Editing Roger of Salisbury

{{Short description|Bishop, Chancellor and Justiciar of England (died 1139)}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| name           = Roger of Salisbury
| image          = Monument of Roger, Bishop of Salisbury (died 1139).jpg
| caption        = Monument of Roger, Bishop of Salisbury (died 1139), in his cathedral church.
| religion       = Catholic
| title          = [[Bishop of Salisbury]]
| appointed      = 29 September 1102
| ended          = 11 December 1139
| predecessor    = [[Osmund (Bishop of Salisbury)|Osmund]]
| successor      = [[Henry de Sully, Abbot of Fecamp|Henry de Sully]]
| consecration   = 11 August 1107
| consecrated_by =
| death_date     = 11 December 1139
| death_place    = [[Salisbury]], England
| module         = {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes
| office              = Chief [[Justiciar]] of England (de facto)
| term_start          =?
| term_end            =1139
| monarch             = [[Henry I of England|Henry I]]<br>[[Stephen of England|Stephen]]
| predecessor         =
| successor           = [[Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester]]
| office2              = [[Lord Chancellor]]
| term_start2          =1101
| term_end2            =1102
| monarch2             =Henry I
}}
}}
[[File:Salisburycathedraltombprobablyrogerofsalisbury.jpg|thumb|Tomb in Salisbury Cathedral, traditionally held to be Roger's]]
'''Roger of Salisbury''' (died 1139), was a [[Normans|Norman]] [[medieval]] [[bishop of Salisbury]] and the seventh [[Lord Chancellor]] and Lord Keeper of [[Norman England|England]].

==Life==
Roger was originally priest of a small chapel near [[Caen]] in [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]]. He was called "Roger, priest of the church of Avranches", in his notification of election to the bishopric.{{sfn|Greenway|1991|pp=1-7}} The future King [[Henry I of England|Henry I]], who happened to hear mass there one day, was impressed by the speed with which Roger read the service and enrolled him in his own service.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=454}}

According to [[William of Newburgh]], Roger was poor and uneducated, but this is considered unlikely by the historian B. R. Kemp.{{sfn|Kemp|2004}} On coming to the throne, Henry almost immediately made him [[Lord Chancellor|Chancellor]] in 1101. He held that office until late 1102.{{sfn|Fryde|Greenway|Porter|Roy|1996|p=83}} On 29 September 1102 Roger received the bishopric of Salisbury at [[Old Sarum Cathedral]], but he was not consecrated until 11 August 1107{{sfn|Fryde|Greenway|Porter|Roy|1996|p=270}} owing to the dispute between Henry and him. He was consecrated at [[Canterbury]].{{sfn|Greenway|1991|pp=1-7}} During the dispute between Henry and Archbishop [[Anselm of Canterbury]], he skillfully managed to keep the favour of both. Roger devoted himself to administrative business, and remodelled it completely. He created the [[exchequer]] system, which was managed by him and his family for more than a century, and he used his position to heap up power and riches. He became the first man in England after the King, and was in office, if not in title, justiciar.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=454}} He was never called Justiciar during Henry's reign.{{sfn|Fryde|Greenway|Porter|Roy|1996|p=70}}

In 1106 Henry defeated and captured his elder brother, [[Robert Curthose]], at the [[Battle of Tinchebrai]], and then handed Robert into Roger's custody. In the first two decades of Henry's reign, Roger played a major role in governing England when the king was abroad, and after 1120 he was chief minister and regent between 1123 and 1126. In 1123 he helped to secure the see of Canterbury for his nominee, [[William de Corbeil]].{{sfn|Kemp|2004}}

Though Roger had sworn allegiance to [[Empress Matilda|Matilda]], he disliked the [[House of Châteaudun|Angevin]] connection, and went over to [[Stephen of England|Stephen]], carrying with him the royal treasure and administrative system upon Stephen's accession in 1135. Stephen placed great reliance on him, on his nephews, the bishops of [[Bishop of Ely|Ely]] and [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]], and on his son [[Roger le Poer]], who was treasurer.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=454}}

The king declared that if Roger demanded half of the kingdom he should have it, but chafed against the overwhelming influence of the official clique whom Roger represented.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=454}} Roger had built [[Devizes Castle]],{{sfn|Williams|2000|p=211}} described by [[Henry of Huntingdon]] as "the most splendid castle in Europe".{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=454}}{{sfn|Green|2002|p=189}} He and his nephews seem to have secured a number of castles outside their own dioceses, and the old bishop behaved as if he were an equal of the King. At a council held in June 1139, Stephen found a pretext for demanding a surrender of their castles, and on their refusal they were arrested. After a short struggle all Roger's great castles were sequestrated. However, [[Henry of Blois|Henry of Winchester]] demanded the restoration of the bishop.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=454}}

The king was considered to have committed an almost unpardonable crime in offering violence to members of the church, in defiance of the scriptural command, "Touch not mine anointed".{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=454}} Stephen took up a defiant attitude, and the question remained unsettled. This quarrel with the church, which immediately preceded the landing of the Empress, had a serious effect on Stephen's fortunes. The moment that the fortune of war turned against him, the clergy acknowledged Matilda. Bishop Roger, however, did not live to see the resolution of these troubles;{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=454}} he died on 11 December 1139.{{sfn|Fryde|Greenway|Porter|Roy|1996|p=270}} He was a great bureaucrat, and a builder whose taste was in advance of his age. However, his contemporaries were probably justified in regarding him as the type of the bishop immersed in worldly affairs, ambitious, avaricious, unfettered by any high standard of personal morality.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=454}}

Roger had a nephew [[Alexander of Lincoln|Alexander]] (d. 1148), who became [[bishop of Lincoln]] in 1123. Other nephews included [[Adelelm (Lord High Treasurer)|Adelelm]], [[archdeacon]] of Dorset and later [[dean (religion)|dean]] of the [[diocese of Lincoln]], and [[Nigel, Bishop of Ely|Nigel of Ely]], [[bishop of Ely]]. Roger's son [[Roger le Poer]] was Lord Chancellor for King Stephen.{{sfn|Greenway|1991|pp=1-7}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{cite book|chapter=Bishops |title=Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066-1300: Volume 4, Salisbury |editor-first=Diana E |editor-last=Greenway |location=London |publisher=Institute of Historical Research |year=1991  |edition=Online |pages=[http://www.british–history.ac.uk/fasti–ecclesiae/1066–1300/vol4/pp1–7 1–7] }}
*{{cite book|last1=Fryde |first1=E. B. |last2=Greenway |first2=D. E. |last3=Porter |first3=S. |last4=Roy |first4=I. |title=Handbook of British Chronology|edition=Third revised |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1996 |isbn=0-521-56350-X }}
*{{cite book |last=Green |first=Judith A. |year=2002 |title=The Aristocracy of Norman England |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-33509-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BFGDIde6L&pg=PA189 189]}}
* {{cite ODNB |last1=Kemp |first1=B. R. |title=Salisbury, Roger of (d. 1139), administrator and bishop of Salisbury |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/23956 |year=2004 }}
* {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Ann |year=2000 |title=The English and the Norman Conquest |publisher=Boydell Press |location=Ipswich |isbn=0-85115-708-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/englishnormancon0000will }}
<!-- See Crouch, Reign of King Stephen p. 93-94-->

===Attribution===
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Roger, bishop of Salisbury |volume=23 |page=454}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite conference |last=Hollister |first=C. W.  |title=Henry I and the Invisible Transformation of Medieval England |pages=119–131 |conference=Studies in Medieval History Presented to R. H. C. Davis |editor=[[Henry Mayr-Harting|Mayr-Harting, Henry]] and R. I. Moore |publisher=Hambledon Press |location=London |year=1985 |isbn=0-907628-68-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kealey |first=Edward J. |date=1972 |title=Roger of Salisbury, Viceroy of England |publisher=University of California Press |place=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-01985-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/rogerofsalisbury0000keal |url-access=registration |doi=10.1525/9780520347700}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mooers |first=Stephanie L. |title=Familial Clout and Financial Gain in Henry I's Later Reign |journal=[[Albion (history journal)|Albion]] |volume=14 |issue=3/4 |pages=268–291 |doi=10.2307/4048517 |jstor=4048517 |publisher=The North American Conference on British Studies |year=1982 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef| before=None (disputed) }}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Justiciar|Chief Justiciar]]<br>Held the office without the title  | years= }}
{{s-aft | after=[[Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[William Giffard]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Lord Chancellor]] | years=1101–1102  }}
{{s-aft |after=[[Waldric]]}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef| before=[[Osmund (Bishop of Salisbury)|Osmund]] }}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Bishop of Salisbury]] | years=1102–1139 }}
{{s-aft | after=[[Henry de Sully, Abbot of Fecamp|Henry de Sully]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{House of Normandy Lord Chancellors}}
{{Bishops of Salisbury}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roger Of Salisbury}}
[[Category:1139 deaths]]
[[Category:Anglo-Normans]]
[[Category:Bishops of Salisbury]]
[[Category:History of Wiltshire]]
[[Category:12th-century English Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Lord chancellors of England]]
[[Category:11th-century births]]
[[Category:12th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Justiciars of England]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]