Editing Royal Prussia

{{Short description|Province of the Kingdom of Poland (1466–1569)}}
{{Distinguish|Duchy of Prussia|Kingdom of Prussia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}

{{Infobox Former Subdivision
| native_name            = {{native name|pl|Prusy Królewskie}}<br>{{native name|de|Königlich-Preußen}}<br>{{native name|la|Prussia Regalis}}
| conventional_long_name = Royal Prussia
| common_name            = Royal Prussia
| coordinates            = {{coord|54|N|19|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision            = [[Autonomous administrative division|Autonomous]] [[Province (Poland)|province]]
| nation                 = [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Poland]]
| religion               = [[Lutheranism]]
| event_start            = [[Second Peace of Thorn (1466)|Established]]
| year_start             = 1466
| date_start             = 19 October
| event_end              = [[Union of Lublin|Dissolved]]
| date_end               = 1 July
| year_end               = 1569
| p1                     = State of the Teutonic Order
| flag_p1                = Flag of the State of the Teutonic Order.svg
| s1                     = Greater Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland{{!}}Greater Poland Province
| image_flag             = Flag of Prussia (1466-1772) Lob.svg
| image_coat             = COA of Prussia 17th century.svg
| symbol                 = Coat of arms of Prussia
| image_map              = Rzeczpospolita Royal Ducal.png
| image_map_caption      = Map of Royal Prussia (light pink)
| today                  = [[Poland]]<br>[[Russia]]¹
| footnotes = ¹ Small portion of the [[Vistula Spit]] around [[Narmeln]] (Polski)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Biskup|first1=Marian|last2=Tomczak|first2=Andrzej|year=1955|title=Mapy województwa pomorskiego w drugiej połowie XVI w.|language=pl|location=Toruń|page=129}}</ref>
}}

'''Royal Prussia''' ({{langx|pl|Prusy Królewskie}}; {{langx|de|Königlich-Preußen}} or {{lang|de|Preußen Königlichen Anteils}}, {{langx|csb|Królewsczé Prësë}}) or '''Polish Prussia'''<ref name="NewSys">Anton Friedrich Büsching, Patrick Murdoch. ''A New System of Geography'', London 1762, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IVNGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA633 p. 588]</ref> (Polish: {{lang|pl|Prusy Polskie}};<ref>{{cite book |author=Zygmunt Gloger|title=Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej polski (Historical Geography of the former Polish lands)|year=1900 |editor=Harvard Slavic humanities preservation microfilm project |pages=82, 144 |chapter=Volume 325 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Polska |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4PIKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA148 |language=pl}}</ref> German: {{lang|de|Polnisch-Preußen}})<ref>{{in lang|de}} ''Polnisch-Preußen'' ("State Constitution of Polish-Prussia") (see: [https://books.google.com/books?id=9RsVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA380 Excerpt] in the publication of 1764, p. 581)</ref>  became a [[Province (Poland)|province]] of the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland]], which was annexed following the imposed [[Second Peace of Thorn (1466)|Second Peace of Toruń]] (1466) from territory in [[Pomerelia]] and western [[Prussia (region)|Prussia]] which had been part of the [[State of the Teutonic Order]].{{sfn|Friedrich|2000|p=1-2, 22-23}}{{sfn|Knoll|2008|p=42–43}}{{sfn|Dwyer|2000|p=28}} Royal Prussia retained its [[autonomy]], governing itself and maintaining its own laws, customs, rights and German language for the Germans (mainly in urban areas) and Polish language for the Polish (mainly in rural areas).{{sfn|Friedrich|2000|p=179}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Urban Societies in East-Central Europe, 1500–1700|author=Dr Jaroslav Miller|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|pages=179}}</ref>

In 1569, Royal Prussia was fully integrated into the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and its autonomy was largely abolished.<ref name=Stone/> As a result, the Royal Prussian parliament was incorporated into the [[Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].{{sfn|Friedrich|2000|p=30-31}} In 1772 and 1793, after the [[First Partition of Poland|first]] and [[Second Partition of Poland|second partition of Poland]], the former territory of Royal Prussia was recovered by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] and subsequently re-organized into the province of [[West Prussia]]. This occurred at the time of the [[First Partition of Poland]], with other parts of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] being annexed by the [[Russian Empire]] and [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Austria]].

==Geography==
[[File:Locator_Royal_Prussia.png|right|thumb|Locator map of Royal Prussia (background current European state borders, not contemporary)]]
[[File:Panorama of Malbork Castle, part 4.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Malbork Castle]] in [[Malbork]], [[Poland]]. Founded in 1274 by the [[Teutonic Order]] on the river [[Nogat]], it served as a Polish Royal castle within the province. It is the world's largest brick castle.]]

The area consisted of the following territories: 
*[[Pomerelia]] 
** [[Danzig Pomerania]] ([[Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)]]) with the mouth of the [[Vistula]], including the city of [[Gdańsk]]
*** the [[Lauenburg and Bütow|Lauenburg and Bütow land (Ziemia lęborsko-bytowska)]], at times ruled as enfeoffed to Poland by the [[Duchy of Pomerania]] (Farther) later succeeded by [[Brandenburg-Prussia]]
** [[Chełmno Land]] and [[Michałów Land]] ([[Chełmno Voivodeship]]), including the city of [[Toruń]]
* Western part of the original [[Prussia (region)|Prussia]], renounced and recognized as part of the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Kingdom of Poland]] by the Teutonic Order in the [[Second Peace of Thorn (1466)]]
** the [[Prince-Bishopric of Warmia]] (Ermland) with [[Frombork|Frauenburg]] (Frombork), [[Lidzbark Warmiński|Heilsberg]] (Lidzbark Warmiński, then Lidzbark) and [[Olsztyn|Allenstein]] (Olsztyn)<ref>Stone, Daniel. ''A History of East Central Europe''. University of Washington Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-295-98093-1}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LFgB_l4SdHAC&pg=PA30 p. 30]</ref>
** the [[Malbork Land|Marienburger Land]] (Malbork Land), territory covering northern parts of [[Pomesania]] and [[Pogesania]] with [[Malbork|Marienburg]] (Malbork), [[Sztum|Stuhm]] (Sztum), [[Dzierzgoń|Christburg]] (Kiszpork, later Dzierzgoń) and [[Tolkmicko|Tolkemit]] (Tolkmicko), including the City of [[Elbląg|Elbing]] (Elbląg)

In contrast, southern remainder of Pomesania and Pogesania, including [[Kwidzyn|Marienwerder]] (Kwidzyn), [[Iława|Deutsch Eylau]] (Iława), [[Prabuty|Riesenburg]] (Prabuty), [[Susz|Rosenberg]] (Susz), [[Biskupiec, Nowe Miasto County|Bischofswerder]] (Biskupiec), [[Zalewo|Saalfeld]] (Zełwałd, later Zalewo), [[Kisielice|Freystadt]] (Kisielice), [[Morąg|Mohrungen]] (Morąg), [[Pasłęk|Preußisch Holland]] (Pasłęk) and [[Miłakowo|Liebstadt]] (Libsztat, later Miłakowo), formed Upper Prussia (German: {{lang|de|Oberland}}, Polish: {{lang|pl|Prusy Górne}}) constituting the westernmost part of the Prussian territory left to the Teutonic Knights, known as Teutonic or Monastic Prussia with [[Königsberg]] as its capital, later [[secularisation|secularized]] in 1525 to become [[Ducal Prussia]] ruled by the [[Protestant]] dukes of the [[House of Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern dynasty]]. From 1618 this area was ruled in personal union with the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|Electorate of Brandenburg]] as [[Brandenburg-Prussia]]. In 1657 the [[Treaty of Wehlau]] granted full independence to the [[Duchy of Prussia]], allowing its later elevation to [[Kingdom of Prussia|Kingdom in Prussia]].

==History==
=== Prussian Confederation ===
The independent [[Duchy of Pomerelia]] is mentioned in 1227. It was, however, invaded by [[History of Poland during the Piast dynasty|Poland]] by 1282, but retained some autonomy.<ref name="ReferenceA">Frost, Robert, ''The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania,'' Vol. I</ref> During the rule of [[Władysław I the Elbow-high]] of Poland, the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]] challenged his rule over the territory in 1308, leading Władysław to request assistance from the [[Teutonic Knights]], who ousted the Brandenburgers, but then seized Pomerelia for themselves and incorporated it into the [[Teutonic Order state]] in 1309 ([[Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)]] and [[Treaty of Soldin (1309)|Treaty of Soldin]] ([[Myślibórz]])). The papal court in 1320 and 1333 ruled in favour of Poland{{fact|date=July 2024}}, however, the Teutonic Knights did not comply and continued to occupy the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/wojny-polsko-krzyzackie;3997560.html|title=wojny polsko-krzyżackie|website=Encyklopedia PWN|access-date=20 January 2024|language=pl}}</ref> At the beginning of the 15th century, the lands held by the Teutonic Knights were inhabited as a whole by a mixed population; it is estimated that there were about 200 000 Germans in the state altogether, followed by 140 000 native Prussians located in the Prussia proper (east of Vistula), as well about 140 000 Poles in [[Pomerelia]] and [[Masuria]].{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=221}}

The burden of taxation and the arbitrary way of governing caused resistance among the people of Prussia. The burghers of the great Prussian cities began to organize themselves. The first organized body was the [[Lizard Union (medieval)|Lizard League]] founded by the [[Chelmno Land]] nobility in 1397.{{sfn|Friedrich|2000|p=20}} After being defeated at the [[Battle of Grunwald]] in 1410, the Teutonic Knights's prestige declined, most towns and castles, as well as three Prussian bishops, swore loyalty to the Polish king.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=108}} Although the Order soon regained control over most of its territory, by the 1411 [[Peace of Thorn (1411)|Peace of Thorn]] they were forced to pay large compensation of 100,000 kop groszy for the return of prisoners,{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=108 & 211}} which became a financial burden on the citizenry. Facing the opposition the komtur of Danzig ordered to execute the city's mayor Konrad Letzkau along with two councillors and five Chełmno nobles without a trial.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=211}}

In order to protect their rights nobles and burghers created for the first time a joint assembly in 1412.{{sfn|Friedrich|2000|p=21}} Subsequent peace treaties (1422 and 1435) with Poland gave the Order's subjects the right to throw off its sovereignty if it violated them.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=211}} In 1440, as the tax burden rose, the nobles and various cities established the [[Prussian Confederation]] at [[Kwidzyn|Marienwerder]] (Kwidzyn) in resistance of the Order's domestic and financial policies. Confederation formed a self-governing bicameral institution, representing nobles and burghers of the province, which took decisions unanimously.{{sfn|Friedrich|2000|p=22}} Many further nobles and cities and towns soon joined the organization.{{sfn|Górski|1949|pp=XXXI, XXXVII–XXXVIII}}

[[File:AGAD Stany pruskie oddaja swe ziemie krolowi polskiemu Kazimierzowi Jagiellonczykowi i koronie polskiej.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Representatives of the Prussian Confederation take on oath of allegiance to Poland during the act of incorporation of Prussia in [[Kraków]], 1454, [[Polish Central Archives of Historical Records]]]]
The Confederation was led by the citizens of Danzig, Elbing, and Thorn. The gentry from Chełmno Land and Pomerelia participated as well. After the monastic knights complained to the Emperor and [[Council of Basel]], the Prussian parliament had to dissolve itself in 1449, but immediately resumed its clandestine activities. In turn, in February 1454, the Confederation sent a delegation, under [[Jan Bażyński]], to King [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]] of Poland, to ask him for support against the Teutonic Order's rule and for incorporation of their homeland into the Kingdom of Poland. In this treaty, Prussian delegates declared the Polish king the only true sovereign of their lands, justified by the historical fact that the king of Poland had earlier ruled them. After lengthy negotiation, on 6 March 1454, the Royal Chancellery issued the ''Incorporation Act'' by which king Kazimierz Jagiellończyk accepted inhabitants of the Prussian lands as subjects, incorporated Prussia to the Polish kingdom and granted them a large autonomy.{{sfn|Friedrich|2000|p=22-23}} 
The Prussian estates received confirmation of their rights and privileges, were exempted from paying the ''{{ill|Pfundzoll|de}}'', received the ''[[ius indigenatus]]'', the right to decide on Prussian affairs at their own estate assemblies and a guarantee of the freedom of trade.{{sfn|Friedrich|2000|p=23}} Thorn, Elbing, Königsberg and Danzig ([[Danzig law]]) were to retain the right to mint coins during the war, although with the image of the Polish king.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=219}}

=== Thirteen Years' War ===
After the [[Prussian Confederation]] pledged allegiance to Casimir on 6 March 1454, the [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)|Thirteen Years' War]] ("War of the Cities") began. King [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]] appointed Bażyński as the first war-time governor of Royal Prussia. On 28 May 1454, the king took an oath of allegiance from the citizens of Chełmno Land, including Toruń (Thorn) in Toruń,{{sfn|Górski|1949|pp=76–77}} and in June a similar oath from the citizens of Elbląg (Elbing) and Królewiec (Königsberg) was taken.<ref name="KirykRys">F. Kiryk, B. Ryś (red.) ''Wielka Historia Polski'', t. II 1320-1506, Kraków 1997, p. 160-161</ref>

The war also included major cities from the eastern part of the Order's lands, such as [[Kneiphof]], later a part of Königsberg. Though the Knights were victorious at the [[Battle of Chojnice (1454)|Battle of Chojnice]] in 1454, they were not able to finance more knights in order to reconquer the castles occupied by the insurgents. Thirteen years of attrition warfare ended in October 1466 with the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), which provided for the Order's cession to the Polish Crown of its rights over Pomerelia, and the western half of [[Prussia (region)|Prussia]], including the districts of Elbląg and Malbork (Marienburg).

===Incorporation into the Polish Crown===

According to the 1454 treaty signed by King Casimir IV, Royal Prussia was incorporated into the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Kingdom of Poland]]{{sfn|Górski|1949|p=54}} and their elites enjoyed the same rights and privileges as the elites of the Polish kingdom.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=218-219}} At the same time Royal Prussia was granted a considerable degree of autonomy. Already instituted law codes were retained, only Prussians could be appointed on public offices (''[[ius indigenatus]]''), borders of the province had to remain intact and all decisions regarding Prussia had to be consulted with the Prussian council.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=219}} Thorn and Danzig retained the right to mint coins.{{sfn|Friedrich|2000|p=23}}
[[File:PRVSSIA1576Casparo Henneberg.png|thumb|left|1576 map of Prussia by [[Caspar Henneberg]], Royal Prussia (without southern Pomerelia) appears in white]]
The Polish model of political and administrative organisation was introduced into the province. Royal Prussia was divided in 1454 into four [[voivodeship]]s: [[Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)|Pomeranian]], [[Chełmno Voivodeship|Chełmno]],
[[Elbląg Voivodeship (1454–1466)|Elbląg]] (since 1467 [[Malbork Voivodeship|Malbork]]) and [[Królewiec Voivodeship|Królewiec]] ([[Königsberg]]), which ceased to exist after the Second Peace of Thorn. Voivodeships were divided subsequently into [[powiat]]s.{{sfn|Friedrich|2000|p=23}}

By the decision of the [[Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland|Polish Sejm]] in 1467{{sfn|Friedrich|2000|p=24}} the main governing body of Royal Prussia was the Prussian council ({{langx|de|Landesrat}}), which emerged from the secret council of the Prussian Confederation. Three [[voivode]]s, three [[castellan]]s (of Chełmno, Elbing and Danzig), three chamberlains ({{langx|pl|podkomorzy}}) and two delegates from each of the main cities: Thorn, Danzig and Elbing were part of the council.{{sfn|Friedrich|2000|p=24}} Later bishops of Warmia (1479) and Chełmno (1482) were admitted into a council, which ultimately consisted of 17 members.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=381-382}} Since the council wasn't able to impose taxes without the consent of the commons, the gathering of all estates shortly emerged, at first known as ''Ständetage'' and later as ''Landtag''. In years 1512-1526 it developed into a bicameral Prussian parliament.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=382 and 397}}

At first, the bishop of Warmia claimed that his principality was independent and subordinate only to the Pope. After a short war — the so-called "[[War of the Priests (Poland)|priests' war]]" — the matter was settled in the king's favour; in 1479 Warmia was formally incorporated into Poland. The bishop's subjects were given the right to appeal to the king, to whom they swore allegiance. The Bishop of Warmia became, ''[[ex officio]]'', a member of the Prussian council. From 1508 the bishop headed the council.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=384-385}} The bishopric of Warmia was a [[suffragan]] of the archbishopric of Riga until 1566; after that date it was subordinated directly to the Pope. It was not part of [[archdiocese of Gniezno]].{{sfn|Friedrich|2000|p=23}}

The Prussian states stood for deep particularism. They were reluctant to participate in the institutions of the kingdom. The members of the council refused to participate in the meetings of the royal council and sent only token delegations to the royal elections in 1492, 1501 and 1506.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=382}} During the war the king exercised his authority over the province through the position of governor, which was first held by [[Jan Bażyński]], and after his death in 1459 by his brother [[Stibor von Baysen|Stibor]]. As the governor was elected by the estates and only approved by the king, Casimir abolished this office and appointed Stibor as voivode of Malbork. In 1472, the king introduced in Prussia the office of {{ill|starosta general|pl|starosta generalny}}, who was solely dependent on the king. Son of Stibor Nicholaus was appointed voivode of Malbork and administrator of Prussia. In 1485 Nicholaus resigned his office and led the Prussian opposition against the violation of Prussian privileges, above all the ''ius indigenatus''.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=383}} In response, King Casimir strengthened the position of the Malbork starosta, to whom he always appointed a non-Prussian. In 1485 it was a magnate from [[Lesser Poland]], [[Zbigniew Tęczyński]].{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=384}}
[[File:Prusse1751Vaugondy aires.png|thumb|1751 map showing Royal Prussia, province of the Kingdom of Poland, and Ducal Prussia, a vassal duchy of Poland.]]

The situation changed in 1498 when [[Frederick of Saxony (Teutonic Knight)|Frederick of Saxony]] was elected [[Grand Master of the Teutonic Order]] and started a hostile politics against Poland in an attempt to reclaim lost territories in Royal Prussia. As a result, the newly elected bishop of Warmia, [[Lucas Watzenrode]], and Nicholaus von Baysen began to take part in meetings of the royal council. During 1509 Sejm Watzenrode took part in a Senate meeting as the first representative of the Prussian council. [[Ambroży Pampowski]], starosta of Malbork between 1504 and 1510, also bore the title ''Haupt des Landes'', and although he was non-Prussian, he was accepted as such by the Prussian council.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=387-389}} A monument of the reapprochement between Prussia and the rest of the kingdom was the Statute of Prussia, promulgated in 1506, in which many Polish legal solutions were introduced into the Prussian legal system.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=389}} An important achievement was the establishment of a central Prussian treasury.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=389-390}} In 1511, a supreme tribunal was established for the Prussian courts, excluding the courts of Danzig, which denied the right of appeal to the Prussian court and decided cases internally. It sometimes resorted to royal and parliamentary courts.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=389-390}} Closer ties with the rest of the kingdom found support primarily among the ordinary nobility, for whom the Polish political and legal solutions were more favourable. In particular, the inheritance rules applied under [[Kulm law]], which guaranteed inheritance also in the female line, resulted in the fragmentation of estates.

In years 1519-1521 [[Albert, Duke of Prussia|Albrecht von Hohenzollern]] lost the Order's [[Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)|last war against Poland]]. As a result Order's state was secularised and became a fief of the Polish crown, held by Albrecht and his direct heirs as "dukes in Prussia".{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=393}} Albrecht ruled as a Lutheran ruler. Lutheranism also spread in Royal Prussia, especially in the big cities. Albrecht decreed that Luther's [[Catechism]] was to be translated into the [[Old Prussian language]], [[Polish language|Polish]], and [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], so that the creed could unite the people of both the [[Duchy of Prussia]] and Royal Prussia. Cultural unity between the two parts of Prussian was threatened by the Polish strive to unite Royal Prussia with Poland proper.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tausend Jahre Nachbarschaft: die Völker des baltischen Raumes und die Deutschen|editor=Wilfried Schlau|publisher=Bruckmann|year= 1995|pages=191}}</ref> The Polish king attempted to stop spread of Protestantism, but it was declared the ruling religion in Danzig, Elbing and Thorn (Gdańsk, Elbląg, Toruń) after 1526 (of course, part of the population remained Catholic in these cities).  
During the war, the Polish General Assembly descended to Toruń in 1519 and to [[Bydgoszcz]] in 1520. Some Prussian nobles attended it.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=396}} In 1522 the Prussian nobility gathered in the ''Landtag'' demanded the introduction of the Polish model of inheritance and land ownership, excluding the burghers. They also demanded the right to send one deputy from each province to the Polish Sejm. In 1526 the Prussian ''Landtag'', headed by the king, established [[sejmik]]s, local assemblies of noblemen, who elected deputies to the Prussian parliament, where they sat together with representatives of 27 smaller towns. The Prussian council formed the upper house – the senate – of this assembly.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=398}} In 1529 a monetary union was established between Royal Prussia and Ducal Prussia and the rest of the kingdom.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=398-399}} From 1537 summons to the Sejm were continuously sent to the Prussian sejmiks. The Prussian nobility appeared permanently at the Sejm as observers. In 1548, after the death of King [[Sigismund the Old]], for the first time, a delegation of both Prussian chambers went to the Sejm as deputies and senators.{{sfn|Frost|2015|p=399}}

===Integration into the Kingdom of Poland===
[[File:Podział administracyjny I RP.png|thumb|250px|After 1569 Royal Prussia was fully integrated into the [[Kingdom of Poland]] and the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Commonwealth]].]]
In 1569, as a result of the [[Union of Lublin]], which created the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], Royal Prussia was integrated fully into the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Kingdom of Poland]], and its parliament reduced to the status of a provincial assembly, also other separate Prussian institutions were dissolved.<ref name=Stone>{{cite book|author=Daniel Stone|title=The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxETCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64|year=2001|publisher=[[University of Washington Press]]|isbn=0-295-98093-1|page=64}}</ref> Before the conclusion of the Union of Lublin, the Polish chancellor openly admitted that this act  breached law by violation of the privileges granted in 1454.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tausend Jahre Nachbarschaft: die Völker des baltischen Raumes und die Deutschen|editor=Wilfried Schlau|publisher=Bruckmann|year= 1995|pages=191}}</ref>

The former territory was subsequently governed as [[Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)|Pomeranian Voivodeship]], [[Chełmno Voivodeship]], [[Malbork Voivodeship]], and [[Prince-Bishopric of Warmia]].

{{History of Brandenburg and Prussia}}

===Partitions===
At the same time as the 1772 and 1793 ([[First Partition of Poland|first]] and [[Second Partition of Poland|second partition of Poland]]), the former lands of Royal Prussia were annexed by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], the successor state of the Teutonic Order.

===Governors===
* 1454–1459: [[Jan Bażyński]], war-time governor
* 1459–1480: [[Stibor von Baysen]]<ref>''Acten der [[Prussian estates|Ständetage Preussens]] unter der Herrschaft des Deutschen Ordens'': 5 vols., Max Toeppen (ed.), Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1874–1886; reprint Aalen: Scientia, 1968–1974, vol. 5: 'Die Jahre 1458–1525', 1974. p. 90. {{ISBN|3-511-02940-6}}.</ref>
* 1480: [[Niklas von Baysen]], who was only elected; he refused to swear allegiance to the king. He was also [[Malbork Voivodeship|Voivode of Malbork]].
In 1510, after several attempts to install another governor, the office was abolished.

==See also==
*[[Duchy of Prussia]]
*[[Kingdom of Prussia]]
*[[Pomerelia]]
*[[Kursenieki]]
*[[Kashubia]]
*[[Warmia]]
*[[The plague during the Great Northern War]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Dwyer |editor1-first=Philip G. |title=The Rise of Prussia 1700-1830 |year=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1138837645 |page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEDKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28}}
* {{cite book |last1=Friedrich |first=Karin |title=The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569–1772 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-521-58335-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsBco40rMPcC}}
* {{cite book |first=Robert |last=Frost |author-link=Robert I. Frost |title=The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union 1385-1569 |volume=I |publisher=Oxford University Press |series=Oxford History of Early Modern Europe |year=2015 |isbn=9780191017872 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Górski|first=Karol|title=Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych|year=1949|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|location=Poznań|language=pl}}
* {{cite book |last1=Knoll |first1=Paul W. |editor1-last=Ingrao |editor1-first=Charles W. |editor2-last=Szabo |editor2-first=Franz A. J. |title=The Germans and the East |year=2008 |publisher=[[Purdue University Press]] |isbn=978-1557534439 |chapter=The Most Unique Crusader State. The Teutonic Order in the Development of the Political Culture of Northeastern Europe during the Middle Ages|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHAcEB8jh1AC&pg=PA42}}
* [[Gerard Labuda]] (ed.), ''Historia Pomorza'', vol. I–IV, Poznań 1969–2003 (also covers East Prussia) {{in lang|pl}}
* Wacław Odyniec, ''Dzieje Prus Królewskich (1454–1772). Zarys monograficzny'', Warszawa 1972 {{in lang|pl}}
* ''Dzieje Pomorza Nadwiślańskiego od VII wieku do 1945 roku'', Gdańsk 1978 {{in lang|pl}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061123135929/http://wwwtest.library.ucla.edu/libraries/mgi/maps/blaeu/prvssia.jpg Detailed Map of Prussia from about 1635 containing Ducal and Royal Prussia] {{in lang|de}}

{{Administrative division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth}}
{{pomeranian history|adm}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Royal Prussia| ]]
[[Category:15th-century establishments in Poland]]
[[Category:1466 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1772 disestablishments in Europe]]