Editing Robert Stroud

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{{Short description|American inmate and ornithologist (1890–1963)}}
{{redirect|Birdman of Alcatraz|the 1962 film|Birdman of Alcatraz (film)}}
{{for|the scientist|Robert M. Stroud}}
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{{more citations needed|date=December 2019}}
{{Lead too long|date=September 2023}}
{{Lead extra info|date=September 2023}}
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{{Infobox criminal
| name = Robert Stroud  
| image_name = Robert Stroud photo.jpg
| image_size = 220
| caption = Stroud in 1951
| alias = The Birdman of Alcatraz
| birth_name = Robert Franklin Stroud
| birth_date = {{birth date|1890|1|28}}
| birth_place = [[Seattle]], Washington, US
| death_date  = {{death date and age|1963|11|21|1890|1|28}}
| death_place =  [[United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners|Medical Center for Federal Prisoners]], [[Springfield, Missouri]], US
| resting_place = Masonic Cemetery, [[Metropolis, Illinois]], US
| height           = {{convert|6|ft|3|in|cm|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
| charge = {{startplainlist|class=nowrap}}
* 1909&nbsp; [[Manslaughter]]
* 1912&nbsp; Assault
* 1916&nbsp; Murder
{{endplainlist}}
| conviction_penalty =54 yrs overall
; Manslaughter : 12 years imprisonment
; Assault : 6 months imprisonment
; Murder : {{longitem|Death, commuted to [[life imprisonment]] with the possibility of parole}}
| occupation = {{hlist |[[Pimp]] |Salesman |[[Ornithology|Ornithologist]]}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Della May Spore|1931}}
}}

'''Robert Franklin Stroud''' (January 28, 1890 &ndash; November 21, 1963), known as the "'''Birdman of Alcatraz'''", was a convicted murderer, American federal prisoner, and author who has been cited as one of the most notorious criminals in the United States.{{sfn|Gregory|2008|p=37}}{{sfn|Ryan|Schlup|2006|p=2012}}<ref name=Benton>{{cite book| last=Benton|first=Lisa M.|title=The Presidio: From Army Post to National Park| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXET61VdMvIC&pg=PA228| year=1998| publisher=UPNE| isbn=978-1-55553-335-9|page=228}}</ref> During his time at [[United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth|Leavenworth Penitentiary]], he reared and sold birds and became a respected [[ornithology|ornithologist]]. From 1942 to 1959, he was incarcerated at [[Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary|Alcatraz]], where regulations did not allow him to keep birds. Stroud was never released from the federal prison system; he was imprisoned from 1909 to his death in 1963.

Born in [[Seattle]], Washington, Stroud ran away from his abusive father at the age of 13. By the time he was 18, he had become a [[pimp]] in the [[District of Alaska|Alaska Territory]]. In January 1909, he shot and killed a bartender who attacked his mistress, a crime for which he was sentenced to 12 years in the federal [[prison|penitentiary]] on [[McNeil Island]] in [[Puget Sound]].  Stroud gained a reputation as a dangerous inmate who frequently had confrontations with fellow inmates and staff. In 1916, he stabbed and killed a guard. Stroud was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to death by [[hanging]], but after several trials, his sentence was commuted to [[life imprisonment]] in [[solitary confinement]].

In 1920, while in solitary confinement at the federal penitentiary of Leavenworth, Stroud discovered a nest with three injured sparrows in the prison yard. He cared for them and within a few years had acquired a collection of about 300 [[Domestic canary|canaries]]. He began extensive research into birds after being granted equipment by a prison-reforming warden. Stroud wrote ''[[Diseases of Canaries]]'', which was smuggled out of Leavenworth and published in 1933,{{sfn|Niemi|2006|p=388}} as well as a later edition (1943). He made important contributions to avian [[pathology]], most notably a cure for the hemorrhagic [[sepsis|septicemia]] family of diseases, gaining much respect and some level of sympathy among ornithologists and farmers. Stroud ran a successful business from inside the prison, but his activities infuriated the prison staff. He was transferred to Alcatraz in 1942 after it was discovered that he had been secretly making [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] by using some of the equipment in his cell.

Stroud began serving a 17-year term at Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary on December 19, 1942, and became inmate No. 594. In 1943, he was assessed by [[psychiatry|psychiatrist]] Romney M. Ritchey, who diagnosed him as a [[Psychopathy|psychopath]], with an [[Intelligence quotient|I.Q.]] of 112.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alcatraz psychiatric summaries |url=http://www.notfrisco2.com/alcatraz/documents/npsy594.html| website=Alacatraz – The Warden Johnston years|access-date=May 30, 2018}}</ref> Stripped of his birds and equipment, he wrote a history of the penal system.

In what came to be called [[Battle of Alcatraz|The Battle of Alcatraz]] in May 1946, Stroud made efforts to protect other inmates. Then fifty-six years old, Stroud climbed over the third tier railing and lowered himself to the second tier, then dropped onto the floor of D Block. He started closing the front solid steel doors of the six isolation cells to protect the helpless men. Stroud yelled to the warden, explaining that there were no firearms in D Block and that those involved in violence had retreated to another section of the prison. He made it clear that many innocent men would die if the guards continued to fire into D Block.<ref name=":0">Larsen, Lawrence H. (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ktJhlPJIZPwC&pg=PA160 "The Last Days of Robert F. Stroud The Birdman of Alcatraz"]. ''Prologue: The Journal of the National Archives, Volume 23''. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. p. 160. {{OCLC|37503255}}.</ref>{{Not verified in body|date=September 2023}}

In 1959, Stroud was transferred to the [[United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners|Medical Center for Federal Prisoners]] in [[Springfield, Missouri]], where he remained until his death on November 21, 1963.

==Early life and arrest==
Stroud was born in Seattle, the eldest child of Elizabeth Jane (née McCartney, 1860–1938) and Benjamin Franklin Stroud. His mother had two daughters from a previous marriage. His father was an abusive [[alcoholic]], and Stroud ran away from home at the age of 13.

At 18, in [[Cordova, Alaska]], Stroud met 36-year-old Kitty O'Brien, a [[prostitute]] and [[dance hall]] entertainer, for whom he [[pimped]] in [[Juneau, Alaska|Juneau]]. On January 18, 1909, barman F. K. "Charlie" von Dahmer allegedly failed to pay O'Brien for her services and beat her.{{Sfn|Odier|1982|p=210}}{{sfn|Campbell|1994|p=66}} Stroud confronted von Dahmer, and after a struggle shot him to death. Stroud surrendered himself.{{sfn|Campbell|1994|p=66}} According to police reports, he knocked von Dahmer unconscious and then shot him.

As Alaska was then a [[United States territory]], Stroud was prosecuted in the federal courts, where he was found guilty of [[manslaughter]] and sentenced to 12 years in [[McNeil Island Corrections Center|the federal penitentiary at McNeil Island, Washington]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/569568/Robert-Stroud|title=Robert Stroud|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=August 6, 2013}}</ref>

==Prison life==
[[File:Robert Stroud c.1909.jpg|thumb|Stroud c.1912]]

Stroud was one of the most violent prisoners at McNeil Island, frequently feuding with staff and other inmates, and was prone to illness.{{sfn|Mayo|2008|p=342}} He reportedly stabbed a fellow prisoner who reported him for stealing food,{{sfn|Campbell|1994|p=66}} assaulted a hospital orderly who had reported him to prison administration for attempting to obtain [[morphine]] through threats, and reportedly stabbed an inmate.<ref name="Officer Andrew Turner">{{cite web|url=http://www.odmp.org/officer/13504-officer-andrew-f-turner |title=Officer Andrew Turner|publisher=ODMP |access-date=August 6, 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Campbell|1994|p=66}}

In 1912, Stroud was sentenced to an additional six months for the attacks and transferred from McNeil Island to the [[United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth|federal penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas]]. On March 26, 1916, he stabbed Andrew Turner, a guard at the prison, through the heart after he reprimanded him for a minor rule violation that would have prevented a visit from Stroud's younger brother.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bop.gov/about/history/hero_turner.jsp?i=1|title=Historical Information: Fallen Heroes|website=bop.gov}}</ref><ref name="Officer Andrew Turner"/>{{sfn|Campbell|1994|p=66}}
In 1918, after three trials, Stroud was sentenced to be hanged.{{sfn|Campbell|1994|p=67}}

Stroud's mother appealed to President [[Woodrow Wilson]], who commuted his sentence to life imprisonment. Leavenworth's [[Prison warden|warden]], T. W. Morgan, strongly opposed the decision, given Stroud's reputation for violence. Morgan persuaded the President to stipulate that since Stroud was originally sentenced to await his death sentence in solitary confinement, those conditions should prevail until the halted execution could be carried out. President Wilson's Attorney General, [[A. Mitchell Palmer|Alexander Mitchell Palmer]], saw to it that Stroud would spend the rest of his life in solitary confinement.{{sfn|Wellman|2008|p=57}}{{sfn|Niemi|2006|p=388}}

==Leavenworth==
[[File:Robert Strouod c.1920s.jpg|thumb|right|Stroud c. 1920s]]
While at Leavenworth in 1920, Stroud found a nest with three injured sparrows in the prison yard, and raised them to adulthood.{{sfn|Niemi|2006|p=388}} Prisoners were sometimes allowed to buy [[Domestic canary|canaries]], and Stroud had started to add to his collection. He occupied his time raising and caring for his birds, which he could sell for supplies and to help support his mother. According to Stroud, he used a "razor blade and nail for tools" and made his first bird cage out of wooden crates.<ref name="Congress1962">{{cite book|author=United States. Congress|title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HH6M_nCi6RUC|year=1962|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=14647–14649}}</ref>

Soon thereafter, Leavenworth's administration changed, and William Biddle took over as warden. Impressed with the possibility of presenting Leavenworth as a progressive [[rehabilitation (penology)|rehabilitation]] penitentiary,<ref name="Inc1960">{{cite book|title=Life|url=https://archive.org/details/presbyterianwayo0000mack|url-access=registration|access-date=August 6, 2013|date=May 2, 1960|publisher=Time Inc|page=[https://archive.org/details/presbyterianwayo0000mack/page/16 16]|isbn=978-1439194034|issn=0024-3019}}</ref> Biddle furnished Stroud with cages, chemicals, and stationery to conduct his ornithological activities. Visitors were shown Stroud's aviary, and many purchased his canaries.{{sfn|Niemi|2006|p=388}}

Over the years, he raised nearly 300 canaries in his cells. He also wrote two books, the 60,000-word treatise ''[[Diseases of Canaries]]'' (1933), which was smuggled out of Leavenworth,{{sfn|Niemi|2006|p=388}} and a later edition, ''[[Stroud's Digest on the Diseases of Birds]]'' (1943), with updated, specific information. He made several important contributions to avian pathology, most notably a cure for the hemorrhagic [[Sepsis|septicemia]] family of diseases. He gained respect and also some level of sympathy in the bird-loving field.

Stroud's activities created problems for the prison management. According to regulations, each letter sent or received at the prison had to be read, copied, and approved. Stroud was so involved in his business that this alone required a full-time prison secretary. Additionally, most of the time, his birds were permitted to fly freely within his cells, and because of the great number of birds he kept, his cell was filthy.{{sfn|Sloate|2008|p=33}} 
[[File:Robert Stroud c.1930s.jpg|thumb|Stroud c. late 1930s]]
In 1931, an attempt to force Stroud to discontinue his business and get rid of his birds failed after Stroud and one of his mail correspondents, a bird researcher from [[Indiana]] named Della Mae Jones,{{sfn|Crowther|1989|p=55}} made his story known to newspapers and magazines. A massive letter campaign and a 50,000-signature petition sent to President [[Herbert Hoover]] resulted in Stroud being permitted to keep his birds. Despite [[Prison overcrowding in the United States|prison overcrowding]], he was even given a second cell to house them. However, his letter-writing privileges were greatly curtailed. Jones and Stroud grew so close that she moved to Kansas in 1931 and started a business with him, selling his avian medicines.<ref name="Congress1962" />

Prison officials, fed up with Stroud's activities and their attendant publicity, intensified their efforts to transfer him from Leavenworth. Stroud discovered a Kansas law that forbade the transfer of prisoners married in Kansas. To this end, he married Jones by proxy, which infuriated the prison's administrators, who would not allow him to correspond with his wife.<ref name="Congress1962"/>

Prison officials were not the only ones perturbed with Stroud's marriage; his mother was also incensed. They had a close relationship, but Elizabeth Stroud strongly disapproved of the marriage to Jones, believing women were nothing but trouble for her son. Whereas previously she had been a strong advocate for her son, helping him with legal battles, she now argued against his application for parole and became a major obstacle in his attempts to be released from the prison system. After moving away from Leavenworth she had no further contact with him. She died in 1938.

In 1933, Stroud advertised in a publication that he had not received any royalties from the sales of ''Diseases of Canaries''. In retaliation, the publisher complained to the warden and, as a result, proceedings were initiated to transfer Stroud to Alcatraz, where he would not be permitted to keep his birds. In the end, Stroud was able to keep both his birds and canary-selling business at Leavenworth.{{sfn|Sloate|2008|p=33}}

Stroud mostly avoided trouble for several more years, until it came to light that some of the equipment Stroud had requested for his lab was in fact being used as a home-made [[distillation|distillery]] to manufacture alcohol.{{sfn|Sloate|2008|p=33}} Officials finally had the wedge they needed to drive Stroud out. Citing his "dangerous tendencies" and longstanding concerns about the sanitary conditions of his cell, they initiated proceedings to send him to Alcatraz.

==Alcatraz==
[[File:Stroud in Warden notebook.jpeg|thumb|Stroud's [[mug shot]] taken in 1942 and information in the warden's notebook at Alcatraz]]
[[File:Warden%27s_notebook_page,_with_%22mug_shot,%22_of_Robert_Stroud,_594-AZ,_aka_%22The_Birdman_of_Alcatraz.%22_-_NARA_-_296722,_page_2.tif|thumb|1942 Warden's notebook continued]]

On December 16, 1942, Stroud was transferred to Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary and became inmate No. 594.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stroud|first=Robert|title=Looking Outward Part I: A Voice From the Grave|url=https://cdm17307.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/Stroud/id/501/|access-date=2022-06-26|via=cdm17307.contentdm.oclc.org|year=1943–1962|page=27|publisher=Comstock Editions |isbn=9780891740551}}</ref>{{sfn|Wellman|2008|p=57}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gaddis|first=Thomas|title=Birdman of Alcatraz: the Story of Robert Stroud|url=https://archive.org/details/birdmanofalcatra00thom/page/199/mode/1up?q=1941|access-date=2021-06-29|via=Archive.org|year=1989|page=199|publisher=Comstock Editions |isbn=9780891740551 }}</ref>{{sfn|Wellman|2008|p=57}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Babyak|first=Jolene|url=http://archive.org/details/birdmanmanyfaces00baby|title=Birdman|date=1994|publisher=Ariel Vamp Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-9618752-2-0|pages=152}}</ref> He reportedly was not informed in advance that he was to leave Leavenworth and his beloved birds, and was given just 10 minutes' notice of his departure. His birds and equipment were sent to his brother as Alcatraz's strict policies meant that he was unable to continue his avocation.{{sfn|Sifakis|2002|p=246}} He spent six years in segregation and another 11 confined to the hospital wing at the penitentiary.

In 1943, he was assessed by psychiatrist Romney M. Ritchey, who diagnosed him as a psychopath, with an I.Q. of 112 (his initial report in 1942 based on Leavenworth states that he had an I.Q. of 116). While there, he wrote two manuscripts: ''Bobbie'', an autobiography, and ''[[Looking Outward|Looking Outward: A History of the U.S. Prison System from Colonial Times to the Formation of the Bureau of Prisons]]''. A judge ruled that Stroud had the right to write and keep such manuscripts, but upheld the warden's decision to ban their publication. After Stroud's death, the transcripts were delivered to his lawyer, Richard English.

Rumors of Stroud's homosexuality were noted at Alcatraz. According to Donald Hurley, whose father was a guard at Alcatraz, "Whenever Stroud was around anyone, which was seldom, he was watched very closely, as prison officials were very aware of his overt homosexual tendencies."{{sfn|Hurley|1994|p=69}} In an interview with Hurley for his book, a former inmate heard Stroud was always in 'dog block' (solitary confinement) or later in the hospital because he was a 'wolf' (aggressive homosexual) who had a bad temper."{{sfn|Hurley|1994|p=126}}

In February 1963 Stroud met and talked with actor [[Burt Lancaster]], who portrayed him in ''The Birdman of Alcatraz''.<ref name="Lancaster" /> Stroud never got to see the film or read the book it was based on but did share one of the problems that prevented parole, that he was an "admitted homosexual."<ref name="Lancaster" /> Lancaster quoted Stroud as saying, "Let's face it, I am 73 years old. Does that answer your question about whether I would be a dangerous homosexual?"<ref name="Lancaster">{{cite news | url=http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Canseco-earns-MVP-honor-Nov-17-1988-4984217.php | title=Chronicle Archives Wayback Machine: Canseco earns MVP honor, Nov. 17, 1988, 1963 | work=San Francisco Chronicle| date=November 17, 2013 | access-date=November 20, 2013 | author=Miller, Johnny}}</ref>

During his 17-year term at Alcatraz, Stroud was allowed access to the prison library and began studying law. Occasionally, he was permitted to play chess with one of the guards.{{sfn|Sloate|2008|p=34}} Stroud began petitioning the government that his long prison term amounted to [[cruel and unusual punishment]]. In 1959, with his health failing, Stroud was transferred to the [[Medical Center for Federal Prisoners]] in [[Springfield, Missouri]],<ref name="Britannica"/> but he was never released.

==Death==
On November 21, 1963, Robert Stroud died at the Springfield Medical Center at the age of 73, having been incarcerated for the last 54 years of his life, of which 42 were spent in solitary confinement. He was interred in the old Masonic Cemetery near [[Metropolis, Illinois]], after a private funeral ceremony at Aikins-Farmer Funeral Home on November 25.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34107614/robert-stroud-birdman-of-alcatraz/ 'Birdman of Alcatraz' buried near Metropolis]</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Robert Stroud c. late 1950s.jpg|thumb|Stroud c. 1959]]
Stroud is considered to be one of the most notorious criminals in American history.{{Sfn|Gregory|2008|p=37}}{{Sfn|Ryan|Schlup|2006|p=2012}}<ref name=Benton/> [[Robert Niemi]] states that Stroud had a "superior intellect," and became a "first-rate ornithologist and author," but was an "extremely dangerous and menacing psychopath, disliked and distrusted by his jailers and fellow inmates."{{sfn|Niemi|2006|p=388}} 
However, by his last years, Stroud's behavior had markedly improved and he was viewed more favorably; Judge Becker considered Stroud to be modest, no longer a danger to society, and as having a genuine love for birds.<ref name="Administration1991"/> Given his level of notoriety, the crimes he committed were unremarkable,{{sfn|Mayo|2008|p=342}} especially as the assaults he committed had a clear cause. Carl Sifakais considers Stroud to have been a "brilliant self-taught expert on birds, and possibly the best-known example of self-improvement and rehabilitation in the U.S. prison system."{{sfn|Sifakis|2002|p=246}}

Because of Stroud's contributions to the field of ornithology, he gained a large following of thousands of bird breeders and poultry raisers who demanded his release,{{sfn|Sifakis|2002|p=246}} and for many years a "Committee to Release Robert F. Stroud" campaigned to have Stroud released from prison.<ref name="Administration1991">{{cite book|author=National Archives |title=Prologue: the journal of the National Archives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbYXAAAAYAAJ|access-date=August 6, 2013|year=1991|publisher=National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration|pages=155–159}}</ref> However, because Stroud had killed a federal officer, his punishment in solitary confinement remained intact.{{sfn|Sifakis|2002|p=246}} In 1963, Richard M. English, a young lawyer who had campaigned for [[John F. Kennedy]] in California, took to the cause of securing Stroud's release. He met with former President [[Harry S. Truman]] to enlist support, but Truman declined.  He also met with senior Kennedy administration officials who were studying the subject.

English took the last photo of Stroud, in which he is shown with a green visor.  The warden of the prison attempted to have English prosecuted for bringing something into the prison he did not take out: unexposed film.  The authorities declined to take any action. Upon Stroud's death, his personal property, including original manuscripts, was delivered to English, as his last legal representative, who later turned over some of the possessions to the [[Audubon Society]].

Stroud became the subject of a 1955 book by [[Thomas E. Gaddis]], ''Birdman of Alcatraz''. Gaddis, who strongly advocated rehabilitation in the prisons, portrayed Stroud in favorable light.{{sfn|Niemi|2006|p=388}}  This was adapted by [[Guy Trosper]] for the 1962 [[Birdman of Alcatraz (film)|film of the same name]], directed by [[John Frankenheimer]]. It starred [[Burt Lancaster]] as Stroud, [[Karl Malden]] as a fictionalized and renamed warden, [[Thelma Ritter]] as Stroud's mother and [[Betty Field]] as his wife, renamed Stella Johnson in the film.<ref>{{cite book|last1=MacDonald|first1=Donald|last2=Nadel|first2=Ira|title=Alcatraz: History and Design of a Landmark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ivs4jv5KCQC&pg=PT243|date=2012|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=978-1-4521-1310-4|page=243}}</ref> However, former inmates of Alcatraz say that the real Stroud was far more sinister, dangerous and unpleasant than the fictionalized version portrayed in the book and film. One said "he was a vicious killer. I think Burt Lancaster owes us all an apology."<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/e/a/1996/08/11/METRO12426.dtl&hw=prison&sn=429&sc=257 "Alumni' revisit The Rock], article on sfgate.com, online home of the [[San Francisco Chronicle]]</ref>

[[Art Carney]] played Stroud in the 1980 TV movie ''[[Alcatraz: The Whole Shocking Story]]'', and [[Dennis Farina]] played Stroud in the 1987 TV movie ''[[Six Against the Rock]]'', a dramatization of the [[Battle of Alcatraz]] of 1946.{{sfn|Rabkin|1998|p=187}}

In music, Stroud has been the subject of the instrumental "Birdman of Alcatraz" from ''[[Rick Wakeman's Criminal Record]]'' (1977), a [[concept album]] about criminality,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.progarchives.com/album.asp?id=4508|title=Rick Wakeman's Criminal Record|publisher=Prog Archives|access-date=August 30, 2013}}</ref> and the song "[[The Birdman (song)|The Birdman]]" by [[Our Lady Peace]] is also about him. Several video games such as ''[[Galerians]]'' and ''[[Team Fortress 2]]'' pay homage to him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bird-Man of Aberdeen - Official TF2 Wiki {{!}} Official Team Fortress Wiki |url=https://wiki.teamfortress.com/wiki/Bird-Man_of_Aberdeen |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=wiki.teamfortress.com |language=en}}</ref> In addition, Bryan Christopher Williams, a well-known rapper, adopted the stage name of Birdman ([[Birdman (rapper)]]).

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

'''Bibliography'''
*{{cite book|isbn=0961875224|title=Birdman: The Many Faces of Robert Stroud|last1=Babyak|first1=Jolene|year=1994|publisher=Ariel Vamp Press }}
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Douglas S.|title=Free Press V. Fair Trial: Supreme Court Decisions Since 1807|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8NiGZ5_kMQC&pg=PA66|year=1994|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-275-94277-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Crowther|first=Bruce|title=Captured On Film: The Prison Movie|url=https://archive.org/details/capturedonfilmpr00crow|url-access=registration|year=1989|publisher=Batsford|isbn=978-0713461152}}
* {{cite book|last=Gregory|first=George H.|title=Alcatraz Screw: My Years as a Guard in America's Most Notorious Prison|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIEUx4IGqHMC&pg=PA37|date=2008|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=978-0-8262-1396-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Hurley|first=Donald J.|title=Alcatraz Island: Maximum Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IdkHOAAACAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Fog Bell Enterprises|isbn=978-0-9620546-2-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Mayo|first=Mike|title=American Murder: Criminals, Crimes, and the Media|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EEoU2kOb0OIC&pg=PA342|year=2008|publisher=Visible Ink Press|isbn=978-1-57859-191-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Niemi|first=Robert|title=History in the Media: Film and Television|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVFhcBcv_X8C&pg=PA388|year=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-952-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Odier|first=Pierre|title=The Rock: A History of Alcatraz: The Fort/The Prison|url=https://archive.org/details/rockhistoryofalc0000odie|url-access=registration|year=1982|publisher=L'Image Odier|isbn=978-0-9611632-0-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Rabkin|first=Leslie Y.|title=The Celluloid Couch: An annotated international filmography of the mental health professional in the movies and television, from the beginning to 1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XpZAAAAMAAJ|date= 1998|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-3462-0}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ryan|first1=James Gilbert|last2=Schlup|first2=Leonard C.|title=Historical Dictionary of The 1940s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-t3Hx4ASLKUC&pg=PA9|date=2006|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-0440-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Sifakis|first=Carl|title=The Encyclopedia of American Prisons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObIQUpJxHZYC&pg=PA246|year=2002|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2987-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Sloate|first=Susan|title=The Secrets of Alcatraz|url=https://archive.org/details/mysteriesunwrapp0000sloa_a1j8|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/mysteriesunwrapp0000sloa_a1j8/page/33 33]|year=2008|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4027-3591-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Wellman|first=Gregory L.|title=A History of Alcatraz Island: 1853–2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1duAUPaHSgcC&pg=PA57|year=2008|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-5815-8}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Robert Stroud}}
* [http://www.alcatrazhistory.com/stroud.htm Alcatraz History]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070427230802/http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/famous/stroud/ Crime Library]
* [https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8328282M/Stroud%27s_Digest_on_the_Diseases_of_Birds ''Stroud's Digest on the Diseases of Birds'']

{{Alcatraz Island}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stroud, Robert Frankin}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
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[[Category:American convicts who became writers]]
[[Category:American male criminals]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American ornithological writers]]
[[Category:American people convicted of assault]]
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[[Category:American people of German descent]]
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[[Category:American prisoners sentenced to death]]
[[Category:American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:Criminals from Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Inmates of Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary]]
[[Category:People with antisocial personality disorder]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States federal government]]
[[Category:Prisoners who died in United States federal government detention]]
[[Category:Writers from Seattle]]