Editing River Fleet

{{short description|Subterranean river in London, England}}
{{About|a river underneath London|}}<!--{{redirect|River fleet|ships or boats which patrol a river|patrol boat|and|navy}}-->
{{redirect|Fleet Ditch|the waterway in Maidenhead, Berkshire|Maidenhead Waterways}}{{Coord|51|30|39|N|0|6|16|W|type:waterbody_region:GB|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
[[File:Samuel Scott 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Entrance to the Fleet River as it emerges into the Thames, by [[Samuel Scott (painter)|Samuel Scott]], c. 1750]]
[[File:Copperplate map Fleet.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The southern reaches of the Fleet, flowing beneath Holborn Bridge and [[Ludgate Circus|Fleet Bridge]], past [[Bridewell Palace]], and into the Thames, as shown on the [[Copperplate map of London|"Copperplate" map of London]], surveyed between 1553 and 1559]]

The '''River Fleet''' is the largest of [[Subterranean rivers of London|London's subterranean rivers]], all of which today contain foul water for treatment. It has been used as a [[culvert]]ed sewer since the development of [[Joseph Bazalgette]]'s London sewer system in the mid-19th century with the water being treated at [[Beckton Sewage Treatment Works]]. Its [[headwaters]] are two streams on [[Hampstead Heath]], each of which was dammed into a series of ponds—the [[Hampstead Ponds]] and the [[Highgate Ponds]]—in the 18th century. At the southern edge of Hampstead Heath these descend underground as [[combined sewer|sewers]] and join in [[Camden Town]]. The waters flow {{convert|4|mi|0}} from the ponds.

The river gives its name to [[Fleet Street]], the eastern end of which is at what was the crossing over the river known as Fleet Bridge, and is now the site of [[Ludgate Circus]].

==Name==
The river's name is derived from the [[Anglo-Saxon language|Anglo-Saxon]] {{lang|ang|flēot}} "tidal [[inlet]]".<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|year=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|chapter=fleet, n.<sup>2</sup>}}</ref> In Anglo-Saxon times, the Fleet served as a [[Dock (maritime)|dock]] for [[shipping]].

The lower reaches of the river were known as the Holbourne (or Oldbourne), from which [[Holborn]] derived its name.<ref>{{cite book|last=Trench|first=Richard|author2=Hillman, Ellis |title=London under London: a subterranean guide|publisher=John Murray|location=London|year=1993|edition=Second|page=33|isbn=0-7195-5288-5}}</ref>

The river gives its name to [[Fleet Street]] which runs from [[Ludgate Circus]] to [[Temple Bar, London|Temple Bar]] at [[Strand, London|the Strand]]. In the 1970s, a [[London Underground]] tube line was planned to lie under the line of Fleet Street, provisionally named the [[Jubilee line#1939 to 1979, the Fleet line|Fleet line]]. However, it was renamed the [[Jubilee line]] in 1977, and plans for the part of the route through the [[City of London]] were subsequently abandoned

==Course and tributaries==
[[File:St Pancras, Middlesex (1815).png|thumb|The Fleet passing by [[St Pancras Old Church]]]]
The Fleet rises on [[Hampstead Heath]] as two sources, which flow on the surface as the [[Hampstead Heath Ponds|Hampstead Ponds and the Highgate Ponds]]. They then go underground, pass under [[Kentish Town]], join in [[Camden Town]], and flow onwards towards [[St Pancras Old Church]], which was sited on the river's banks. From there the river passed in a sinuous course which is responsible for the unusual building line adjacent to [[King's Cross, London|King's Cross]] station; the [[German Gymnasium, London|German Gymnasium]] faced the river banks, and the curve of the Great Northern Hotel follows that of the Fleet, which passes alongside it. King's Cross was originally named ''Battle Bridge'', a corruption of ''Broad Ford Bridge'' referring to an older crossing of the Fleet.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Godfrey |first1=Walter |last2=Marcham |first2=W. |author1-link=Walter Godfrey |title=Survey of London |date=1952 |publisher=Victoria County History |location=London |chapter=King's Cross Neighbourhood|volume=24}}</ref> In turn John Nelson in his ''The History, Topography, and Antiquities of the Parish of St. Mary Islington'' of 1811 linked a supposed Roman army camp found under some nearby brick fields with the site of [[Boudica]]'s final battle, based only on his comparison of the local topography with the scant description of the battlefield supplied by the near-contemporary historian [[Tacitus]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nelson |first1=John |title=The History, Topography, and Antiquities of the Parish of St. Mary Islington . |date=1811 |publisher=[[John Nichols (printer)|John Nichols]] |location=Islington |oclc=1016252323 |page=64}}</ref> The name was changed in the 19th century to refer to an unpopular [[King's Cross (building)|statue of George IV]] erected in 1830 but, although it was replaced after only fifteen years, the name remains.

From there, it heads down King's Cross Road and other streets, including [[Farringdon Road]] and [[Farringdon Street]]. The line of the former river marks the western boundary of [[Clerkenwell]], the eastern boundary of [[Holborn]] and a small part of the eastern boundary of [[St Pancras, London|St Pancras]].<ref>'West of Farringdon Road', in Survey of London: Volume 47, Northern Clerkenwell and Pentonville, ed. Philip Temple (London, 2008), pp. 22-51. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol47/pp22-51 [accessed 2 August 2020].</ref> In this way it continues to form part of the boundary of the modern London Boroughs of [[London Borough of Camden|Camden]] and [[London Borough of Islington|Islington]].

At Farringdon Street the valley broadens out and straightens to join the Thames beneath [[Blackfriars Bridge]]. In the lower reaches, the valley slopes in the surrounding streets which explains the presence of three viaduct bridges (at [[Holborn Viaduct]] across Farringdon Street, another over Shoe Lane, and another on [[Rosebery Avenue]] where it crosses Warner Street).

===Lamb's Conduit===
A small tributary flowed west to east to join the Fleet near [[Mount Pleasant Mail Centre|Mount Pleasant]]. This was later utilised to feed [[Lamb's Conduit Street|Lamb's Conduit]]. The line of the original brook formed [[Holborn]]'s boundary with [[St Pancras, London|St Pancras]] to the north. The sweeping curve of Roger Street is part of that boundary line.<ref>The History of the River Fleet, UCL Fleet Restoration Team, 2009</ref>

===Fagswell Brook===
The Fagswell Brook (also spelled ''Faggeswell'') was a tributary that joined the Fleet from the east and partially formed the northern boundary of the City of London.<ref>From a map based on Stow c.1600, (discussed in "Street-names of the City of London", (1954) by Eilert Ekwall) shows the "Fagswell Brook" south of Cowcross Street as the northern boundary of the City</ref> The brook flowed east to west on a line ''approximating'' to [[Charterhouse Street]] and [[Charterhouse Square]]. In 1603, the historian [[John Stow]] described its demise:

{{quote|Fagges Well, neare unto [[Smithfield, London|Smithfield]] by the [[London Charterhouse|Charterhouse]], now lately dammed up.<ref>'Introduction', in Survey of London: Volume 46, South and East Clerkenwell, ed. Philip Temple (London, 2008), pp. 3–27. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol46/pp3-27 [accessed 27 July 2020].</ref>}}

A part of the course close to Charterhouse Square was excavated as part of the [[Crossrail]] project.<ref>article on MOLA excavations http://islingtontribune.com/article/crossrail-engineers-find-500-year-old-shoes-in-clerkenwell-mud</ref>

===Today===
[[File:Fleet Mouth.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The mouth of the River Fleet in 2002, appearing as a drainage outlet (obscured in shadow) in the [[Thames Embankment|embankment]] wall beneath [[Blackfriars Bridge]]]]
The Fleet, which is now a sewer that follows its route, can be seen and heard through a grating in Ray Street, [[Clerkenwell]]<ref>{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Bolton |title=Where to see and hear the hidden River Fleet |website=Londonist |date=3 July 2020 |url=https://londonist.com/2016/09/where-to-see-and-hear-the-hidden-river-fleet |access-date=28 August 2023 }}</ref> in front of The Coach pub (formerly the Coach and Horses), just off [[Farringdon Road]]. The position of the river can still be seen in the surrounding streetscape with Ray Street and its continuation, Warner Street, lying in a valley where the river once flowed. It can also be heard through a grid in the centre of [[Charterhouse Street]], where it joins Farringdon Road (on the [[Smithfield, London|Smithfield]] side of the junction). In wet weather (when the sewer system is overloaded), and on a very low tide, the murky Fleet can be seen gushing into the Thames from the Thameswalk exit of [[Blackfriars station]], immediately under [[Blackfriars bridge]]. (The tunnel exit shown in the picture can be seen much more clearly from directly above.)

The former [[mayor of London]], [[Boris Johnson]], proposed [[daylighting (streams)|opening]] short sections of the Fleet and other rivers for ornamental purposes,<ref>[https://archive.today/20080905000647/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article4138268.ece Boris Johnson to revive London’s lost rivers] (payment required)</ref> although the [[Environment Agency]] – which manages the project – is pessimistic that the Fleet can be among those uncovered.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/jan/08/river-restoration-london|title= River rescue: project launched to breathe life into waterways buried under London concrete and brick|last=Jowit|first=Juliette |date=8 January 2009|work=[[The Guardian]]|page=15|access-date=8 January 2009}}</ref>

==History==
In [[Roman Britain|Roman]] times, the Fleet was a major river, with its estuary possibly containing the oldest [[tidal mill]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Spain |first1=Robert |title=A Possible Roman Tide Mill |url=https://kentarchaeology.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/files/publications/005.pdf |publisher=[[Kent Archaeological Society]] |access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref> The river secured the western flank of the Roman City.

[[File:Map Londinium 400 AD-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=Vector map of Londinium in 400 AD|Londinium in the year 400 showing the Fleet to its west. The tributary Fagswell Brook is shown running from east to west.]]

In [[Anglo-Saxon England|Anglo-Saxon]] times, the Fleet was still a substantial body of water, joining the Thames through a marshy tidal basin over {{convert|100|yd}} wide at the mouth of the Fleet Valley. Many [[water well|wells]] were built along its banks, and some on springs (Bagnigge Wells, [[Clerkenwell]]) and St Bride's Well, were reputed to have healing qualities; in the 13th century, the river was called River of Wells.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wickstead|first=Thomas|title=On the supply of water to the Metropolis|journal=The Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal|date=January 1840|volume=III|issue=28|page=10}}</ref> The small lane at the south-west end of New Bridge Street is called Watergate because it was the river entrance to [[Bridewell Palace]].

As London grew, the river became increasingly a [[combined sewer|sewer]]. The area came to be characterised by poor-quality housing and prisons: Bridewell Palace itself was converted into a prison; [[Newgate Prison|Newgate]], [[Fleet Prison|Fleet]] and [[Ludgate]] prisons were all built in that area.  In 1728 [[Alexander Pope]] wrote in his ''[[Dunciad]]'', "To where Fleet-ditch with disemboguing streams / Rolls the large tribute of dead dogs to Thames / The king of dykes! than whom no sluice of mud / with deeper sable blots the silver flood".<ref>''Dunciad'', book the second</ref>

[[File:River Fleet, 1844, 2.png|thumb|left|The Fleet Ditch in 1844]]
Following the [[Great Fire of London]] in 1666, architect [[Christopher Wren]]'s proposal for widening the river was rejected. Rather, the Fleet was converted into the New Canal, completed in 1680 under the supervision of [[Robert Hooke]]. Newcastle Close and Old Seacoal Lane (now just short alleyways off Farringdon Street) recall the [[wharves]] that used to line this canal, especially used by the coastal coal trade from the [[north-east of England]]. (An adjacent narrow road, Seacoal Lane, also existed until the late 20th century, when the present building fronting onto Farringdon Street was built, perhaps suggesting that a new wharf had been built near the old one.)

{{anchor|Fleet Ditch Act 1732}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Fleet Ditch Act 1732
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of Great Britain
| long_title            = An Act for filling up such Part of the Channel of Bridewell Dock and Fleet Ditch as lies between Holborn Bridge and Fleet Bridge; and for converting the Ground, when filled up, to the Use of the City of London.
| year                  = 1732
| citation              = [[6 Geo. 2]]. c. 22
| introduced_commons    = 
| introduced_lords      = 
| territorial_extent    = 
| royal_assent          = 17 May 1733
| commencement          = 
| expiry_date           = 
| repeal_date           = 
| amends                = 
| replaces              = 
| amendments            = 
| repealing_legislation = 
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = 
| legislation_history   = 
| theyworkforyou        = 
| millbankhansard       = 
| original_text         = 
| revised_text          = 
| use_new_UK-LEG        = 
| UK-LEG_title          = 
| collapsed             = yes
}}
The upper canal, unpopular and unused, was from 1737 enclosed between [[Holborn]] and [[Ludgate Circus]] to form the "[[Fleet Market]]". The lower part, the section from [[Ludgate Circus]] to the Thames, had been covered by 1769 for the opening of the new Blackfriars Bridge and was consequently named "New Bridge Street".

The development of the [[Regent's Canal]] and urban growth covered the river in King's Cross and [[Camden Town|Camden]] from 1812. The Fleet Market was closed during the 1860s with the construction of [[Farringdon Road]] and [[Farringdon Street]] as a highway to the north and the [[Metropolitan Railway]], while the final upper section of the river was covered when Hampstead was expanded in the 1870s.

The history of the River Fleet was documented by the 19th-century artist and historian [[Anthony Crosby]]. His sketches and notes are held in the Crosby Collection at [[The London Archives]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Crosby Collection |publisher=London Picture Archive |url=https://www.londonpicturearchive.org.uk/collection?i=322296&WINID=1727876697363 |access-date=2 October 2024 }}</ref> The archive has been used extensively by researchers, historians and publishers to provide images and contemporary descriptions of the 19th-century Fleet during the period when it was undergoing significant change.

==Cultural references==
[[File:Here strip my Children! here at once leap in,.... (1971.17.932).jpg|thumb|right|upright|Bridge over the New Canal at [[Holborn]]: illustration from [[Alexander Pope]]'s ''[[Dunciad]]'' (1728). The bathers are included in satirical allusion to the poor quality of the water.]]
{{unordered list
|[[Ben Jonson]]'s poem "On the Famous Voyage" provides a mock-epic account of a journey along the excrement-lined ditch during the early 17th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sewerhistory.org/misc/jonson2.htm|title=On the Famous Voyage|last=Jonson|first=Ben|author-link=ben Jonson|publisher=sewerhistory.org|access-date=9 April 2013|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423193609/http://www.sewerhistory.org/misc/jonson2.htm|archive-date=23 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McRae |first=Andrew |title='On the Famous Voyage': Ben Jonson and Civic Space |journal=Early Modern Literary Studies |volume=4 |issue=Special Issue 3 |date=1998 |url=http://purl.oclc.org/emls/04-2/mcraonth.htm }}</ref>
|[[Jonathan Swift]] (author of ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'') mentions the filth in the Fleet during a storm in a poem of 1710:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonslostrivers.com/river-fleet.html|first=Paul |last=Talling |title=London's Lost Rivers: River Fleet |access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref>
{{blockquote|<poem>Sweepings from Butchers Stalls, Dung, Guts and Blood, 
Drown'd Puppies, stinking Sprats, all drench'd in Mud, 
Dead Cats and Turnip-Tops come tumbling down the Flood.</poem>}}
|In [[Charles Dickens|Dickens]]' ''[[Oliver Twist]]'' (1837–39), [[Fagin]]'s lair is on [[Saffron Hill]], adjacent to the Fleet (and in some adaptations, reached by a footbridge across it, which collapses under the weight of pursuers).
|In the [[Lord Peter Wimsey]] detective novel ''[[Thrones, Dominations]]'', set in 1936 London and begun by [[Dorothy L. Sayers]], but completed by [[Jill Paton Walsh]] and published in 1998, Wimsey and Police Superintendent [[Charles Parker (detective)|Charles Parker]] descend into the Fleet and nearby subterranean rivers, in search of the body of a murder victim – and barely escape drowning when a sudden heavy rain causes a flood underground.
|In ''[[The Door in the Wall (novel)|The Door in the Wall]]'' (1949), [[Marguerite de Angeli]]'s juvenile fiction set in early-14th-century England, Brother Luke soothes lame Robin's anger at being called Crookshanks by explaining to him that they are all named for some quality unique to themselves.  He gives as an example Geoffry Atte-Water "because he lives by the River Fleet and tends the conduit there with his father".
|The 1966 ''[[Modesty Blaise]]'' strip cartoon story "The Head Girls" features the underground section of the Fleet, where Modesty and Willie Garvin are tethered by the villainous Gabriel in the expectation that the rising tide will drown them.
|The 19th-century Fleet is part of one of the settings a story of the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' serial "[[The Talons of Weng-Chiang]]" (1977), starring [[Tom Baker]]: in one episode the Doctor claims he once caught a large [[salmon]] in the Fleet, which he shared with the [[Venerable Bede]]. It is also mentioned in the [[Eighth Doctor]] audio adventure ''[[Dead London]]''.
|In Neil Gaiman's television serial and novel ''[[Neverwhere]]'' (1996), the Great Beast of London is said to be a feral boar hog that ran into the Fleet while it was still partially open to the air, and vanished underground into the depths of London Below, growing huge and fat off the sewage.
|The 2003–2004 ''[[The Baroque Cycle|Baroque Cycle]]'', [[Neal Stephenson]]'s three volumes series set in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, has many references to the Fleet Ditch, including discussion of the polluted state of the waterway.
|The [[Christopher Fowler]] crime thriller ''The Water Room'' (2004) uses the Fleet as a major setting.
|In Guy Ritchie's [[Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)|''Sherlock Holmes'']] (2009), a blindfolded Sherlock (played by [[Robert Downey Jr.]]) uses the presence of the bump at the 'Fleet Conduit' in order to gain his bearings: "After that, the carriage forked left, then right, and then the tell-tale bump at the Fleet Conduit." 
|In John Twelve Hawks "The Golden City" (The Fourth Realm Trilogy) 2010, the Fleet is an important part of the chapters 29 and 30.
|The Fleet is mentioned in the novel ''[[Rivers of London (novel)|Rivers of London]]'' (2011) by [[Ben Aaronovitch]]; and in ''Blue Monday'' (2011) by crime novelist [[Nicci French]].
|"London Underground", a 2014 episode (Season 11 episode 5) of BBC One drama ''[[New Tricks]]'', features a storyline about a murder by an occult group in the 1970s who believed that the Fleet demanded human sacrifices.  Airdate 15 September 2014
|The novel ''Goodnight, John-Boy'' (2017) by [[Pat Mills]] depicts the disposal of a murder victim's body through an access hatch into the Fleet sewer pipe, where it is washed out into the Thames.
}}
*''Fleet'', a sequence of poems by [[Paul O'Prey]] published in 2021, traces the course of the buried river.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zakir-Hussain |first1=Maryam |title=Hampstead Poet Paul O'Prey |url=https://www.hamhigh.co.uk/lifestyle/hampstead-heath-poet-paul-oprey-fleet-8197988 |website=Ham and High |date=30 July 2021 |access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tributaries of the River Thames]]
* [[Subterranean rivers of London]]
* [[List of rivers in England]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|River Fleet, London}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070712151537/http://www.sub-urban.com/fleet/ Sub-Urban.com – River Fleet]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929065639/http://www.silentuk.com/writeups/fleet.html Photos From The Buried River Fleet]}}
* [http://people.bath.ac.uk/liskmj/living-spring/sourcearchive/fs1/fs1cp1.htm Chesca Potter, "The River of Wells"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207153347/http://people.bath.ac.uk/liskmj/living-spring/sourcearchive/fs1/fs1cp1.htm |date=7 December 2006 }}
* [http://www.streetmap.co.uk/newmap.srf?x=531385&y=182157&z=1&sv=ray+street&st=1&tl=Ray+Street+Bridge+(off+Farringdon+Lane),+EC1&searchp=newsearch.srf&mapp=newmap.srf Map showing Ray Street Bridge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185013/http://www.streetmap.co.uk/newmap.srf?x=531385&y=182157&z=1&sv=ray+street&st=1&tl=Ray+Street+Bridge+(off+Farringdon+Lane),+EC1&searchp=newsearch.srf&mapp=newmap.srf |date=30 September 2007 }}
* [https://www.google.com/maps/@51.5609299,-0.1578535,1495m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en Google Earth view] of [[Hampstead Heath]], showing the Hampstead Ponds and the Highgate Ponds.

{{River item box
|type=confluence
|River=[[River Thames]]
|upstream=[[River Effra]] (south)
|downstream =[[River Walbrook]] (north) 
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fleet, River}}
[[Category:Geography of the London Borough of Camden]]
[[Category:Geography of the City of London]]
[[Category:Subterranean rivers of London]]
[[Category:Thames drainage basin|1Fleet]]