Editing Rome Statute

{{Short description|1998 international treaty establishing the International Criminal Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox treaty
|name                = Rome Statute, a statute establishing the International Criminal Court
|long_name           = Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
|image               = ICC member states.svg
|image_alt           = Map showing ICC member states
|image_width         = 400px
|caption             = [[States parties to the Rome Statute|Parties and signatories of the Statute]]
<div style="text-align:left">{{legend|#00AA00|State party}}
{{legend|#EEEE00|Signatory that has not ratified}}
{{legend|purple|State party that subsequently withdrew its membership}}
{{legend|orange|Signatory that subsequently withdrew its signature}}
{{legend|#FF1111|Non-party, non-signatory}}</div>
|type                =
|date_drafted        = 17 July 1998
|date_signed         = 17 July 1998<ref name=article125>Article 125 of the [http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm Rome Statute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019222421/http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm |date=19 October 2013 }}. Retrieved on 18 October 2013.</ref>
|location_signed     = Rome, Italy<ref name=article125/>
|date_sealed         =
|date_effective      = 1 July 2002<ref name="UN treaty database"/>
|condition_effective = 60 ratifications<ref name=article126>Article 126 of the [http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm Rome Statute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019222421/http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm |date=19 October 2013 }}. Retrieved on 18 October 2013.</ref>
|date_expiration     =
|signatories         = 137<ref name="UN treaty database"/>
|parties             = [[States parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court|125]]<ref name="UN treaty database"/>
|depositor           = [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]]<ref name=article125/>
|language            =
|languages           = Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish<ref name=article128>Article 128 of the [http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm Rome Statute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019222421/http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm |date=19 October 2013 }}. Retrieved on 18 October 2013.</ref>
| footnotes= https://www.un.org/law/icc/index.html
|wikisource          = Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
}}
[[File:International Criminal Court Headquarters, Netherlands.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Headquarters of the International Criminal Court in The Hague]]
The '''Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court''' is the [[treaty]] that established the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf |title=The Rome Statute |access-date=2023-11-27 |publisher=International Criminal Court|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409194405/https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf |archive-date=2023-04-09|url-status=live }}</ref> It was adopted at a diplomatic conference in [[Rome]], [[Italy]] on 17 July 1998<ref name=scharf>Michael P. Scharf (August 1998). [http://www.asil.org/insights/insigh23.htm ''Results of the Rome Conference for an International Criminal Court''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515183257/http://www.asil.org/insights/insigh23.htm |date=15 May 2012 }}. The American Society of International Law. Retrieved on 31 January 2008.</ref><ref>Each year, to commemorate the adoption of the Rome Statute, human rights activists around the world celebrate 17 July as [[World Day for International Justice]]. See Amnesty International USA (2005).  ''[http://www.amnestyusa.org/International_Justice/International_Justice_Day/page.do?id=1104666&n1=3&n2=35 International Justice Day 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502123130/http://www.amnestyusa.org/International_Justice/International_Justice_Day/page.do?id=1104666&n1=3&n2=35 |date=2 May 2008 }}''. Retrieved on 31 January 2008.</ref> and it entered into force on 1 July 2002.<ref name="UN treaty database"/> As of January 2025, [[States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court|125 states]] are party to the statute.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-10&chapter=18&clang=_en |title=Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court |publisher=[[United Nations Treaty Series|United Nations Treaty Collection]] |date=2025-01-11 |access-date=2025-01-11}}</ref> Among other things, it establishes court function, [[International Criminal Court#Jurisdiction and admissibility|jurisdiction]] and [[International Criminal Court#Structure|structure]].

The Rome Statute established four core international crimes: [[genocide]], [[crimes against humanity]], [[war crime]]s, and the [[crime of aggression]]. Those crimes "shall not be subject to any [[statute of limitations]]".<ref>Article 29, Non-applicability of statute of limitations</ref> Under the Rome Statute, the ICC can only investigate and prosecute the four core international crimes in situations where states are "unable" or "unwilling" to do so themselves.<ref name="reuters-icc">{{Cite web|title=International Criminal Court prosecutor calls for end to violence in Gaza|location=Amsterdam|work=Reuters|date=2018-04-08|access-date=27 November 2023|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-icct-palistinians-israel/international-criminal-court-prosecutor-calls-for-end-to-violence-in-gaza-idUSKBN1HF0PG/}}</ref> The jurisdiction of the court is complementary to jurisdictions of domestic courts. The court has jurisdiction over crimes only if they are committed in the territory of, by a national of, or on a vessel registered under a state party or a non-party that has accepted the jurisdiction of the Court; or if the [[United Nations Security Council]] makes a referral.<ref>[https://www.icc-cpi.int/about/how-the-court-works How the Court works]</ref> The provisions on the [[crime of aggression]] did not take effect until after it was defined at the [[Kampala Conference to review the Rome Statute|2010 Kampala Conference]].

==Purpose==

The Rome Statute established four core international crimes: (I) [[Genocide]], (II) [[Crimes against humanity]], (III) [[War crime]]s, and (IV) [[Crime of aggression]]. Following years of negotiation, aimed at establishing a permanent international tribunal to prosecute individuals accused of [[genocide]] and other serious [[crime against international law|international crimes]], such as [[crime against humanity|crimes against humanity]], [[war crime]]s and [[crime of aggression|crimes of aggression]], the [[United Nations General Assembly]] convened a five-week diplomatic conference in Rome in June 1998 "to finalize and adopt a convention on the establishment of an international criminal court".<ref name="un.org">United Nations (1999). ''[https://www.un.org/law/icc/general/overview.htm Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court – Overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113110118/http://www.un.org/law/icc/general/overview.htm |date=13 January 2008 }}''. Retrieved on 31 January 2008.</ref><ref name=rome-conf>Coalition for the International Criminal Court. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121019165926/http://www.iccnow.org/?mod=rome ''Rome Conference – 1998'']}}. Retrieved on 31 January 2008.</ref>

==History==
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2020}}

===Background===
The Rome Statute is the result of multiple attempts for the creation of a supranational and international tribunal. At the end of the 19th century, the international community took the first steps toward the institution of permanent courts with supranational jurisdiction. With the [[Hague Conferences|Hague International Peace Conferences]] of 1899 and 1907, representatives of the most powerful nations made an attempt to harmonize [[laws of war]] and to limit the use of technologically advanced weapons. 

After the [[Nuremberg trials]] of [[Nazi]] leaders, international institutions began prosecuting individuals responsible for [[crimes against humanity]] which are inhumane actions that may be legal in a given nation, but represent gross human rights violations. In order to re-affirm basic principles of democratic civilisation, the accused received a regular trial, the right to [[defense (legal)|defense]] and the [[presumption of innocence]]. The [[Nuremberg trials]] marked a crucial moment in [[legal history]], and after that, some treaties that led to the drafting of the Rome Statute were signed.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024|reason=What are these treaties that led to the Rome statute? This is far too vague.}} 

UN General Assembly Resolution n. 260 9 December 1948, the [[Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide]], was the first step toward the establishment of an international permanent criminal tribunal with jurisdiction on crimes yet to be defined in international treaties. In the resolution there was a hope for an effort from the Legal U.N. commission in that direction. 

The U.N. General Assembly, after the considerations expressed from the commission, established a committee to draft a statute and study the related legal issues. In 1951 a first draft was presented; a second draft followed in 1955 but there were a number of delays, officially due to the difficulties in the definition of the [[crime of aggression]], that were only solved with diplomatic assemblies in the years following the statute's coming into force. The geopolitical tensions of the [[Cold War]] also contributed to the delays.

In December 1989, [[Trinidad and Tobago]] asked the General Assembly to re-open the talks for the establishment of an international criminal court and in 1994 presented a draft statute. The General Assembly created an ''ad hoc'' committee for the International Criminal Court and, after hearing the conclusions, a Preparatory Committee that worked on the draft for two years from 1996 to 1998. 

Meanwhile, the United Nations created the ''ad hoc'' tribunals for the former Yugoslavia ([[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia|ICTY]]) and for Rwanda ([[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|ICTR]]) using statutes—and amendments due to issues raised during pre-trial or trial stages of the proceedings—that are quite similar to the Rome Statute.

The UN’s [[International Law Commission]] (ILC) considered the inclusion of the crime of [[ecocide]] to be included within the Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind, the document which later became the Rome Statute. Article 26 (crime against the environment) was publicly supported by 19 countries in the Legal Committee but was removed due to opposition from the [[Netherlands]], the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States|United States of America]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=((UN. General Assembly (41st sess.))) |date=1987-01-20 |title=Draft Code of Offences against the Peace and Security of Mankind :: resolution /: adopted by the General Assembly. |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/124973 |language=en |website=United Nations Digital Library System |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219205451/https://digitallibrary.un.org/nanna/record/124973/files/A_RES_41_75-EN.pdf?withWatermark=0&withMetadata=0&version=1&registerDownload=1 |archive-date= Dec 19, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2021-02-19 |title=Lawyers Are Working to Put 'Ecocide' on Par with War Crimes. Could an International Law Hold Major Polluters to Account? |url=https://time.com/5940759/ecocide-law-environment-destruction-icc/ |first1=Mélissa |last1=Godin |access-date=2023-07-05 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ecocide Project - Ecocide is the missing 5th Crime Against Peace |url=https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/4830/1/Ecocide_research_report_19_July_13.pdf |website=School of Advanced Study, University of London |first1=Anja |last1=Gauger |first2=Mai |last2=Pouye Rabatel-Fernel |first3=Louise |last3=Kulbicki |first4=Damien |last4=Short |first5=Polly |last5=Higgins |date=2012 |publisher=Human Rights Consortium |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231202211859/https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/4830/1/Ecocide_research_report_19_July_13.pdf |archive-date= Dec 2, 2023 }}</ref>

===Establishment===
During its 52nd session, the UN General Assembly decided to convene a diplomatic conference "to finalize and adopt a convention on the establishment of an international criminal court".<ref name="un.org"/><ref name=rome-conf/>  The conference was convened in [[Rome]] from 15 June to 17 July 1998.  It was attended by representatives from 161 member states, along with observers from various other organizations, intergovernmental organizations and agencies, and non-governmental organizations (including many human rights groups) and was held at the headquarters of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, located about 4&nbsp;km away from the Vatican (one of the states represented).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/finalfra.htm |date=17 July 1998 |website=United Nations - Office of Legal Affairs |title=Final Act of the International Criminal Court |access-date=18 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019222526/http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/finalfra.htm |archive-date=19 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://legal.un.org/diplomaticconferences/icc-1998/vol/english/vol_II_e.pdf |title=United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court - Rome, 15 June - 17 July 1998 Official Records - Summary records of the plenary meetings and of the meetings of the Committee of the Whole |series=Volume II |date=2002 |website=United Nations - Office of Legal Affairs |access-date=18 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019222446/http://legal.un.org/diplomaticconferences/icc-1998/vol/english/vol_II_e.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  On 17 July 1998, the Rome Statute was adopted by a vote of 120 to 7, with 21 countries abstaining.<ref name="scharf"/>

By agreement, there was no official record of each delegation's vote regarding the adoption of the Rome Statute. Therefore, there is some dispute over the identity of the seven countries that voted against the treaty.<ref name = smith>Stephen Eliot Smith, "Definitely Maybe: The Outlook for U.S. Relations with the International Criminal Court During the Obama Administration", ''[[Florida Journal of International Law]]'', '''22''':155 at 160, n. 38.</ref> 

It is certain that the People's Republic of China, Israel, and the United States were three of the seven because they have publicly confirmed their negative votes. India, Indonesia, Iraq, Libya, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Yemen have been identified by various observers and commentators as possible sources for the other four negative votes, with Iraq, Libya, Qatar, and Yemen being the four most commonly identified.<ref name=smith/> 

Explanations of Vote was publicly declared by India, Uruguay, Mauritius, Philippines, Norway, Belgium, United States, Brazil, Israel, Sri Lanka, China, Turkey, Singapore, and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1998/19980720.l2889.html |title=UN Diplomatic Conference Concludes in Rome with Decision to Establish Permanent International Criminal Court (UN Press Release L/2889) |access-date=29 June 2018 |archive-date=30 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630024926/https://www.un.org/press/en/1998/19980720.l2889.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

On 11 April 2002, ten countries ratified the statute at the same time at a special ceremony held at the United Nations headquarters in New York City,<ref name=ai2002>Amnesty International (11 April 2002).  ''[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ior40/008/2002/en/ The International Criminal Court – a historic development in the fight for justice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122061016/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ior40/008/2002/en/ |date=22 November 2018 }}''. Retrieved on 31 January 2008.</ref> bringing the total number of signatories to sixty, which was the minimum number required to bring the statute into force, as defined in Article 126.<ref name="article126"/>  The treaty entered into force on 1 July 2002;<ref name=ai2002/> the ICC can only prosecute crimes committed on or after that date.<ref name=article11>Article 11 of the [http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm Rome Statute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019222421/http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm |date=19 October 2013 }}. Retrieved on 18 October 2013.</ref>

The states parties held a [[Review Conference of the Rome Statute|Review Conference]] in [[Kampala]], Uganda from 31 May to 11 June 2010.<ref name=2007resolution>Assembly of States Parties (14 December 2007).  {{cite web |url= http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/asp/sessions/official%20records/0th%20session/4th%20session/strengthening%20the%20international%20criminal%20court%20and%20the%20assembly%20of%20states%20parties |title= Resolution: Strengthening the International Criminal Court and the Assembly of States Parties |access-date= 31 May 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110616081151/http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/asp/sessions/official%20records/0th%20session/4th%20session/strengthening%20the%20international%20criminal%20court%20and%20the%20assembly%20of%20states%20parties |archive-date= 16 June 2011 |url-status= live }}&nbsp;{{small|(310&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}. Retrieved on 31 January 2008.</ref> The Review Conference adopted a definition of the crime of aggression, thereby allowing the ICC to exercise jurisdiction over the crime for the first time. It also adopted an expansion of the list of war crimes.<ref>[http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP9/OR/RC-11-ENG.pdf Official records of the Review Conference] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110704215910/http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP9/OR/RC-11-ENG.pdf |date=4 July 2011 }}. Retrieved 3 March 2011.</ref>  [[Amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court|Amendments to the statute]] were proposed to implement these changes.

==Ratification status==
{{ICC member states}}

==Jurisdiction, structure and amendment==
The Rome Statute outlines the ICC's structure and areas of jurisdiction. The ICC can prosecute individuals (but not states or organizations) for four kinds of crimes: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. These crimes are detailed in Articles 6, 7, 8, and 8 ''bis'' of the Rome Statute, respectively. They must have been committed after 1 July 2002, when the Rome Statute came into effect.

The ICC has jurisdiction over these crimes in three cases: first, if they took place on the territory of a State Party; second, if they were committed by a national of a State Party; or third, if the crimes were referred to the Prosecutor by the UN Security Council. The ICC may begin an investigation before issuing a warrant if the crimes were referred by the UN Security Council or if a State Party requests an investigation. Otherwise, the Prosecutor must seek authorization from a Pre-Trial Chamber of three judges to begin an investigation ''proprio motu'' (on its own initiative). The only type of immunity the ICC recognizes is that it cannot prosecute those under 18 when the crime was committed. In particular, no officials – not even a head of state – are immune from prosecution.

The issue of immunities from the jurisdiction of the Court has become recently relevant, when the Court issued arrest warrants for Russian and Israeli Heads of State, since their immunities are granted from states which are not parties to the Rome Statute. States which have ratified the statute have waived the immunities of their officials with respect to the jurisdiction of the court by accepting the provisions of article 27: 

{{blockquote|Article 27
Irrelevance of official capacity 

1. This Statute shall apply equally to all persons without any distinction based on official capacity. In particular, official capacity as a Head of State or Government, a member of a Government or parliament, an elected representative or a government official shall in no case exempt a person from criminal responsibility under this Statute, nor shall it, in and of itself, constitute a ground for reduction of sentence. 
2. Immunities or special procedural rules which may attach to the official capacity of a person, whether under national or international law, shall not bar the Court from exercising its jurisdiction over such a person.}}

However, according to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, states which have not ratified a treaty cannot be bound by its provisions, meaning that states such as Russia and Israel have not agreed to waive the immunities of their officials for that purpose. On the other hand, states which are bound to cooperate with the court under part 9 of the Rome Statute, shall comply with any and all cooperation requests of the Court, including arrest warrants for officials of non-state parties. However, article 98 of the Court, which has been used as an argument by state parties defending their non-compliance with arrest warrants as such reads as follows: 
	
{{blockquote|Article 98 
Cooperation with respect to waiver of immunity and consent to surrender 
1.The Court may not proceed with a request for surrender or assistance which would require the requested State to act inconsistently with its obligations under international law with respect to the State or diplomatic immunity of a person or property of a third State, unless the Court can first obtain the cooperation of that third State for the waiver of the immunity.}}

The [[Omar al-Bashir|Al-Bashir]] arrest warrant decisions have shed some light into the apparent conflict between these two articles by establishing two strong arguments in favor of the universality of article 27 and the nonexistence of a conflict with article 98. The first argument, commonly known as "The Security Council route", claims that when a situation is referred to the Court in accordance with article 13(b) of the Rome Statute, the Security Council is placing the state in question in the position of a state party to the Rome Statute, including the waiver of article 27.<ref>{{cite web |last1=de souza dias |first1=Talita |title=The 'Security Council Route' to the Derogation from Personal Head of State Immunity in the Al-Bashir Case: How Explicit must Security Council Resolutions be? |url=<https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-discussion-of-the-security-council-roots-to-the-derogation-from-personal-immunities-in-the-al-bashir-case-how-explicit-must-security-council-resolutions-be/> |website=Blog of the European Journal of International Law |access-date=27 January 2025}}</ref> In the absence of a Security Council referral, the Court has included a plethora of other justifications for its decision. The argument, one of the justifications of the court which was reaffirmed in the decision against Mongolia in 2024, is highlighting the grammatical interpretation of article 98(1). The lack of reference on heads of state in the article, and the clear grammatical meaning that the article applies only to the State or diplomatic immunity of a person or property of a third State, is a strong indicator that the article is not an exception to article 27 for heads of state of  States not Party.<ref>{{cite book |title=Situation in Ukraine (Finding) |date=24 October 2024 |publisher=International Criminal Court |page=paras 35-36 |edition=ICC-01/22 |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/court-record/icc-01/22-90 |access-date=27 January 2025}}</ref>


The Rome Statute established three bodies: the ICC itself, the Assembly of States Parties (ASP), and the Trust Fund for Victims. The ASP has two subsidiary bodies. These are the Permanent Secretariat, established in 2003, and an elected Bureau which includes a president and vice-president.  The ICC itself has four organs: the Presidency (with mostly administrative responsibilities); the Divisions (the Pre-Trial, Trial, and Appeals judges); the Office of the Prosecutor; and the Registry (whose role is to support the other three organs). The functions of these organs are detailed in Part 4 of the Rome Statute.

Any amendment to the Rome Statute requires the support of a two-thirds majority of the states parties, and an amendment (except those amending the list of crimes) will not enter into force until it has been ratified by seven-eighths of the states parties. A state party which has not ratified such an amendment may withdraw with immediate effect.<ref name=a121>Article 121 of the [http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm Rome Statute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019222421/http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm |date=19 October 2013 }}. Retrieved on 18 October 2013.</ref> Any amendment to the list of crimes within the jurisdiction of the court will only apply to those states parties that have ratified it. It does not need a seven-eighths majority of ratifications.<ref name=a121/>

==See also==
*[[Review Conference of the Rome Statute]]
*[[Amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court]]
*[[International Criminal Court Act 2001]]
*[[Völkerstrafgesetzbuch]]
*[[World Day for International Justice]]
*[[Outline of genocide studies]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Main|Bibliography of genocide studies}}
* Roy S Lee (ed.), ''The International Criminal Court: The Making of the Rome Statute''.  The Hague: [[Wolters Kluwer|Kluwer Law International]] (1999). {{ISBN|90-411-1212-X}}.
* Roy S Lee & Hakan Friman (eds.), ''The International Criminal Court: Elements of Crimes and Rules of Procedure and Evidence''.  Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers (2001).  {{ISBN|1-57105-209-7}}.
*William A. Schabas, Flavia Lattanzi (eds.), ''Essays on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Volume I''. Fagnano Alto: il Sirente (1999). {{ISBN|88-87847-00-2}}
*Claus Kress, Flavia Lattanzi (eds.), ''The Rome Statute and Domestic Legal Orders Volume I''. Fagnano Alto: il Sirente (2000). {{ISBN|88-87847-01-0}}
* [[Antonio Cassese]], Paola Gaeta & John R.W.D. Jones (eds.), ''The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary''.  Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]] (2002). {{ISBN|978-0-19-829862-5}}.
*William A. Schabas, Flavia Lattanzi (eds.), ''Essays on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Volume II''. Fagnano Alto: il Sirente (2004). {{ISBN|88-87847-02-9}}
* William A Schabas, ''An Introduction to the International Criminal Court'' (2nd ed.).  Cambridge:  [[Cambridge University Press]] (2004). {{ISBN|0-521-01149-3}}.
*Claus Kress, Flavia Lattanzi (eds.), ''The Rome Statute and Domestic Legal Orders Volume II''. Fagnano Alto: [[il Sirente]] (2005). {{ISBN|978-88-87847-03-1}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource}}
* [http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm Original text of the Rome Statute]
* [http://iccforum.com/rome-statute Text of the Rome Statute as amended in 2010 and 2015] – Human Rights & International Criminal Law Online Forum
* [http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft%20articles/7_4_1994.pdf Draft Statute of an International Criminal Court, 1994]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228050334/https://www.un.org/icc/index.htm |date=28 December 2011 |title=United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court}}
* [http://www.icc-cpi.int/ International Criminal Court website]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616081114/http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ASP/states+parties/ |date=16 June 2011 |title=A list of the State Parties to the Rome Statute }}
* [http://www.pgaction.org Parliamentary network mobilized in support of the universality of the Rome Statute]

{{International criminal law}}
{{International Criminal Court}}
{{International human rights legal instruments}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Treaties of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Treaties of Germany]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ghana]]
[[Category:Treaties of Grenada]]
[[Category:Treaties of Greece]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guatemala]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guinea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Honduras]]
[[Category:Treaties of Hungary]]
[[Category:Treaties of Iceland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ireland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Italy]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Treaties of Japan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Jordan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kenya]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Korea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kuwait]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Latvia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Lesotho]]
[[Category:Treaties of Liberia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Liechtenstein]]
[[Category:Treaties of Lithuania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Luxembourg]]
[[Category:Treaties of North Macedonia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Madagascar]]
[[Category:Treaties of Malawi]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Maldives]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mali]]
[[Category:Treaties of Malta]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Marshall Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mauritius]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mexico]]
[[Category:Treaties of Moldova]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Montenegro]]
[[Category:Treaties of Namibia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nauru]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Treaties of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Treaties of Niger]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Norway]]
[[Category:Treaties of Palestine]]
[[Category:Treaties of Panama]]
[[Category:Treaties of Paraguay]]
[[Category:Treaties of Peru]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Treaties of Poland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Portugal]]
[[Category:Treaties of Romania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
[[Category:Treaties of Samoa]]
[[Category:Treaties of San Marino]]
[[Category:Treaties of Senegal]]
[[Category:Treaties of Serbia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro]]
[[Category:Treaties of Seychelles]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovakia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Africa]]
[[Category:Treaties of Spain]]
[[Category:Treaties of Suriname]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sweden]]
[[Category:Treaties of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tanzania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uganda]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uruguay]]
[[Category:Treaties of Vanuatu]]
[[Category:Treaties of Venezuela]]
[[Category:Treaties of Yemen]]
[[Category:Treaties of Zambia]]
[[Category:Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Greenland]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Aruba]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Anguilla]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Bermuda]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Montserrat]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Gibraltar]]
[[Category:June 1998 in Europe]]