT96|access-date=19 November 2013|year=2005|publisher=Rosen Publishing|isbn=978-1-4042-2913-6|page=132}}</ref> The [[Soviet Union national football team]] became the first European champions by winning [[Euro 1960]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025a-0eb0ecf360cc-a9532565e049-1000--euro-1960-all-you-need-to-know/|title=EURO 1960: all you need to know|work=[[UEFA Champions League]]|date=13 February 2020|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225195942/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025a-0eb0ecf360cc-a9532565e049-1000--euro-1960-all-you-need-to-know/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and reached the finals of [[Euro 1988]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025d-0f859f66fcba-c8d3aa08dfa3-1000--classics-ussr-vs-netherlands-1988/|title=Classics: Soviet Union vs Netherlands, 1988|work=[[UEFA Champions League]]|date=29 May 2020|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132625/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025d-0f859f66fcba-c8d3aa08dfa3-1000--classics-ussr-vs-netherlands-1988/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1956 and 1988, the Soviet Union won gold at the [[Football at the Summer Olympics#Results|Olympic football tournament]]. Russian clubs [[PFC CSKA Moscow|CSKA Moscow]] and [[Zenit Saint Petersburg]] won the [[UEFA Cup]] in 2005 and 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0253-0d806e352f9f-e83f37a18d8b-1000--sporting-cska-moskva-watch-their-2005-final/|title=Sporting-CSKA Moskva: watch their 2005 final|work=[[UEFA Champions League]]|date=7 August 2015|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132621/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0253-0d806e352f9f-e83f37a18d8b-1000--sporting-cska-moskva-watch-their-2005-final/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2019/11/18/how-a-brilliant-zenit-saint-petersburg-lifted-the-uefa-cup-in-2008/|title=How a brilliant Zenit Saint Petersburg lifted the UEFA Cup in 2008|work=[[These Football Times]]|first=Joe|last=Terry|date=18 November 2019|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132621/https://thesefootballtimes.co/2019/11/18/how-a-brilliant-zenit-saint-petersburg-lifted-the-uefa-cup-in-2008/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Russian national football team]] reached the semi-finals of [[Euro 2008]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/jun/26/russiaspainlive|title=Euro 2008: Russia v Spain – as it happened|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Sean|last=Ingle|date=26 June 2008|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812004724/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/jun/26/russiaspainlive|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia was the host nation for the [[2017 FIFA Confederations Cup]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/|title=2018 FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017|work=[[FIFA]]|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703122532/http://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/matches/round=274645/match=300334881/matchcast.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/russia2018/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224033040/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/russia2018/|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 February 2020|title=2018 FIFA World Cup Russia™|work=[[FIFA]]|access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref>

[[Ice hockey in Russia|Ice hockey]] is very popular in Russia.<ref name="hockey">{{cite web|url=https://geohistory.today/russian_ice_hockey/|title=Russians on Ice: A Brief Overview of Soviet and Russian Hockey|work=GeoHistory|first1=Lisa|last1=Crandell|first2=Josh|last2=Wilson|date=3 December 2009|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603154409/https://geohistory.today/russian_ice_hockey/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team]] dominated the sport internationally throughout its existence,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/2/25/8108397/soviet-hockey-red-army|title=How Soviet hockey ruled the world — and then fell apart|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|first=Emily|last=VanDerWerff|date=22 February 2019|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626205838/https://www.vox.com/2015/2/25/8108397/soviet-hockey-red-army|url-status=live}}</ref> and the modern-day [[Russia men's national ice hockey team]] is among the most successful teams in the sport.<ref name="hockey"/> [[Bandy]] is Russia's national sport, and it has historically been the highest-achieving country in the sport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/sport/2013/02/14/bandy_a_concise_history_of_the_extreme_sport_22867.html|title=Bandy: A concise history of the extreme sport|work=[[Russia Beyond]]|first=Ilya|last=Trisvyatsky|date=14 February 2013|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=29 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329091226/https://www.rbth.com/arts/sport/2013/02/14/bandy_a_concise_history_of_the_extreme_sport_22867.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Russian national basketball team]] won the [[EuroBasket 2007]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euroleague.net/news/i/15364/eurobasket-2007-final-september-16-2007|title=EuroBasket 2007 final: September 16, 2007|work=[[EuroLeague]]|first=Javier|last=Gancedo|date=16 September 2007|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116171531/https://www.euroleague.net/news/i/15364/eurobasket-2007-final-september-16-2007|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Russian basketball club [[PBC CSKA Moscow]] is among the most successful European basketball teams. The annual [[Formula One]] [[Russian Grand Prix]] is held at the [[Sochi Autodrom]] in the [[Sochi Olympic Park]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/en/information.russia-sochi-autodrom.3nDdZPizsnPEtlHysv115Y.html|title=Russia – Sochi|work=[[Formula One]]|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=21 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321211802/https://www.formula1.com/en/information.russia-sochi-autodrom.3nDdZPizsnPEtlHysv115Y.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Russia is the leading nation in [[rhythmic gymnastics]]; and Russian [[synchronized swimming]] is considered to be the world's best.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2016/08/19/russian-mastery-in-synchronized-swimming-yields-double-gold/89000222/|title=Russian mastery in synchronized swimming yields double gold|work=[[USA Today]]|date=19 August 2016|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=8 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208003710/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2016/08/19/russian-mastery-in-synchronized-swimming-yields-double-gold/89000222/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Figure skating]] is another popular sport in Russia, especially [[pair skating]] and [[ice dancing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/the-goods/22276736/figure-skating-olympics-winter-2022-lessons|title=Figure skating is on thin ice. Here's how to fix it.|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|first=Rebecca|last=Jennings|date=18 February 2021|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132621/https://www.vox.com/the-goods/22276736/figure-skating-olympics-winter-2022-lessons|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia has produced a number of famous [[tennis]] players,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://petercioth.medium.com/roots-of-the-fall-and-rise-of-russian-tennis-9ba2e01635e8|title=Roots of The Fall And Rise of Russian Tennis.|work=[[Medium (website)|Medium]]|first=Peter|last=Cioth|date=9 February 2021|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603153414/https://petercioth.medium.com/roots-of-the-fall-and-rise-of-russian-tennis-9ba2e01635e8|url-status=live}}</ref> such as [[Maria Sharapova]] and [[Daniil Medvedev]]. [[Chess]] is also a widely popular pastime in the nation, with many of the world's top chess players being Russian for decades.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2009/09/how-did-russians-get-so-good-at-chess.html|title=Why are the Russians so good at chess?|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|first=Christopher|last=Beam|date=25 September 2009|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331071732/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2009/09/how-did-russians-get-so-good-at-chess.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[1980 Summer Olympic Games]] were held in Moscow,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/moscow-1980|title=Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics – Athletes, Medals & Results|work=Olympics.com|date=24 April 2018|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132625/https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/moscow-1980|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] and the [[2014 Winter Paralympics]] were hosted in Sochi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sochi-2014|title=Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics – Athletes, Medals & Results|work=Olympics.com|date=23 April 2018|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408132652/https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sochi-2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sochi-2014|title=Sochi 2014|work=[[International Paralympic Committee]]|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=6 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806054846/https://www.paralympic.org/sochi-2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Russia}}
* [[All-Russian nation]]
* [[European ethnic groups]]
* [[List of Russian artists]]
* [[List of Slavic studies journals]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Bibliography===
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* {{cite book |surname=Curtis |given=Glenn E. |surname2=Leighton |given2=Marian |chapter=Chapter 4. Ethnic, Religious, and Cultural Setting |editor=Curtis, Glenn E. |title=Russia: A Country Study |series=Area handbook series |others=Library of Congress, Federal Research Division |edition=1st |place=Washington, DC |publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]] |year=1998 |pages=169–236 |isbn=0-8444-0866-2 |chapter-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812162017/http://countrystudies.us/russia/31.htm |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/97007563/ |archive-date=2020-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714121738/http://countrystudies.us/russia/ |url-status=live}} | also via [https://archive.org/details/russiacountrystu00curt/page/n14/mode/1up Archive.org]
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* {{cite book |surname=Sankina |given=S. L. |title=Этническая история средневекового населения Новгородской земли |trans-title=Ethnic history of the medieval population of the Novgorod land |place=Saint Petersburg |year=2000 |isbn=5-86007-210-4 |lang=ru}}
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* {{cite book |surname=Zelenin |given=Dmitry K. |author-link=Dmitry Konstantinovich Zelenin |year=1991 |lang=ru |title=Восточнославянская этнография |trans-title=Russian (East Slavic) Ethnography |orig-year=1927 |translator=K.D. Tsivina |place=Moscow |publisher=[[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]] |url=http://www.verigi.ru/?book=216 |postscript=. [First published in German as ''Russische (Ostslawische) Volkskunde'' (Berlin; Leipzig, 1927).] |access-date=2 August 2021 |archive-date=1 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801235417/http://verigi.ru/?book=216 |url-status=dead}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|collapsible=true|wikt=Russian|d=Q49542|c=Category:Russians|voy=Russia|species=no}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Russians}}
* {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_14_24.htm 4.1. Population by nationality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807002907/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_14_24.htm |date=7 August 2011 }}
* {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/rus/sian/index.htm "People and Cultures: Russians"] book published by [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]
* [http://folkportal.3dn.ru/forum/17-186-1 Pre-Revolutionary photos of women in Russian folk dress]

{{Slavic ethnic groups}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]]
[[Category:East Slavs]]