Editing Richard Lindzen

{{short description|American atmospheric physicist}}
{{Redirect|Lindzen|the Swedish water polo player|Tore Lindzén}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Richard S. Lindzen
| birth_date        = {{Birth date and age|1940|02|08}}
| birth_place       = [[Webster, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| nationality       = American
| fields            = [[Atmospheric physics]]<br />[[Applied mathematics]]
| workplaces        = [[University of Washington]]<br />[[University of Copenhagen]]<br />[[University of Oslo]]<br />[[National Center for Atmospheric Research]]<br>[[University of Chicago]]<br />[[Harvard University]]<br />[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
| alma_mater        = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Science|MS]], [[Doctor of philosophy|PhD]])
| thesis_title      = Radiative and photochemical processes in strato- and mesospheric dynamics
| thesis_url        = https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76991637
| thesis_year       = 1965
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Richard M. Goody]]
| notable_students  = 
| known_for         = [[Iris hypothesis]]<br />[[quasi-biennial oscillation]]<br />Dynamic [[meteorology]]<br />[[Atmospheric tides]]<br />[[Ozone]] [[photochemistry]]
| awards            = NCAR Outstanding Publication Award (1967)<br />[[American Meteorological Society|AMS]] Clarence Leroy Meisinger Award (1968)<br />[[American Geophysical Union|AGU]]<br />Macelwane Award (1969)<br />[[Sloan Fellowship|Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship]] (1970)<br />AMS Charney Award (1985)<br />Member of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|NAS]]
| spouse            = Nadine Lindzen
| children          = 2<ref name=CV/>
}}
'''Richard Siegmund Lindzen''' (born February 8, 1940) is an American [[atmospheric physics|atmospheric physicist]] known for his work in the dynamics of the middle atmosphere, [[atmospheric tides]], and [[ozone]] [[photochemistry]]. He is the author of more than 200 scientific papers. From 1972 to 1982, he served as the Gordon McKay Professor of Dynamic Meteorology at [[Harvard University]]. In 1983, he was appointed as the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology at the [[MIT|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], where he would remain until his retirement in 2013.<ref name="eapsweb.mit Spring 2013">{{Cite web  | title = Spring 2013 Newsletter Faculty News | url = http://eapsweb.mit.edu/news/2013/spring-newsletter-faculty-news | publisher = [[MIT]] EAPS  | date = May 31, 2013 | access-date = January 19, 2014 }}</ref><ref name=CV>{{cite web | url = http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/CV.pdf | type = curriculum vitae | title = Richard Siegmund Lindzen | access-date = June 16, 2009 | archive-date = February 22, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120222121544/http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/CV.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> Lindzen has disputed the [[global warming controversy#Scientific consensus|scientific consensus on climate change]] and criticizes what he has called "climate alarmism".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704448304575196802317362416 | title=Climate Science in Denial | work=[[Wall Street Journal]] | date=April 22, 2010 | last=Lindzen |first=Richard |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name = stevenswnyt />

==Early life and education==
Lindzen was born on February 8, 1940, in [[Webster, Massachusetts]].<ref name=CV/> His father, a shoemaker, had fled [[Nazi Germany]] with his mother. Lindzen moved to [[The Bronx]] soon after his birth and grew up in a Jewish household in a predominantly Catholic neighborhood.<ref name=stevenswnyt/><ref name=WS>{{cite web|last=Epstein|first=Ethan|title=What Catastrophe?|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/what-catastrophe_773268.html#|work=The Magazine|publisher=[[The Weekly Standard]]|access-date=January 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106162314/http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/what-catastrophe_773268.html|archive-date=January 6, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Lindzen attended the [[Bronx High School of Science]], where he won Regents' and [[National Merit Scholarship Program|National Merit]] Scholarships, then [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] before matriculating at [[Harvard University]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.newsweek.com/2001/07/22/the-truth-about-global-warming.html | work = Newsweek | title = The Truth About Global Warming |last=Guterl |first=Fred |date =July 22, 2001}}</ref> In 1960, he graduated [[Bachelor of Science|Bachelor of Arts]] in physics, ''[[magna cum laude]]'', followed by a [[Master of Science]] degree in applied mathematics in 1961 and a Ph.D. in applied mathematics in 1964. His doctoral thesis, ''Radiative and photochemical processes in strato- and mesospheric dynamics'', was about the interactions of ozone photochemistry, radiative transfer, and dynamics in the middle atmosphere.<ref>{{cite thesis | last =Lindzen | first = Richard Siegmund | title=Radiative and photochemical processes in strato- and mesospheric dynamics | publisher=Harvard University | year=1965| oclc = 76991637 }}</ref>

==Career==
Lindzen has published papers on [[Hadley circulation]], [[monsoon]] meteorology, [[Atmosphere|planetary atmospheres]], [[hydrodynamic]] instability, [[:Category:Midlatitude weather|mid-latitude weather]], global [[Heat transfer|heat transport]], the [[water cycle]], [[ice age]]s and seasonal atmospheric effects. His main contribution to the academic literature on anthropogenic climate change is his proposal of the [[iris hypothesis]] in 2001, with co-authors Ming-Dah Chou and Arthur Y. Hou.<ref>{{cite web | title=Publications | url=http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/PublicationsRSL.html | access-date= 2007-04-05}}</ref>{{Sfn | Lindzen | Chou | Hou | 2001}}

Lindzen is a member of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] and the Science, Health, and Economic Advisory Council at the Annapolis Center for Science-Based Public Policy. He joined [[MIT]] in 1983, prior to which he held positions at the [[University of Washington]] (1964–65), the Institute for Theoretical Meteorology at the [[University of Copenhagen]], the [[University of Oslo]] (1965–67), the [[National Center for Atmospheric Research]] (NCAR) (1966–67), and the [[University of Chicago]] (1968–72). From 1972 to 1982, he served as the Gordon McKay Professor of Dynamic Meteorology at [[Harvard University]]. Lindzen also briefly held a position of visiting lecturer at [[UCLA]] in 1967.<ref name=MITcv>{{cite web | type = curriculum vitae | title = Richard Siegmund Lindzen | url = http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/CV.pdf | date = June 1, 2008 | work = Faculty | access-date = 2009-03-18 | publisher = MIT | archive-date = March 20, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090320124502/http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/CV.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As of January 2010, his publications list included 230 papers and articles published between 1965 and 2008, with five in process for 2009. He is the author of a standard textbook on atmospheric dynamics, and co-authored the monograph ''Atmospheric Tides'' with [[Sydney Chapman (mathematician)|Sydney Chapman]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/PublicationsRSL.html |title=Richard Lindzen's Publications |access-date = January 17, 2010}}</ref>

He was [[Alfred P. Sloan]] Professor of [[Meteorology]] at MIT from 1983,<ref name="CV" /> until his retirement which was reported in the Spring 2013 newsletter of MIT's Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (EAPS).<ref name="eapsweb.mit Spring 2013" /> On December 27, 2013, the [[Cato Institute]] announced his appointment as a Distinguished Senior Fellow in its Center for the Study of Science.<ref name="CATO Dec13">{{Cite web | title = Richard Lindzen | url = http://www.cato.org/people/richard-lindzen | publisher = [[Cato Institute]] | date = December 27, 2013 | access-date = January 19, 2014 }}</ref>

==Early work (1964–1972)==
Lindzen's early work was concerned with [[ozone]] [[photochemistry]], the [[aerodynamics]] of the middle [[atmosphere]], the theory of [[atmospheric tides]], and [[planetary waves]]. His work in these areas led him to a number of fundamental scientific discoveries, including the discovery of negative equivalent depths in classical tidal theory, explanations for both the quasi-biennial oscillation of the Earth's stratosphere and the four-day period of the superrotation of the Venus atmosphere above the cloud top.

===Ozone photochemistry===
His PhD thesis of 1964 concerned the interactions of ozone photochemistry, [[radiative transfer]] and the dynamics of the middle atmosphere. This formed the basis of his seminal ''Radiative and Photochemical Processes in Mesospheric Dynamics'' that was published in four parts in the ''[[Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences]]'' between 1965 and 1966.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/raphprmdy1.pdf | last1 = Lindzen | first1 = Richard S | first2 = RM | last2 = Goody | year = 1965 | title = Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics: Part I. Models for radiative and photochemical processes | journal = [[J. Atmos. Sci.]] | volume = 22 | pages = 341–48 | doi = 10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0341:RAPPIM>2.0.CO;2 | bibcode = 1965JAtS...22..341L | issue = 4 | access-date = March 25, 2010 | archive-date = March 3, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192828/http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/raphprmdy1.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url = http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/rpremeflra.pdf | last = Lindzen | first = Richard S | year = 1965 | title = The radiative-photochemical response of the mesosphere to fluctuations in radiation | journal = J. Atmos. Sci. | doi = 10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0469:trprot>2.0.co;2 | pages = 469–78 | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | bibcode = 1965JAtS...22..469L | access-date = March 25, 2010 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185609/http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/rpremeflra.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/rpprIIpdeq.pdf |last=Lindzen |first=RS |year=1966 |title=Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics: Part II. Vertical propagation of long period disturbances at the equator |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |volume=23 |pages=334–43 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1966)023<0334:RAPPIM>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1966JAtS...23..334L |issue=3 |access-date=March 25, 2010 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190102/http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/rpprIIpdeq.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/rpprIIIasd.pdf |last=Lindzen |first=Richard S |year=1966 |title=Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics. Part III. Stability of a zonal vortex at midlatitudes to axially symmetric disturbances |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |volume=23 |pages=344–49 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1966)023<0344:RAPPIM>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1966JAtS...23..344L |issue=3 |access-date=March 25, 2010 |archive-date=May 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522082355/http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/rpprIIIasd.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/rpprivbrwv.pdf |last=Lindzen |first=Richard S |year=1966 |title=Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics. Part IV. Stability of a zonal vortex at midlatitudes to baroclinic waves |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |volume=23 |pages=350–59 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1966)023<0350:RAPPIM>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1966JAtS...23..350L |issue=3 |access-date=March 25, 2010 |archive-date=May 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522082631/http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/rpprivbrwv.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first of these, ''Part I: Models for Radiative and Photochemical Processes'', was co-authored with his Harvard colleague and former PhD thesis advisor, [[Richard M. Goody]], who is well known for his 1964 textbook ''Atmospheric Radiation''.<ref>{{cite book | last =Goody | first = RM |year=1964 |title=Atmospheric Radiation |publisher=Clarendon Press |place=Oxford}}</ref> The Lindzen and Goody (1965) study has been widely cited as foundational in the exact modeling of middle atmosphere ozone photochemistry. This work was extended in 1973 to include the effects of nitrogen and hydrogen reactions with his former PhD student, Donna Blake, in ''Effect of photochemical models on calculated equilibria and cooling rates in the stratosphere''.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/101/mwr-101-11-0783.pdf | last1 =Blake | first1 = DW | first2 = Richard Siegmund | last2 = Lindzen |year=1973 |title=Effect of photochemical models on calculated equilibria and cooling rates in the stratosphere |journal=Mon. Wea. Rev. |volume=101 | issue =11 |pages = 738–802|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1973)101<0783:eopmoc>2.3.co;2 |bibcode = 1973MWRv..101..783B | hdl =2060/19730017658 |hdl-access =free }}</ref>

Lindzen's work on ozone photochemistry has been important in studies that look at the effects that anthropogenic [[ozone depletion]] will have on climate.<ref>See for instance the widely cited study {{cite journal |url=http://www.gfdl.gov/~gth/netscape/1980/sbf8001.pdf |last1=Fels |first1=SB |first2=JD |last2=Mahlman |first3=MD |last3=Schwarzkopf |first4=RW |last4=Sinclair |year=1980 |title=Stratospheric Sensitivity to Perturbations in Ozone and Carbon Dioxide: Radiative and Dynamical Response |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |volume=37 |issue=10 |pages=2265–97 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<2265:SSTPIO>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1980JAtS...37.2265F |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918000835/http://www.gfdl.gov/~gth/netscape/1980/sbf8001.pdf |archive-date=September 18, 2008 |df=mdy-all }} The Lindzen and Blake formalism is used in the parameterization of radiative-photochemical damping (see Appendix A).</ref>

===Atmospheric tides===
Since the time of [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] (1799),<ref>{{cite book | last =Laplace | first = PS |year=1799 | language = fr | title=Méchanique Céleste | url =https://archive.org/details/traitdemcaniquec04lapl |trans-title=Celestial Mechanics | place=Paris}}</ref> scientists had been puzzled as to why pressure variations measured at the Earth's surface associated with the [[atmospheric tides|semi-diurnal solar tide]] dominate those of the [[Atmospheric tides|diurnal tide]] in amplitude, when intuitively one would expect the diurnal passage of the sun to dominate. [[Lord Kelvin]] (1882) had proposed the so-called "resonance" theory, wherein the semi-diurnal tide would be "selected" over the diurnal oscillation if the atmosphere was somehow able to oscillate freely at a period of very close to 12 hours, in the same way that overtones are selected on a vibrating string. By the second half of the twentieth century, however, observations had failed to confirm this hypothesis, and an alternative hypothesis was proposed that something must instead suppress the diurnal tide. In 1961, [[Manfred Siebert]] suggested that absorption of [[insolation|solar insolation]] by tropospheric water vapour might account for the reduction of the diurnal tide.<ref>{{cite book | last = Siebert | first = M |year= 1961 |chapter= Atmospheric tides |title= Advances in Geophysics | volume = 7 | publisher = Academic Press |place=New York |pages=105–82}}</ref> However, he failed to include a role for stratospheric ozone. This was rectified in 1963 by the Australian physicist [[Stuart Thomas Butler]] and his student K.A. Small who showed that stratospheric ozone absorbs an even greater part of the solar [[insolation]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 =Butler | first1 = Stuart Thomas | last2 = Small | first2 = KA |year=1963 |title=The excitation of atmospheric oscillations |journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society |volume=A274 |pages= 91–121}}</ref>

Nevertheless, the predictions of classical tidal theory still did not agree with observations. It was Lindzen, in his 1966 paper, ''On the theory of the diurnal tide'',<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/7_diur~1.pdf | last =Lindzen | first = Richard S | year = 1966 |title=On the theory of the diurnal tide |journal=Mon. Wea. Rev. |volume=94 |pages= 295–301 | doi = 10.1175/1520-0493(1966)094<0295:OTTOTD>2.3.CO;2 | bibcode = 1966MWRv...94..295L |issue=5}}</ref> who showed that the solution set of [[Hough functions]] given by [[Bernhard Haurwitz]]<ref>{{cite journal | language = de | last = Haurwitz | first = B |year=1962a |title= Die tägliche Periode der Lufttemperatur in Bodennähe und ihre geographische Verteilung |journal=Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl. | volume = A12 | issue = 4 |pages=426–34 |doi=10.1007/BF02249276|bibcode=1962AMGBA..12..426H | s2cid = 118241095 }}</ref> to Laplace's tidal equation was incomplete: modes with negative equivalent depths had been omitted.{{Efn | Susumu Kato had independently made the same discovery at about the same time in Japan.<ref>{{cite journal | last =Kato | first = S |year=1966 |title=Diurnal atmospheric oscillation, 1. Eigenvalues and Hough functions |journal=J. Geophys. Res. | volume = 71 | issue = 13 | pages = 3201–9 |bibcode = 1966JGR....71.3201K |doi = 10.1029/JZ071i013p03201 |url= http://www.agu.org/journals/jz/v071/i013/JZ071i013p03201/JZ071i013p03201.pdf}}</ref>}} Lindzen went on to calculate the thermal response of the diurnal tide to ozone and water vapor absorption in detail and showed that when his theoretical developments were included, the surface pressure oscillation was predicted with approximately the magnitude and phase observed, as were most of the features of the diurnal wind oscillations in the mesosphere.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/113520655/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105065205/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/113520655/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-05 | last = Lindzen | first = Richard S |year=1967 |title=Thermally driven diurnal tide in the atmosphere |journal=  Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society|volume=93 |pages=18–42 |doi = 10.1002/qj.49709339503 |bibcode = 1967QJRMS..93...18L |issue=395}}</ref> In 1967, along with his NCAR colleague, Douglas D. McKenzie, Lindzen extended the theory to include a term for [[Newton's law of cooling|Newtonian cooling]] due to emission of infrared radiation by carbon dioxide in the stratosphere along with ozone photochemical processes,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 =Lindzen | first1 = Richard Siegmund | first2 = DJ | last2 = McKenzie |year=1967 |title=Tidal theory with Newtonian cooling |journal=Pure Appl. Geophys. |volume=64 | issue =1 |pages=90–96 | doi=10.1007/BF00875315 | bibcode=1967PApGe..66...90L| s2cid = 128537347 }}</ref> and then in 1968 he showed that the theory also predicted that the semi-diurnal oscillation would be insensitive to variations in the temperature profile, which is why it is observed so much more strongly and regularly at the surface.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lindzen | first = Richard Siegmund |year=1968 |title=The application of classical atmospheric tidal theory |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society |volume= A303 | issue = 1474 | pages = 299–316| bibcode = 1968RSPSA.303..299L | doi = 10.1098/rspa.1968.0052 | s2cid = 97096978 }}</ref>

While holding the position of research scientist at the [[National Center for Atmospheric Research|National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)]] in [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]], [[Colorado|CO]] Lindzen was noticed and befriended by Professor [[Sydney Chapman (mathematician)|Sydney Chapman]], who had contributed to the theory of atmospheric tides in a number of papers from the 1920s through to the 1940s. This led to their joint publication in 1969 of a 186-page monograph (republished in 1970 as a book) ''Atmospheric Tides''.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/29_Atmos_Tides.pdf |last1=Lindzen |first1=Richard Siegmund |first2=Sydney |last2=Chapman |year=1969 |title=Atmospheric tides |journal=Space Science Reviews |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=3–188 |bibcode=1969SSRv...10....3L |doi=10.1007/BF00171584 |s2cid=189783807 |access-date=March 25, 2010 |archive-date=January 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114190543/http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/29_Atmos_Tides.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fS_TJ63wdAYC | last1 =Chapman | first1 = Sydney | first2 = Richard Siegmund | last2 = Lindzen | year = 1970 |title=Atmospheric Tides: Thermal and Gravitational |publisher=D. Reidel Press |place=Dordrecht, [[Holland|NL]] |isbn=978-90-277-0113-8}} 200 pp.</ref>

===Quasi-biennial oscillation===
Although it wasn't realized at the time, the [[quasi-biennial oscillation|quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO)]] was observed during the [[1883 eruption of Krakatoa]], when the ash from the volcano was transported around the globe from east to west by stratospheric winds in about two weeks. These winds became known as the "Krakatoa easterlies". It was observed again in 1908, by the German meteorologist [[Arthur Berson]], who saw that winds blow from the west at {{convert|15|km|2|abbr=on}} altitude in tropical Africa from his balloon experiments. These became known as the "Berson westerlies". However, it was not until the early 1960s that the ~ 26-month cycle of the QBO was first described, independently by [[Richard J. Reed]] in 1960 and Veryhard and Ebdon in 1961.

Lindzen recalls his discovery of the mechanism underlying the QBO in the semi-autobiographical review article, ''On the development of the theory of the QBO''.{{Sfn | Lindzen | 1987 | pp = 329–37}}  His interest in the phenomenon began in 1961 when his PhD advisor, Richard M. Goody, speculated that the 26-month relaxation time for stratospheric ozone at {{convert |25|km|2| abbr = on}} in the tropics might somehow be related to the 26-month period of the QBO, and suggested investigation of this idea as a thesis topic. In fact, Lindzen's, ''Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics, Part II: Vertical propagation of long period disturbances at the equator'', documented the failure of this attempt to explain the QBO.{{Sfn | Lindzen | 1987 | p = 329}}

Lindzen's work on atmospheric tides led him to the study of planetary waves and the general circulation of atmospheres. By 1967, he had contributed a number of papers on the theory of waves in the middle atmosphere. In ''Planetary waves on beta planes'', he developed a [[beta plane|beta plane approximation]] for simplifying the equations of classical tidal theory, whilst at the same time developing planetary wave relations. He noticed from his equations that eastward-traveling waves (known as ''Rossby waves'' since their discovery in 1939 by [[Carl-Gustav Rossby]]) and westward-traveling waves (which Lindzen himself helped in establishing as "[[kelvin waves|atmospheric Kelvin waves]]") with periods less than five days were "vertically trapped." At the same time, an important paper by Booker and [[Francis Bretherton|Bretherton]] appeared, which Lindzen read with great interest. Booker and Bretherton showed that vertically propagating gravity waves were completely absorbed at a critical level.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Booker | first1 = J. R. | last2 = Bretherton | first2 = F. P. | author2-link = Francis Bretherton | doi = 10.1017/S0022112067000515 | title = The critical layer for internal gravity waves in a shear flow | journal = Journal of Fluid Mechanics | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 513 | year = 2006 |bibcode = 1967JFM....27..513B | s2cid = 120754946 }}</ref>

In his 1968 paper with [[James R. Holton]], ''A theory of the quasi-biennial oscillation'',<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/qubieoscil.pdf |last1=Lindzen |first1=Richard Siegmund |first2=JR |last2=Holton |year=1968 |title=A theory of quasi-biennial oscillation |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1095–1107 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<1095:atotqb>2.0.co;2 |bibcode=1968JAtS...25.1095L |access-date=March 25, 2010 |archive-date=June 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613080011/http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/qubieoscil.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lindzen presented his theory of the QBO after testing it in a two-dimensional (2-D) numerical model that had been developed by Holton and [[John Michael Wallace|John M. Wallace]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.atmos.washington.edu/gcg/JR_site/papers/1968_1.pdf |last1=Wallace |first1=JM |first2=JR |last2=Holton |year=1967 |title=A diagnostic numerical model of the quasi-biennial oscillation |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |volume=25 |pages=280–92 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0280:ADNMOT>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1968JAtS...25..280W |issue=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305035436/http://www.atmos.washington.edu/gcg/JR_site/papers/1968_1.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2014 }}</ref> They showed that the QBO could be driven by vertically propagating gravity waves with phase speeds in both westward and eastward directions and that the oscillation arose through a mechanism involving a two-way feedback between the waves and the mean flow. It was a bold conjecture, given that there was very little observational evidence available to either confirm or confute the hypothesis. In particular, there was still no observational evidence of the westward-traveling "Kelvin" waves; Lindzen postulated their existence theoretically.{{Efn | Actually, the evidence was coming in at the time, see {{cite journal | last1 =Wallace | first1 = JM | first2 = VE | last2 = Kousky |year=1967 |title=Observational evidence of Kelvin waves in the tropical stratosphere |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |volume=25 |pages=900–7 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0900:OEOKWI>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode = 1968JAtS...25..900W |issue = 5|doi-access=free }} However, Lindzen says in his 1987 recollections that he did not see this study until after the {{Harvnb | Lindzen | Holton | 1968}} paper was already submitted.{{Sfn | Lindzen | 1987 | p = 330}}}}

In the years following the publication of Lindzen and Holton (1968), more observational evidence became available, and Lindzen's fundamental insight into the mechanism driving the QBO was confirmed. However, the theory of interaction via critical level absorption was found to be incomplete and was modified to include the importance of attenuation due to radiative cooling. The revised theory was published in the Holton and Lindzen (1972) paper, ''An updated theory for the quasibiennial cycle of the tropical stratosphere''.<ref>{{cite journal |url = http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0469%281968%29025%3C0900%3AOEOKWI%3E2.0.CO%3B2 | last1 = Holton | first1 = JR | first2 = RS | last2 = Lindzen | year = 1972 |title=An updated theory for the quasibiennial cycle of the tropical stratosphere |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |volume=29 |pages=1076–80 | format = PDF | doi = 10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<1076:AUTFTQ>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode = 1972JAtS...29.1076H |issue= 6|doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Superrotation of Venus===
Since the 1960s a puzzling phenomenon has been observed in the atmosphere of Venus. The atmosphere above the cloud base is seen to travel around the planet about 50 times faster than the rotation of the planet surface, or in only four to five Earth-days.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.atm.ox.ac.uk/project/virtis/venus-super.html | last1 = Taylor | first1 = FW | first2 = CCC | last2 = Tsang |title= Venus super-rotation |date=February 2005 | access-date=2009-03-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070706210100/http://www.atm.ox.ac.uk/project/virtis/venus-super.html |archive-date = July 6, 2007}}</ref> In 1974 a theory was proposed by [[Stephen B. Fels]] and Lindzen to explain this so-called "[[atmospheric super-rotation|superrotation]]" which held that the rotation is driven by the thermal atmospheric tide.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/60_Interac.pdf | last1 = Fels | first1 = SB | first2 = Richard S | last2 = Lindzen | year = 1974 | title = Interaction of thermally excited gravity waves with mean flows | journal = Geophys. Fluid Dyn. | volume = 6 | pages = 149–91 | doi = 10.1080/03091927409365793 | bibcode = 1974GeoFD...6..149F | issue = 2 | access-date = March 25, 2010 | archive-date = May 22, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130522095444/http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/60_Interac.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> An alternative theory was proposed by [[Peter J. Gierasch]] in the following year which held instead that the meridional (Hadley) circulation may transport the momentum by eddy-mixing.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0469/32/6/pdf/i1520-0469-32-6-1038.pdf |last=Gierasch |first=PJ |year=1975 |title=Meridional circulation and the maintenance of the Venus atmospheric rotation |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |volume=32 |pages=1038–44 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<1038:MCATMO>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1975JAtS...32.1038G |issue=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20100325184936/http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0469/32/6/pdf/i1520-0469-32-6-1038.pdf |archive-date=March 25, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> As of 2005, the actual cause of this phenomenon continued to be debated in the literature, with [[General Circulation Model]] experiments suggesting that both the Fels/Lindzen and Gierasch mechanisms are involved.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.bu.edu/csp/uv/cp-aeronomy/Zhu_2005.pdf | last = Zhu | first = X | title = Maintenance of Equatorial Superrotation in a Planetary Atmosphere: Analytic Evaluation of the Zonal Momentum Budgets for the Stratospheres of Venus, Titan and Earth | year = 2005 | journal = SR SR A-2005-01, JHU /APL, Laurel, MD | access-date = March 25, 2010 | archive-date = March 3, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235221/http://www.bu.edu/csp/uv/cp-aeronomy/Zhu_2005.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

== Middle period (1972–1990) ==
From 1972 to 1982 Lindzen was a professor of dynamic meteorology at [[Harvard University]]. From February to June 1975 he was a visiting professor of dynamic meteorology at [[MIT]], and during part of 1979 Lindzen was a visiting professor at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], before switching affiliations to MIT as the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology in 1983.

During this time, Lindzen published some research on [[gravity waves]],<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lindzen | first1 = R. S.| doi = 10.1029/JC086iC10p09707 | title = Turbulence and stress owing to gravity wave and tidal breakdown | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 86 | issue = C10| pages = 9707–9714| year = 1981 |bibcode = 1981JGR....86.9707L }}</ref> as well as [[Hadley circulation]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lindzen | first1 = R. S. | last2 = Hou | first2 = A. V. | title = Hadley Circulations for Zonally Averaged Heating Centered off the Equator | journal = Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences | volume = 45 | issue = 17 | pages = 2416–2427 | year = 1988 | doi = 10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<2416:HCFZAH>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode = 1988JAtS...45.2416L | doi-access = free }}</ref> He is named as one of 16 Scientific Members of the team authoring the [[National Academy of Sciences]] 1975 publication ''Understanding Climatic Change: A Program for Action''.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/understandingcli00unit Understanding Climate Change] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408103340/https://archive.org/details/understandingcli00unit |date=April 8, 2016 }}, National Academy of Sciences 1975, full text and pdf scan available at the Internet Archive</ref>

== Final period (1990–2010) ==

===Climate sensitivity===
Lindzen hypothesized that the Earth may act like an [[Iris hypothesis|infrared iris]]. A [[sea surface temperature]] increase in the tropics would result in reduced [[cirrus cloud]]s and thus more [[infrared radiation]] leakage from Earth's atmosphere.{{Sfn | Lindzen | Chou | Hou | 2001}} Additionally, rising temperatures would cause more extensive drying due to increased areas of [[subsidence (atmosphere)|atmospheric subsidence]]. This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of {{CO2}} warming by lowering the [[climate sensitivity]]. Satellite data from [[Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System|CERES]] has led researchers investigating Lindzen's theory to conclude that the Iris effect would instead warm the atmosphere.<ref>{{cite journal | first1=Bing | last1=Lin | title = The iris hypothesis: a negative or positive cloud feedback? | journal=Journal of Climate | year=2002 | volume=15 | issue=1 | pages=3–7 | bibcode=2002JCli...15....3L | doi = 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0003:TIHANO>2.0.CO;2|display-authors=etal| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NASA satellite instrument warms up global cooling theory">{{cite press release | url = http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/releases/2002/02-005.html | title=NASA satellite instrument warms up global cooling theory | first1 =Chris | last1 = Rink | first2 = Julia | last2 = Cole | publisher=[[NASA]] | date=January 16, 2002}}</ref> Lindzen disputed this, claiming that the negative feedback from high-level clouds was still larger than the weak positive feedback estimated by Lin et al.<ref>{{cite journal | first1=Ming-Dah | last1=Chou | first2=Richard S. | last2=Lindzen | first3 = Arthur Y.  | last3=Hou | title=Comments on "The Iris Hypothesis: A Negative or Positive Cloud Feedback?" | journal=Journal of Climate | year=2002 | volume=15 | issue= 18 | pages= 2713–15 | bibcode= 2002JCli...15.2713C | doi = 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2713:COTIHA>2.0.CO;2| citeseerx=10.1.1.232.8350 }}</ref>

Lindzen has expressed his concern over the validity of [[climate model|computer models]] used to predict future climate change. Lindzen said that predicted warming may be overestimated because of their handling of the climate system's [[water vapor feedback]]. The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of [[carbon dioxide]], and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming. By contrast, Lindzen believes that temperature increases will actually cause more extensive drying due to increased areas of [[subsidence (atmosphere)|atmospheric subsidence]] as a result of the Iris effect, nullifying future warming.<ref name = stevenswnyt>{{cite news | last =Stevens | first = William K. | date=June 18, 1996 | title=Scientist at work: Richard S. Lindzen; A Skeptic Asks, Is It Getting Hotter, Or Is It Just the Computer Model? | url= https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/18/science/scientist-work-richard-s-lindzen-skeptic-asks-it-getting-hotter-it-just-computer.html?pagewanted=1 | work =The New York Times | access-date=May 22, 2010}}</ref> This claim was criticized by [[climatologist]] [[Gavin Schmidt]], Director of [[NASA]]'s [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], who notes the more generally-accepted understanding of the effects of the Iris effect and cites empirical cases where large and relatively rapid changes in the climate such as [[El Niño]] events, the [[Ultra-Plinian]] [[1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo|eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991]], and recent trends in global temperature and water vapor levels show that, as predicted in the generally-accepted view, water vapor increases as the temperature increases, and decreases as temperatures decrease.<ref name=GSchmidtContraLindzen>{{cite web | last = Schmidt | first = Gavin | date= February 14, 2006 | title=Richard Lindzen's HoL testimony | url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2006/02/richard-lindzens-hol-testimony/ | publisher=Real Climate}}</ref>

Contrary to the [[IPCC Third Assessment Report|IPCC's assessment]] in 2001, Lindzen said that climate models are inadequate. Despite accepted errors in their models, e.g., treatment of clouds, modelers still thought their climate predictions were valid.<ref name= guterlfnewsweek>{{cite magazine | last =Guterl | first = Fred | date=July 23, 2001 | title=The Truth About Global Warming | url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/78772/page/1 | magazine=Newsweek | access-date=2009-07-26}}</ref> Lindzen has stated that due to the non-linear effects of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, CO<sub>2</sub> levels are now around 30% higher than pre-industrial levels but temperatures have responded by about 75% {{convert|0.6|C-change|2|abbr=on}} of the expected value for a doubling of CO<sub>2</sub>. The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO<sub>2</sub> to be about {{convert|3|C-change|abbr=on}}, ± 1.5°. Lindzen has given estimates of the Earth's climate sensitivity to be 0.5&nbsp;°C based on ERBE data.<ref name=erbe>{{cite journal | first1=Richard S. | last1=Lindzen | title=On the determination of climate feedbacks from ERBE data | journal=Geophysical Research Letters | year=2009 | volume=36 | issue=16 | pages=L16705 | bibcode=2009GeoRL..3616705L | doi=10.1029/2009GL039628 | display-authors=etal | doi-access=free }}</ref> These estimates were criticized by [[Kevin E. Trenberth]] and others,<ref>{{cite web |title=Working out climate sensitivity from satellite measurements |url=http://www.skepticalscience.com/Lindzen-Choi-2009-low-climate-sensitivity.htm |author=dana1981 |date=July 6, 2012 |work=Skeptical Science |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> and Lindzen accepted that his paper included "some stupid mistakes". When interviewed, he said "It was just embarrassing", and added that "The technical details of satellite measurements are really sort of grotesque." Lindzen and Choi revised their paper and submitted it to ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|PNAS]]''.<ref name="www.nytimes 120501">{{cite news  | last = Gillis | first = Justin | title = Clouds' Effect on Climate Change Is Last Bastion for Dissenters  | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/01/science/earth/clouds-effect-on-climate-change-is-last-bastion-for-dissenters.html?pagewanted=3&_r=3& | newspaper =  New York Times | date = May 1, 2012 | access-date = January 24, 2014 }}</ref> The four reviewers of the paper, two of whom had been selected by Lindzen, strongly criticized the paper and PNAS rejected it for publication.<ref>{{Cite web | last = Schekman | first = Randy | author-link = Randy Schekman | title = Title: On the observational determination of climate sensitivity and its implications Ms. No.: 2010-15738 | url = http://www.masterresource.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Attach3.pdf | publisher = PNAS Office | date = January 19, 2011 | access-date = January 24, 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120619054256/http://www.masterresource.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Attach3.pdf | archive-date = June 19, 2012 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Lindzen and Choi then succeeded in getting a little known Korean journal to publish it as a 2011 paper.<ref name="www.nytimes 120501" /><ref>{{Cite journal | first1 = Richard S. | last1=Lindzen | first2=Yong-Sang  | last2=Choi | title=On the observational determination of climate sensitivity and its implications | journal=Asia-Pacific Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences | year=2011 | volume=47 | issue=4 |pages=377–390 | bibcode = 2011APJAS..47..377L | doi= 10.1007/s13143-011-0023-x| citeseerx=10.1.1.167.11 | s2cid=9278311 }}</ref> [[Andrew Dessler]] published a paper which found errors in Lindzen and Choi 2011, and concluded that the observations it had presented "are not in fundamental disagreement with mainstream climate models, nor do they provide evidence that clouds are causing climate change. Suggestions that significant revisions to mainstream climate science are required are therefore not supported."<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1029/2011GL049236| title = Cloud variations and the Earth's energy budget| year = 2011| last1 = Dessler | first1 = A. E.| journal = Geophysical Research Letters| volume = 38| issue = 19| pages = n/a|bibcode = 2011GeoRL..3819701D | citeseerx = 10.1.1.362.5742| s2cid = 17463106}}</ref>

===NAS panel===
In 2001, Lindzen served on an 11-member panel organized by the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions: Committee on the Science of Climate Change | url=http://www.nap.edu/html/climatechange/committee.html | publisher =[[National Academies Press]] | year=2001 | access-date=2007-04-05}}</ref> The panel's report, titled ''Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions'',<ref>{{cite book | title=Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions | url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10139.html?onpi_webextra6 | publisher = [[National Academies Press]] | year=2001 | access-date=2007-04-05| doi=10.17226/10139 | isbn=978-0-309-07574-9 }}</ref> has been widely cited. Lindzen subsequently publicly criticized the report summary for not referring to the statement in the full report that twenty years of temperature measurements was "too short a period for estimating long term trends".<ref name="Lindzen">{{cite news | title= Scientists' Report Doesn't Support the Kyoto Treaty | url= http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/OpEds/LindzenWSJ.pdf | last= Lindzen | first= Richard Siegmund | newspaper= [[The Wall Street Journal]] | date= June 11, 2001 | access-date= 2007-04-05 | archive-date= October 17, 2003 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20031017234851/http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/OpEds/LindzenWSJ.pdf | url-status= dead }}</ref>

===IPCC activities===
Lindzen worked on Chapter 7 of 2001 [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]] Working Group 1, which considers the physical processes that are active in real world climate. He had previously been a contributor to Chapter 4 of the 1995 "[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]] [[IPCC Second Assessment Report|Second Assessment]]". He described the full 2001 IPCC report as "an admirable description of research activities in climate science"<ref name = "canadian_reactions_to_sir_david_king.html">{{cite web | title=Canadian Reactions To Sir David King | url= http://meteo.lcd.lu/globalwarming/Lindzen/canadian_reactions_to_sir_david_king.html | last=Lindzen | first=Richard S. | publisher=[[The Hill Times]] | date=February 23, 2004 | access-date= 2007-04-05}}</ref> although he criticized the [[Summary for Policymakers]]. Lindzen stated in May 2001 that it did not truly summarize the IPCC report<ref>{{cite web | title=Testimony of Richard S. Lindzen before the U.S. Senate Commerce Committee | url = http://www.lavoisier.com.au/articles/climate-policy/science-and-policy/Lindzen_McCain.pdf | last=Lindzen | first=Richard S. | publisher=[[Lavoisier Group]] | date=May 1, 2001 | access-date=March 18, 2009}}</ref> but had been amended to state more definite conclusions.<ref>{{cite news | title=The Deniers – Part V: The original denier: into the cold | url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/story.html?id=63ab844f-8c55-4059-9ad8-89de085af353&k=0 | last=Solomon | first=Lawrence | author-link=Lawrence Solomon | newspaper=[[National Post]] | date=December 22, 2006 | access-date=2007-04-05 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223145833/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/story.html?id=63ab844f-8c55-4059-9ad8-89de085af353&k=0 | archive-date=February 23, 2007 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> He also emphasized the fact that the summary had not been written by scientists alone. The NAS panel on which Lindzen served says that the summary was the result of dialogue between scientists and policymakers.{{Efn | The NAS panel said on the matter that "The committee finds that the full IPCC Working Group I (WGI) report is an admirable summary of research activities in climate science, and the full report is adequately summarized in the Technical Summary. The full WGI report and its Technical Summary are not specifically directed at policy. The Summary for Policymakers reflects less emphasis on communicating the basis for uncertainty and a stronger emphasis on areas of major concern associated with human-induced climate change. This change in emphasis appears to be the result of a summary process in which scientists work with policy makers on the document. Written responses from U.S. coordinating and lead scientific authors to the committee indicate, however, that (a) no changes were made without the consent of the convening lead authors (this group represents a fraction of the lead and contributing authors) and (b) most changes that did occur lacked significant impact".<ref name=ccs_summary>{{cite web | work =Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions | title = Summary | url = http://www.nap.edu/html/climatechange/summary.html | publisher=[[National Academies Press]] | year=2001 | access-date= 2007-04-05}}</ref>}}

===Work at Cato Institute===
Lindzen was a featured speaker at a [[Cato Institute]] conference, "Global Environmental Crisis: Science or Politics?" on June 5 ([[World Environment Day]]) and June 6, 1991.<ref name=KD>[https://kochdocs.org/2019/08/12/1991-cato-climate-denial-conference-flyer-and-schedule/ "1991 CATO Climate Denial Conference Flyer and Schedule"], "Koch Docs", n.d. Retrieved 2019-08-17.</ref> The conference was identified in 2019 in the book ''[[Kochland]]'' by business writer Christopher Leonard as a previously unhighlighted early landmark in the efforts by the [[fossil fuel]] multi-billionaire [[Koch brothers]] to promote questions about [[climate science]]. Cato Institute was "founded and heavily funded for years" by the Kochs,<ref>[[Jane Mayer|Mayer, Jane]], [https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/kochland-examines-how-the-koch-brothers-made-their-fortune-and-the-influence-it-bought "'Kochland' Examines the Koch Brothers' Early, Crucial Role in Climate-Change Denial" (review)], ''The New Yorker'', August 13, 2019. Retrieved 2019-08-17.</ref> and Lindzen was prominently quoted in the brochure for the conference.
<blockquote>The notion that global warming is a fact and will be catastrophic is drilled into people to the point where it seems surprising that anyone would question it, and yet, underlying it is very little evidence at all. Nonetheless, there are statements made of such overt unrealism that I feel embarrassed. I feel it discredits science. I think problems will arise when one will need to depend on scientific judgment, and by ruining our credibility now you leave society with a resource of some importance diminished.</blockquote>
The title of the presentation Lindzen made at the conference was "Critical Issues in Climate Forecasting".<ref name=KD/>

In an announcement on December 27, 2013, the Institute said that in a new position at Cato, Lindzen's focus would be on "the interaction between science and policymakers" and that he would study "whether the move from largely private funding to public support has introduced biases into science and the public policies informed by science."<ref name="CATO Dec13" />

By mid-2019, Lindzen was no longer affiliated with the Cato institute.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Waldman|first=Scott|date=2020-05-29|title=Cato closes its climate shop; Pat Michaels is out|url=https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060419123|access-date=2020-07-28|website=[[Environment & Energy Publishing|E&E News]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Views on climate change==
In June 1992, a year after the [[#Work at Cato Institute|Cato Institute conference]], Lindzen signed the [[Heidelberg Appeal]].<ref>[https://www.desmogblog.com/richard-lindzen#s6 "Richard Lindzen"], [[DeSmogBlog]], n.d. Retrieved 2019-08-17.</ref>

He has criticized the [[Scientific opinion on climate change|scientific consensus on global climate change]], claiming that scientists are just as liable to err when the science appears to point in just one direction. He drew an analogy in 1996 between the consensus in the early and mid-twentieth century on [[eugenics]] and the current consensus about global warming.<ref>{{Citation | year = 1996 | chapter = 5. Science and politics: global warming and eugenics | title = Risks, Costs, and Lives Saved | editor-first = R | editor-last = Hahn | publisher = Oxford University Press | place = New York | pages = 85–103}}, 267 pp.</ref> In a 2007 interview on [[The Larry King Show]], Lindzen said:<ref>{{cite news| url= http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0701/31/lkl.01.html | work= CNN | access-date= May 22, 2010 | title = Transcripts}}</ref>
{{Blockquote |We're talking of a few tenths of a degree change in temperature. None of it in the last eight years, by the way. And if we had warming, it should be accomplished by less storminess. But because the temperature itself is so unspectacular, we have developed all sorts of fear of prospect scenarios – of flooding, of plague, of increased storminess when the physics says we should see less.

I think it's mainly just like little kids locking themselves in dark closets to see how much they can scare each other and themselves.}}

In a 2009 editorial in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', Lindzen said that the earth was just emerging from the "Little Ice Age" in the 19th century and says that it is "not surprising" to see warming after that. Lindzen states that the IPCC's 2001 findings were<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703939404574567423917025400 | work=The Wall Street Journal | title=The Climate Science Isn't Settled | first=Richard S | last=Lindzen | date = November 30, 2009}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|Based on the weak argument that the current models used by the IPCC couldn't reproduce the warming from about 1978 to 1998 without some forcing, and that the only forcing that they could think of was man. Even this argument assumes that these models adequately deal with natural internal variability—that is, such naturally occurring cycles as El Niño, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, etc.

Yet articles from major modeling centers acknowledged that the failure of these models to anticipate the absence of warming for the past dozen years was due to the failure of these models to account for this natural internal variability. Thus even the basis for the weak IPCC argument for anthropogenic climate change was shown to be false.}}

According to an April 30, 2012 ''[[New York Times]]'' article,<ref name= nytgillis>{{cite news | title=Clouds' Effect on Climate Change Is Last Bastion for Dissenters | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/01/science/earth/clouds-effect-on-climate-change-is-last-bastion-for-dissenters.html | last=Gillis | first=Justin | newspaper=[[New York Times]] | date=April 30, 2012 | access-date=2012-05-27}}</ref> "Dr. Lindzen accepts the elementary tenets of climate science. He agrees that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, calling people who dispute that point 'nutty.' He agrees that the level of it is rising because of human activity and that this should warm the climate." He also believes that decreasing tropical cirrus clouds in a warmer world will allow more longwave radiation to escape the atmosphere, counteracting the warming.<ref name =nytgillis /> Lindzen first published this "iris" theory in 2001,{{Sfn | Lindzen | Chou | Hou | 2001}} and offered more support in a 2009 paper.<ref name=erbe />

===Comments addressed to U.S. policymakers===
Starting in 1991, Lindzen has provided testimonies to the [[U.S. Senate]] and [[U.S. House|House]] committees regarding his understandings of the current state of research on climate change for multiple times.<ref>{{cite web |title=Other publications |url=http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/Publications_other.html |publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501061544/http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/Publications_other.html |archive-date=May 1, 2015}}</ref>

In 2001, Lindzen urged the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]] not to ratify the [[Kyoto Protocol]].<ref>[http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/OpEds/LindzenWSJ.pdf "Reflections on Kyoto"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031017234851/http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/OpEds/LindzenWSJ.pdf |date=October 17, 2003 }}, ''Los Angeles Times'', 12/12/97.</ref> In a letter to Mayor [[David B. Cohen (mayor)|David B. Cohen]] of [[Newton, Massachusetts]], Lindzen wrote that he believed the Kyoto Protocol would increase the cost of electricity for no gain, putting signatory states at a competitive disadvantage.<ref name=mayormistake>{{cite news | last = Lindzen | first = Richard | title = A Mayor Mistake | publisher = TCS (Tech Central Station) | date = September 17, 2003 | url = http://www.tcsdaily.com/Article.aspx?id=091703C | access-date = 2009-03-15 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070524223414/http://www.tcsdaily.com/article.aspx?id=091703C | archive-date = May 24, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

In 2017, Lindzen sent a petition to President Trump, asking the President to withdraw the United States from the United Nations Convention on Climate Change.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindzen |first=Richard |url=http://fusion4freedom.us/pdfs/lindzenletter.pdf |title=Petition to withdraw from United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) |access-date=May 27, 2018 |archive-date=October 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010174132/http://fusion4freedom.us/pdfs/lindzenletter.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The petition contained the names of "around 300 eminent scientists and other qualified individuals", and called on the United States and other nations to "change course on an outdated international agreement that targets minor greenhouse gases", starting with carbon dioxide.<ref name="hill-cama-17">{{cite news |last1=Cama |first1=Timothy |title=Climate skeptics ask Trump to withdraw from UN agency |url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/320793-climate-skeptics-ask-trump-to-withdraw-from-un-agency/ |work=The Hill |date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/feb/23/hundreds-scientists-urge-trump-withdraw-un-climate/ | title=Hundreds of scientists urge Donald Trump to withdraw from U.N. Climate-change agency| website=[[The Washington Times]] |first=Valerie |last=Richardson |date=February 23, 2017 |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> It received considerable media coverage; 22 then- current or retired MIT professors promptly issued an open letter addressed to Trump saying that Lindzen's petition does not represent their views or those of the vast majority of other climate scientists.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://climate-science.mit.edu/news/featured-stories/mit-faculty-working-on-climate-write-to-president-trump | title=MIT Faculty Working on Climate Write to President Trump |date=March 4, 2017 |work=Climate@MIT |access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/03/08/mit-professors-denounce-their-colleague-letter-trump-for-denying-evidence-climate-change/86K8ur31YIUbMO4SAI7U2N/story.html | title=MIT professors denounce their colleague in letter to Trump for denying evidence of climate change | first=David | last=Abel | date=March 8, 2017 | website=[[The Boston Globe]] | access-date=December 20, 2022 | archive-date=April 10, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410034855/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/03/08/mit-professors-denounce-their-colleague-letter-trump-for-denying-evidence-climate-change/86K8ur31YIUbMO4SAI7U2N/story.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Third-party characterizations of Lindzen===
An April 30, 2012, article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' included the comments of several other experts. Christopher S. Bretherton, an atmospheric researcher at the University of Washington, said Lindzen is "feeding upon an audience that wants to hear a certain message, and wants to hear it put forth by people with enough scientific reputation that it can be sustained for a while, even if it's wrong science. I don't think it's intellectually honest at all." [[Kerry Emanuel|Kerry A. Emanuel]], another M.I.T. scientist, said of Lindzen's views "Even if there were no political implications, it just seems deeply unprofessional and irresponsible to look at this and say, 'We're sure it's not a problem.' It's a special kind of risk, because it's a risk to the collective civilization."<ref name=nytgillis />

A 1996 article in ''The New York Times'' included the comments of several other experts. [[Jerry D. Mahlman]], director of the [[Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory]], did not accept Lindzen's assessment of the science, and said that Lindzen had "sacrificed his luminosity by taking a stand that most of us feel is scientifically unsound." Mahlman did, however, admit that Lindzen was a "formidable opponent". [[William M. Gray|William Gray]] of [[Colorado State University]] basically agreed with Lindzen, describing him as "courageous". He said, "A lot of my older colleagues are very skeptical on the global warming thing". He added that while he regarded some of Lindzen's views as flawed, he said that, "across the board he's generally very good". [[John Michael Wallace|John Wallace]] of the [[University of Washington]] agreed with Lindzen that progress in climate change science had been exaggerated, but said there are "relatively few scientists who are as skeptical of the whole thing as Dick [Lindzen] is".<ref name=stevenswnyt />

The November 10, 2004, online version of ''[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]'' magazine reported that Lindzen is "willing to take bets that global average temperatures in 20 years will in fact be lower than they are now".<ref name=reasonmag>{{cite magazine | title=Two Sides to Global Warming | url= http://www.reason.com/rb/rb111004.shtml | last = Bailey | first=Ronald |author-link=Ronald Bailey | magazine=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason Magazine]] | date=November 10, 2005 | access-date=2007-04-05 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061027032922/http://www.reason.com/rb/rb111004.shtml|archive-date=October 27, 2006 }}</ref> However, on June 8, 2005, they reported that Lindzen insisted that he had been misquoted, after [[James Annan]] contacted Lindzen to make the bet but claimed that "Lindzen would take only 50 to 1 odds".<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Betting on Climate Change|url=http://reason.com/archives/2005/06/08/betting-on-climate-change|magazine=Reason Magazine|access-date=March 6, 2015|date=2005-06-08}}</ref>

''The Guardian'' reported in June 2016 that Lindzen has been a beneficiary of [[Peabody Energy]], a coal company that has funded multiple groups contesting the climate consensus.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 13, 2016|title=Biggest US coal company funded dozens of groups questioning climate change|access-date=June 22, 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jun/13/peabody-energy-coal-mining-climate-change-denial-funding|last=Suzanne Goldenberg and Helena Bengtsson}}</ref>

Lindzen has been called a ''contrarian'', in relation to climate change and other issues.<ref name="urlClimate change dissenters say they are demonized in debate - USATODAY.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/weather/climate/2007-12-14-climate-change-skeptics_N.htm |title=Climate change dissenters say they are demonized in debate |work= [[USA Today]]|access-date= May 22, 2010| date=December 17, 2007 |first=Karl |last=Ritter}}</ref><ref name="Eilperin2009">{{cite web | last = Eilperin | first = Juliet | date = October 2009 | url = http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/An-Inconvenient-Expert.html?page=all | title = Richard Lindzen: An Inconvenient Expert | work = [[Outside (magazine)|Outside]] | access-date = August 29, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Achenbach2006-06-05">{{cite news | last = Achenbach | first = Joel | url = http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003040068_warming05.html | title = Global-warming skeptics continue to punch away | date = June 5, 2006 | work = [[The Seattle Times]] | access-date = December 8, 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080618014350/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003040068_warming05.html | archive-date = June 18, 2008 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Lindzen's graduate students describe him as "fiercely intelligent, with a deep contrarian streak."<ref name = "SeedMagazine2006-08-24">{{cite web | date = August 24, 2006 | title = The Contrarian | work = [[Seed (magazine)|Seed]] | access-date = December 8, 2009 | url = http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/the_contrarian/ | url-status = usurped | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170227151649/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/the_contrarian/ | archive-date = February 27, 2017}}</ref>

The characterization of Lindzen as a contrarian has been reinforced by reports that he claims that [[lung cancer]] has only been weakly linked to [[smoking]].<ref name="Guterl2001-07-23">{{cite news | last = Guterl | first = Fred | date = July 23, 2001 | title = The Truth About Global Warming | work = [[Newsweek]] | url = http://www.newsweek.com/truth-about-global-warming-154937 | access-date = 12 June 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Williams2005">{{cite journal | last = Williams | first = Robyn | year = 2005 | title = Fair-weather friends? | journal = [[Griffith Review]] | issue = 12 | url = https://griffithreview.com/articles/fair-weather-friends/ | access-date = 12 June 2017}}</ref> When asked about this during an interview as part of an [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] documentary, Lindzen said that while "the case for [[Passive smoking|second-hand tobacco]] is not very good ... the [[World Health Organization]] also said that" (referencing a 1998 study by the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] (IARC) on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)<ref name="environmental1440">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boffetta P, Agudo A, Ahrens W, etal |title=Multicenter case-control study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in Europe |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=90 |issue=19 |pages=1440–50 |year=1998 |pmid=9776409|doi=10.1093/jnci/90.19.1440|doi-access=free }}</ref>), on the other hand "With first-hand smoke it's a more interesting issue ... The case for lung cancer is very good but it also ignores the fact that there are differences in people's susceptibilities which the Japanese studies have pointed to."<ref name="ChangeYourMind">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/3p9Xo-RcC2U Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20171030134558/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3p9Xo-RcC2U&t=1354 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media|title= I Can Change Your Mind About…Climate|medium=video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3p9Xo-RcC2U&t=1354|access-date=12 June 2017|time=22:34|date=26 April 2012|quote=}}{{cbignore}} – [http://www.abc.net.au/tv/changeyourmind/webextras/richardlindzen_transcript.pdf Transcript]; [http://www.abc.net.au/tv/changeyourmind/ Episode page]</ref> Again, when asked to clarify his position Lindzen wrote "there was a reasonable case for the role of cigarette smoking in lung cancer, but that the case was not so strong that one should rule that any questions were out of order ... the much, much weaker case against second hand smoke [is] also being treated as dogma."<ref name="Treadgold2011">{{cite web|last1=Treadgold|first1=Richard|title=Lindzen dismisses Hansen's defamations|url=http://www.climateconversation.org.nz/2011/05/lindzen-dismisses-hansens-defamations/|website=Climate Conversation Group|access-date=12 June 2017|date=15 May 2011}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
*[[National Center for Atmospheric Research]] Outstanding Publication Award (1967)<ref name=MITcv/>
*American Meteorological Society Clarence Leroy Meisinger Award (1968)<ref name=MITcv/>
*[[American Geophysical Union]] Macelwane Award (1969)<ref name=MITcv/>
*[[Sloan Research Fellowship|Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship]] (1970–1976)<ref name=MITcv/>
*AMS Charney Award (1985)<ref name=MITcv/>
*Fellow of the [[Japan Society for the Promotion of Science]] (1986)<ref name=MITcv/>
*Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]<ref name=MITcv/>
*Fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]<ref name=Tablet>[https://www.tabletmag.com/contributors/richard-lindzen "Richard S. Lindzen"], tabletmag.com, accessed 25 November 2024</ref>
*Fellow of the American Geophysical Union<ref name=MITcv/>
*Fellow of the American Meteorological Society<ref name=MITcv/>
*Fellow of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences]]<ref>Kristine Harper, ''Weather and Climate: Decade by Decade'' (2014), p. 193</ref>
*Member of the [[Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters]]<ref name=Tablet/>
*Member of the [[European Academy of Sciences and Arts]]<ref name=Scribd/>
*Corresponding member of the NAS Committee on Human Rights
*Member of the [[United States National Research Council]] Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate
*Consultant to the Global Modeling and Simulation Group at NASA's [[Goddard Space Flight Center]]
*Distinguished Visiting Scientist at California Institute of Technology's [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (1988– )<ref name=MITcv/>
*[[ISI highly cited researcher]]<ref>{{Citation | url = http://highlycited.com/names/L.html | publisher = ISI | title = Knowledge | date = November 13, 2024 | type = record}}.</ref>
*Leo Prize, [[Wallin Foundation]] (2006)<ref name=Scribd/>
*Petr Beckmann Award of [[Doctors for Disaster Preparedness]] (2012)<ref name=Scribd>[https://www.scribd.com/document/427372800/Curriculum-Vitae-Professor-Richard-LINDZEN "Professor Richard Lindzen"], scribd.com, accessed 25 November 2024</ref>
*Entry in [[American Men and Women of Science]].<ref>{{Citation | title = American Men & Women of Science | edition = 25th | volume = 4 | page = 909 | year = 2008}}.</ref>

==Personal life==
Richard Lindzen and his wife, Nadine, have two sons. Lindzen's interests include amateur radio, photography, and oriental rugs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atmos.washington.edu/2009Q1/111/ATMS111%20Presentations/Folder%203/DanielsonD.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031237/http://www.atmos.washington.edu/2009Q1/111/ATMS111%20Presentations/Folder%203/DanielsonD.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |df=mdy }}</ref>

Lindzen lives in [[Newton, Massachusetts]].<ref name=Scribd/>

==Selected publications==

===Articles===
* {{cite journal | last = Lindzen | first = Richard Siegmund | year=1992 | journal=[[Regulation (magazine)|Regulation]] | volume=15 | issue=2 | pages=87–98 | url = http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv15n2/reg15n2g.html | title=Global Warming: The Origin and Nature of the Alleged Scientific Consensus}}
* {{cite news | last = Lindzen | first = Richard Siegmund | date = July 26, 2009 | url = http://www.quadrant.org.au/blogs/doomed-planet/2009/07/resisting-climate-hysteria | title= Resisting climate hysteria | work=[[Quadrant (magazine)|Quadrant]] | author-mask = 3}}
* {{cite news | last = Lindzen | first = Richard Siegmund | date= November 30, 2009 | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703939404574567423917025400 | title= The Climate Science Isn't Settled | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | author-mask = 3}}
* {{cite news | last = Lindzen | first = Richard Siegmund | date = April 24, 2010 | url = http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/opinion/alarmists-keep-ringing-the-bell/story-e6frg6zo-1225857624661 | title=Alarmists keep ringing the bell | work=[[The Australian]] | author-mask = 3}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140106162314/http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/what-catastrophe_773268.html "What Catastrophe? MIT's Richard Lindzen, the unalarmed climate scientist"], ''The Weekly Standard'', January 13, 2014

===Books===
* {{cite book | last=Lindzen | first=Richard Siegmund | year=1990 | url=http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511608285 | title=Dynamics in Atmospheric Physics | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | doi=10.1017/CBO9780511608285 | isbn=978-0-521-01821-0 | access-date=June 27, 2012 | archive-date=February 4, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204011938/http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511608285 | url-status=dead }}

===Peer-reviewed papers===
* {{cite journal | first=Richard Siegmund | last=Lindzen | title=Turbulence and Stress Owing to Gravity Wave and Tidal Breakdown | url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1981/JC086iC10p09707.shtml | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130223073153/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1981/JC086iC10p09707.shtml | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 23, 2013 | journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] | year=1981 | volume=86 | issue=C10 | pages=9707–14 | doi=10.1029/JC086iC10p09707 | bibcode=1981JGR....86.9707L }}
* {{cite journal | first1=Richard Siegmund | last1=Lindzen | first2=Sumant | last2=Nigam | title=On the Role of Sea Surface Temperature Gradients in Forcing Low-Level Winds and Convergence in the Tropics | journal= [[Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences]] | year=1987 | volume=44 | issue=17 | pages=2418–36 | bibcode=1987JAtS...44.2418L | doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<2418:OTROSS>2.0.CO;2 | author-mask = 3| doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | first1=Richard Siegmund | last1=Lindzen | title=Some Coolness Concerning Global Warming | journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]] | year=1990 | volume=71 | issue=3 | pages=288–99 | bibcode =1990BAMS...71..288L | doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1990)071<0288:SCCGW>2.0.CO;2 | author-mask = 3| doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | first1=Richard Siegmund | last1=Lindzen | title=Can increasing carbon dioxide cause climate change? | journal =[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] | year=1997 | volume=94 | issue=16 | pages=8335–42 | bibcode = 1997PNAS...94.8335L | doi=10.1073/pnas.94.16.8335 | author-mask = 3 | pmid=11607742 | pmc=33750| doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | first1=Richard Siegmund | last1=Lindzen | first2=Ming-Dah   | last2=Chou | first3=Arthur Y.  | last3=Hou | title=Does the Earth Have an Adaptive Infrared Iris? | journal = [[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]] | year=2001 | volume=82 | issue=3 | pages=417–32 | bibcode=2001BAMS...82..417L | doi=10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0417:DTEHAA>2.3.CO;2 | author-mask = 3 | doi-access=free | hdl=2060/20000081750 | hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | first1= Richard Siegmund | last1= Lindzen | first2= Yong-Sang | last2= Choi | title= On the determination of climate feedbacks from ERBE data | journal= [[Geophysical Research Letters]] | year= 2009 | volume= 36 | issue= 16 | bibcode= 2009GeoRL..3616705L | doi= 10.1029/2009GL039628 | author-mask= 3 | doi-access= free }}
* {{cite journal | first1=Choi| last1=Yong-Sang |first2=Richard Siegmund|last2=Lindzen |title=Space observations of cold-cloud phase change | journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] | year=2010 | volume=107 | issue=25 |pages=11211–11216 | doi= 10.1073/pnas.1006241107|bibcode = 2010PNAS..10711211C |author-mask = 3 | pmid=20534562 | pmc=2895094| doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | first1=Richard Siegmund | last1=Lindzen | first2=Yong-Sang  | last2=Choi | title=On the observational determination of climate sensitivity and its implications | journal=[[Asia-Pacific Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences]] | year=2011 | volume= 47 | issue= 4 | pages = 377–90 | bibcode=2011APJAS..47..377L | doi=10.1007/s13143-011-0023-x | author-mask = 3| citeseerx=10.1.1.167.11 | s2cid=9278311 }}
* {{cite journal | first1=Richard Siegmund | last1=Lindzen | title=Climate physics, feedbacks, and reductionism (and when does reductionism go too far?) | journal=The European Physical Journal Plus | year=2011 | volume=127 | issue=5 |pages=1–15 | doi= 10.1140/epjp/i2012-12052-8 |bibcode = 2012EPJP..127...52L | s2cid=121410060 | author-mask = 3}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist |colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation |url=http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/devtheoqbo.pdf |last=Lindzen |first=Richard Siegmund |year=1987 |title=On the development of the theory of the QBO |journal=Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. |volume=68 |pages=329–37 |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1987)068<0329:OTDOTT>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1987BAMS...68..329L |issue=4 |s2cid=121259197 |access-date=March 25, 2010 |archive-date=June 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613132036/http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/devtheoqbo.pdf |url-status=dead }}.

==External links==
* {{Citation | first = Richard Siegmund | last = Lindzen | url = http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen.htm | type = home page | publisher = MIT | title = Faculty | access-date = August 12, 2003 | archive-date = October 24, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191024001246/http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen.htm | url-status = dead }}.
* [https://eapsweb.mit.edu/people/rlindzen MIT EAPS Directory and Curriculum Vitae]
* {{Citation | first = Richard Siegmund | last = Lindzen | url = http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/PublicationsRSL.html | series = Faculty | title = A List of Publications | publisher = MIT | author-mask = 3}}.
* {{Citation | first = Richard Siegmund | last = Lindzen | url = http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/Testimony/Senate2001.pdf | title = Testimony Before the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works | year = 2001 | publisher = MIT | author-mask = 3}}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040540/http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/what-catastrophe_773268.html?nopager=1 Long profile], [[Weekly Standard]], 2014
* {{Citation | url = http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/20/2/2/1 | title = Profile | publisher = Physics World}}.
* {{Citation | url = http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Richard_S._Lindzen | type = profile | publisher = Source Watch | title = Richard Siegmund Lindzen}}.
* {{Citation | url = http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/apr/26/climate-casino-exchange/ | title = In the Climate Casino: An Exchange | first1 = Roger W | last1 = Cohen | first2 = William | last2 = Happer | author2-link = William Happer | first3 = Richard Siegmund | last3 = Lindzen | date = April 26, 2012 | newspaper = [[New York Review of Books]]}}, with a reply by [[William Nordhaus]].
* {{Citation | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/01/science/earth/clouds-effect-on-climate-change-is-last-bastion-for-dissenters.html?pagewanted=3 | title = Clouds' effect on climate change is last bastion for dissenters | date = May 1, 2012 | newspaper = The New York Times}}.
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lindzen, Richard}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:American atmospheric scientists]]
[[Category:American climatologists]]
[[Category:American meteorologists]]
[[Category:Atmospheric physicists]]
[[Category:Amateur radio people]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni]]
[[Category:The Bronx High School of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Geophysical Union]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
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[[Category:People from Webster, Massachusetts]]
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