Editing Russian Far East

{{Short description|Geographical region}}
{{About|the geographical region|the Russian administrative division|Far Eastern Federal District|the broader region of Asia|Northeast Asia|and|Far East}}

{{Use Canadian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Russian Far East
| native_name        = 
| other_name         = 
| settlement_type    = <!-- images, nickname, motto -->
| image_skyline      = 
| image_caption      = 
| image_flag         = 
| image_shield       = 
| motto              = 
| nickname           = 
| etymology          = <!-- location -->
| subdivision_type   = 
| subdivision_name   = 
| subdivision_type1  = Largest city
| subdivision_name1  = [[Khabarovsk]]
| subdivision_type2  = 
| subdivision_name2  = 
| subdivision_type3  = 
| subdivision_name3  = 
| subdivision_type4  = 
| subdivision_name4  = <!-- maps and coordinates -->
| image_map          = Map of Russia - Far Eastern Federal District (2018 composition).svg
| map_caption        = [[Far Eastern Federal District]] (highlighted)
| pushpin_map        = 
| pushpin_relief     = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| coordinates        = 
| coordinates_footnotes = <!-- established -->
| established_title  = 
| established_date   = <!-- area -->
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 6,952,600
| area_total_sq_mi   = 2,684,400
| area_land_sq_mi    = 
| area_water_sq_mi   = <!-- elevation -->
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 
| elevation_ft       = <!-- population -->
| population_as_of   = 2021
| population_footnotes = 
| population_total   = 7,975,762
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| population_demonym = <!-- time zone(s) -->
| timezone1          = 
| utc_offset1        = 
| timezone1_DST      = 
| utc_offset1_DST    = <!-- postal codes, area code -->
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| area_code          = 
| geocode            = 
| iso_code           = <!-- website, footnotes -->
| website            = 
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}}

The '''Russian Far East''' ({{lang-rus|Дальний Восток России|p=ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok rɐˈsʲiɪ}}) is a region in [[North Asia]]. It is the easternmost part of [[Russia]] and the [[Asia|Asian continent]], and is coextensive with the [[Far Eastern Federal District]], which encompasses the area between [[Lake Baikal]] and the [[Pacific Ocean]]. The area's largest city is [[Khabarovsk]], followed by [[Vladivostok]]. The region shares land borders with the countries of [[Mongolia]], [[China]], and [[North Korea]] to its south, as well as [[maritime boundary|maritime boundaries]] with [[Japan]] to its southeast, and with the [[United States]] along the [[Bering Strait]] to its northeast.

Although the Russian Far East is often considered as a part of [[Siberia]] abroad, it has been historically categorized separately from Siberia in Russian regional schemes (and previously during the [[history of the Soviet Union|Soviet era]] when it was called the '''Soviet Far East''').<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mieczowski|first=Z|title=The Soviet Far East: Problem Region of the USSR|journal=Pacific Affairs|year=1968|volume=41|number=2|jstor=2754796|publisher=[[University of British Columbia]]|pages=214–229|doi=10.2307/2754796}}</ref>

==Terminology==
In Russia, the region is usually referred to as simply the ''Far East'' ({{Langx|ru|Дальний Восток|links=no|translit=Dal'niy Vostok}}). What is known in English as the [[Far East]] is usually referred to as the [[Asia-Pacific|''Asia-Pacific Region'']] ({{Langx|ru|Азиатско-тихоокеанский регион|translit=Aziatsko-tiho-okeanskiy region|label=none}}, abbreviated {{lang|ru|АТР}} (ATR)), or ''[[East Asia]]'' ({{Langx|ru|Восточная Азия|translit=Vostochnaya Aziya|label=none}}), depending on the context.

==Geographical features==
{{Further|Geography of Russia#Northeast Siberia and Kamchatka}}
[[File:View from Radionuclide Station RN60 - Flickr - The Official CTBTO Photostream.jpg|thumb|[[Koryaksky]] volcano in Kamchatka]]
*[[Beyenchime-Salaatin crater]]
*[[Klyuchevskaya Sopka]] volcano
*[[Kuril–Kamchatka Trench]]
*[[Lake Baikal]]

==History==
===Russian expansion===
{{Further|Russian conquest of Siberia|Outer Manchuria|Transcathay}}
[[File:Vladivostok in the 1900s 05.jpg|thumb|[[Vladivostok]] in the early 1900s]]
[[Russians]] reached the Pacific coast in 1647 with the establishment of [[Okhotsk]], and the [[Russian Empire]] consolidated its control over the Russian Far East in the 19th century, after the [[Amur Annexation|annexation]] of part of Chinese [[Manchuria]] (1858–1860). [[Primorskaya Oblast]] was established as a separate [[administrative division of the Russian Empire]] in 1856, with its administrative center at [[Khabarovsk]].

===Administrative history===
Several entities with the name "Far East" existed in the first half of the 20th century, all with rather different boundaries:
* 1918–1922: the {{ill|Ukrainian Far Eastern Movement|uk|Український далекосхідний рух}}, which encompassed [[Green Ukraine]];
* 1920–1922: the [[Far Eastern Republic]], which included [[Transbaikal Oblast|Transbaikal]], [[Amur Oblast|Amur]], [[Primorskaya Oblast|Primorskaya]], and [[Kamchatka Oblast]]s and northern [[Sakhalin]];
* 1922–1926: {{ill|Far-Eastern Oblast|ru|Дальневосточная область}}, which included the [[Amur Governorate|Amur]], [[Transbaikal Governorate|Transbaikal]] and [[Kamchatka Governorate|Kamchatka]] [[Governorate (Russia)|Governorates]] and others;
* 1926–1938: [[Far-Eastern Krai]], which included the present-day [[Primorsky Krai|Primorsky]] and [[Khabarovsk Krai]]s.

Until 2000 the Russian Far East lacked officially-defined boundaries. A single term "Siberia and the Far East" ({{lang|ru|Сибирь и Дальний Восток}}) often referred to Russia's regions east of the [[Ural mountains|Urals]] without drawing a clear distinction between "Siberia" and "the Far East".

In 2000 Russia's [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subjects]] were grouped into larger [[federal districts of Russia|federal districts]], one of which, the [[Far Eastern Federal District]], comprised [[Amur Oblast]], the [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]], the [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]], [[Kamchatka Oblast]] with the [[Koryak Autonomous Okrug]], [[Khabarovsk Krai]], [[Magadan Oblast]], [[Primorsky Krai]], the [[Sakha Republic|Sakha (Yakutia) Republic]], and [[Sakhalin Oblast]]. In November 2018 [[Zabaykalsky Krai]] and the [[Republic of Buryatia]] were added; they had previously formed part of the [[Siberian Federal District]].<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации |language=ru |url=http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201811040002?index=0&rangeSize=1 |access-date=2018-11-04 |website=publication.pravo.gov.ru |archive-date=February 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205162518/http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201811040002?index=0&rangeSize=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since 2000, Russians have increasingly used the term "Far East" to refer to the federal district, though the term is often also used more loosely.

Defined by the boundaries of the federal district, the Far East has an area of {{convert|6.2|e6km2|sqmi||}}—over one-third of Russia's total area.

===Russo-Japanese War===
{{Further|Russo-Japanese War}}

Russia in the early 1900s persistently sought a warm-water port on the [[Pacific Ocean]] for the [[Imperial Russian Navy]] as well as to facilitate maritime trade. The recently established Pacific seaport of [[Vladivostok]] (founded in 1860) was operational only during the summer season, but [[Lüshunkou|Port Arthur]] (leased by Russia from China from 1896 onward) in Manchuria could operate all year. After the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] (1894–1895) and the failure of the 1903 negotiations between [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] and the [[Tsar Nicholas II]]'s government, Japan chose war to protect its domination of [[Korean Empire|Korea]] and adjacent territories. Russia, meanwhile, saw war as a means of distracting its populace from government repression and of rallying patriotism in the aftermath of several general strikes. Japan issued a declaration of war on 8&nbsp;February 1904. Three hours before Japan's declaration of war was received by the Russian government, the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked the Russian [[Pacific Fleet (Russia)|1st Pacific Squadron]] at Port Arthur. Eight days later Russia declared war on Japan.

The war ended in September 1905 with a Japanese victory following the fall of Port Arthur and the failed Russian invasion of Japan through the Korean Peninsula and [[Northeast China]]; also, Japan had threatened to invade [[Primorsky Krai]] via Korea. The warring parties signed the [[Treaty of Portsmouth]] on 5 September 1905, and both Japan and Russia agreed to evacuate Manchuria and to return its sovereignty to China, but Japan was allowed to lease the [[Liaodong Peninsula]] (containing Port Arthur and [[Talien]], aka [[Kwantung Leased Territory]]), and the [[South Manchuria Railway|Russian rail system in southern Manchuria]] with its access to strategic resources. Japan also received the [[Karafuto Prefecture|southern half of the island]] of [[Sakhalin]] from Russia. In 1907 Japan forced Russia to confiscate land from Korean settlers (who formed the majority of Primorsky Krai's population) due to a fear of an invasion of Korea and of the ousting of Japanese troops by Korean guerrillas.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

===Soviet era===
Between 1937 and 1939, the Soviet Union under [[Joseph Stalin]] deported [[Koryo-saram|over 200,000 Koreans]] to [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Kazakhstan]], fearing that the Koreans might act as spies for Japan. Many Koreans died on the way in cattle trains due to starvation, illness, or freezing conditions. Soviet authorities purged and executed many community leaders; [[Koryo-saram]] were not allowed to travel outside of Central Asia for the next 15&nbsp;years. Koreans were also not allowed to use the Korean language and its use began to become lost with the involvement of the [[Koryo-mar]] dialect and the use of Russian.

Development of numerous remote locations in the Soviet Far East relied on [[Gulag]] [[labour camp]]s during Stalin's rule, especially in the region's northern half. After the death of Stalin in 1953 the large-scale use of [[forced labour]] waned and was superseded by volunteer employees attracted by relatively high wages.

====Soviet–Japanese conflicts====
{{Main|Soviet–Japanese border conflicts}}

During the [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria]] in 1931, the Soviets occupied [[Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island]], [[Yinlong Island]], and several adjacent islets to separate the city of [[Khabarovsk]] from the territory controlled by a possibly hostile power.<ref>The [[People's Republic of China]] recognized Russian possession of the eastern half of these lands in [[Complementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Eastern Section of the China–Russia Boundary|the treaty of 2004]], whereas the western half then reverted to China.</ref>{{Better source needed|date=July 2023}}

Indeed, Japan turned its military attention to Soviet territories. Conflicts between the Japanese and the Soviets frequently happened on the border of Manchuria between 1938 and 1945. The first confrontation occurred in Primorsky Krai, the [[Battle of Lake Khasan]] (July–August 1938) involved an attempted military incursion of Japanese-controlled [[Manchukuo]] into territory claimed by the Soviet Union. This incursion was founded in the beliefs of the Japanese side that the Soviet Union had misinterpreted the demarcation of the boundary based on the 1860 [[Treaty of Peking]] between Imperial Russia and [[Manchu China]]. Primorsky Krai was always threatened by a Japanese invasion despite the fact that most of the remaining clashes occurred in Manchukuo.

The clashes ended shortly before and after the conclusion of [[World War II]] (see [[Soviet–Japanese War]]) when a war-weakened Japan found its territories of Manchukuo, [[Mengjiang]], [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea]], and [[South Sakhalin]] [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria|invaded by Soviet and Mongolian troops]] (August 1945).

====World War II====
{{main|Pacific War|Soviet–Japanese War}}

Both the Soviet Union and Japan regarded the Primorsky Krai as a strategic location in World War II, and clashes over the territory were common. The Soviets and the other [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] considered it a key location for the planned [[Operation Downfall|invasion of Japan]] through Korea; Japan viewed it as a key location to begin a [[Hokushin-ron|mass invasion of Eastern Russia]]. The Primorsky Krai served as the Soviet Union's Pacific headquarters in the war to plan an invasion for allied troops of Korea in order to reach Japan.

After the Soviet invasion, the USSR returned Manchukuo and Mengjiang to China; [[Liberation of Korea|Korea became liberated]]. The Soviet Union also occupied and annexed Japan's [[Kuril Islands]] and southern Sakhalin. The planned Soviet invasion of Japan proper never happened.

====Cold War====
During the [[Korean War]], Primorsky Krai became the site of extreme security concern for the Soviet Union.

[[Vladivostok]] was the site of the [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks]] in 1974. At the time, the Soviet Union and the United States decided quantitative limits on various nuclear weapons systems and banned the construction of new land-based [[intercontinental ballistic missile|ICBM]] launchers. Vladivostok and other cities in Primorsky Krai soon{{when|date=November 2020}} became [[closed cities]] because of the bases of the [[Soviet Pacific Fleet]].

Incursions of [[United States|American]] [[reconnaissance aircraft]] from [[Alaska]] sometimes happened. Concerns of the Soviet military caused the infamous [[Korean Air Lines Flight 007]] incident in 1983.

===Russian Federation===
====Russian Homestead Act====
In 2016, President [[Vladimir Putin]] proposed the [[Russian Homestead Act]] to populate the Russian Far East.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/on-russia-s-far-eastern-frontier-acres-of-free-land-but-little-interest/30848156.html|title=On Russia's Far Eastern Frontier, Vast Stretches Of Free Land, But Little Interest|website=RFE/RL|date=20 September 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
[[File:RIAN archive 370051 Students celebrating St.Tatyana's Day, or Russian Students Day.jpg|thumb|Students in [[Vladivostok]] celebrating [[Tatiana Day|St. Tatyana's Day]], or Russian Students Day (2009)]]
[[File:Population of the Russian Far East, 1990-2015.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Graph depicting population change in the Russian Far East]]

According to the [[2021 Russian census|2021 Census]], the [[Far Eastern Federal District]] had a population of 7.98 million.
Most of it is concentrated in the southern parts.  Given the vast territory of the Russian Far East, 6.3&nbsp;million people translates to slightly less than one person per square kilometer, making the Russian Far East one of the most sparsely populated areas in the world.  The population of the Russian Far East has been rapidly declining since the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] (even more than for Russia in general), dropping by 14% in the last fifteen years.{{Clarify timeframe|date=June 2024}} The Russian government had been discussing a range of re-population programs to avoid the forecast drop to 4.5&nbsp;million people by 2015, hoping to attract in particular the remaining Russian population of the [[near abroad]] but eventually agreeing on a program to resettle Ukrainian Illegal immigrants.

Ethnic [[Russians]] and [[Ukrainians]] make up the majority of the population.

===Cities===
75% of the population is urban.  The largest cities are:
[[File:Vladivostok. Zolotoy Rog Bay DSC01337 2300.jpg|thumb|Vladivostok in 2015]]

* [[Khabarovsk]]
* [[Vladivostok]]
* [[Ulan-Ude]]
* [[Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai|Chita]]
* [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur]]
* [[Blagoveshchensk]]
* [[Yakutsk]]
* [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]
* [[Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk]]
* [[Nakhodka]]
* [[Ussuriysk]]

===Traditional ethnic groups===
The original population groups of the Russian Far East include (grouped by language group):
* [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]: [[Buryats]]
* [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: [[Yakuts|Sakha]]
* [[Eskimo–Aleut languages|Eskimo–Aleut]]: [[Aleut people|Aleut]]s, [[Siberian Yupik]]s (Yuits)
* [[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|Chukotko-Kamchatkan]]: [[Chukchi (people)|Chukchi]], [[Koryaks]], [[Alutor language|Alutors]], [[Kereks]], [[Itelmens]]
* [[Tungusic languages|Tungusic]]: [[Evenks]], [[Evens]], [[Nanais]], [[Orochs]], [[Ul'chs|Ul'ch]], [[Udege people|Udegey]], [[Orok people|Orok]], [[Manchu People|Manchus]]
* [[language isolate|Isolate]]: [[Yukaghirs]], [[Nivkh people|Nivkhs]], [[Ainu people|Ainus]]

==Transportation==
[[File:Метеор-236 на Лене.JPG|thumb|Transportation on the [[Lena River]] (2004)]]

The region was not connected with the rest of Russia via domestic highways until the [[M58 highway (Russia)|M58 highway]] was completed in 2010.

Uniquely for Russia, most cars have [[right-hand drive]] (73% of cars in the region),<ref name="rhdcars">{{Cite news |title=В России посчитали всех "праворуких" |work=auto.vesti.ru |url=http://auto.vesti.ru/news/show/news_id/672782/ccl_id/23/ |access-date=24 April 2017}}</ref> though they are still driven on the right-hand side of the road.

Railways are better developed. The [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] and [[Baikal–Amur Mainline]] (since 1984) provide a connection with Siberia (and the rest of the country). The [[Amur–Yakutsk Mainline]] is aimed to link the city of [[Yakutsk]] to the Russian railway network. Passenger trains connect to [[Nizhny Bestyakh]] as of 2013.

As in nearby Siberia, for many remote localities, aviation is the main mode of transportation to/from civilisation, but the infrastructure is often poor.

Maritime transport is important for delivering supplies to localities near the Pacific and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] coasts, and for shipping exports, especially oil, gas and ores.

==Fauna==
[[File:Набережная стадиона им Ленина Хабаровск фото1.JPG|thumb|On the [[Amur River|Amur]] in [[Khabarovsk]]]]

===Order Galliformes===

====Family Tetraonidae====
* [[Hazel grouse]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Hazelhen (Tetrastes bonasia). Photo Gallery.Birds of Russian Far East. |url=https://fareastru.birds.watch/v2taxgal.php?s=1&l=en&p=0 |access-date=2020-06-18 |website=fareastru.birds.watch}}</ref>
* [[Siberian grouse]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siberian Grouse (Falcipennis falcipennis). Photo Gallery.Birds of Russian Far East. |url=https://fareastru.birds.watch/v2taxgal.php?s=2&l=en&p=0 |access-date=2020-06-18 |website=fareastru.birds.watch}}</ref>
* [[Black grouse]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Black Grouse (Lyrurus tetrix). Birds of Russian Far East. |url=https://fareastru.birds.watch/v2taxon.php?s=4&l=en |access-date=2020-06-18 |website=fareastru.birds.watch}}</ref>
* [[Black-billed capercaillie]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black-billed Capercaillie - eBird |url=https://ebird.org/species/blbcap1 |access-date=2020-06-18 |website=ebird.org |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Willow ptarmigan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Willow Ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus). Photo Gallery.Birds of Russian Far East. |url=https://fareastru.birds.watch/v2taxgal.php?s=6&l=en&p=0 |access-date=2020-06-18 |website=fareastru.birds.watch}}</ref>
* [[Rock ptarmigan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta). Photo Gallery.Birds of Russian Far East. |url=https://fareastru.birds.watch/v2taxgal.php?s=5&l=en&p=0 |access-date=2020-06-18 |website=fareastru.birds.watch}}</ref>

====Family Phasianidae====
* [[Daurian partridge]]
* [[Japanese quail]]
* [[Common pheasant|Ring-necked pheasant]]

===Order Artiodactyla===
* [[Sika deer]]
* [[Snow sheep]]
* [[Caribou]]
* [[Moose|Elk]]
* [[Wild boar]]
* [[Siberian roe deer]]
* [[Manchurian wapiti]]<ref name="Geist">{{Cite book |last=Valerius Geist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcWZX-IMEVkC&pg=PA211 |title=Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology |date=January 1998 |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=978-0-8117-0496-0 |pages=211 |access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref>
* [[Siberian musk deer]]<ref name="iucn2008Nyambayar">{{cite iucn |author=Nyambayar, B. |author2=Mix, H. |author3=Tsytsulina, K. |date=2015 |title=''Moschus moschiferus'' |volume=2015 |page=e.T13897A61977573 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T13897A61977573.en |access-date=19 November 2021}} Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of vulnerable.</ref>

===Order Carnivora===

====Family Canidae====
* [[Eurasian wolf]]
* [[Tundra wolf]]
* [[Arctic fox]]
* [[Red fox]]

====Family Felidae====
* [[Amur leopard]]<ref name="Uphyrkina2002">{{Cite journal |last1=Uphyrkina, O. |last2=Miquelle, D. |last3=Quigley, H. |last4=Driscoll, C. |last5=O’Brien, S. J. |year=2002 |title=Conservation Genetics of the Far Eastern Leopard (''Panthera pardus orientalis'') |url=http://dobzhanskycenter.bio.spbu.ru/pdf/sjop/MS458_Uphyrkina.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=93 |issue=5 |pages=303–11 |doi=10.1093/jhered/93.5.303 |pmid=12547918 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204102124/http://dobzhanskycenter.bio.spbu.ru/pdf/sjop/MS458_Uphyrkina.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=30 January 2016|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Siberian tiger]]<ref name="iucn2011Miquelle">{{cite iucn |author=Miquelle, D. |author2=Darman, Y. |author3=Seryodkin, I |date=2011 |title=''Panthera tigris'' ssp. ''altaica'' |volume=2011 |page=e.T15956A5333650 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T15956A5333650.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[Eurasian lynx]]

====Family Ursidae====
* [[Ussuri black bear]]<ref name="iucn2008Garshelis">{{cite iucn |author=Garshelis, D. |author2=Steinmetz, R. |date=2020 |title=''Ursus thibetanus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T22824A166528664 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22824A166528664.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[Eurasian brown bear]]<ref name="iucn2008McLellan">{{cite iucn |author=McLellan, B.N. |author2=Proctor, M.F. |author3=Huber, D. |author4=Michel, S. |date=2017 |title=''Ursus arctos'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T41688A121229971 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[East Siberian brown bear]]
* [[Kamchatka brown bear]]
* [[Ussuri brown bear]]
* [[Polar bear]]

{{wide image|Панорама с Криничной.jpg|1500px|
|caption=[[Sikhote-Alin]] is home to [[Amur tiger]]s}}

==Flora==
* [[Picea obovata]]<ref name="iucn2013">{{Cite iucn | author = Farjon, A. | title = ''Pinus pumila'' | volume = 2013 | page = e.T42405A2977712 | date = 2013 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42405A2977712.en }}</ref>
* [[Pinus pumila]]<ref name="iucn2011Farjon">{{Cite iucn | author = A. Farjon | title = ''Picea obovata'' | volume = 2013 | page = e.T42331A2973177 | date = 2013 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42331A2973177.en }}</ref>
* [[Alnus japonica]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Russia|Siberia|Geography}}
*[[Eastern Siberia]]
* [[Far North (Russia)]]
* [[Kolyma]]
* [[List of Russian explorers]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Beer, Daniel. ''The house of the dead: Siberian exile under the tsars'' (Vintage, 2017).
* Bobrick, Benson. ''East of the Sun: the Epic Conquest and Tragic History of Siberia'', (NY: Poseidon Press, 1992) 
* Forsyth, James. ''History of the Peoples of Siberia'', (Cambridge: University Press 1992)
* Glebov, Sergei. "Center, Periphery, and Diversity in the Late Imperial Far East: New Historiography of a Russian Region." Ab Imperio 2019.3 (2019): 265–278.
* Hartley, Janet M. ''Siberia, A History of the People,'' (New Haven: Yale University Press 2014) 
* Haywood, A.J. ''Siberia: A Cultural History'', (Oxford UP, 2010)
* Monahan, Erika. ''The merchants of Siberia: Trade in early modern Eurasia'' (Cornell UP, 2016).
* Naumov, Igor. ''History of Siberia'', (London: Routledge, 2006)
* Reid, Anna. ''The Shaman's Coat: A Native History of Siberia'', (NY: Walker & Comp., 2002)
* Stolberg, Eva-Maria (ed.), ''Siberian Saga: a History of Russia's Wild East'', (2005)
* Vajda (ed.), Edward J. ''Languages and Prehistory of Central Siberia'', (Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2004)
* Wood, Alan. ''The History of Siberia'', (London: Rutledge, 1991)
* Wood, Alan. ''Russian Far East 1581 -1991'', (London:  Bloomsbury Academic, 2011)

==External links==
{{Commons category|Russian Far East}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://frontiers.loc.gov/ Meeting of Frontiers: Siberia, Alaska, and the American West] (includes materials on Russian Far East)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021201123037/http://wgeo.ru/russia/okr_dalnvost.shtml Дальневосточный федеральный округ at WGEO]

{{Regions of the world}}
{{Russian Far East}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Coord missing|Russia}}

[[Category:Russian Far East| ]]
[[Category:Regions of Russia]]
[[Category:Historical regions]]