Editing Rig (sailing)

{{Short description|Arrangement of a ship's masts, sails, and ropes}}
[[Image:Tackling.png|thumb|300px|Rigging of a sailing [[frigate]]]]

A sailing vessel's '''rig''' is its arrangement of [[Mast (sailing)|masts]], [[sail]]s and [[rigging]].<ref name = M-W>{{cite web
| url = https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rig
| title = Rig
| date = 2023
| website = Merriam-Webster Dictionary
| access-date = 2023-04-15
| quote = the distinctive shape, number, and arrangement of sails and masts of a ship or to fit out with rigging}}</ref> Examples include a schooner rig, cutter rig, junk rig, etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kemp |first=Dixon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vAOAAAAYAAJ&q=%22rig%22 |title=A Manual of Yacht and Boat Sailing |date=1882 |publisher=H. Cox |pages=559 |language=en}}</ref> A rig may be broadly categorized as [[Fore-and-aft rig|"fore-and-aft"]], [[Square rig|"square"]], or a combination of both. Within the fore-and-aft category there is a variety of triangular and quadrilateral sail shapes. [[Spar (sailing)|Spars]] or [[Sail batten|battens]] may be used to help shape a given kind of sail. Each rig may be described with a [[sail plan]]—formally, a drawing of a vessel, viewed from the side.

Modern examples of single-person sailing craft, such as [[Windsurfing|windsurfers]], [[Iceboat|iceboats]], and [[Land sailing|land-sailing craft]], typically have uncomplicated rigs with a single sail on a mast with a boom.

== Introduction ==
In the English language, ships were usually described, until the end of the eighteenth century, in terms of their type of hull design. Using the type of rig as the main type identifier for a vessel became common only in the nineteenth century.<ref name="MacGregor 1985">{{cite book |last1=MacGregor |first1=David R |title=Merchant Sailing Ships 1775-1815: Sovereignty of Sail |date=1985 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |location=London |isbn=0-85177-323-0}}</ref>{{rp|29}} This is illustrated by the terminology for ships in the large fleet of colliers that traded to London from the coal ports of the Northeast of England (of which {{ship|HMS|Endeavour}} was a well-known example). Many of these full-rigged ships (square rigged on all of three masts) had the hull type "bark"{{snd}}another common classification was "cat". In the second half of the eighteenth century, the square sails on the mizzen were often eliminated. The resulting rig acquired the name of the hull type: initially as "bark" and soon as "barque". This explains the Royal Navy's description of ''Endeavour'' as a "cat-built bark".{{r|MacGregor 1985|p=51, 57-61}}

== Design ==
[[File:R-Boat Pirate, Original Sail Plan, 1926 - R-Boat Pirate, The Center for Wooden Boats, Seattle, King County, WA HAER WA-187 (sheet 5 of 8).tif|thumb|upright|Sail plan of a [[sloop]]]]Each rig may be described with a sail plan—a drawing of a vessel, viewed from the side, depicting its sails, the spars that carry them and some of the rigging that supports the rig.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Sail plan |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/sail-plan |website=Collins English Dictionary}}</ref> By extension, "sail plan" describes the arrangement of sails on a vessel.<ref name="Folkard">{{cite book |last=Folkard |first=Henry Coleman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_am8AQAAQBAJ&q=Sail+plan&pg=PR15 |title=Sailing Boats from Around the World: The Classic 1906 Treatise |date=2012 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486311340 |series=Dover Maritime |pages=576}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Committee |first=Cruising Club of America Technical |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pee1lKH4J4kC&dq=Definition+of+%22sail+plan%22&pg=PA161 |title=Desirable and Undesirable Characteristics of Offshore Yachts |date=1987 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-03311-3 |pages=161 |language=en}}</ref> A well-designed sail plan should be balanced, requiring only light forces on the helm to keep the sailing craft on course. The fore-and-aft center of effort on a sail plan is usually slightly behind the center of resistance of the hull,{{efn| Note: not all sailing craft are boats; land yachts have wheels and ice yachts have runners. For the sake of clarity, this article will generally address only waterborne craft.}} so that the sailing craft will tend to turn into the wind if the helm is unattended.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Royce|first=Patrick M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mtqgsWaWciMC&q=balance+of+sail+plan&pg=PP76|title=Royce's Sailing Illustrated|date=1997|publisher=ProStar Publications|isbn=978-0-911284-07-2|pages=74|language=en}}</ref> The height of the sail plan's center of effort above the surface is limited by the sailing craft's ability to avoid capsize, which is a function of its hull shape, ballast, or hull spacing (in the case of [[multihull|catamarans and trimarans]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Killing|first1=Steve|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GliCdk2exrgC&q=%22sail+plan%22&pg=PT156|title=Yacht Design Explained: A Sailor's Guide to the Principles and Practice of Design|last2=Hunter|first2=Douglas|date=1998|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-04646-5|pages=153|language=en}}</ref>

===Types of rig===
* ''[[Fore-and-aft rig]]'' features sails that run fore and aft (along the length of the sailing craft), controlled by lines called "sheets", that changes sides, as the bow passes through the wind from one side of the craft to the other. Fore-and-aft rig variants include:
**''[[Bermuda rig]]'' (also known as a ''Marconi rig'') features a three-sided [[mainsail]].
**''[[Gaff rig]]'' features a four-sided mainsail with the upper edge made fast to a [[Spar (sailing)|spar]] called a gaff.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leather |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vunvLutTE7QC&dq=gaff+rig+sail+names&pg=PA8 |title=The Gaff Rig Handbook: History, Design, Techniques, Developments |date=2001-01-11 |publisher=WoodenBoat Books |isbn=978-0-937822-67-8 |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Spritsail|''Spritsail rig'']] features a four-sided mainsail with the aft upper corner supported by a diagonal spar, called a sprit, whose lower end meets the mast near the foot of the sail.
**''[[Lateen rig]]'' features a three-sided sail set on a long yard, mounted at an angle on the mast and running in a fore-and-aft direction.
**''[[Crab claw sail]]'' (also known as ''Oceanic sprit'' or ''Oceanic lateen'') features a three-sided sail with spars on both the foot and the head. It's either mastless, supported by a "prop", or mounted on removable or fixed masts.
**''[[Tanja sail]]'' (also known as ''canted square/rectangular sail'', ''balance lugsail'', or ''boomed lugsail'') features a four-sided sail with spars on both the foot and the head. It's mounted on removable or fixed masts.
* ''[[Square rig]]'' uses square sails as the major sails on a vessel. It is common for square rigged vessels to include some fore and aft sails, such as staysails. A mast may be referred to as a square rigged mast where square sails predominate{{snd}}this would differentiate from other masts on the same vessel being fore-and-aft rigged, for example in a [[barque]].<br>Square sails are generally suspended from [[Yard (sailing)|yards]] which, when at rest, are at right angles ("square") to the centre-line of the vessel. This differentiates them from fore-and-aft sails, which are aligned along the centre-line when at rest.<ref name="Underhill 1946">{{cite book |last1=Underhill |first1=Harold |title=Masting and Rigging, the Clipper Ship and Ocean Carrier |date=1946|orig-year=1938 |publisher=Brown, Son and Ferguson, Ltd |location=Glasgow |edition=1958 reprint}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Operationally, this means that square sails always present the same surface of the sail to the wind when propelling a vessel forward: they have a front and a back. Fore-and-aft sails can have either of their surfaces facing the wind when in use. Hence either vertical edge of a square sail may be the front (when sailing to windward) but fore-and-aft sails always have the same vertical edge at the front.

=== Types of sail ===
Each form of rig requires its own type of sails. Among them are:
* A ''[[staysail]]'' (pronounced stays'l) is a fore-and-aft sail whose leading edge [[Parts of a sail|(or luff)]] is hanked to a [[Stays (nautical)|stay]].
* A ''headsail'' is any [[sail]] forward of the foremost [[mast (sailing)|mast]] on a sailing boat. It is usually a fore-and-aft sail, but on older sailing ships would include a square-sail on a [[bowsprit]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of 'headsail' |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/headsail |website=Collins |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref>
* A ''[[jib]]'' is a headsail that is set in front of any other headsails, or in modern usage, may be the only headsail. It may be hanked to a stay, used in roller reefing or set flying (as in the more traditional cutter rigs).<ref name="Cunliffe 2016">{{cite book |last1=Cunliffe |first1=Tom |author1-link=Tom Cunliffe|title=Hand, Reef and Steer: Traditional Sailing Skills for Classic Boats|date=2016 |publisher=Adlard Coles |isbn=978-1472925220 |edition=second}}</ref>{{rp|28-29}} In a large vessel with many headsails, you may, for example, find a flying jib, outer-jib, inner-jib and then the fore-staysail.<ref name="Underhill 1946">{{cite book |last1=Underhill |first1=Harold |title=Masting and Rigging, the Clipper Ship and Ocean Carrier |date=1946|orig-year=1938 |publisher=Brown, Son and Ferguson, Ltd |location=Glasgow |edition=1958 reprint}}</ref>{{rp|64, 94}}
* A ''genoa'' is a large jib that increases area by extending rearward of the mast.
* A ''[[spinnaker]]'' is a full sail of light material for use when sailing downwind in light airs. When in use, the jib or genoa would be lowered.
* A ''[[gennaker]]'' is a sail that is a cross between a genoa and a spinnaker.
* A ''[[mainsail]]'' ("mains'l") is a sail attached to the main mast. The principal types include:
*# A square-rig mainsail is a square sail attached at the bottom of the main mast.
*# A Bermuda-rig mainsail is a triangular sail with the luff attached to the mast with the foot or lower edge generally attached to a boom.
*# A [[gaff-rig]] mainsail is a quadrilateral sail whose head is supported by a gaff.
*# A [[spritsail|spritsail-rig]] mainsail is a quadrilateral sail whose aft head is supported by a sprit.
* A ''[[lug sail]]'' is an asymmetric quadrilateral sail suspended on a spar and hoisted up the mast as a fore-and-aft sail.
* A ''[[mizzen]] sail'' is a small triangular or quadrilateral sail at the [[stern]] of a boat.
* A ''steadying sail'' is a mizzen sail on motor vessels such as old-fashioned [[Drifter (fishing boat)|drifter]]s and [[Naval ship|navy ships]] (such as {{HMS|Prince Albert|1864|6}}). The sail's prime function is to reduce rolling rather than to provide drive.

<gallery width="100px" class="center" caption="Quadrilateral examples">
Rigging-longship.svg|A [[square sail]] is loose-footed, but may be attached to a spar, below.
Rigging-junk-sail.svg|A [[junk rig|junk sail]] has multiple transverse [[Sail batten|battens]].
Rigging-lug-sail.svg|A [[lugsail]] has a tall asymmetrical shape.
Rigging-lateen2-sail.svg|A [[Settee (sail)|settee sail]] has an elongated asymmetrical shape.
Sail plan catboat.svg|A [[gaff rig]]ged sail has a spar above and a boom below.
Rigging-gunter-sail.svg|A [[gunter rig]] has a vertical spar that extends vertically above the mast.
</gallery>
<gallery width="100px" class="center" caption="Triangular examples">
Rigging-catboat-berm.svg|A [[bermuda rig]]ged sail has one edge attached to the mast.
Rigging-lateen-sail.svg|A [[lateen]] sail is loose-footed.
Sail plan sunfish.svg|A [[crabclaw sail]] has spars along two sides.
Żagiel spinaker.svg|[[Spinnaker]]s are attached at their corners.
Jib vs genoa.jpg|[[Staysails]] include [[jib]]s.
</gallery>

== European and American vessels ==
Ships that sailed from Europe and the Americas could be categorized in a variety of ways, by number of masts and by sailing rig.

Single-masted sailing vessels include the [[catboat]], [[Cutter (boat)|cutter]] and [[sloop]]. Two-masted vessels include the [[bilander]], [[brig]], [[brigantine]], [[ketch]], [[schooner]], [[Snow (ship)|snow]], and [[yawl]]. Three-masted vessels include the [[barque]], [[barquentine]], [[Polacca|polacre]] and [[full-rigged ship]]. Luggers could have one or two masts and schooners could have two or more masts.

=== Square-rigged masts ===
[[File:Square rigged sails.svg|thumb|Hierarchy of possible sails on a square rigged mast]]
A three-masted vessel has, from front to back, a foremast, mainmast and mizzenmast. A two-masted vessel has a mainmast, the other being a foremast or mizzen. Ships with more than three masts may simply number them or use another scheme, as with the five-masted [[Preussen (ship)|Preussen]].

On a square-sailed vessel, the sails of each mast are named by the mast and position on the mast. For instance, on the [[mainmast]] (from bottom to top): 
* main [[Course (sail)|course]]
* main [[topsail]]
* main [[topgallant sail|topgallant]] ("t'gallant")
* main [[royal (sail)|royal]]
* main [[skysail]]
* main [[moonraker (sail)|moonraker]].{{efn|Since the early nineteenth century, the topsails and topgallants are often split into a lower and an upper sail to allow them to be more easily handled.  This makes the mast appear to have more "sails" than it officially has.}}

On many ships, sails above the top (a platform just above the lowest sail on the fore, main and mizzens masts) were mounted on separate mast segments—"topmasts" or "topgallant masts"—held in wooden sockets called "trestletrees". These masts and their stays could be rigged or struck as the weather conditions required, or for maintenance and repair.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nares |first=George Strong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql1BAAAAYAAJ&dq=trestletree+on+mast&pg=RA2-PA106 |title=Seamanship: Including Names of Principal Parts of a Ship |date=1897 |publisher=Griffin & Company |pages=106–256 |language=en}}</ref>

In light breezes, the working square sails would be supplemented by ''[[studding sail]]s'' ("stuns'l") out on the ends of the yardarms. These were called as a regular sail, with the addition of "studding". For example, the ''main top studding sail''.<ref name=":0" />

Between the main mast and mizzen as well as between main mast and foremast, the [[staysail]]s between the masts are named from the sail immediately ''below'' the highest attachment point of the stay holding up that staysail. Thus, the mizzen topgallant staysail can be found dangling from the stay leading from ''above'' the ''mizzen'' (third) mast's ''topgallant'' sail (i.e., from the mizzen topgallant yard) to at least one and usually two sails down from that on the ''main'' mast (the slope of the top edge of all staysail lines runs from a higher point nearer the stern to a lower point towards the bow).<ref name=":0" />

The jibs (the staysails between the foremast and the [[bowsprit]]) are named (from inner to outer most) fore topmast staysail (or foretop stay), inner jib, outer jib and flying jib. Many of the jibs' stays meet the foremast just above the fore topgallant. A fore royal staysail may also be set.<ref name=":0" />

== Austronesian and East Asian vessels ==
{{See also|Austronesian vessels}} 
{{Gallery|File:Austronesian Sail Types.png|Traditional [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]] generalized sail types. C, D, E, and F are types of [[crab claw sail]]s. G, H, and I are [[tanja sail]]s.<ref name="Doran1981">{{cite book |last1=Doran |first1=Edwin B. |title=Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins |date=1981 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=9780890961070}}</ref><br>'''A''' Double sprit ([[Sri Lanka]])<br>'''B''' [[Spritsail|Common sprit]] ([[Philippines]]) <br>'''C''' Oceanic sprit ([[Tahiti]]) <br>'''D''' Oceanic sprit ([[Marquesas]]) <br>'''E''' Oceanic sprit ([[Philippines]]) <br>'''F''' Crane sprit ([[Marshall Islands]]) <br>'''G''' [[Tanja sail|Rectangular boom lug]] ([[Maluku Islands]]) <br>'''H''' [[Lug sail|Square boom lug]] ([[Gulf of Thailand]]) <br>'''I''' [[Lug sail|Trapezial boom lug]] ([[Vietnam]])|align=right|height=275|width=275}}
Austronesian rigs include what are generally called [[crab claw sail|crab claw]] (also misleadingly called the "oceanic [[lateen]]" or the "oceanic [[sprit]]") and [[tanja sail|tanja]] rigs. They were used for double-canoe ([[catamaran]]), [[single-outrigger]] (on the windward side), or [[double-outrigger]] boat configurations, in addition to [[monohull]]s.<ref name="horridge2008">{{cite book |last1=Horridge |first1=Adrian |title=Canoes of the Grand Ocean |publisher=Archaeopress |year=2008 |isbn=9781407302898 |editor1-last=Di Piazza |editor1-first=Anne |series=BAR International Series 1802 |chapter=Origins and Relationships of Pacific Canoes and Rigs |access-date=22 October 2019 |editor2-last=Pearthree |editor2-first=Erik |chapter-url=http://adrian-horridge.org/downloads/Pacific%20canoes.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726112653/http://adrian-horridge.org/downloads/Pacific%20canoes.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2020 |url-status=live |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref name="lacsina">{{cite thesis |last=Lacsina |first=Ligaya |date=2016 |title=Examining pre-colonial Southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques |publisher=Flinders University |type=PhD}}</ref>  These rigs were independently developed by the [[Austronesian peoples]] during the [[Neolithic]], beginning with the crab claw sail  at around 1500 BCE. They are used throughout the range of the [[Austronesian Expansion]], from [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], to [[Micronesia]], [[Island Melanesia]], [[Polynesia]], and [[Madagascar]].<ref name="Campbell"/> 

=== Crab claw===
{{Main|Crab claw sail}}
{{See also|Proa}} 
There are several distinct types of crab claw rigs, but unlike western rigs, they do not have fixed conventional names.<ref name="Horridge1986" /> Crab claw sails are rigged [[fore-and-aft]] and can be tilted and rotated relative to the wind. They evolved from V-shaped perpendicular [[Square sail|square sails]] in which the two spars converge at the base of the hull. The simplest form of the crab claw sail (also with the widest distribution) is composed of a triangular sail supported by two light spars (sometimes erroneously called "[[Sprit|sprits]]") on each side. They were originally mastless, and the entire assembly was taken down when the sails were lowered.<ref name="Campbell">{{cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=I.C. |date=1995 |title=The Lateen Sail in World History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078617 |journal=Journal of World History |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |jstor=20078617}}</ref>

The need to propel larger and more heavily laden boats led to the increase in vertical sail. However this introduced more instability to the vessels. In addition to the unique invention of [[Outrigger boat|outriggers]] to solve this, the sails were also leaned backwards and the converging point moved further forward on the hull. This new configuration required a loose "prop" in the middle of the hull to hold the spars up, as well as rope supports on the windward side. This allowed more sail area (and thus more power) while keeping the center of effort low and thus making the boats more stable. The prop was later converted into fixed or removable canted masts where the spars of the sails were actually suspended by a [[halyard]] from the masthead. This type of sail is most refined in Micronesian [[proa]]s which could reach very high speeds. These configurations are sometimes known as the "crane sprit" or the "crane spritsail".<ref name="Campbell" /><ref name="Horridge1986" />

Another evolution of the basic crab claw sail is the conversion of the upper spar into a fixed mast. In [[Polynesia]], this gave the sail more height while also making it narrower, giving it a shape reminiscent of crab [[Chela (organ)|pincers]] (hence "crab claw" sail). This was also usually accompanied by the lower spar becoming more curved.<ref name="Campbell" /><ref name="Horridge1986">{{cite journal |last1=Horridge |first1=Adrian |date=April 1986 |title=The Evolution of Pacific Canoe Rigs |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25168892 |journal=The Journal of Pacific History |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=83–99 |doi=10.1080/00223348608572530 |jstor=25168892}}</ref>

Micronesian, Island Melanesian, and Polynesian single-outrigger vessels also used the canted mast configuration to uniquely develop [[Shunting (sailing)|shunting]].<ref name="Campbell"/> In shunting vessels, both ends are alike, and the boat is sailed in either direction, but it has a fixed leeward side and a windward side. The boat is shunted from [[Point of sail#reaching|beam reach]] to beam reach to change direction, with the wind over the side, a low-force procedure. The bottom corner of the crab claw sail is moved to the other end, which becomes the bow as the boat sets off back the way it came. The mast usually hinges, adjusting the rake or angle of the mast. The crab claw configuration used on these vessels is a [[Stress (mechanics)|low-stress]] rig, which can be built with simple tools and low-tech materials, but it is extremely fast. On a beam reach, it may be the fastest simple rig.

<gallery heights="150px" class="center" caption="Crab claw examples">
Rigging-melanesia-sail.svg|[[Melanesia]]n V-shaped [[square sail]]
Rigging-newzealand-sail.svg|[[New Zealand]] V-shaped [[square sail]]
Rigging-crabclaws1-sail.svg|[[Polynesia]]n [[crab claw sail]]
Rigging-crabclaws2-sail.svg|[[New Guinea]] [[crab claw sail]]
Rigging-crabclaws3-sail.svg|[[Hawaii]]an [[crab claw sail]] with the upper spar merged with the fixed mast
</gallery>

===Tanja===
{{Main|Tanja sail}}
The conversion of the prop to a fixed mast in the crab claw sail led to the much later invention of the [[tanja sail]] (also known variously and misleadingly as the canted square sail, canted rectangular sail, boomed lugsail, or balance lugsail). Tanja sails were rigged similarly to crab claw sails and also had spars on both the head and the foot of the sails; but they were square or rectangular with the spars not converging into a point.<ref name="Campbell" /><ref name="Horridge1986" /> They are generally mounted on one or two (rarely three or more) bipod or tripod masts, usually made from thick [[bamboo]].<ref name="Pelras"/><ref name="Burningham">{{cite book |last1=Burningham |first1=Nick |editor1-first=Angela|editor1-last= Schottenhammer |chapter=Shipping of the Indian Ocean World |title=Early global interconnectivity across the Indian Ocean world. Volume 2: Exchange of ideas, religions, and technologies |date=2019 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9783319978017 |pages=141–202}}</ref><ref name="Chaudhuri">{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=K.N. |title=Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750 |date=1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521285421 |page=152}}</ref> The masts have curved heads with grooves for attaching the [[halyard]]s. The lower part of two of the bamboo poles of the mast assembly have holes that are fitted unto the ends of a cross-wise length of timber on the deck, functioning like a hinge. The forward part of the mast assembly had a forelock. By unlocking it, the mast can be lowered across the ship.<ref name="Pelras"/>

Despite the similarity of its appearance to western square rigs, the tanja is a fore-and-aft rig similar to a [[lugsail]]. The sail was suspended from the upper spar ("yard"), while the lower spar functioned like a boom.<ref name="Pelras"/> When set fore-and-aft, the spars extend forward of the mast by about a third of their lengths. When running before the wind, they are set perpendicular to the hull, similar to a square rig.<ref name="Paine">{{cite book |last1=Paine |first1=Lincoln |title=The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World |date=2013 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=9780307962256 |page=286}}</ref> The sail can be rotated around the mast (lessening the need for steering with the rudders) and tilted to move the center of pull forward or aft. The sail can even be tilted completely horizontally, becoming wing-like, to lift the bow above incoming waves. The sail is [[reefing|reefed]] by rolling it around the lower spar.<ref name="Pelras">{{cite book |last1=Pelras |first1=Christian |title=The Bugis |date=1997 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9780631172314 |pages=258–259}}</ref>

In addition to the tanja sails, ships with the tanja rigs also have [[bowsprit]]s set with a quadrilateral [[headsail]], sometimes also canted as depicted in the [[Borobudur ship]]s.<ref name="Paine"/> In the colonial era, these were replaced by triangular western-style [[jib]]s (often several in later periods), and the tanja sails themselves were slowly replaced with western rigs like [[gaff rig]]s.<ref name="Pelras"/>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px" caption="Tanja examples">
Iranun Lanong warship by Rafael Monleón (1890).jpg|[[Iranun people|Iranun]] ''[[lanong]]'' with three [[tanja sail]]s on a combination of single and tripod masts
Banawa of Celebes.png|[[Makassar people|Makassar]] ''[[benawa]]'' with tanja sails on removable tripod masts and a [[jib]]
Padewakang reconstruction figure 21.jpg|[[Makassar people|Makassar]] ''[[padewakang]]'' with tanja sails on bipod masts
Micronesian canoes, Humboldt Forum 2021, Overview2.jpg|[[Micronesians|Micronesian]] [[catamaran]] with tanja sails on single fixed masts
</gallery>

===Junk===
{{Main|Junk rig}}
{{See also|Djong|Junk (ship)}}
The oldest undisputed depiction of the [[junk rig]] is from the [[Bayon temple]] ({{circa|12th to 13th century}}) of [[Angkor Thom]], [[Cambodia]], which shows a ship with a keel and a sternpost and identifies it as Southeast Asian.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Burningham|first=Nick|year=2019|title=Early Global Interconnectivity across the Indian Ocean World, Volume II: Exchange of Ideas, Religions, and Technologies|location=Cham|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|editor-last=Schottenhammer|editor-first=Angela|pages=141–201|chapter=Chapter 6: Shipping of the Indian Ocean World}}</ref>{{Rp|188-189}}{{Rp|458}}<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Inglis|first=Douglas Andrew|date=2014|title=The Borobudur Vessels in Context|publisher=Texas A&M University}}</ref> Historians Paul Johnstone and [[Joseph Needham]] suggest an Austronesian (specifically [[Indonesia]]n) origin of the rig.<ref name="Jett">{{cite book |last1=Jett |first1=Stephen C. |title=Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas |date=2017 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location=Tuscaloosa |isbn=9780817319397}}</ref>{{Rp|179}}<ref name="needham volume 4 part 3 4642">Needham, Joseph (1971). ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part III: Civil Engineering and Nautics''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>{{Rp|599, 612-613}}<ref name="Johnstone 1980">{{Cite book|last=Johnstone|first=Paul|title=The Seacraft of Prehistory|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1980|isbn=978-0674795952|location=Cambridge}}</ref>{{Rp|191–192}} Junk rigs were adopted by the Chinese by around the 12th century.<ref name="Minh-Hà 2012">{{Cite book |last=L. Pham |first=Charlotte Minh-Hà |url=https://archive.org/details/unit-14-unesco/page/n11/mode/2up?view=theater&q=sail |title=Asian Shipbuilding Technology |publisher=UNESCO Bangkok Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education |year=2012 |isbn=978-92-9223-413-3 |location=Bangkok |pages=20–21 |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref> Iconographic remains show that Chinese ships before the 12th century used square sails.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 3 46422">Needham, Joseph (1971). ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part III: Civil Engineering and Nautics''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>{{Rp|456-457, plate CDIII–CDVI}} It also further diffused into other [[East Asia]]n shipbuilding traditions, notably [[Japan]].<ref>Crossley, Pamela Kyle, Daniel R. Headrick, Steven W. Hirsch, Lyman L. Johnson, and David Northrup. "Song Dynasty." ''The Earth and Its Peoples''. By Richard W. Bulliet. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008. 279–80. Print.</ref> 

In its most traditional form the junk rig is carried on an unstayed mast (i.e. a mast without [[Shroud (sailing)|shrouds]] or [[Stays (nautical)|stays]], supported only on the step at the keelson and the partners); however, standing rigging of some kind is not uncommon. It is typical to run the halyards (lines used to raise and lower the sail) and [[Sheet (sailing)|sheets]] (lines used to trim the sail) to the [[companionway]] on a junk-rigged boat. This means that typical sailhandling can be performed from the relative safety of the cockpit, or even while the crew is below deck.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Junk sails are typically carried on a mast which rakes (slants) forward a few degrees from vertical. This causes the sail to swing outwards, absent wind pushing it, which makes the use of a [[preventer|preventer (a line to keep the sail extended)]] unnecessary.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px" caption="Junk examples">
Four Kind of Ships which Bantenese Use de Bry.jpg|Southeast Asian [[djong]]s (''D'Eerste Boeck'', {{circa|1599}}) with both [[tanja sail|tanja]] and [[junk rig]]s
Kangxi-Reise.jpg|[[Qing dynasty]] Chinese [[junk (ship)|junk]] (''chuán'') ({{circa|18th century}}), note the partially [[reefing|reefed]] sails
The Naga Pelangi under full canvas.JPG|[[Malay people|Malay]] ''[[Pinas (ship)|pinas]]''
Maquette - caboteur de la Laguna - Manille, Philippines.jpg|[[Tagalog people|Tagalog]] ''[[balación]]''
Picture of a kai-sen at Tokyo National Museum Image Archives, ID C0070617 A-9899.jpg|[[Japanese people|Japanese]] ''kai-sen''
</gallery>

==South Asian and Middle Eastern vessels==
{{main|Dhow|Felucca}}
===Dhow===
Unlike European ships, South Asian and Middle Eastern vessels are not named based on the type of rigging, but are named based on hull shapes. All of them are rigged similarly, and thus most of these vessels are classified as [[dhow]]s in European terminology. Dhows are believed to have originated from [[India]]. They have loose-footed quadrilateral [[settee sail]]s (sometimes also fully triangular [[lateen sail]]s). The sails could not be [[reefing|reefed]], instead two main sails were usually carried by the ship, one for night and bad weather, and another for daytime and fair weather. The yard was usually very long in comparison to the actual length of the boat, and they are sometimes made of two pieces of timber joined by a strengthening piece. The [[halyard]] was threaded into two holes on the yard to prevent it slipping along the length. The mast was slotted into a mast step fitted over the deck.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Construction of the Dhow |url=https://nabataea.net/explore/navigation_and_sailing/history-and-construction-of-the-dhow-1/ |website=Nabatea.net |access-date=21 May 2024}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
Presented alphabetically by section:

=== Fore-and-aft ===
<gallery width="100px" class="center">
Sail_plan_catboat.svg|[[Catboat]]: single mast and sail, usually gunter- or [[gaff-rigged]]
Sail plan cutter.svg|[[Cutter (boat)|Cutter]]: single mast with [[Gaff rig|gaff-rigged]] mainsail, two [[headsails]], and a [[Topsail#Gaff rig|gaff topsail]] above the gaff.
Rigging-lateen-sail.svg|[[Dhow]]: single unstayed mast with [[lateen]] sail
Sail_plan_felucca.svg|[[Felucca]]: one to three lateen rigged masts
Gunter rig.png|[[Gunter rig|Gunter]]: sloop with [[gunter rig]]
Sail_plan_junk.svg|[[Junk rig|Junk]]: one or more junk-rigged masts
Sail_plan_ketch.svg|[[Ketch]]: two masts with mizzen mast before the tiller
Lugrig.svg|[[Lugger]]: two-masted [[lug rig]]
Sail_plan_proa.svg|[[Proa]]: single mast with [[crab claw sail]]
Sail_plan_scooner.svg|[[Schooner]]: two or more fore-and-aft rigged masts, first mast no taller than the second
Sail_plan_sloop.svg|[[Sloop]]: single mast with a gaff-rigged mainsail and topsail on the mainmast
Sail_plan_yawl.svg|[[Yawl]]: two masts with mizzen mast aft of the tiller
</gallery>

===Square===
With [[square sail]]s on every mast
<gallery width="100px" class="center">
File:Sail plan brig.svg|[[Brig]]: two square-rigged masts and headsails
File:Sail_plan_ship.svg|[[Fully rigged ship]]: three or more (all) square-rigged masts and headsails
</gallery>

===Combination===
With some masts having exclusively fore-and-aft sails
<gallery width="100px" class="center">
File:Sail_plan_barque.svg|[[Barque]]: two or more square-rigged masts and headsails with fore-and-aft rigged aftmost mast
File:Sail_plan_barquentine.svg|[[Barquentine]]: one square-rigged mast (fore) and two or more fore-and-aft rigged (main, mizzen, etc.) masts
File:Bilander.svg|[[Bilander]]: two masts, main mast course sail lateen rigged, all others square rigged
File:HermaphroditeBrig.png|[[Brigantine|Schooner brig]]: one square-rigged foremast and one fore-and-aft rigged main mast
File:Brigantine.png|[[Brigantine]]: one square-rigged foremast and hybrid rigged main mast
File:Sail_plan_xebec.svg|[[Polacre]]: one square-rigged main with headsails and two lateen rigged aft masts
File:Topsailschoonerdiagram.jpg|[[Topsail schooner]]: two schooner-rigged masts with one or more square-rigged topsails
File:Snow.png|[[Snow (ship)|Snow]]: headsails, two square-rigged masts, and a third smaller 'snow-mast' with a trysail
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)]]
* [[Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)]]
* [[Kite rig]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
<!--This article uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. If you would like more information on how to add references to this article, please see http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cite/Cite.php -->
 {{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | author=Bolger, Philip C. | title=103 Sailing Rigs "Straight Talk"  | location=Gloucester, Maine | publisher=Phil Bolger & Friends, Inc | year=1998 | isbn=0-9666995-0-5}}
* {{cite book
| last1           = Moore
| first1          = Sir Alan Hilary
| author-link1    = Sir Alan Hilary Moore, 2nd Baronet 
| last2           = Nance
| first2          = R. Morton
| author-link2    = Robert Morton Nance
| title          = Last days of mast & sail : An Essay in Nautical Comparative Anatomy
| url            = https://archive.org/details/lastdaysofmastsa0000moor
| publisher      = Clarendon Press, Oxford
| date           = 1925
| ol             = 26571876M
}}

== External links ==
{{commons|Sail-plan}}
{{Sailing vessels and rigs}}
{{Sail Types}}

[[Category:Sailing rigs and rigging]]
[[Category:Shipbuilding]]
[[Category:Age of Sail]]
[[Category:Tall ships]]