Editing Rosales

{{Short description|Order of flowering plants}}
{{Other uses|Rosales (disambiguation)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|99|0|[[Cenomanian]] - recent|ref=<ref name=mobot>{{Cite web |title=Rosales|url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/rosalesweb.htm|access-date=2023-06-16 |website=www.mobot.org}}</ref>}}Possible Albian record <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peppe |first1=Daniel J. |last2=Hickey |first2=Leo J. |last3=Miller |first3=Ian M. |last4=Green |first4=Walton A. |date=October 2008 |title=A Morphotype Catalogue, Floristic Analysis and Stratigraphic Description of the Aspen Shale Flora(Cretaceous–Albian) of Southwestern Wyoming |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3374/0079-032X-49.2.181 |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |language=en |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=181–208 |doi=10.3374/0079-032X-49.2.181 |issn=0079-032X}}</ref>
| image = Illustration Rosa majalis0.jpg
| image_caption = Two rose plants, [[Rosa cinnamomea|''Rosa cinnamomea'' L.]] and [[Rosa rubiginosa|''R. rubiginosa'' L.]]
| taxon = Rosales
| authority = [[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision = [[Barbeyaceae]]<br />
[[Cannabaceae]]&nbsp;([[hemp]]&nbsp;family)<!-- why aren't ordinary spaces working?? --><br />
[[Dirachmaceae]]<br />
[[Elaeagnaceae]]&nbsp;([[oleaster]]/[[Russian olive]] family)<br />
[[Moraceae]]&nbsp;([[mulberry]]&nbsp;family)<br />
[[Rhamnaceae]]&nbsp;([[buckthorn]]&nbsp;family)<br />
[[Rosaceae]]&nbsp;([[rose]]&nbsp;family)<br />
[[Ulmaceae]]&nbsp;([[elm]]&nbsp;family)<br />
[[Urticaceae]]&nbsp;([[Urtica|nettle]]&nbsp;family)
| synonyms = Rhamnales<br/>
Rosanae<br/>
Urticales<ref name ="uniprot">{{cite web
 | url = http://beta.uniprot.org/taxonomy/3744
 | title = Order '''Rosales'''
 | access-date = 2008-04-24
 | author = UniProt
 | author-link = UniProt
 }}</ref>
}}

'''Rosales''' ({{IPAc-en|r|oʊ|ˈ|z|eɪ|l|iː|z}}, {{respell|roh|ZAY|leez}})<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Rosales}}</ref> are an [[Order (biology)|order]] of [[flowering plant]]s.<ref name="apwebrosales">[[Peter F. Stevens]] (2001 onwards). "Rosales". At: Trees At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below)</ref> Well-known members of Rosales include: [[rose]]s, [[strawberry|strawberries]], [[blackberry|blackberries]] and [[raspberry|raspberries]], [[apple]]s and [[pear]]s, [[plum]]s, [[peach]]es and [[apricot]]s, [[almond]]s, [[rowan]] and [[Crataegus|hawthorn]], [[jujube]], [[elm]]s, [[banyan]]s, [[ficus|figs]], [[Morus (plant)|mulberries]], [[breadfruit]], [[Urtica|nettle]]s, [[Humulus lupulus|hops]], and [[cannabis]].

Rosales contain about 7,700 [[species]], distributed into nine [[family (biology)|families]] and about 260 [[genera]]. Their [[Type (biology)|type]] family is the rose family, [[Rosaceae]]. The largest families are [[Rosaceae]] (91/4828) and [[Urticaceae]] (53/2625). 

==Taxonomy==
The order Rosales is strongly [[Resampling (statistics)|supported]] as [[monophyletic]] in [[phylogenetic]] analyses of [[DNA sequence]]s, such as those carried out by members of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]].<ref name="judd2008">Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, [[Elizabeth Anne Kellogg|Elizabeth A. Kellogg]], [[Peter F. Stevens]], and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008. ''Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach'', Third Edition. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, US. {{ISBN|978-0-87893-407-2}}</ref> In their [[APG III system]] of [[History of plant systematics|plant classification]], they [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|defined]] Rosales as consisting of the nine families:<ref name=APGIII2009/>
* [[Cannabaceae]] ([[hemp]] family)
* [[Dirachmaceae]]
* [[Elaeagnaceae]] ([[oleaster]]/[[Russian olive]] family)
* [[Moraceae]] ([[mulberry]] family)
* [[Rhamnaceae]] ([[buckthorn]] family)
* [[Rosaceae]] ([[rose]] family)
* [[Ulmaceae]] ([[elm]] family)
* [[Urticaceae]] ([[Urtica|nettle]] family)


In the older classification system of [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]] the Rosales were in the [[superorder]] Rosiflorae (also called Rosanae). In the obsolete [[Cronquist system]], the order Rosales was many times [[polyphyletic]]. It consisted of the family Rosaceae and 23 other families that are now placed in various other orders.<ref name="cronquist1981">[[Arthur John Cronquist]]. 1981. ''An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants''. Columbia University Press: New York, NY, US. {{ISBN|978-0-231-03880-5}}</ref> These families and their placement in the [[APG III system]] are:<ref name=APGIII2009/>

* [[Alseuosmiaceae]] ([[Asterales]])
* [[Anisophylleaceae]] ([[Cucurbitales]])
* [[Brunelliaceae]] ([[Oxalidales]])
* [[Bruniaceae]] ([[Bruniales]])
* [[Byblidaceae]] ([[Lamiales]])
* [[Cephalotaceae]] ([[Oxalidales]])
* [[Chrysobalanaceae]] ([[Malpighiales]])
* [[Columelliaceae]] (Bruniales)
* [[Connaraceae]] ([[Oxalidales]])
* [[Crassulaceae]] ([[Saxifragales]])
* [[Crossosomataceae]] ([[Crossosomatales]])
* [[Cunoniaceae]] ([[Oxalidales]])
* Davidsoniaceae ([[Cunoniaceae]], [[Oxalidales]])
* Dialypetalanthaceae ([[Rubiaceae]], [[Gentianales]])
* Eucryphiaceae ([[Cunoniaceae]], [[Oxalidales]])
* Greyiaceae ([[Melianthaceae]], [[Geraniales]])
* [[Grossulariaceae]] ([[Saxifragales]])
* [[Hydrangeaceae]] ([[Cornales]])
* [[Neuradaceae]] ([[Malvales]])
* [[Pittosporaceae]] ([[Apiales]])
* [[Rhabdodendraceae]] ([[Caryophyllales]])
* [[Rosaceae]] 
* [[Saxifragaceae]] ([[Saxifragales]])
* [[Surianaceae]] ([[Fabales]])

==Phylogeny==
The [[phylogenetic tree|relationships]] of Rosales families were resolved in a [[molecular phylogenetic]] [[Research|study]] based on two [[Cell nucleus|nuclear]] [[gene]]s and ten [[chloroplast]] genes:<ref name="zhang2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Shu-dong Zhang | first1 = De-zhu Li | last2 = Soltis | first2 = Douglas E.|author-link2=Douglas E. Soltis | last3 = Yang | first3 = Yang | last4 = Ting-shuang | first4 = Yi | title = Multi-gene analysis provides a well-supported phylogeny of Rosales | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 60 | issue = 1| pages = 21–28 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.04.008 | pmid = 21540119 | date=July 2011| bibcode = 2011MolPE..60...21Z }}</ref>

{{clade| style=line-height:75%;
|label1='''Rosales'''
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Rosaceae]]
   |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |1=[[Rhamnaceae]]
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Elaeagnaceae]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Barbeyaceae]]
               |2=[[Dirachmaceae]]
               }}
            }}
         }}
      |label2=urticalean rosids
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Ulmaceae]]
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Cannabaceae]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Moraceae]]
               |2=[[Urticaceae]]
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

The order Rosales is divided into three [[clade]]s that have never been assigned a [[taxonomic rank]]. The [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] clade consists of the family Rosaceae; another clade consists of four families, including [[Rhamnaceae]]; and the third clade consists of the four [[Urticales|urticalean]] families.<ref name="soltis2011">Douglas E. Soltis, et alii. (28 authors). 2011. "Angiosperm Phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa". ''American Journal of Botany'' '''98'''(4):704-730. {{doi|10.3732/ajb.1000404}}</ref>

The order is a [[sister taxon|sister]] to a [[clade]] consisting of [[Fagales]] and [[Cucurbitales]].<ref name="wang2009">{{citation |author1=Hengchang Wang |author2=Michael J. Moore |author3=Pamela S. Soltis |author-link3=Pamela S. Soltis |author4=Charles D. Bell |author5=Samuel F. Brockington |author6=Roolse Alexandre |author7=Charles C. Davis |author8=Maribeth Latvis |author9=Steven R. Manchester |author10=Douglas E. Soltis |author-link10=Douglas E. Soltis  |name-list-style=amp | title = Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 106 | issue = 10 | pages = 3853–3858 | date = 10 Mar 2009 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0813376106 | pmid = 19223592 | pmc = 2644257 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.3853W |doi-access=free }}</ref> 


== Distribution ==
Different plants that fall under the order Rosales grow in many different parts of the world. They can be found in [[Mountain|the mountains]], [[Tropics|the tropics]] and [[Arctic|the arctic.]] Even though you can find a member of the order Rosales nearly anywhere, the specific families grow in different specific [[Geography|geographical locations]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/Rosales|title=Rosales {{!}} plant order|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-10-22|language=en}}</ref> [[Anemophily|Wind-pollination]] is the way that the majority of the families that fall under the order Rosales (including [[Moraceae]], [[Ulmaceae]], and [[Urticaceae]] etc.) pollinate.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.accessscience.com/content/593700|title=Rosales|last=W.|first=Chase, Mark|author-link=Mark Wayne Chase|website=AccessScience|language=en|doi=10.1036/1097-8542.593700|access-date=2018-10-22}}</ref>

== Importance ==
Within the order Rosales is the family [[Rosaceae]], which includes numerous species that are cultivated for their fruit, making this one of the most economically important families of plants. Fruit produced by members of this family include apples, pears, plums, peaches, cherries, almonds, strawberries, blackberries and raspberries. Many ornamental species of plant are also in the family Rosaceae, including the rose after which the family and order were named. The [[rose]], considered a symbol of love in many cultures, is featured prominently in poetry and [[literature]].<ref name=":02" /> Modern garden varieties of roses such as hybrid teas, floribunda, and grandifora, originated from complex hybrids of several separate wild species native to different regions of Eurasia.

The [[Moraceae]] also produce important fruits, such as [[mulberries]], [[figs]], [[jackfruit]]s, and [[breadfruits]], and the leaves of the mulberry provide food for the silkworms used in commercial silk production.<ref name=":02"/><ref name=":1" />

The wood from the black cherry (''[[Prunus serotina]]'') and sweet cherry (''[[Prunus avium|P. avium]]'') is used to make high quality furniture due to its color and ability to be bent.<ref name=":02" /> The [[Cannabis]] plant has been highly prized for millennia for its [[hemp]], which has numerous uses. Other varieties of ''Cannabis'' are [[Cannabis (drug)|grown as a drug]].

Plants in the order Rosales were used in the traditional [[medication|medicines]] of many cultures. [[Medical cannabis]] has been recognized for its pharmaceutical use. The latex of some species of fig trees contains the enzyme [[ficin]], which is effective in killing roundworms that infect the intestinal tracts of animals.<ref name=":02" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Rosales}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline}}
* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/Rosalesweb.htm#Rosales Rosales] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/treeapweb2map.html Trees] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://www.mobot.org Missouri Botanical Garden Website]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110715092144/http://www.plantlifeforms.com/Orders239/ROSE_AND_ALLIES_ROSALES_50390371_239.aspx?txtSearch=rosales Rosales – Plant Life Forms]}}
*{{ITIS |id=24057 |taxon=Rosales |access-date=24 April 2008}}

{{Angiosperm orders}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q21895}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rosales| ]]
[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]