Editing Republic of China Armed Forces

{{short description|Taiwan's military forces}}
{{about|the armed forces of [[Taiwan]]|the Republic of China armed forces before the 1947 Constitution|National Revolutionary Army|the military of the People's Republic of China|People's Liberation Army||}}
{{use dmy dates |date = May 2019 }}
{{engvarB |date = May 2019}}
{{Infobox national military
| name = Republic of China Armed Forces<br/>中華民國國軍
| native_name = <!--  native_name parameter is intentionally left blank since we already use chinese name infobox  -->
| image = Seal_of_the_Ministry_of_National_Defense_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg
| alt = 
| caption = Seal of the Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of China 
| image2 =
| alt2 = 
| caption2 =
| motto = 
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1924|6|16}} <small>(as [[National Revolutionary Army]])</small>
| current_form = {{start date and age|df=yes|1947|12|25}} <small>(as current service)</small>
| disbanded = 
| branches = {{tree list}}
*{{army|Taiwan|size=25px|name=Army}}
*{{navy|Taiwan|size=25px|name=Navy}}
**{{marines|Taiwan|size=25px|name=Marine Corps}}
*{{air force|Taiwan|size=25px|name=Air Force}}
*{{Flagicon image|Republic of China Military Police Flag.svg|size=25px}} [[Republic of China Military Police|Military Police]]
*{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of China Reserve Command.svg|size=25px}} [[Republic of China Armed Forces Reserve|Armed Forces Reserve]] 
{{tree list/end}}
| headquarters = [[Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)#Headquarters|Ministry of Defense Building]], [[Zhongshan District, Taipei|Zhongshan District]], [[Taipei]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.mnd.gov.tw/|Chinese}}<br>{{URL|https://www.mnd.gov.tw/English/default.aspx|English}}
<!-- Leadership -->| commander-in-chief = {{Flagicon image|Commander-in-Chief Flag of the Republic of China.svg|size=23px}} [[President of the Republic of China|President]] [[Lai Ching-te]]
| commander-in-chief_title = [[President of the Republic of China|Commander-in-Chief]]
| chief minister = 
| chief minister_title = 
| minister = {{Flagicon image|ROC Minister of National Defense Flag.svg|size=23px}} [[Wellington Koo (politician, born 1958)|Wellington Koo]]
| minister_title = [[Minister of National Defense (Republic of China)|Minister of National Defense]]
| commander = {{Flagicon image|ROC General Chief of Staff of the Ministry of National Defense Flag.svg}} [[Admiral]] [[Mei Chia-shu]]
| commander_title = [[Chief of the General Staff (Republic of China)|Chief of the General Staff]]
<!-- Manpower -->| age = 18
| conscription = 1 year<ref name="2024cons">{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Yimou |last2=Wang|first2=Ann|date=27 December 2022|title=Taiwan to extend conscription to one year, citing rising China threat |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/taiwan-extend-compulsory-military-service-official-media-2022-12-27/ |access-date=28 December 2022 |work=Reuters}}</ref>
| manpower_data = 
| manpower_age = 
| available = 
| available_f = 
| fit = 
| fit_f = 
| reaching = 
| reaching_f = 
| active = 150,000 (2025)<ref name="DefensePost">{{Cite web |last=Saballa |first=Joe |title=Taiwan Military Mulls Recruiting Foreigners to Defend Against China |date=16 January 2025 |work=The Defense Post |url=https://thedefensepost.com/2025/01/16/taiwan-military-recruiting-foreigners/ }}</ref>
| ranked = 
| reserve = 1,657,000 (2025)<ref name="DefensePost" />{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=315}}
| deployed = 
| amount = {{USD|19.7 billion|link=yes}} (2025)<ref>{{cite news |title=Taiwan should raise defense spending to 10% of GDP: Top Pentagon pick |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202503050008 |website=https://focustaiwan.tw/ |agency=Focus Taiwan|access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref>
| percent_GDP = 
| domestic_suppliers = {{bulletedlist|[[NCSIST]]|[[Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation|AIDC]]|[[CSBC Corporation, Taiwan|CSBC]]|[[Jong Shyn Shipbuilding Company]]|[[Lungteh Shipbuilding]]}}
| foreign_suppliers = 
| imports = 
| exports = 
| history = {{bulletedlist|[[List of Chinese wars and battles|Historical Chinese wars and battles]]|[[List of wars involving the Republic of China]]|[[First Taiwan Strait Crisis]] (1955)|[[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis]] (1958)|[[Vietnam War]] (1965–1973)|[[Cambodian Civil War]] (1970–1975)|[[NDF Rebellion]] (1978-1982; Peace Bell Program)|[[Third Taiwan Strait Crisis]] (1995–1996)|[[War on Terror]]|[[Military intervention against ISIL]]}}
| ranks = [[Republic of China Armed Forces rank insignia|Military ranks]]
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Republic of China Armed Forces
| t = 中華民國國軍
| s = 中华民国国军
| l = Chinese Republic National Army
| w = Chung<sup>1</sup>-Hua<sup>2</sup> Min<sup>2</sup>-Kuo<sup>2</sup> Kuo<sup>2</sup>-Chün<sup>1</sup>
| bpmf = ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄩㄣ
| p = Zhōnghuá Mínguó Guójūn
| tp = Jhōnghuá Mínguó Guójyūn
| h = Chûng-fà Mìn-koet Koet-kiûn
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|zh|ong|1|g|ua|2|-|m|in|2|g|uo|2|-|g|uo|2|jun|1}}
| altname = Shorter name: National Army
| t2 = 國軍
| s2 = 国军
| w2 = Kuo<sup>2</sup>-Chün<sup>1</sup>
| tp2 = Guójyūnear
| p2 = Guójūn
| bpmf2 = ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄩㄣ
| h2 = Koet-kiûn
| altname3 = Former name: [[National Revolutionary Army]]
| t3 = 國民革命軍
| s3 = 国民革命军
| w3 = Kuo<sup>2</sup>-Min<sup>2</sup> Kê<sup>2</sup>-Ming<sup>4</sup> Chün<sup>1</sup>
| tp3 = Guómín Gémìng Jyūn
| p3 = Guómín Gémìng Jūn
| bpmf3 = ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄜˊ ㄇㄧㄥˋ ㄐㄩㄣ
}}

The '''Republic of China Armed Forces''' ({{lang-zh|t=中華民國國軍}}) are the national military forces of the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (ROC), which is now based primarily in the [[Taiwan Area]] but [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|formerly governed]] [[Mainland China]] prior to 1949. The armed forces comprise the [[Republic of China Army|Army]], [[Republic of China Navy|Navy]] (including the [[Republic of China Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]), [[Republic of China Air Force|Air Force]], and [[Republic of China Military Police|Military Police Force]]. The military operates under the civilian control of the [[Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)|Ministry of National Defense]], a cabinet-level body overseen by the [[Legislative Yuan]].

Originally known as the [[National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA), the forces were renamed the Republic of China Armed Forces in 1947 following the implementation of the [[Constitution of the Republic of China]].<ref name=Const1>{{cite book |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95 |script-title=zh:''中華民國憲法'' |language=zh-Hant |trans-title=[[Constitution of the Republic of China]] |section=Clause 138 |author=[[National Assembly (Republic of China)|National Assembly]] (制憲國民大會) |location=[[Nanjing]] |publisher=National Assembly |date=1946-12-25 |quote=全國陸海空軍，須超出個人、地域及黨派關係以外，效忠國家，愛護人民。(English translation: The land, sea and air forces of the whole country shall be above personal, regional, or party affiliations, shall be loyal to the state, and shall protect the people.) |access-date=2014-01-14 |website=Wikisource |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726022245/https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95 |archive-date=2014-07-26 |url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to the [[Proclamation of the People's Republic of China|establishment of the People's Republic of China]] in 1949 and the [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|subsequent loss of international recognition]] during the 1970s, the ROC military was often referred to internationally as the '''Nationalist Military'''.

Until the late 1970s, the primary mission of the ROC Armed Forces was to prepare for a counteroffensive aimed at retaking mainland China from the Communists, as exemplified by efforts such as [[Project National Glory]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Project National Glory |date=2024-08-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_National_Glory |access-date=2024-09-01 |language=en}}</ref> Following strategic shifts and Taiwan’s evolving political landscape, the military’s focus turned towards the defence of Taiwan itself against potential invasion by the [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) of the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC), which continues to be perceived as the principal threat.<ref name="mnd2004wp">{{cite web |url=http://english.www.gov.tw/web/upload/11006614337393.pdf |title=2004 National Defense White Paper |publisher=ROC Ministry of National Defense |access-date=2006-03-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901214436/http://english.www.gov.tw/web/upload/11006614337393.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2006}}</ref><ref name="mnd2004">{{cite web |year=2004 |title=2004 National Defense Report |work=ROC Ministry of National Defense |url=http://report.mnd.gov.tw/eng/pdf/all-1-360.pdf |access-date=2006-03-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060311012134/http://report.mnd.gov.tw/eng/pdf/all-1-360.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2006}}</ref>

The ROC Armed Forces today maintain an approximate active strength of 150,000 personnel, with the capability to mobilise up to 1.67 million reservists in times of national emergency or full-scale war. A significant pool of former [[Conscription in Taiwan|conscripts]] is available, as all able-bodied male citizens of the ROC are required to undertake at least one year of compulsory military service upon reaching the age of 18.

== Etymology ==
The Republic of China Armed Forces (ROCAF) is the national military of the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan. In Taiwan, it is commonly referred to as the '''National Armed Forces''', pronounced ''Kuo<sup>2</sup>-Chün<sup>1</sup>'' in Mandarin ({{zh|t=國軍|p=Guójūn|tp=Guójyūn}}, literally "National Army").<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[Ministry of Education (Taiwan)]] |chapter=國民革命軍 > 國軍 |trans-chapter=National Revolutionary Army > National Army |title=[[Ministry of Education Mandarin Chinese Dictionary|Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary]] |version=Taiwan Academic Network Version 6 |chapter-url=https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=72027 |publisher=[[National Academy for Educational Research]] |year=2021 |access-date=31 October 2024 |language=zh-tw |location=Taipei, Taiwan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515141209/https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=72027 |archive-date=15 May 2024}}</ref> This term is also widely used among overseas Chinese communities supportive of Taiwan or the ROC government.

Colloquially, in mainland China, the force is often referred to as the '''Taiwanese Armed Forces''' ({{lang-zh|台军}}), a term mainly employed by pro-communist media. In other international contexts, it is commonly referred to as the '''Military of Taiwan''',<ref>{{cite book |author=Momma Rira (门间理良) |title=中国安全战略报告 — 不断变化的中台关系 |trans-title=China Security Strategy Report 2017 – Continuously Changing China-Taiwan Relation |date=2017-02-01 |volume=Preface |page=2 |url=https://www.nids.mod.go.jp/publication/chinareport/pdf/china_report_CN_web_2017_A01.pdf |publisher=National Institute for Defense Studies (NIDS), [[Ministry of Defense (Japan)]] |translator=[[The Japan Times]] |access-date=31 October 2024 |isbn=978-4-86482-048-6 |language=zh-hans |location=Tokyo, Japan |archive-date=2023-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012012505/http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/publication/chinareport/pdf/china_report_CN_web_2017_A01.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> to distinguish it from the [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) of the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC).

Historically, when the ROC governed mainland [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], its armed forces were known as the [[National Revolutionary Army]]. Following the implementation of the [[Constitution of the Republic of China]] in 1947, the military was formally renamed as the Republic of China Armed Forces.<ref name="Const1" /> Prior to the establishment of the PRC in 1949, the ROC military was also widely referred to internationally as the '''Nationalist Forces''', a term that continued to be used by some countries until the 1970s.

== History ==
=== Mainland era ===
{{Main|National Revolutionary Army}}
{{See also|Republic of China Military Academy|Military history of Taiwan}}
{{Further|Military history of China before 1911}}
Prior to 1947, the ROC Armed Forces were known as the [[National Revolutionary Army]], which was founded by [[Sun Yat-sen]] in [[Guangdong]] in 1924. Because the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] was divided by warlords since the [[1911 Revolution]], he wanted to create a military that would be politically dominated by the Chinese Nationalist Party (the [[Kuomintang]]). Sun Yat-sen accepted the help of the Soviet Union in creating a Soviet-style military and party system.{{sfn|Jordan|1976|pages=3–7}}{{sfn|Setzekorn|2018|pages=29–30}} As part of this effort, the [[Whampoa Military Academy]] was founded on 1 May 1924 with Soviet trainers and equipment. The Whampoa Academy provided politically indoctrinated officers that were loyal to the ideals of the Revolution and the Kuomintang Party.{{sfn|Setzekorn|2018|pp=29–30}}{{sfn|Jordan|1976|p=18}} A Political Department was established in the Army, training political officers to maintain the Kuomintang's ideological and civilian control.{{sfn|Setzekorn|2018|pp=31–33}} 

The National Revolutionary Army fought in the [[Northern Expedition]] from 1926 to 1928 to reunite China under one government for the first time in two decades.{{sfn|Jordan|1976|pp=193–194}} It fought in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] from 1937 to 1945,{{sfn|Setzekorn|2018|page=46}}{{sfn|Sherry|1996|pages=3–6}} and then against the [[Chinese Communist Party]] in the [[Chinese Civil War]]. After the ROC military was defeated by the Communists on the mainland in 1949, the Nationalists [[Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan|evacuated to Taiwan]].{{sfn|Setzekorn|2023|p=71}}

=== Cold War ===
The promulgation of the [[Constitution of the Republic of China]] in 1947 renamed the National Revolutionary Army to the Republic of China Armed Forces ({{lang|zh-Hant|中華民國國軍}}). Although the army was theoretically [[nationalization|nationalized]],{{sfn|Setzekorn|2018|pages=84–86}} it remained effectively a party army of the Kuomintang until the 1990s.{{sfn|Setzekorn|2014|p=7}} The United States began providing military supplies and equipment to the ROC after the [[Korean War]] broke out, and in 1951 the U.S. [[Military Assistance Advisory Group]] (MAAG) Taiwan was created.{{sfn|Setzekorn|2023|p=72}} The ROC military received extensive support from the United States, with MAAG helping set up dozens of military schools (including each branch having its own staff college and officer academy), providing American vehicles, aircraft, ships, and weapons, and restructuring the [[Republic of China Army|ROC Army]].{{sfn|Setzekorn|2023|pages=78–80}} In 1957, U.S. Ambassador [[Karl Rankin]] described the ROC as having the second largest Asian military allied to the United States.{{sfn|Setzekorn|2023|p=89}} In the late 1950s, the ROC Armed Forces had 600,000 troops, including 375,000 in the Army{{sfn|Setzekorn|2023|p=83}} and 17,000 political officers.{{sfn|Setzekorn|2023|p=86}}

During the [[First Taiwan Strait Crisis]] in 1954 and 1955, the [[People's Liberation Army]] gained air and naval superiority over the ROC Armed Forces near the [[Dachen Islands|Dachen]] and [[Yijiangshan Islands|Yijiangshan]] islands, forcing the ROC to [[Operation King Kong|give them up]], after artillery fire from the mainland and attacks by [[People's Liberation Army Air Force|PLA Air Force]] bombers and [[People's Liberation Army Navy|PLA Navy]] PT boats. But the ROC prevented the situation from happening again during the [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis]] in 1958, when its garrison on the [[Kinmen Islands]] held out through an artillery barrage, the ROC Air Force shot down many PLAAF jets while losing far less of its own, and the Navy sunk some of their PT boats.{{sfn|Chung|2003|pages=116–117}} The [[Republic of China Marine Corps|ROC Marine Corps]] used its amphibious vehicles to deliver supplies to the population of the Kinmen Islands while under artillery fire from the mainland.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hao-Chang |first=Yu |title=Republic of China Marine Corps |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zWcjPEXz90C&dq=taiwanese+marine+corps&pg=RA10-PA30 |date=November 1966 |journal=[[Marine Corps Gazette]] |publisher=Marine Corps Association }}</ref> In the 1960s [[Republic of China in the Vietnam War|the ROC sent military personnel]] to assist [[South Vietnam]] during the [[Vietnam War]] in non-combat roles.{{sfn|Larsen|Collins Jr.|1985|pages=115–119}}

Up until the late 1980s, the ROC military's objective was to eventually retake the mainland. That strategy changed in the 1990s with the understanding that challenging the PRC's control of the mainland was unrealistic, and instead focused on defending Taiwan and its offshore islands. At first this consisted of both offensive and defensive methods, before becoming focused only on the defensive.{{sfn|Ding|Huang|1999|p=255}} To reflect this change, a ten-year restructuring plan for the Armed Forces was proposed in 1993 but it was cancelled in 1995 and replaced by another plan, known as the Armed Forces streamlining program, which was adopted by the government in December 1996.{{sfn|Ding|Huang|1999|pages=268–272}} The end of the [[martial law in Taiwan]] in 1987 also led to a series of administrative reforms, occurring at the same time as the political changes. These included ending the Kuomintang's political control of the military.{{sfn|Chase|2005|pages=367–370}}

===Post-Cold War===
The ROC military bureaucracy was traditionally dominated by the Army,{{sfn|Chase|2005|pages=367–370}} which was primarily an infantry force, until the late 1980s, when more emphasis was placed on the Navy and Air Force.{{sfn|Setzekorn|2014|p=9}} In July 1997, the Armed Forces streamlining program was started, reducing the total number of troops and reorganizing Army divisions into more mobile combined arms brigades.{{sfn|Chase|2005|pages=367–370}} In the late 1980s, the Army had 270,000 personnel,{{sfn|Liu|1988|p=29}} out of a total military of over 500,000.{{sfn|Setzekorn|2014|p=8}} The Army received the biggest reduction in size as part of the military reform.{{sfn|Setzekorn|2014|p=16}} By 2003, the Army was reduced to 199,237 soldiers, while the other services included 56,284 in the Navy (including Marines), 55,170 in the Air Force, 15,015 in the Combined Logistics Command, and 14,168 in the Military Police.{{sfn|Chase|2005|pages=367–370}} The reduction in the number of troops continued during the presidency of [[Chen Shui-bian]] from 2000 to 2008.{{sfn|Setzekorn|2014|p=16}} Taiwan's transition to democracy also meant that the Armed Forces had to transition from being the armed wing of the KMT to a modern national military. This was a challenge with change resisted by many officers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hill |first1=Kathrine |title=Taiwan's Lai Ching-te calls on army to shed nationalist legacy to meet China threat |url=https://www.ft.com/content/dba4744c-f157-4a5d-ae6f-113cdf0767f2 |website=ft.com |date=16 June 2024 |publisher=The Financial Times |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref>

In January 2000, two defense laws were passed, the National Defense Law and the Ministry of National Defense Reorganization Law, which both took effect in March 2002. The laws created the basis for the civilian control and nationalization of the ROC military, by subordinating the General Staff to a civilian Minister of Defense, and created new organizations at the MND to improve strategic planning and armaments procurement.{{sfn|Chase|2005|pages=367–370}} The two defense laws were also passed in part because of a scandal during the 1990s about the ROC Navy's [[Taiwan frigate scandal|decision to purchase certain French frigates]], which involved bribery of senior officials and the death of the officer in charge of navy procurement, and resulted in years of investigations. The effect of the post-1987 military reforms was integrating the military into a democratic political system: before 2000 Taiwan's defense policy was controlled by generals, and since then it has been set by the lawmakers.{{sfn|Ding|Huang|1999|p=255}}{{sfn|Setzekorn|2014|pages=9–12}} The military has also been included in the [[truth and reconciliation]] process which followed the transition from dictatorship to democracy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Law |first1=Violet |title=Taiwan grapples with divisive history as new president prepares for power |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/16/taiwan-grapples-with-divisive-history-as-new-president-prepares-for-power |website=aljazeera.com |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref>

In the 21st century as the PRC vastly increased its defense spending, the Republic of China registered the lowest growth in defense spending of the major Asia-Pacific powers.<ref>Isenberg, David. [https://nation.time.com/2012/10/26/shifting-defense-expenditures-in-east-asia/ "Shifting Defense Expenditures in East Asia".]  ''Time'', 26 October 2012.</ref> These cutbacks were felt as vital land based systems were cut in order to afford an upgrade of aging fourth generation jet fighters (needed to respond to the PRC's fifth generation fighter programs).{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} And even the jet fighter upgrades were cut back in areas such as high performance jet engines.<ref>Cole, Michael J. [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2012/02/10/2003525112 "Taipei cuts budget for F-16 upgrades".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019035609/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2012/02/10/2003525112 |date=2012-10-19 }} ''Taipei Times'', 10 February 2012.</ref> The U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission found that these defense cuts could jeopardize Taiwan's military preparedness.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://origin.www.uscc.gov/Research/taiwan%E2%80%99s-declining-defense-spending-could-jeopardize-military-preparedness |title = Taiwan's Declining Defense Spending Could Jeopardize Military Preparedness |website = uscc.gov |access-date = 30 January 2016 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101181848/http://origin.www.uscc.gov/Research/taiwan%E2%80%99s-declining-defense-spending-could-jeopardize-military-preparedness |archive-date = 1 January 2016 }}</ref> 

By 2008 the ROC military had a total strength of 260,000.{{sfn|Setzekorn|2014|p=16}} In 2013 the ROC Armed Forces had over 240,000 active troops,{{sfn|Cordesman|Kendall|2016|p=506}} which was reduced to 215,000 as of 2015,{{sfn|Easton|Stokes|Cooper|Chan|2017|p=11}} and then to 180,000 by 2023.<ref name="institute">{{Cite web |last=Dotson |first=John |title=Taiwan's "Military Force Restructuring Plan" and the Extension of Conscripted Military Service |url=https://globaltaiwan.org/2023/02/taiwan-military-force-restructuring-plan-and-the-extension-of-conscripted-military-service/ |work=Global Taiwan Brief |publisher=Global Taiwan Institute |date=February 8, 2023 }}</ref> The International Institute of Strategic Studies reported the active duty personnel of the military in 2023 as 169,000.{{sfn|IISS|2024|p=315}} President [[Tsai Ing-wen]], who took office in 2016, has worked to strengthen the military, including by raising its budget, creating the [[All-Out Defense Mobilization Agency]], and restoring conscription from four months to twelve months.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hale |first=Erin |title=How prepared is Taiwan for a war with China? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/10/how-prepared-is-taiwan-for-a-war-with-china |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=23 April 2024 }}</ref>

== Organization ==
[[File:01.14 總統追頒「0102」殉職將士勳獎章、追晉官階及頒贈褒揚令 - Flickr id 49382975907.jpg|thumb|Honor guards of three branches (from the left): Navy, Air Force, and Army.]]
The professional head of the Armed Forces is the [[Chief of the General Staff (Republic of China)|Chief of the General Staff]], who answers to the civilian command structure under the [[Minister of National Defense (Republic of China)|Minister of National Defense]] and the [[President of the Republic of China|ROC President]].<ref name="mnd2004" /> Below the Chief are the Executive Vice Chief of the General Staff and two other Vice Chiefs, who oversee the Political Warfare Department and several Deputy Chiefs of the General Staff, each of whom leads a section (J-1 personnel, J-2 intelligence, J-3 operations, J-4 logistics, and J-5 planning). The headquarters of each individual branch are subordinated to the General Staff.{{sfn|Ding|Huang|1999|pages=268–272}}<ref name="mnd2024">{{Cite web |title=About – Ministry of National Defense |url=https://www.mnd.gov.tw/English/Publish.aspx?p=74731&title=About%20MND&SelectStyle=Ministry%20of%20National%20Defense |publisher=ROC Ministry of National Defense |date=1 January 2022 |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref>

The following service commands are directly subordinate to the General Staff.<ref name="mnd2004" /><ref name="mnd2024" />
* [[Republic of China Army]] (ROCA)
* [[Republic of China Navy]] (ROCN)
** [[Republic of China Marine Corps]] (ROCMC)
* [[Republic of China Air Force]] (ROCAF)
* [[Republic of China Military Police]] (ROCMP)

The [[Coast Guard Administration (Republic of China)|Coast Guard Administration]] was created in 2001 from related police and military units and is administered by the [[Executive Yuan]] and may be incorporated as a military branch during times of emergency but for the large part remains in civilian control.

=== Army ===
[[File:ROCA M60A3 TTS Display at No.11 Pier of Zhongzheng Naval Base Birdview 20130504.jpg|thumb|The M60A3 is the primary [[main battle tank]] of the Republic of China Army.]]
{{Main|Republic of China Army}}
The Army is the land branch of the ROC Armed Forces tasked with defending Taiwan and its offshore islands.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://army.mnd.gov.tw/Article/Index/7304 |title=Army mission and future expectation |date=14 November 2023 |publisher=ROC Ministry of National Defense |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref> Because of the historical legacy of having once controlled mainland China, the Army has traditionally been the dominant branch of the ROC's military forces,<ref name="center">{{cite web |last = Roy |first = Denny |title = Taiwan's Threat Perceptions: The Enemy Within |publisher = Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies |year = 2003 |url = http://www.apcss.org/Publications/Ocasional%20Papers/OPTaiwanThreat.pdf |access-date = 2006-03-05 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060422035851/http://www.apcss.org/Publications/Ocasional%20Papers/OPTaiwanThreat.pdf |archive-date = 22 April 2006 |url-status = dead }}</ref> has the largest number of personnel,{{sfn|Chase|2005|pages=367–370}} but it has received the biggest reduction in size from the military reforms of the 1990s.{{sfn|Setzekorn|2014|p=16}} Also part of the reform was changing Army divisions into smaller and more mobile combined arms brigades.{{sfn|Chase|2005|pages=367–370}} In recent years, with the reduction of conscription, it has been reported that Army brigades may only have 60% to 80% of the soldiers they require.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wallace |first=Gregson C. |author-link=Wallace C. Gregson |url=https://globaltaiwan.org/2023/08/taiwans-army-and-the-future-of-the-state/ |title=Taiwan's Army and the Future of the State |work=Global Taiwan Brief |publisher=Global Taiwan Institute |date=23 August 2023}}</ref> The Army has several hundred tanks, some from the U.S. and some locally made, though all of them are many decades old.<ref>{{cite web |last=Axe |first=David |title=The Taiwanese Army Has More Tanks Than a Chinese Invasion Force Does—Until China Captures A Port |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2021/07/29/the-taiwanese-army-has-more-tanks-than-a-chinese-invasion-force-does-until-china-captures-a-port/?sh=669a1d81477d |work=Forbes |date=29 July 2021 }}</ref> In 2024 Taiwan received its first [[M1 Abrams|M1A2 Abrams]] tanks and first [[M142 HIMARS]] artillery systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Gordon |title=Taiwan gets US Abrams tanks, hardening final defenses in an invasion |date=December 20, 2024 |work=Defense News |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2024/12/20/taiwan-gets-us-abrams-tanks-hardening-final-defenses-in-an-invasion/ }}</ref>

In 2015, the Army was organized into 3 army corps, 5 infantry brigades, 3 mechanized infantry brigades, 4 armored brigades, 3 aviation brigades, and 5 artillery brigades, with a total of 1,100 tanks and 1,600 artillery pieces.{{sfn|Cordesman|Kendall|2016|p=522}} The number of infantry brigades was gradually reduced from 25 in 2005 to 5 by 2016 and the number of armored brigades from 5 to 4 in 2010, while artillery brigades were increased and army aviation brigades were established in 2015.{{sfn|Cordesman|Kendall|2016|p=534}} Also in 2015, the Army's total personnel was reported at 150,000.{{sfn|Easton|Stokes|Cooper|Chan|2017|p=11}} In 2023 it had 94,000 soldiers.{{sfn|IISS|2024|p=315}}

In 2021, it was announced that Army's corps and regional defense commands will be abolished eventually and replaced with combat theater commands to better coordinate ground, air, and naval forces. Currently, each corps and defense command of the ROC Army is assigned to a combat theater command, and the commanding general of each formation will also lead their theater command in wartime. This was interpreted by some military analysts as reducing the control of the Army over the military command structure and putting a greater focus on joint operations among the three branches. Although they are led by Army generals, in the future Navy and Air Force officers will be appointed as theater commanders. The new commands are comparable to U.S. [[unified combatant command]]s or the [[theater commands of the People's Liberation Army]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=台灣棄「軍團」改「作戰區」 軍隊改制背後的用意 |trans-title=Taiwan Abolishing "Corps" and Creating "Theaters of Operation": The Aim Behind the Military Restructuring |url=https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-57085363 |lang=zh |publisher=BBC News |date=May 13, 2021 |access-date=April 22, 2024 }}</ref> As of 2021 the Army's Kinmen and Matsu island commands were outside of this structure, as was the [[Aviation and Special Forces Command]].<ref> {{Cite web |last=Yeo |first=Mike |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2021/05/17/taiwan-unveils-army-restructure-aimed-at-decentralizing-military/ |title=Taiwan unveils Army structure aimed at decentralizing military |publisher=Defense News |date=May 17, 2021 |access-date=April 22, 2024 }}</ref>

=== Navy ===
[[File:Panshi Fast Combat Support Ship (AOE-532).jpg|thumb|[[Panshih-class fast combat support ship|ROCS ''Pan Shih'' (AOE-532)]] combat support ship.]]
{{Main|Republic of China Navy}}
The Navy is responsible for maritime warfare and protecting the waters of Taiwan, including the offshore islands, as well as [[sea lines of communication|shipping lanes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vision |url=https://navy.mnd.gov.tw/en/AboutUs/Leader_Info.aspx?ID=10005 |work=Republic of China Navy |publisher=ROC Ministry of National Defense |date=1 December 2020 |access-date=23 April 2024 }}</ref> The ROC Navy was built up after 1949 with U.S. assistance, receiving destroyers and frigates that were made or designed during World War II. Some of these were still in use at the start of the 1990s, when Taiwan started buying modern ships.{{sfn|Setzekorn|2014|pages=9–12}}{{sfn|Chung|2003|pages=114–115}}{{sfn|Liu|1988|pages=22–24}} In that decade Taiwan acquired French [[La Fayette-class frigate|''La Fayette'' frigates]], Dutch [[Zwaardvis-class submarine|''Zwaardvis'' submarines]], and German minehunters,{{sfn|Chung|2003|p=121}} which are still in service as of 2024.{{sfn|IISS|2024|pages=315—316}} It also received [[Kidd-class destroyer|''Kidd''-class destroyers]] and [[Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate|''Oliver Hazard Perry'' frigates]] from the United States.<ref name="navy" /> Since the 2000s, the ROCN has tried to improve its asymmetric warfare capability to counter the much larger [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] by locally building smaller and stealthier craft, such as fast missile boats, corvettes, and submarines, though its destroyers and frigates remain the main component of the fleet.<ref name="navy" />{{sfn|Mazza|2020|pages=341–343}}

The size of the ROCN has not changed significantly between 2005 and 2024, except for the decommissioning of two destroyers{{sfn|Cordesman|Kendall|2016|p=535}}{{sfn|IISS|2024|pages=315—316}} and the addition of 12 corvettes. As of 2023 the Navy also had 40,000 personnel.{{sfn|IISS|2024|p=315}} In 2015 the Navy had 4 destroyers, 22 frigates, 1 corvette, 14 landing ships, and 4 diesel attack submarines.{{sfn|Cordesman|Kendall|2016|p=524}} The majority of these ships are former U.S. Navy vessels.<ref name="navy">{{Cite web |last=Fish |first=Tim |date=7 June 2023 |title=Taiwan's Navy Caught Between Two Strategies to Counter Chinese Threat |url=https://news.usni.org/2023/06/07/taiwans-navy-caught-between-two-strategies-to-counter-chinese-threat |work=USNI News |publisher=United States Naval Institute }}</ref> 

==== Marine Corps ====
[[File:05.25 總統視導漢光33號演習 (34039376674).jpg|thumb|Marine Corps [[Amphibious Assault Vehicle|AAV-7]] vehicles during an amphibious exercise.]]
{{Main|Republic of China Marine Corps}}
The Marine Corps is the amphibious warfare arm of the ROC Navy. The original purpose of the Marines was to carry out amphibious landings on the mainland to establish a bridgehead for Army forces, and starting in the 1950s the ROC Marines received training in amphibious warfare from the [[United States Marine Corps|USMC]].<ref>[https://culture.teldap.tw/culture/index.php?option=com_content&id=947:forever-loyalthe-roc-marine-corps-in-the-cold-war-era-tai-ying-chen Forever loyal:The ROC Marine Corps in the Cold War era]. ''Culture.teldap.tw''. Taiwan E-Learning and Digital Archives Program. Published February 2010. Retrieved 24 April 2024.</ref>{{sfn|Setzekorn|2023|p=80}} Training exercises with the USMC were officially ended in 1979, but were resumed in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last=Feng |first=John |title=U.S. Marines Training Taiwan Elite Troops in Guam |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-marines-training-taiwan-elite-troops-guam-1644810 |work=Newsweek |date=2 November 2021 }}</ref> More recently, the main purpose of the Marine Corps has been to defend Taiwan by disrupting PRC amphibious operations and to serve as a rapid response force.<ref>{{cite web |last2=Newsham |first2=Grant |last1=Gershaneck |first1=Kerry |date=November 26, 2015 |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/saving-the-taiwan-marine-corps/ |title=Saving Taiwan's Marine Corps |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |access-date=June 23, 2023}}</ref> In 2021 Marines were deployed to [[Pratas Island]] when the PLA carried out war games in the area.<ref>{{cite web |last=Axe |first=David |work=Forbes |date=7 August 2020 |title=Imagine Being One Of 200 Taiwanese Marines Staring Down A Chinese Invasion Force |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2020/08/07/imagine-being-one-of-200-taiwanese-marines-staring-down-a-chinese-invasion-force/?sh=34ce965e78c5 }} </ref> In 2023 there were 10,000 ROC Marines, and they were organized in two Marine brigades, a special forces unit (the [[Amphibious Reconnaissance and Patrol Unit]]), and some support units.{{sfn|IISS|2024|p=316}}

=== Air Force ===
[[File:07.02 總統專機返國時,空軍幻象戰機前往迎接並護送返國 (28036481176).jpg|thumb|ROCAF Mirage 2000 fighters escorting the president's plane.]]
[[File:Skyguard-Sparrow Missile Launcher in Songshan Air Force Base Display.jpg|thumb|Air Defense [[Skyguard system]] [[Sparrow missile]] launcher.]]
{{Main|Republic of China Air Force}}
The Air Force is responsible for defending Taiwanese airspace and assisting in disaster relief.<ref name="ROCAF">{{Cite web |title=Mission of the ROCAF |url=https://air.mnd.gov.tw/EN/About/About_Detail.aspx?ID=100 |work=Republic of China Air Force |publisher=ROC Ministry of National Defense |date=15 March 2019 |access-date=24 April 2024 }}</ref> In recent years the ROCAF had to send aircraft to respond to Chinese planes entering Taiwan's air defense identification zone.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kuo |first1=Lily |last2=Chiang |first2=Vic |title=Taiwan needs more Top Guns as chance of conflict with China grows |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/03/01/china-taiwan-military-threat-invasion/ |newspaper=Washington Post |date=28 February 2023 }}</ref> Founded on mainland China, the ROC Air Force on Taiwan received U.S. military assistance in the [[Cold War]], including over 400 aircraft, which were mostly fighters.{{sfn|Setzekorn|2023|p=80}} Beginning in 1954 with the [[North American F-86 Sabre|F-86 Saber]],{{sfn|Setzekorn|2023|p=79}} by the late 1980s the ROCAF's fighter force also had the [[North American F-100 Super Sabre|F-100 Super Saber]], the [[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter|F-104 Starfighter]], and [[Northrop F-5]].{{sfn|Liu|1988|p=19}} In the 1990s Taiwan began acquiring more modern aircraft to replace the F-5 and to counter the improving [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]], including the [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]] and the [[Dassault Mirage 2000]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheng |first=Dean |title=Taiwan's F-16V Fighter Jet Purchase: Why It Matters |url=https://www.heritage.org/asia/commentary/taiwans-f-16v-fighter-jet-purchase-why-it-matters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829034028/https://www.heritage.org/asia/commentary/taiwans-f-16v-fighter-jet-purchase-why-it-matters |url-status=unfit |archive-date=29 August 2020 |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |date=25 August 2020 }}</ref>

The Air Force has reduced its total number of aircraft in the mid-2000s, has been replacing them with more modern fighters.{{sfn|Cordesman|Kendall|2016|p=545}} As of 2015, the ROC Air Force had 384 fighters, 19 transports, and 25 aircraft of other types,{{sfn|Cordesman|Kendall|2016|p=523}} a reduction from 420 fighters and 40 transport aircraft as of 2005.{{sfn|Cordesman|Kendall|2016|p=535}} In 2024 the ROCAF had a total of 35,000 personnel and 430 combat capable aircraft, being organized into 28 squadrons.{{sfn|IISS|2024|p=317}} The main components of the ROC Air Force are the Air Combatant Command and the Air Defense and Missile Command,<ref name="ROCAF" /> the latter having five brigades equipped with AA missile systems and several battalions of AA artillery.{{sfn|IISS|2024|p=317}} Its current fighters include the [[Dassault Mirage 2000]], [[Northrop F-5]], [[AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-kuo]], and the [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]].{{sfn|IISS|2024|p=317}} Although the PLAAF has both technological and numerical superiority over the ROCAF, Taiwan has made efforts to improve its aircraft, including upgrading its F-16 fleet to the most advanced variant, the Block 70 Viper (F-16V).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dangwal |first=Ashish |title=Taiwan's F-16V vs China's J-20: We Hold "Absolute Air Superiority" Over PLAAF With Quality Weapons: Taipei |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/taiwan-holds-absolute-air-superiority-over-china/ |publisher=Eurasian Times |date=17 March 2024 }}</ref>

=== Military Police ===
{{Main|Republic of China Military Police}}
The Military Police are tasked with enforcing military discipline, supporting the civilian police, providing security for government officials and buildings, counterterrorism, and defending the capital of Taipei.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Functions |url=https://afpc.mnd.gov.tw/en/AboutUs/History_Info.aspx?ID=10014 |work=Republic of China Military Police |publisher=ROC Ministry of Defense |date=13 December 2016 |access-date=24 April 2024 }}</ref> The ROCMP is organized into four regional commands (including one for Taipei) which consist of several battalions and other units.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://afpc.mnd.gov.tw/en/AboutUs/Other_Info.aspx?ID=13 |work=Republic of China Military Police |publisher=ROC Ministry of National Defense |date=22 March 2024 |access-date=24 April 2024 }} </ref> In 2024 there were 5,000 MPs.{{sfn|IISS|2024|p=315}} The Military Police Command plans to double the size of its current force in the future to increase security in the capital city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hsu |first=Iris |title= Defense ministry to put more military police in Taipei to strengthen counterstrike capabilities |url=https://en.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2009767 |publisher=Radio Taiwan International |date=7 August 2023 }}</ref>

=== Reserve ===
{{Main|Republic of China Armed Forces Reserve}}
[[File:憲兵衛戍中樞阻敵滲透 展現軍民聯合應變能力.jpg|thumb|Participants of the 2023 [[Han Kuang Exercise|civil defense exercise]] in Taipei, involving the Armed Forces Reserve, the Military Police, and the  city police and firefighters.]]

The Reserve Command manages the Armed Forces Reserve, and has a headquarters staff of 400. There are three regional reserve commands that each oversee a reserve training center and offices at the county and municipal levels (Northern, Central, and Southern Area Reserve Commands).{{sfn|Easton|Stokes|Cooper|Chan|2017|pages=9–13}} The Command is responsible for maintaining mobilization plans and training reserve units during peace time, consisting of fourteen days of drill every one years, and more extensive training in the event of a wartime mobilization. It also has the task of preparing the civilian industries of Taiwan to assist the military during a war, and being the coordinator of an all-out defense effort that involves the civilian population.{{sfn|Easton|Stokes|Cooper|Chan|2017|pages=15–19}}

As of 2023, the Reserve was estimated to have a total of 1,657,000 reservists by the International Institute of Strategic Studies, including 1.5 million in the Army, 67,000 in the Navy, and 90,000 in the Air Force.{{sfn|IISS|2024|p=315}} The RAND Corporation estimated in 2017 that the total number of reservists is 2.5 million, including 60,000 each in the Navy and the Air Force.{{sfn|Easton|Stokes|Cooper|Chan|2017|pages=9–13}} 

The Army Reserve would form 44 infantry brigades and 2 armored Brigade.<ref>[Army Reserve brigades https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/Military/M.1703662180.A.10F.html]Wed Dec 27 2023</ref>{{sfn|IISS|2024|p=315}} These brigades are organized into four categories depending on the level of readiness: A-Level brigades are the highest level, and include active-duty troops that would serve with reservists; B-Level brigades would consist of cadets studying at military schools and academies; C-Level brigades are local units and represent the largest category in the reserves, and D-Level brigades would be drawn from reserve officer training courses operated by Reserve Command.{{sfn|Easton|Stokes|Cooper|Chan|2017|pages=9–13}} Army A-Level and B-level brigades along with Marine reserve units would have a front line role similar to regular forces, while the other Army reserves would be used for static defense of important locations. Navy and Air Force reservists would have a supporting role at naval or air bases.{{sfn|Easton|Stokes|Cooper|Chan|2017|pages=21–22}}

== Personnel ==
As of 2024 the armed forces are estimated to have between 150,000<ref name="DefensePost" /> and 169,000 personnel.{{sfn|IISS|2024|p=315}} The number of reservists is estimated at 1.657 million.{{sfn|IISS|2024|p=315}} Starting in 2024, Taiwanese male citizens are required to serve 12 months in the military.<ref name="conscription">{{Cite web |last=Dotson |first=John |title=Taiwan Initiates Its New One-Year Military Conscription Program |url=https://globaltaiwan.org/2024/02/taiwan-initiates-its-new-one-year-military-conscription-program/ |work=Global Taiwan Brief |publisher=Global Taiwan Institute |date=7 February 2024 }}</ref>

According to the December 2022 reform known as the "Strengthening All-People's Defense Military Force Restructuring Plan" ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|強化全民國防兵力結構調整方案}}), ROCAF personnel will be organized into four categories: the Main Battle Troops ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|主戰部隊}}), the active-duty volunteer force that will be responsible primarily for fighting; the Garrison Troops ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|守備部隊}}), that will mostly consist of conscripts and be used for defending infrastructure; the Civil Defense System ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|民防系統}}), consisting of alternative service personnel that do not want or are ineligible for combat roles and will be used for humanitarian aid, medical assistance, and logistics; and the Reserve System ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|後備系統}}), providing former volunteers for the Main Battle Troops and former conscripts for the Garrison Troops.<ref name="institute" />

Immigrants from the PRC have to reside in Taiwan for twenty years before they can volunteer for military service. They are exempt from conscription.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amendments proposed for HK, Macau soldiers |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2023/06/20/2003801828 |website=taipeitimes.com |date=20 June 2023 |publisher=Taipei Times |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref>

=== All-out defense ===
{{Main|All-Out Defense Mobilization Agency}}
Since 2021 training for reserve formations has been increased with an emphasis placed on urban and asymmetric warfare. The training period for reservists has been increased to two weeks from 5–7 days. In 2022 reserves numbered 2.31 million. The [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] increased support for and understanding from the public of the effectiveness of well trained and equipped reserves.<ref name="ABC reserves" >{{cite news |title=Taiwan's government boosts military reservists training as Ukraine war underlines China threat |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-13/ukraine-war-gives-taiwans-military-reservist-reform-new-impetus/100906062 |newspaper=ABC News |date=12 March 2022 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref> In 2022 women were included in reserve training.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taiwan To Allow Women Into Reservist Training For First Time |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/taiwan-to-allow-women-into-reservist-training-for-first-time-01673951473 |website=barrons.com |publisher=Barrons |access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref> Following the Russian invasion the Ministry of Defense raised the required national stockpile minimum for medication from two months to six months with up to a years worth of stockpiles mandated for critical drugs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Strong |first1=Matthew |title=Taiwan military expands stockpiling of drugs |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4834802 |website=taiwannews.com.tw |date=14 March 2023 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=14 March 2023}}</ref>

The military runs combat training camps for high school students during school breaks.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tzu-ti |first1=Huang |title=Combat camps resumed to boost defense awareness for Taiwan students |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4735002 |website=taiwannews.com.tw/ |date=29 November 2022 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref>

=== Conscription ===
{{Main|Conscription in Taiwan}}
During the 2000s, there were initial plans to turn the ROCAF into a volunteer armed forces as relations between the ROC and PRC were improving during this time. In 2012, ROC Ministry of National Defence announced that the length of service was reduced to 4 months from the original 1 year in December 2011 for those born after 1 January 1994, due to aims to establish an all-volunteer force. As since, all able-bodied men reaching conscription age will undergo 4 month long military training instead of serving for 1 year, as it was done previously. Those born prior to 1 January 1994 and were yet to complete their military service were given an option to serve in a non-combatant role for a duration of one year.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=2&post=2137| title=Taiwan cuts compulsory military service to 4 months| date=2 January 2012| access-date=6 July 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227122415/https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=2&post=2137| archive-date=27 February 2019| url-status=live|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|location=Republic of China (Taiwan)}}</ref> During the 2010s, when conscription was reduced to four months of training, the military struggled to meet its recruitment targets, especially for combat roles.{{sfn|Setzekorn|2014|p=17}}

This policy was reversed in 2022, when president [[Tsai Ing-wen]] announced that conscription will revert back to 1 year from 2024, as relations with the PRC had deteriorated since at least 2016 when her [[Democratic Progressive Party|party]] came into power.<ref name="2024cons"/> The required four months of training, when it was in effect, was also criticized as being not enough to provide conscripts with military training.<ref name="conscription" />

=== Rank structure ===
{{Main|Republic of China Armed Forces rank insignia}}
==== Officers ====
The ROC Armed Forces' officer corps is generally viewed as being competent, displaying a high degree of professionalism. However, as a whole, the culture in the officer corps tends to be very cautious and conservative. The military also faces difficulties in the recruitment and retention of junior officers and NCOs due to competition with the private sector.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Officers are promoted monthly with ceremonial conferences of rank carried out twice a year. Previously both the promotions and ceremonial conferences had been carried out simultaneously on a [[biannual]] cycle.<ref name="Focus Promotion 2022" />

The [[Republic of China Military Academy]], the [[Republic of China Naval Academy|Naval Academy]], and the [[Republic of China Air Force Academy|Air Force Academy]] are the officer commissioning academies of each service branch.

<div style="width:100%; overflow:auto">
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0 12px 12px 0;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
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{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Republic of China (Military Police)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OF/Republic of China}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OF/Republic of China (Marines)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OF/Republic of China}}
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==== Enlisted ====
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{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0 12px 12px 0;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Air Forces/OR/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Republic of China}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Republic of China (Military Police)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OR/Republic of China}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OR/Republic of China (Marines)}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OR/Republic of China}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of NATO Air Forces/OR/Blank}}
|}
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=== Women ===
Women have a long history of service in Taiwan's armed forces but were exempted from conscription.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Feng |first1=Emily |title=How Taiwan used women's voices to send secret messages into China and woo defectors |url=https://wamu.org/story/23/05/29/how-taiwan-used-womens-voices-to-send-secret-messages-into-china-and-woo-defectors/ |website=wamu.org |publisher=WAMU |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref> In 2022, Chen Yu-lin, a political warfare officer, became the first woman promoted to the rank of two star Lieutenant General.<ref name="Focus Promotion 2022" >{{cite web |last1=Yeh |first1=Joseph |title=Tsai promotes Taiwan's first female two-star general |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202212260011 |website=focustaiwan.tw |date=26 December 2022 |publisher=Focus Taiwan |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref> In 2023, 15% of active duty military personnel were women.<ref>{{cite web |title=Female fighter pilots strengthen Taiwan's defense |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2023/06/20/2003801829 |website=taipeitimes.com |publisher=Taipei Times |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>

=== Indigenous ===
[[Taiwanese indigenous peoples|Taiwanese indigenous people]] make up a greater percentage of Taiwan's armed forces than their percentage of the overall Taiwanese population, making up 8.7 percent of military personnel as of 2024. Taiwanese indigenous people are especially critical to elite military units where they constitute over half of the personnel in some units.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yun-Pu Tu |first=Margaret |date=2025-01-22 |title=Silenced by Technology: How AI Disinformation Undermines Taiwan's Indigenous Representation on Social Media |url=https://globaltaiwan.org/2025/01/silenced-by-technology-how-ai-disinformation-undermines-taiwans-indigenous-representation-on-social-media/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Global Taiwan Institute |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-03-20 |title=原民會夷將Icyang主委會見國防部首位原住民副部長徐衍璞上將 |url=https://www.cip.gov.tw/zh-tw/news/data-list/E93DA6B5E2130657/CAA62483EAB5AEA5877BAABB2CF4DB88-info.html |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=[[Council of Indigenous Peoples]] |language=zh}}</ref>

== Arms purchases and weapons development ==
=== Arms purchases ===
[[File:10.10 總統出席「中華民國中樞暨各界慶祝108年國慶大會」(48874882432).jpg|thumb|ROC Marine Corps Special Service Company Operator with [[SIG MPX]]]]
Acquisitions over the next several years will emphasize modern ISR equipment that will vastly improve communications and data-sharing among services. These and other planned acquisitions will gradually shift the island's strategic emphasis to offshore engagement of invading PRC forces. It is hoped that this will serve to reduce civilian casualties and damage to infrastructure in the event of armed conflict.<ref name=mnd2004 />

The ROC's armed forces are equipped with weapons obtained primarily from the [[United States]], [[France]], [[United Kingdom]] and the [[Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite web |title=TRADE REGISTERS |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |website=sipri.org |publisher=SIPRI |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |archive-date=14 April 2010 |url-status=live }} </ref>

In July 2007 it was reported that the ROC Army would request the purchase of 30 [[AH-64 Apache#AH-64D|AH-64D II Apache]] attack helicopters based on the 2008 defense budget.<ref>{{cite news |title = Apache helicopter most suited to the ROC's defense needs: Army |access-date=2007-08-10 |url = http://www.cna.com.tw/eng/cepread.php?id=200707100051&pt=1&LArr=200707100052,200707100051,200707100050,200707100049,200707100048,200707100047,200707100046,200707100045,200707100044,200707100042,200707100041,200707100040,200707100039,200707100038,200707100037,200707100036,200707100035,200707100034,200707100033,200707100032 |date=2007-08-10 |agency =[[Central News Agency (Republic of China)|Central News Agency]] |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205908/http://www.cna.com.tw/eng/cepread.php?id=200707100051&pt=1&LArr=200707100052%2C200707100051%2C200707100050%2C200707100049%2C200707100048%2C200707100047%2C200707100046%2C200707100045%2C200707100044%2C200707100042%2C200707100041%2C200707100040%2C200707100039%2C200707100038%2C200707100037%2C200707100036%2C200707100035%2C200707100034%2C200707100033%2C200707100032 |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref> The [[United Daily News]] reported that as many as 90 [[UH-60 Black Hawk]] helicopters would also be ordered to replace the [[UH-1H]]s then in service.

During August, the ROC requested 60 [[Boeing Harpoon#Harpoon Block II|AGM-84L Harpoon Block II missiles]], two Harpoon guidance control units, 30 Harpoon containers, 30 Harpoon extended air-launch lugs, 50 Harpoon upgrade kits from AGM-84G to AGM-84L configuration and other related elements of logistics and program support, to a total value of [[US$]]125 million. The United States government indicated its approval of the order with notification to the [[United States Congress]] of the potential sale.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://au.news.yahoo.com/070808/19/145op.html |title=Congress notified of possible anti-ship missile sale to Taiwan |publisher=Yahoo! news |date=2007-08-09 |access-date=2007-09-13 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In mid-September 2007, [[the Pentagon]] notified the U.S. Congress of P-3C Orion order, which included 12 Orions and three "spare aircraft", along with an order for 144 SM-2 Block IIIA missiles. The total value of the 12 P-3C Orions were estimated at around $1.96 billion and $272 million for the 144 SM-2 missiles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/070912/19/14evg.html |title=Pentagon could make 2.2 billion dollar arms sales to Taiwan |publisher=Yahoo! news |date=2007-09-13 |access-date=2007-09-13 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> A contract was awarded to Lockheed Martin to refurbish the 12 P-3C Orion aircraft for the ROC on 2009-03-13, with deliveries to start in 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/13/AR2009031302806.html | title=U.S. in deal to refurbish aircraft for Taiwan | newspaper=Washington Post | date=2009-03-13 | access-date=2007-09-13 }}{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In mid-November 2007, the Pentagon notified the US Congress about a possible sale to upgrade the ROC's existing three Patriot missile batteries to the PAC-3 standard. The total value of the upgrade could be as much as $939 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States – PATRIOT Configuration 2 Ground Systems Upgrade |access-date=2007-11-14 |url=http://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2007/Tecro_08-10.pdf |date=2007-11-09 |work=[[Defense News]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128050234/https://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2007/Tecro_08-10.pdf |archive-date=2007-11-28 }}</ref>

The US government announced on 3 October that it planned to sell $6.5 billion worth of arms to the ROC ending the freeze of arms sales to the ROC. The plans include $2.5 billion worth of 30 AH-64D Block III Apache Longbow attack helicopters with night-vision sensors, radar, 174 Stinger Block I air-to-air missiles, 1,000 AGM-114L Hellfire missiles, PAC-3 missiles (330), four missile batteries, radar sets, ground stations and other equipment valued up to $3.1 billion. E-2T aircraft upgraded to E-2C Hawkeye 2000 standard were also included, worth up to $250 million. $200 million worth of submarine-launched Harpoon Block II missiles (32) would also be available for sale, $334 million worth of various aircraft spare parts and 182 Javelin missiles, with 20 Javelin command launchers.

However, not included in the arms sale were new F-16 C/D fighters, the feasibility study for diesel-electric submarines or UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters.<ref>{{cite news | year = 2008 | url = http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2008/10/05/2003425092 | title = Taiwan supporters laud weapons sale | newspaper = Taipei Times | access-date = 2008-10-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081006172721/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2008/10/05/2003425092 | archive-date = 2008-10-06 | url-status = live }}</ref> The White House had declined to sell 66 F-16C/D fighter planes as US Pacific Command has felt no need for advanced arms to be sold to the ROC.<ref>{{cite news  | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE5292WL20090310  | title = U.S. declines to sell F-16 fighter jets to Taiwan:MP  | work=Reuters  | date=2009-03-10  | access-date=2009-03-12  | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312081613/http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE5292WL20090310  |archive-date=2009-03-12  | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 29 January 2010 the US government announced five notifications to US Congress for arms sales to the ROC, two Osprey class mine hunters for $105 million (all figures in US dollars), 25 Link 16 terminals on ships for $340 million, two ship- and two air-launched Harpoon L/II for $37 million, 60 UH-60M and other related items for $3.1 billion and three PAC-3 batteries with 26 launchers and 114 PAC-3 missiles for $2.81 billion, for a total $6.392 billion overall.<ref>{{cite news  | url = http://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2010/Taiwan_09-39.pdf  | title=USDA New Release  | publisher=dsca.mil  | date=2010-01-29  | access-date=2010-01-29  | url-status=dead  | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721171931/https://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2010/Taiwan_09-39.pdf  | archive-date=2011-07-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2010/Taiwan_09-37.pdf  | title=USDA New Release  | publisher=dsca.mil  | date=2010-01-29  | access-date=2010-01-29  | url-status=dead  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721171945/https://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2010/Taiwan_09-37.pdf | archive-date=2011-07-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2010/Taiwan_09-57.pdf | title=USDA New Release  | publisher=dsca.mil  | date=2010-01-29  | access-date=2010-01-29 | url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110721171956/https://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2010/Taiwan_09-57.pdf  | archive-date=2011-07-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2010/Taiwan_09-03.pdf  | title=USDA New Release  | publisher=dsca.mil  | date=2010-01-29  | access-date=2010-01-29  | url-status=dead  | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721172006/https://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2010/Taiwan_09-03.pdf  | archive-date=2011-07-21  }}</ref><ref>{{cite news  | url=http://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2010/Taiwan_09-75.pdf  | title=USDA New Release  | publisher=dsca.mil  | date=2010-01-29  | access-date=2010-01-29  | url-status=dead  | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721172014/https://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2010/Taiwan_09-75.pdf  | archive-date=2011-07-21  }}</ref>

The ROC's efforts at arms purchases have consistently been opposed by the PRC.<ref>{{cite news  | url = http://english.people.com.cn/200410/10/eng20041010_159539.html  | title=China expresses strong indignation for "US-Taiwan defense conference": FM spokesman  | newspaper=People's Daily  | date=2004-10-10  | access-date=2006-03-05  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060627143113/http://english.people.com.cn/200410/10/eng20041010_159539.html  | archive-date=2006-06-27}}</ref>

=== Local Weapons Development ===
[[File:Launcher of Chien hsiang loitering munition.jpg|thumb|[[NCSIST Chien Hsiang]] [[loitering munition]]]]
{{Main|Defense industry of Taiwan}}

The military's light weapons are generally managed by the [[Armaments Bureau]] of the [[Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)|Ministry of National Defense]], whose [[205th Arsenal]] is responsible for developing and producing light weapons such as [[T65 assault rifle]], [[T75 Light machine gun]], [[T86 assault rifle]], [[T91 assault rifle]], [[T75 pistol]], various types of bullets etc.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Matt Schrader, Ned Collins-Chase |first1=David An |title=Taiwan's Indigenous Defense Industry: Centralized Control of Abundant Suppliers |url=http://globaltaiwan.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/GTI-TW-Indig-Defense-Occasional-Report-May-2018-final.pdf |website=globaltaiwan.org |publisher=Global Taiwan Institute |accessdate=27 August 2019 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621000916/https://globaltaiwan.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/GTI-TW-Indig-Defense-Occasional-Report-May-2018-final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The military has also stressed military "self-reliance," which has led to the growth of indigenous military production, producing items such as the ROC's [[AIDC Ching-kuo|Indigenous Defense Fighter]], the [[Thunderbolt-2000|Thunderbolt 2000 Multiple Launch Rocket System]], [[CM32|Clouded Leopard Armoured Vehicle]], the [[Sky Bow II]] and [[Sky Bow III]] [[Surface-to-air missile|SAMs]] and [[Hsiung Feng II|Hsiung Feng]] series of anti-ship missiles.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

==Reforms and development==

===Civilian control of the military===
[[File:Soldiers Taken out Machine Guns of CM-12 Tank 20120211.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Republic of China Army|R.O.C. Army]] soldiers removing the machine guns from a CM-12 Tank]]

The modern day ROC military is styled after western military systems, mostly the US military. Internally, it has a political warfare branch/department that tightly controls and monitors each level of the ROC military, and reports directly to the General Headquarters of the ROC military, and if necessary, directly to the President of the ROC. This is a carryover from the pre-1949 era, when KMT and its army were penetrated by Communist agents repeatedly and led to frontline units defecting to Communist China. To strengthen their control over the military and prevent massive defection after retreating to Taiwan in 1949, CKS and CCK employed tight control over the military, by installing political officers and commissioners down to the company level, in order to ensure political correctness in the military and loyalty toward ROC leadership. This gave the political officers/commissars a great deal of power, allowing them to overrule the unit commander and take over the unit. Only in recent years has the political warfare department (due to cutbacks) reduced its power within the ROC military.

Two defense reform laws implemented in 2002 granted the civilian defense minister [[civilian control of the military|control]] over the entire military, and expanded legislative oversight authority for the first time in history.<ref>{{cite web | last = Peter | first = Brookes | year = 2003 | url = http://www.heritage.org/Research/AsiaandthePacific/hl808.cfm | title = U.S.-Taiwan Defense Relations in the Bush Administration | work = Heritage Lecture #808 | publisher = The Heritage Foundation | access-date = 2006-03-05 | url-status = unfit | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060316065901/http://www.heritage.org/Research/AsiaandthePacific/hl808.cfm | archive-date = 2006-03-16 }}</ref> In the past the ROC military was closely linked with and controlled by the KMT (Nationalist Party). Following the democratization of the 1990s the military moved to a politically neutral position, though the senior officer ranks remained dominated by [[KMT]] members in 2001.<ref name=swaine>{{cite book | last1 = Swaine | first1 = Michael D. | author-link1 = Michael D. Swaine | first2 = James C. | last2 = Mulvenon | title = Tawian's Foreign and Defense Policies: Features and Determinants | chapter-url = http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1383/MR1383.ch3.pdf | access-date = 2006-03-05 | publisher = RAND Corporation | isbn = 0-8330-3094-9 | page = 65 | chapter = 3 | year = 2001 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060311012120/http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1383/MR1383.ch3.pdf | archive-date = 11 March 2006 | url-status = dead }}</ref> In the years following the handover of control to civilian authority politicians remained wary of associating too closely with the military  due to the legacy of martial law and the associated abuses conducted by the military. Support for the military increased in accordance with threats from the PRC and the Russian invasion of Ukraine however even in the 2020s many Taiwanese were still distrustful of the military.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hawkins |first1=Amy |title='Ukrainian strategy has become a model': Taiwanese beef up military to face China threat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/09/ukrainian-strategy-has-become-a-model-taiwanese-beef-up-military-to-face-china-threat |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 July 2023 |access-date=10 July 2023}}</ref>

===Doctrine and exercises===
[[File:IDF F-CK-1A Single Front View.jpg|thumb|300px|ROCAF [[AIDC F-CK Indigenous Defense Fighter]]]]
[[File:ROCN cheng kung class PFG2-1105 and PFG2-1101 20050624.jpg|thumb|300px|ROCN [[Cheng Kung-class frigate]]]]
[[File:Thunderbolt 2000 MLRS Side View 20111105a.jpg|thumb|300px|ROCA [[Thunderbolt-2000]]]]

The primary goal of the ROC Armed Forces is to provide a credible deterrent against hostile action by establishing effective counterstrike and defense capabilities. ROC military doctrine in 2004 centered upon the principle of "offshore engagement" where the primary goal of the armed forces in any conflict with the PRC would be to keep as much of the fighting away from Taiwan proper for as long as possible to minimize damage to infrastructure and civilian casualties. As of 2004 the military had also begun to take the threat of a sudden "decapitation attack" by the PRC seriously. Consequently, there was growing emphasis on the role of the Navy and Air Force (where the Army had traditionally dominated); as well as the development of rapid reaction forces and quick mobilization of local reserve forces.<ref name=mnd2004 />

As of 2021 training for [[electronic warfare]] had been emphasized with significant offensive and defensive capabilities having been fielded.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Kelvin |title=Taiwan rolls out Chinese electronic warfare countermeasures |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4194705 |website=www.taiwannews.com.tw |date=4 May 2021 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=4 May 2021}}</ref>

The [[Han Kuang Exercise]] is the annual [[military exercise]] of the Republic of China Armed Forces for combat readiness in the event of an attack by the People's Liberation Army.<ref name="voanews">{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/taiwan-begins-largest-military-drills-since-2008/1643028.html|title=Taiwan Begins Largest Military Drills Since 2008|date=17 April 2013 |publisher=Voice of America|access-date=2014-09-18}}</ref>

===Strategy===
Mainland China has removed the phrase "peaceful" in official government documents regarding plans to take back Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-parliament-taiwan/china-drops-word-peaceful-in-latest-push-for-taiwan-reunification-idUSKBN22Y06S|title=China drops word 'peaceful' in latest push for Taiwan 'reunification'|newspaper=Reuters|date=22 May 2020}}</ref>  Though the Army had previously been the dominant service, the shift to a defensive orientation has shifted importance to the Navy and Air Force to conduct most fighting away from population centers.  Given the current budgetary and numerical superiority of the Chinese military, Taiwan has moved towards an asymmetric [[anti-access/area denial]] system to imperil China's ability to operate in the Taiwan Strait rather than try to match its strength.  The RoCN, which was once the most neglected force, has become the most important to defeat an invasion fleet.  Combating the enemy fleet and sinking transport ships would take out large amounts of the ground invasion force and permanently degrade amphibious capabilities.  Surface ships primarily consist of guided missile destroyers and frigates, as well as four dozen small, fast missile boats to take out much larger Chinese surface and amphibious ships.  The RoCAF is optimized for air superiority and was once the more formidable of the two countries, but current Chinese technology investments have made China much more able to contest airspace.  Air bases are likely to come under attack from Chinese conventional ballistic missiles in range of the island. Taiwan has equipment to keep exposed bases operating while under fire with runway repair systems and mobile aircraft arresting systems.  There are two [[underground hangar|underground air bases]] used by the RoCAF: [[Chiashan Air Force Base]] which is in a hollowed-out mountain that can protect 200 fighters and [[Chihhang Air Base]] which can protect 80 aircraft. The RoCAF operates a nationwide air defense network to engage targets anywhere over the mainland; some anti-aircraft missile batteries are also located in underground silos.  The Army would only fight if Chinese forces manage to land and would engage in asymmetric warfare.  In 2014 Taiwan Minister of National Defense [[Yen Ming]] believed that the country would be able to hold off a Chinese invasion for at least one month.<ref>[http://news.usni.org/2014/03/26/taiwan-defend-chinese-attack How Taiwan Would Defend Against a Chinese Attack] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330023130/http://news.usni.org/2014/03/26/taiwan-defend-chinese-attack |date=2014-03-30 }} – News.USNI.org, 26 March 2014</ref>

In the late 2010s, Taiwan's military adopted a new strategy called the [[Porcupine strategy|Overall Defense Concept]] (ODC), according to The Diplomat "In short, the ODC is a holistically integrated strategy for guiding Taiwan's military force development and joint operations, emphasizing Taiwan's existing natural advantages, civilian infrastructure and asymmetrical warfare capabilities. It is designed to deter and, if necessary, defeat an invasion by China's People's Liberation Army (PLA)."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee|first1=Hsi-min  |last2=Lee |first2=Eric |title=Taiwan's Overall Defense Concept, Explained |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/11/taiwans-overall-defense-concept-explained/ |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=4 May 2021}}</ref> In 2021 Defense Minister [[Chiu Kuo-cheng]] said that “I always tell my peers to stop asking, ‘how many days we need to hold out?’ The question is, ‘how many days does China want to fight?’ We’ll keep them company for as many days as they want to fight.”<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sun |first1=Shao-cheng |title=Biden's Taiwan Policy Under the Mounting China's Threat |url=https://indsr.org.tw/uploads/indsr/files/202202/ba595006-02f1-4458-a9a3-aee8a5fc6640.pdf |website=indsr.org.tw |publisher=INDSR |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref> The adopted ODC emphasizes deep strike and layered deterrence.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chun-lin |first1=Hsieh |last2=Tu |first2=Aaron |last3=Chin |first3=Jonathan |title=Officials should address military flaws: lawmaker |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2023/01/04/2003791953 |website=taipeitimes.com |date=4 January 2023 |publisher=Taipei Times |access-date=5 January 2023}}</ref>

==Foreign cooperation==
[[File:ROCA Soldiers Climbing Stair Go to Camp 20120324.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Republic of China Army|ROC Army]] [[Hualien County|Hualien]]-[[Taitung County|Taitung]] Defense Command soldiers with a [[T75 Light machine gun]]]]
Taiwan has engaged in training with foreign forces, primarily American and British, for a long time but cooperation was stepped up after the passage of the [[Taiwan Travel Act]] in 2018. Exchanges between high ranking Taiwanese officers and their [[NATO]] counterparts have also been on the rise.<ref name="Taiwan News 2020" >{{cite web |last1=Everington |first1=Keoni |title=Taiwan's Night Hawks training troops from Middle Eastern country |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3931703 |website=www.taiwannews.com.tw |date=11 May 2020 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> This cooperation includes both military and academic exchanges such as those with the [[NATO School]] and the [[NATO Defense College]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=WANG |first1=ANN |last2=HAMACHER |first2=FABIAN |title=Taiwan officer reveals details of rare interaction with NATO |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/01/12/asia-pacific/taiwan-officer-interaction-nato/ |website=japantimes.co.jp |date=12 January 2023 |publisher=Japan Times |access-date=12 January 2023}}</ref>

===El Salvador===
In the 1970s the Republic of China trained Salvadoran officers involved in human rights violations during the country's [[Salvadoran Civil War|civil war]].<ref name="NYT 2017" />

===European Union===
In 2011 and 2012 Taiwan worked with the EU's Naval Force in [[Operation Atalanta]] to counter [[piracy off the coast of Somalia]]. Since then exchanges and information sharing has continued, between 2011 and 2015 EU anti-piracy officials made five visits to Taiwan.<ref name="Glaser and Vitello 2015" >{{cite web |last1=Glaser |first1=Bonnie S. |last2=Vitello |first2=Jacqueline A. |title=Taiwan's Marginalized Role in International Security |url=https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/150105_Glaser_TaiwanMarginalizedRole_WEB.pdf |website=csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>

===Eswatini===
In 2020, Taiwan donated two UH-1H utility helicopters to [[Eswatini]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jake Chung |first1=Lo Tien-pin and |title=Bill aims to merge institute, arsenals |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2020/02/29/2003731816 |website=www.taipeitimes.com |date=29 February 2020 |publisher=Taipei Times |access-date=10 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229150034/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2020/02/29/2003731816 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Guatemala===
In the 1970s the Republic of China trained Guatemalan officers involved in human rights violations.<ref name="NYT 2017">{{cite news |last1=Malkin |first1=Elisabeth |title=Taiwan Works to Keep Its Central America Friends (Among Its Few) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/13/world/americas/taiwan-president-tsai-central-america-china.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=16 August 2019 |date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816025428/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/13/world/americas/taiwan-president-tsai-central-america-china.html |archive-date=16 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019 Guatemalan Minister of Defense Major General [[Luis Miguel Ralda Moreno]] visited Taiwan and met with Taiwanese President [[Tsai Ing-wen]].<ref>{{cite web |title=President Tsai meets Guatemalan Minister of Defense Major General Luis Ralda |url=https://english.president.gov.tw/News/5663 |website=english.president.gov.tw |publisher=Presidential Office |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816030929/https://english.president.gov.tw/News/5663 |archive-date=16 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Honduras===
In 2015 Taiwan donated three UH-1H utility helicopters to [[Honduras]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Taiwan to donate helicopters to Honduras |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/2706039 |date=19 March 2015 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816025426/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/2706039 |archive-date=16 August 2019 |url-status=dead |author-last1=Hou|author-first1=Elaine}}</ref>

===Japan===
There is no official cooperation between the ROC military and the Japanese Self Defense Force (JSDF). The JSDF has sent observers to the digital part of the annual Han Kuang Exercise.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dickey |first1=Lauren |title=Taiwan-Japan Ties Deepen Amid Chinese Assertiveness |url=https://jamestown.org/program/taiwan-japan-ties-deepen-amid-chinese-assertiveness/ |newspaper=Jamestown |publisher=Jamestown Foundation |access-date=11 April 2021}}</ref>
New Japanese military legislation came into effect in 2016, allowing deployment to defend a regional ally under attack. This is thought to be primarily legislation for Japan to deploy to Taiwan in an event of an attack on Taiwan, which in turn threatens Japanese security in its southern islands.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34101222 | title=Japan military legislation changes draw protests | publisher=BBC | date=30 August 2015 | access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>

===Nicaragua===
In 2019 Taiwan donated five refurbished surplus interceptor boats to the [[Nicaraguan Armed Forces]]. The transfer ceremony occurred at the naval forces’ 2nd battalion in [[Puerto Sandino]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sanchez |first1=Alejandro |title=Taiwan donates refurbished patrol boats to Nicaragua |url=https://www.janes.com/article/90295/taiwan-donates-refurbished-patrol-boats-to-nicaragua |website=www.janes.com |publisher=Janes |access-date=23 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823180729/https://www.janes.com/article/90295/taiwan-donates-refurbished-patrol-boats-to-nicaragua |archive-date=23 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Paraguay===
In 2019 Taiwan donated two UH-1H helicopters and 30 Humvees to the [[Armed Forces of Paraguay]]. Paraguayan President [[Mario Abdo Benítez]] shared pictures of the [[military aid]] on the presidential [[Twitter]] feed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Strong |first1=Matthew |title=Taiwan defense minister presents helicopters and Humvees to Paraguay |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3763624 |website=www.taiwannews.com.tw |date=15 August 2019 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816002052/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3763624 |archive-date=16 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Singapore===
[[File:新加坡9日下午派遣1架C-130運輸機運送物資到花蓮機場 thumbnail (9) 20180209 183344 l.jpg|thumb|244px|[[Humanitarian aid]] sent by a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130 Hercules]] of the [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] (RSAF) to [[Hualien Airport]], Taiwan during the [[2018 Hualien earthquake]].]]
Starting in 1975, [[Singapore]] has sent units from [[Singapore Armed Forces|its military]] to train in the Republic of China under the Starlight training program ({{lang|zh-tw|星光計畫}}). Singaporean forces training in Taiwan numbered roughly 3,000 as of 2005.<ref>{{cite news|date=2005-03-10|title=「星光」重要性不如以往|trans-title="Starlight" not as important as it once was|publisher=The Liberty Times|url=https://www.libertytimes.com/2005/new/mar/10/today-fo14.htm|access-date=2006-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305233951/http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2005/new/mar/10/today-fo14.htm|archive-date=5 March 2011|url-status=dead}} {{in lang|zh-tw}}</ref> Singapore has also supplied the ROCAF with military equipment.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zhen |first1=Liu |title=Singapore-Taiwan military agreement to stay despite pressure |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2114170/no-reason-singapore-cut-military-ties-taiwan-sources |website=South China Morning Post |access-date=13 March 2022 |language=en |date=5 October 2017}}</ref>

In 2007, a [[Northrop F-5|F-5F]] fighter operated by the [[Republic of China Air Force]] (ROCAF) crashed into base housing that was occupied by Singaporean personnel, killing the pilots. Two Singaporeans on the ground were also killed, with nine injured. The Starlight program at that time numbered around 7,000 personnel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chuang |first1=Jimmy |title=Fighter crash kills crew, Singaporeans |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2007/05/12/2003360493 |website=www.taipeitimes.com |date=12 May 2007 |publisher=Taipei Times |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>

In 2019, a Singaporean paratrooper was seriously injured during nighttime parachute training.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Strong |first1=Matthew |title=Singaporean paratrooper injured during jump in Taiwan |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3842020 |website=www.taiwannews.com.tw |date=21 December 2019 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref> He underwent intensive surgery and recovery in Taiwan. In 2020 he was flown back to Singapore aboard a Singapore Air Force [[A330 Multi-Role Tanker Transport]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zhang |first1=Lim Min |title=NSF injured in Taiwan parachute training back in Singapore |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/nsf-injured-in-taiwan-parachute-training-back-in-singapore |website=www.straitstimes.com |date=16 January 2020 |publisher=Straits Times |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:Defense.gov photo essay 101013-A-7341H-013.jpg|thumb|alt=T93 sniper rifle|[[T-93 sniper rifle]] with the Taiwanese team competing in the International Sniper Competition at [[Fort Benning]], Georgia in 2010]]
Collaboration between the ROC and US militaries began during [[World War II]] when both nations were members of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]], and continued through the [[Chinese Civil War]] when ROC forces were supplied primarily by the US until the final evacuation of ROC forces to Taiwan in 1949. Initially the U.S. expected the ROC government to fall and withdrew support until the outbreak of the [[Korean War]] when the U.S. 7th Fleet was ordered to the [[Taiwan Strait]]s both to protect Taiwan from a PRC attack, and to stop ROC actions against the PRC.<ref>{{cite web | author=U.S. Department of Defense | title=Classified Teletype Conference, dated June 27, 1950, between the Pentagon and General Douglas MacArthur regarding authorization to use naval and air forces in support of South Korea. Papers of Harry S. Truman: Naval Aide Files | publisher=Truman Presidential Library & Museum | year=1950 | url=http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/korea/large/week1/kw_22_1.htm | access-date=2006-03-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060419074919/http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/korea/large/week1/kw_22_1.htm | archive-date=2006-04-19 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A formal US-ROC security pact was signed in 1954 establishing a formal alliance that lasted until US recognition of the PRC in 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taiwandocuments.org/mutual01.htm|title=Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of China|publisher=taiwandocuments.org|access-date=2006-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212153036/http://www.taiwandocuments.org/mutual01.htm|archive-date=2006-02-12|url-status=live}}</ref> During this period US military advisers were deployed to the ROC and joint exercises were common. The [[United States Taiwan Defense Command]] was established in the Philippines for reinforcement of Taiwan airspace. The US and ROC also collaborated on human and electronic intelligence operations directed against the PRC.<ref name=goldstein />

ROC units participated in the Korean War and the [[Vietnam War]] in non-combat capacities, primarily at the insistence of the United States which was concerned that the high-profile roles for ROC forces in these conflicts would lead to full scale PRC intervention.<ref name=goldstein /> The United States deployed nuclear weapons on Taiwan as part of the United States Taiwan Defense Command. Nuclear weapons are known to have been stored at [[Tainan Air Force Base]] until their withdrawal was ordered by the American President in 1972.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 20 |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/news/19991020/ |website=nsarchive2.gwu.edu |publisher=George Washington University |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref> High-level cooperation ended with the US recognition of the PRC in 1979, when all remaining US forces in Taiwan were withdrawn. The US continued to supply the ROC with arms sales per the [[Taiwan Relations Act]], albeit in a diminished role.<ref name=goldstein>{{cite web | author=S. Goldstein | title=The United States and the Republic of China, 1949–1978: Suspicious Allies | publisher=Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University | year=2000 | url=http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/10125/Goldstein.pdf | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217081808/https://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/10125/Goldstein.pdf | archive-date=2006-02-17 }}</ref>

When the United States Congress enacted on September 30, 2002, the Foreign Relations Authorization Act for FY 2003, it required that Taiwan be "treated as though it were designated a [[major non-NATO ally]]."<ref name="Kan2009">{{cite book|first=Shirley|last=Kan|title=Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales Since 1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJSHhOZo_j8C&pg=PA52|date=December 2009|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4379-2041-3|pages=52}}</ref>  Despite some initial misgivings about Congress's perceived intrusion into the President's foreign affairs authority, the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]] subsequently submitted a letter to Congress on August 29, 2003, designating Taiwan as a major non-NATO ally.<ref name=Kan2009 />

In recent years, the ROC military has again begun higher level cooperation with the [[United States Armed Forces]] after over two decades of relative isolation. Senior officers from the [[U.S. Pacific Command]] observed the annual Han Kuang military exercises in 2005. The US also upgraded its military liaison position in Taipei from a position held by retired officers hired on a contractual basis to one held by an active duty officer the same year.<ref>{{cite news|date=2005-07-30|title=Military attache starts work at AIT next month|newspaper=The Taipei Times|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2005/07/30/2003265615|access-date=2006-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113021330/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2005/07/30/2003265615|archive-date=2006-01-13|url-status=live}}</ref> The United States regularly sends personnel to Taiwan for both training and liaison purposes but does so either secretly or in an unofficial capacity. ROC Marines have trained with their American counterparts in [[Hawaii]] and US Marines have also deployed to Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web |last1=DeAeth |first1=Duncan |title=Taiwan marines trained with US forces in 2017, will do so again in 2018 |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3403932 |website=www.taiwannews.com.tw |date=12 April 2018 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119161455/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3403932 |archive-date=19 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=CARBONE |first1=JAMES |title=Pasadena Salutes Returning Marine Corps Battalion with City Hall Ceremony |url=http://www.pasadenanow.com/main/pasadena-salutes-returning-marine-corps-battalion-with-city-hall-ceremony/ |website=www.pasadenanow.com |publisher=Pasadena Now |access-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801031459/http://www.pasadenanow.com/main/pasadena-salutes-returning-marine-corps-battalion-with-city-hall-ceremony/ |archive-date=1 August 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2015 two United States Marine Corps [[F/A-18C Hornet]]s made an unscheduled landing at Tainan Air Force Base after one of them developed an engine anomaly in-flight. The aircraft were accommodated in an air force hangar until a C-130 full of American technicians could be flown in to check them out.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Michael Cole |first1=J. |title=US Marine F-18s Land at Taiwan Air Base, Beijing Protests |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/us-marine-f-18s-land-at-taiwan-air-base-beijing-protests/ |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>

[[Tsai Ing-wen]]'s request of purchasing weaponry from the US was approved by the [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] in July 2019. The deal includes 108 [[M1 Abrams]] tanks, 250 [[FIM-92 Stinger]] missiles and related equipment worth $2.2 billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-48917705|title=US approves $2.2bn Taiwan arms sale despite Chinese ire|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=9 July 2019|date=9 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709043131/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-48917705|archive-date=9 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Tsai said the weaponry would "greatly enhance our land and air capabilities, strengthen military morale and show to the world the US commitment to Taiwan's defense."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/08/politics/us-arms-sale-taiwan/index.html|title=US approves major arms sale to Taiwan amid trade tensions with Beijing|work=CNN|date=8 July 2019 |access-date=9 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709004426/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/08/politics/us-arms-sale-taiwan/index.html|archive-date=9 July 2019|url-status=live|author-last1=Browne|author-first1=Ryan}}</ref> In May 2020, the U.S. Department of State approved a Foreign Military Sale of 18 MK-48 Mod 6 Advanced Technology Heavy Weight Torpedoes for Taiwan in a deal estimated to cost $180 million.<ref>{{cite web |last1= Defense Security Cooperation Agency | title= Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States (tecro) – MK 48 Mod 6 Advanced Technology (at) Heavy Weight Torpedo (HWT)|url= https://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/taipei-economic-and-cultural-representative-office-united-states-tecro-mk-48-mod-6| website=DSCA |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923065120/https://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/taipei-economic-and-cultural-representative-office-united-states-tecro-mk-48-mod-6| archive-date=23 September 2020}}</ref>

Elite units of the ROC and American militaries have trained together for a long time, units often have particular relationships for example the [[MPSSC]] trains and engages in exercises with [[United States Army Special Forces]].<ref name="Taiwan News 2020" /> In June 2020 the United States Army Special Forces published a promotional video which included footage of Green Berets training in Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tzu-ti |first1=Huang |title=Rare footage shows joint training of US, Taiwan special forces |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3955514 |website=www.taiwannews.com.tw |date=29 June 2020 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=29 June 2020}}</ref> The ROC Army Aviation and Special Forces Command and the United States Army Special Forces have an annual training exercise called Balance Tamper. The ROC Marines receive training annually from the US Marine Corps’ [[Marine Raider Regiment]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Everington |first1=Keoni |title=US Marines officially training in Taiwan for 1st time since 1979 |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4049035 |website=www.taiwannews.com.tw |date=9 November 2020 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> The United States Air Force supports Taiwan's air force through [[air-to-air refueling]] and training.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. makes public photo of refueling of Taiwan's aircraft |url=https://www.ocacnews.net/overseascommunity/article/article_story.jsp?id=262333 |website=www.ocacnews.net |publisher=OCA News |access-date=11 April 2021}}</ref>

=== West Germany ===
In the 1960s [[West Germany]] participated in the Mingteh Project (Ming-teh-Gruppe in German) in which off-duty military officers were sent to Taiwan to advise the government of Chiang Kai-shek.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yeh |first1=Esme |last2=Wan-lin |first2=Liu |last3=Cheng-yu |first3=Chen |title=Task force on Taiwan-US ties needed, legislator says |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2025/02/15/2003831918 |website=taipeitimes.com |publisher=Taipei Times |access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref>

==Military parades==
[[File:Humvees National Day parade.jpg|300px|thumb|ROC [[Humvee]]s en route to the 2007 [[National Day of the Republic of China|National Day]] Military Parade]]
The Republic of China held their first military parade on 10 October 2007 for [[Double Ten Day|National Day]] celebrations since 1991. Previous parades were halted in an effort to ease the tension with the [[China|PRC]]. The parade was aimed at easing worries that the armed forces might be unprepared for a conflict with the [[China|PRC]]. The parade consisted of indigenous missiles, U.S. Patriot II and Avenger anti-missiles systems, U.S.-made F-16s, French-made Mirages and Taiwan-made IDF fighters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/10/AR2007101000298.html|title=Taiwan Stages Military Parade|last=HUANG|first=ANNIE|date=2007-10-10|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-03-16|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316204413/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/10/AR2007101000298.html|archive-date=2017-03-16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/11/world/asia/11china.html|title=China Announces Gains in Air Defense|last=Lague|first=David|date=2007-10-11|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-03-16|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316114744/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/11/world/asia/11china.html|archive-date=2017-03-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, another parade was held to mark the 70th anniversary of the defeat of Japan in 1945 in northern [[Hsinchu County|Hsinchu county]]. The parade was long at two hours and consisted of indigenous missiles, [[Boeing AH-64 Apache|Apache helicopters]] and awards for [[World War II]] veterans.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/03/09/taiwan-hold-military-parade-marking-wwii-anniversary.html|title=Taiwan to hold military parade marking WWII anniversary|work=The Jakarta Post|access-date=2017-03-16|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316114252/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/03/09/taiwan-hold-military-parade-marking-wwii-anniversary.html|archive-date=2017-03-16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/07/04/taiwan-stands-up-to-china-with-world-war-ii-military-parade/29693053/|title=Taiwan stands up to China with World War II military parade|work=USA TODAY|access-date=2017-03-16|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316212549/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/07/04/taiwan-stands-up-to-china-with-world-war-ii-military-parade/29693053/|archive-date=2017-03-16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/taiwan-marks-wwii-victory-over-japan-with-military-parade/a-18561123|title=Taiwan marks WWII victory over Japan with military parade {{!}} News {{!}} DW.COM {{!}} 04.07.2015|last=Deutsche Welle|website=DW.COM|language=en|access-date=2017-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316120913/http://www.dw.com/en/taiwan-marks-wwii-victory-over-japan-with-military-parade/a-18561123|archive-date=2017-03-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Major deployments, battles and incidents==

===1912–1949===
[[File:Chinese soldiers 1939.jpg|thumb|300px|ROC soldiers marching to the front lines in 1939]]
[[File:Taierzhuang.jpg|thumb|300px|ROC soldiers in house-to-house fighting in [[Battle of Taierzhuang]]]]
* [[Northern Expedition (1926–1927)|Northern Expedition]]: 1926–1928
*[[Central Plains War]]: May 1930 – 4 November 1930
* First Communist Insurrection/Purge: 1927–1937
**[[Nanchang Uprising]]: 1927
**[[Autumn Harvest Uprising]]: 1927
**[[Xi'an Incident]]: 12 December 1936
* [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]/[[World War II]]: 1937–1945
**[[Marco Polo Bridge Incident]]: 7 July 1937
**[[Battle of Shanghai]]: 13 August – 9 November 1937
**[[Battle of Nanjing]]: October–December 1937
**[[Battle of Taierzhuang]]: 24 March – April 1938
**[[Battle of Changsha (1939)|First Battle of Changsha]]: 17 September – 6 October 1939
**[[Battle of Changsha (1941)|Second Battle of Changsha]]: 6 September – 8 October 1941
**[[Battle of Changsha (1942)|Third Battle of Changsha]]: 24 December 1941 – 15 January 1942
**[[Sichuan invasion|Defense of Sichuan]]: 1942–1943
**[[Battle of Changsha (1944)|Battle of Hengyang-Changsha]]: June 1944 – April 1945
* [[Chinese Civil War]]: 1946–1950
** [[New Fourth Army Incident]]: 1940
* [[February 28 incident]]: 28 February – March 1947

===Since 1949===
{{main|Two Chinas|Taiwan Strait Crisis}}
[[File:Kinmen Guningtou Arch.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Guningtou War Museum|Kuningtou Battle Museum]], [[Kinmen|Kinmen County]]]]
[[File:Aug.23 Artillery Battle Museum 20050707.jpg|thumb|300px|[[August 23 Artillery Battle Museum]], Kinmen County]]
* [[Battle of Kuningtou]]: 25–28 October 1949
* [[Battle of Dengbu Island]]: 3–5 November 1949
* [[Hainan Campaign]]: 1 March 1950 – 1 May 1950
* [[First Battle of Dadan island]]: July 26, 1950
* [[Korean War]]: 1950–1953, Translators, cross border raids into southwest China from [[Burma]].<ref name="jstor.org">Kaufman, Victor S. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3451165 "Trouble in the Golden Triangle: The United States, Taiwan and the 93rd Nationalist Division"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130221205/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3451165 |date=2018-11-30 }}. ''The China Quarterly''. No. 166, Jun., 2001. p.441. Retrieved 6 March 2011.</ref>
* [[Battle of Nanri island]]: 11 – 15 April 1952
* [[Dongshan Island Campaign]]: 15 July 1953
* [[First Taiwan Strait Crisis]]: August 1954 – May 1955
**[[Battle of Yijiangshan]]: 18 January 1955
**[[Tachen|Tachen Evacuation]]: 7–11 February 1955
* [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis|Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (August 23 Artillery Battle)]]: 23 August – early October 1958
** [[Second Battle of Dadan island]]: 26 August 1958
* [[Vietnam War]]: 1960s, Deployment of small groups of ROC troops disguised as locals, transportation, and technical assistance. Not widely publicized to avoid PRC involvement.<ref name=goldstein />
* [[Battle of Dong-Yin]]: 1 May 1965
* [[Battle of Wuchow]]: 13–14 November 1965
* [[NDF Rebellion|Yemen Civil War]]: 1979 to 1985: 80+ F-5E pilots plus ground crew sent to North Yemen to boost its air defense at the request of Saudi Arabia and the United States. At least one squadron strength was kept throughout the period, flying North Yemen's F-5E fleet.<ref>[http://www.fpif.org/commentary/0112yemen.html Foreign Policy in Focus, Yemen, the United States, and Al-Qaida. 19 December 2001, retrieved 19 Sept. 2009] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726200532/http://www.fpif.org/commentary/0112yemen.html |date=July 26, 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Third Taiwan Strait Crisis]]: 21 July 1995 – 23 March 1996
* [[Humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Southeast Asian tsunami relief]]: January 2005
* [[Military intervention against ISIL]]: 13 June 2014 – present (Under CJTF-OIR)

==Nuclear weapons program==
{{Main|Taiwan and weapons of mass destruction}}
The development of [[nuclear weapon]]s by the ROC has been a contentious issue. The U.S., hoping to avoid escalating tensions in the [[Taiwan Strait]], has continually opposed arming the ROC with nuclear weapons. Accordingly, the ROC, although not a member of the [[United Nations]], adheres to the principles of the nuclear [[Non-Proliferation Treaty]] and has stated that it does not intend to produce nuclear weapons. Past nuclear research by the ROC makes it a 'threshold' nuclear state.

In 1967, a nuclear weapons program began under the auspices of the [[Institute of Nuclear Energy Research]] (INER) at the [[Chungshan Institute of Science and Technology]]. The ROC was able to acquire nuclear technology from abroad (including a research reactor from [[Canada]] and low-grade [[plutonium]] from the United States) allegedly for a civilian energy system, but in actuality to develop fuel for nuclear weapons.<ref>{{cite book | last = Roy | first = Denny | title = Taiwan: A Political History | url = https://archive.org/details/taiwan00denn | url-access = registration | publisher = Cornell University Press | isbn = 0-8014-8805-2 | year = 2003 | access-date = 18 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180403202247/https://archive.org/details/taiwan00denn | archive-date = 3 April 2018 | url-status = live }}</ref>

After the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] found evidence of the ROC's efforts to produce [[weapons-grade plutonium]], Taipei agreed in September 1976 under U.S. pressure to dismantle its nuclear weapons program. The nuclear reactor was soon shut down and the plutonium mostly returned to the U.S.

Another secret program was revealed after [[1987 Lieyu massacre]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Guan Ren-jian|title=<The Taiwan you don't know: Stories of ROC Arm Forces>|url=https://share.readmoo.com/book/1913|publisher=Puomo Digital Publishing |date= 2011-09-01| isbn=9789576636493}}{{in lang|zh-tw}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Zheng Jing |author2=Cheng Nan-jung |author2-link=Cheng Nan-jung |author3=Ye Xiangzhi |author4=Xu Manqing|title=<Shocking inside story of the Kinmen Military Murder Case>|url=https://m.gamer.com.tw/home/creationDetail.php?sn=3018241 | publisher=Freedom Era Weekly, Ver 175-176|date=1987-06-13}}</ref> when Colonel [[Chang Hsien-yi]], deputy director of Nuclear Research at INER who was secretly working for the CIA,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sui|first=Cindy|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-39252502|title=The man who helped prevent a nuclear crisis|date=2017-05-18|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-04-17|language=en-GB}}</ref> defected to the U.S. in December, and produced a cache of incriminating documents.<ref>{{cite news|author1-link=Chen Yi-shen|author1=Chen Yi-shen|title=Chang Hsien-yi: I didn't betray Taiwan; I betrayed Hau Pei-tsun|url=http://www.storm.mg/article/208995|access-date=2017-01-08|agency=Storm Media Group|date=2017-01-08}}</ref> In 1988 upon being questioned by Director of [[American Institute in Taiwan]], David Dean in person with the United States [[Reconnaissance satellite|satellite]] image recording a minimized nuclear test at Jioupeng military base field in [[Pingtung County|Pingtung]] in 1986, Superior-general [[Hau Pei-tsun]] claimed that scientists in Taiwan had already produced the controlled nuclear reaction as the continuous progress in decades after the previous accomplishment equivalent to 1/6 of [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Hiroshima scale]] in [[History of South Africa (1948 to 1994)|South Africa]] in 1980, as per General Hau's Diary and President [[Nelson Mandela]]'s later findings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://udn.com/news/story/9492/1515007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506011809/http://udn.com/news/story/9492/1515007 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-05-06 |title=Telegram Decryption... US Blocked 2 Tides of Nuclear Weapon Development in 1970s|access-date=2021-05-24 |author=Chen Wei-ting |date=2016-02-21 |publisher=United Daily News |language=zh-TW}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSWgacjFblg  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/oSWgacjFblg| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=The Nuclear Secret in Taiwan History |access-date=2021-05-24 |author=H Wan-ling |date=2016-06-20 |publisher=[[Formosa Television]] |language=zh-TW}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ve4OPvxllEQ  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ve4OPvxllEQ| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=台核武機密保衛戰..揭新竹計畫若成功台灣國防能力就不一樣？ |access-date=2021-05-24 |author=呂捷 張齡予 |date=2021-01-17 |publisher=[[SET News]] |language=zh-TW}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dV9OTMn-Xhs  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/dV9OTMn-Xhs| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=最後一秒老美帶走「已完成的8顆核彈」 失敗新竹計劃讓老蔣含恨 |access-date=2021-05-24 |author=馬西屏 劉燦榮 |date=2016-12-23 |publisher=Crucial Time, [[Eastern Broadcasting Company]] |language=zh-hant}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="mil.sohu.com">{{cite web|url=http://mil.sohu.com/20051019/n227242228.shtml|title=美高官：美国坚决反对台湾走上核武器"险路"-搜狐新闻中心|work=sohu.com|access-date=30 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617203819/http://mil.sohu.com/20051019/n227242228.shtml|archive-date=2013-06-17|url-status=live}}</ref> Under pressure from the U.S., the program was halted.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ide|first=William|date=1999-10-14|title=How the US stopped Taiwan's bomb|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/1999/10/14/0000006401/1|work=Taipei Times|access-date=2020-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202140227/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/1999/10/14/0000006401/1|archive-date=2 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[Third Taiwan Strait Crisis|1995–1996 Taiwan Strait crisis]], ROC President [[Lee Teng-hui]] proposed reactivating the program, but was forced to back down a few days later after drawing intense criticism from the U.S. government.<ref>{{cite book |title=The nuclear tipping point: Why states reconsider their nuclear choices |last=Mitchell|first=Derek J.|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|year=2005|page=308|chapter= Part 2: Case Studies: Taiwan }}</ref>

With the unbalanced military equation across the Taiwan Strait, Taipei may choose nuclear weapons as a deterrent against the military encirclement by the People's Republic of China.<ref name="mil.sohu.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mil.sohu.com/20051019/n227242013.shtml|title=美高官：美国坚决反对台湾走上核武器"险路"-搜狐新闻中心|website=sohu.com|access-date=30 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060452/http://mil.sohu.com/20051019/n227242013.shtml|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mil.sohu.com/20051019/n227242227.shtml|title=美高官：美国坚决反对台湾走上核武器"险路"-搜狐新闻中心|website=sohu.com|access-date=30 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080347/http://mil.sohu.com/20051019/n227242227.shtml|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Budget==
[[File:04.13 總統出席「海軍新型兩棲船塢運輸艦命名暨下水典禮」 - Flickr id 51112816358.jpg|thumb|[[Yushan-class landing platform dock]]]]

Taiwan's budget figures exclude both the classified budget and special funds allocated by the Executive Yuan. As of 2020 special funds expenditures were almost 2 billion a year.<ref name="Bell 2020" >{{cite web |last1=Bell |first1=Corey Lee |title=Is Taiwan Really Buying the 'Wrong' Weapons? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/03/is-taiwan-really-buying-the-wrong-weapons/ |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=1 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401214233/https://thediplomat.com/2020/03/is-taiwan-really-buying-the-wrong-weapons/ |archive-date=1 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021 the legislature approved a US$9 billion special budget for weapons and systems procurement.<ref name="Defense News Budget 2021" >{{cite web |last1=Yeo |first1=Mike |title=Taiwan is spending an extra $9B on its defense. Here's what the money will buy. |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2021/10/07/taiwan-is-spending-an-extra-9b-on-its-defense-heres-what-the-money-will-buy/ |website=www.defensenews.com |date=7 October 2021 |publisher=Defense News |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Taiwan Defense Budget
|-
! Year
! Nominal
! Percentage of GDP
|-
| 1996 || US$9.57 billion || 3.6%
|-
| 1998 || US$9.46 billion || 3.26%
|-
| 1999 || US$8.89 billion || 3.06%
|-
| 2008 || US$10.9 billion || 2.94%
|-
| 2020 || US$13.1 billion || 2.3%<ref name="Bell 2020" />
|-
| 2021 || US$16.2 billion<ref>{{cite web|title=Taiwan plans to spend $1.4 billion on new fighter jets amid rising China military activity |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/26/asia/taiwan-defense-spending-intl-hnk/index.html |website=www.cnn.com |publisher=CNN |last=Wang|first=Ann|date=27 August 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref> || 2.36%
|-
| 2022 || US$18.6 billion ||2.2%
|-
| 2024 || US$19.1 billion||2.5%
|}

== See also ==
* [[Republic of China Armed Forces Museum]]
* [[Grey-zone (international relations)]]
* [[Airborne Special Service Company]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
===Works===
* {{Cite journal |last=Chase |first=Michael S.|title=Defense Reform in Taiwan: Problems and Prospects |journal=Asian Survey |volume=45 |issue=3 |year=2005 |pages=362–382 |doi=10.1525/as.2005.45.3.362 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Chung |first1=Chien |chapter=A review of the ROC's military reform: A case study of the Taiwanese Navy |title=Defending Taiwan: The Future Vision of Taiwan's Defence Policy and Military Strategy |year=2003 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |editor1=Martin Edmonds |editor2=Michal M. Tsai |isbn=978-1-136-87541-0 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Cordesman |first1=Anthony H. |last2=Kendall |first2=Joseph |chapter=Chinese Military Modernization and the Taiwan Strait Military Balance |title=Chinese Strategy and Military Modernization in 2016: A Comparative Analysis |journal=Chinese Strategy and Military Modernization in 2016 |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |year=2016 |pages=501–554 |jstor=resrep23376.17}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ding |first1=Arthur Shu-fan |last2=Huang |first2=Alexander Chieh-cheng|editor=Larry M. Wortzel |chapter=Taiwan's Military in the 21st Century: Redefinition and Reorganization |title=The Chinese Armed Forces in the 21st Century |publisher=Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College |year=1999 |pages=253–88 |jstor=resrep11964.9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Jordan |first=Donald A. |title=The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926–1928 |date=1976 |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-8086-6 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Easton |first1=Ian |last2=Stokes |first2=Mark |last3=Cooper |first3=Cortez A. |last4=Chan |first4=Arthur |title=Transformation of Taiwan's Reserve Force |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/RR1757/RAND_RR1757.pdf |publisher=RAND Corporation |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-8330-9706-4}}
* {{Cite book |author=IISS |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |date=2024 |title=The Military Balance 2024 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-032-78004-7 }}
* {{cite book |title = The Military Balance 2019 |author = IISS |author-link = International Institute for Strategic Studies |date=2019 |publisher = [[Routledge]] |location = London |isbn = 978-1-85743-988-5 |ref = IISS2019 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Larsen |first1=Stanley Robert |last2=Collins Jr. |first2=James Lawton |year=1985 |orig-year=1975 |title=Allied Participation in Vietnam |publisher=Department of the Army |location=Washington, D.C. |lccn=74-28217 }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Leo Y. |title=The Military Capability and Strategic Posture of Taiwan in the 1990's |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |year=1988 |pages=19–38 |jstor=45192989 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Mazza |first=Michael |chapter=Taiwan: The "ROC" In a Hard Place |title=A Hard Look at Hard Power: Assessing the Defense Capabilities of Key US Allies and Security Partners—Second Edition |journal=A Hard Look at Hard Power |editor=Gary J. Schmitt |publisher=Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College |year=2020 |pages=327–58 |jstor=resrep27713.15 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Setzekorn |first=Eric |title=Arming East Asia: Deterring China in the Early Cold War |year=2023 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis |isbn=978-1-68247-852-3 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Setzekorn |first=Eric |title=The Rise and Fall of an Officer Corps: The Republic of China Military, 1942–1955 |year=2018 |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-6296-6 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Setzekorn |first=Eric |title=Military Reform in Taiwan: The Lafayette Scandal, National Defense Law and All-Volunteer Force |journal=American Journal of Chinese Studies |volume=21 |issue=1 |year=2014 |pages=7–19 |jstor=44288432 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Sherry |first=Mark D. |title=China Defensive |year=1996 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Center of Military History |isbn=978-0-16-061322-7 }}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |author = Hau Pei-tsun |title = 8-year Diary of the Chief of the General Staff (1981-1989) |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2WKCAAAAIAAJ |publisher = Commonwealth Publishing |date = 2000-01-01 |isbn = 9576216389 |language=zh}}
* Deutsch World, {{Cite web |title=Taiwan's army 'ill-prepared' for attack – DW – 04/05/2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/taiwans-army-ill-prepared-for-potential-chinese-attack/a-57102659 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=dw.com |language=en}}
* Axios, {{cite web|title=Pressure grows for Taiwan to boost its defense force|url=https://www.axios.com/2022/06/28/taiwan-military-defense-weapons-china-invasion-threat|date=2022-06-28}}
* {{Cite news |last=Hille |first=Kathrin |date=2022-09-06 |title=Taiwan's military struggles to adapt as China threat grows |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/ae5b85db-e87c-4478-90b3-58bc48cb49f9 |access-date=2023-08-05}} 
*Joyu Wang and Alastair Gale, {{cite news|title=Does Taiwan's Military Stand a Chance Against China? Few Think So |newspaper=WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/taiwan-military-readiness-china-threat-us-defense-11635174187|date=}} 
* {{Cite web |title=Taiwan's Intangible, Potentially Disastrous Defense Problems |url=https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2023/5/12/taiwans-intangible-potentially-disastrous-defense-problems |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=www.nationaldefensemagazine.org |language=en}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Military of Taiwan}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080706133557/http://www.mnd.gov.tw/English ROC Ministry of National Defense Official Website] {{in lang|en}}
{{Clear}}

{{Military of the Republic of China}}
{{Military of Asia}}
{{Taiwan topics}}
{{Chinese Civil War}}
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[[Category:Military of the Republic of China]]
[[Category:1924 establishments in China]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1947]]