Editing René of Anjou

{{Short description|King of Naples (1435–1442) and Duke of Anjou (1434–1480)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = René
| image        = Le Roi René.PNG
| caption      = 1474 portrait by [[Nicolas Froment]]
| succession   = [[King of Naples]]
| reign        = 2 February 1435 – 2 June 1442
| predecessor  = [[Joanna II of Naples|Joanna II]]
| successor    = [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso I]]
| succession1  = [[Duke of Anjou]]<br>[[Count of Provence]]
| reign1       = 12 November 1434 – 10 July 1480
| predecessor1 = [[Louis III of Anjou|Louis III]]
| successor1   = [[Charles IV, Duke of Anjou|Charles IV]]
|succession2 =[[Duke of Lorraine]]
| moretext2 = (''[[jure uxoris]]'')
|reign2 = 25 January 1431 – 28 February 1453
|predecessor2 = [[Charles II, Duke of Lorraine|Charles II]]
|successor2 = [[John II, Duke of Lorraine|John II]]
| regent2 = [[Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine|Isabella]]
| reg-type2 = Co-ruler
| birth_name   = René of Anjou
| birth_date   = 16 January 1409{{sfn|''BDA''}}
| birth_place  = [[Château d'Angers]], [[Angers]], [[Duchy of Anjou|Anjou]], [[Kingdom of France|France]]
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|1480|7|10|1409|1|16|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Aix-en-Provence]], [[Provence]], France
| burial_place = [[Angers Cathedral]], Angers
| spouses      = {{plainlist|
* {{Marriage|[[Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine]]|1419|1453|end=d}}
* {{Marriage|[[Jeanne de Laval]]|1454|}}
}}
| issue        = {{plainlist|
*[[John II, Duke of Lorraine]]
*[[Louis of Anjou, Marquis of Pont-à-Mousson|Louis, Marquis of Pont-à-Mousson]]
*[[Yolande, Duchess of Lorraine]]
*[[Margaret of Anjou|Margaret, Queen of England]]
}}
| issue-link = #Marriages and issue
| issue-pipe   = more...
| house        = [[House of Valois-Anjou|Valois-Anjou]]
| father       = [[Louis II of Naples]]
| mother       = [[Yolande of Aragon]]
| signature    = Signature of René of Anjou.svg
}}
'''René of Anjou''' ({{langx|it|Renato}}; {{langx|oc|Rainièr}}; 16 January 1409 – 10 July 1480) was [[Duke of Anjou]] and [[Count of Provence]] from 1434 to 1480, who also reigned as [[King of Naples]] from 1435 to 1442 (then [[Aragonese conquest of Naples|deposed]]). Having spent his last years in [[Aix-en-Provence]], he is known in France as the '''Good King René''' ({{langx|oc|Rei Rainièr lo Bòn}}; {{langx|fr|Le bon roi René}}).

René was a member of the [[House of Valois-Anjou]], a cadet branch of the French royal house, and the great-grandson of [[John II of France]].  He was a [[prince of the blood]], and for most of his adult life also the brother-in-law of the reigning king [[Charles VII of France]]. Other than the aforementioned titles, he was also [[Duke of Bar]] from the 1420s onwards and [[Duke of Lorraine]] from 1431 to 1453.

==Biography==
[[File:Chateauangers.jpg|thumb|left|The Castle of Angers, René's birthplace.]]
René was born on 16 January 1409 in the [[castle of Angers]].{{sfn|Kekewich|2008|p=18}} He was the second son of [[Duke of Anjou|Duke]] [[Louis II of Anjou|Louis&nbsp;II]] of [[Duchy of Anjou|Anjou]], [[King of Naples]], by [[Yolande of Aragon|Yolanda]] of [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]].{{sfn|Kekewich|2008|p=18}} René was the brother of [[Marie of Anjou]], who married the future [[Charles VII of France|Charles&nbsp;VII]] and became Queen of France.{{sfn|Kekewich|2008|p=19}}

Louis II died in 1417 and his sons, together with their brother-in-law Charles, were brought up under the guardianship of their mother. The elder son, [[Louis III, Duke of Anjou|Louis III]], succeeded to the crown of Sicily and the Duchy of Anjou; René then became Count of [[Guise]]. In 1419, when René was only ten, he was legally married to [[Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine|Isabella]], elder daughter of [[Charles II, Duke of Lorraine]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=97}}{{sfn|Kekewich|2008|p=21}}

René was to be brought up in [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]] under the guardianship of Charles II and [[Louis I, Duke of Bar|Louis, cardinal of Bar]],{{sfn|Baynes|1878|pp=58–59}} both of whom were attached to the [[Burgundian (party)|Burgundian]] party, but he retained the right to bear the arms of Anjou. He was far from sympathizing with the Burgundians. Joining the French army at [[Reims]] in 1429, he was present at the consecration of Charles VII. When [[Louis of Bar]] died in 1430, René inherited the [[duchy of Bar]]. The next year, on his father-in-law's death, he succeeded to the [[duchy of Lorraine]]. The inheritance was contested by the heir-male, [[Antoine de Vaudemont]], who with Burgundian help defeated René at [[Battle of Bulgnéville|Bulgneville]] in July 1431.{{sfn|Sommé|1990|p=511}} The Duchess Isabella effected a truce with Antoine, but the duke remained a prisoner of the Burgundians until April 1432, when he recovered his liberty on parole on yielding up as hostages his two sons, [[John II, Duke of Lorraine|John]] and [[Louis of Anjou, Marquis of Pont-à-Mousson|Louis]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=97}}{{sfn|Kekewich|2008|p=28}}

René's title as duke of Lorraine was confirmed by his [[suzerain]], [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund]], at [[Basel]] in 1434. This proceeding roused the anger of the Burgundian duke, [[Philip the Good]], who required him early in the next year to return to his prison, from which he was released two years later on payment of a heavy ransom. At the death of his brother Louis III in 1435, he succeeded to the Duchy of Anjou and County of Maine. The marriage of [[Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Calabria|Marie of Bourbon]], niece of Philip of Burgundy, with [[John II, Duke of Lorraine|John, Duke of Calabria]], René's eldest son, cemented peace between the two families.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=97}}

[[Joanna II of Naples|Joanna II]], queen of Naples, had chosen Louis III as her presumptive heir and upon Louis' death offered it to René to inherit her kingdom after her death.{{sfn|Kekewich|2008|p=54}} After appointing a [[Regent|regency]] in Bar and Lorraine, he set sail for Naples in 1438.{{sfn|Kekewich|2008|p=32}}

[[File:Bauge Castle Loire Valley 2007.jpg|thumb|The castle of Baugé, home castle of René, Duke of Anjou, in the village of Baugé, [[Maine-et-Loire]], France.]]
[[File:Aveu René 2.jpg|thumb|left|René, as a vassal, paying homage to the King of France.]]
[[File:Tarascon-Château du Roi René-Cour d'Honneur-20130617.jpg|thumb|The court of honour in the [[chateau at Tarascon]], [[Provence]], with vestiges of the busts of René and Jeanne de Laval on the right]]
[[File:René d'Anjou.jpg|thumb|left|René of Naples with his army.]]
Naples, however, was also claimed by [[Alfonso V of Aragon]], who had been first adopted and then repudiated by Joanna II. In 1441 Alfonso laid a six-month siege to Naples. René returned to France in 1442, and though he retained the title of king of Naples his effective rule was never recovered.{{sfn|Baynes|1878|pp=58–59}} Later efforts to recover his rights in Italy failed. His mother Yolande, who had governed Anjou in his absence, died in 1442.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=97}}{{sfn|Kekewich|2008|p=83}}

René took part in the negotiations with the English at [[Tours]] in 1444, and peace was consolidated by the marriage of his younger daughter, [[Margaret of Anjou|Margaret]], with [[Henry VI of England]] at [[Nancy, France|Nancy]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=97}}{{sfn|Kekewich|2008|p=98}}

René now made over the government of Lorraine to his son John, who was, however, only formally installed as Duke of Lorraine on the death of René's wife Isabella in 1453. René had the confidence of Charles VII, and is said to have initiated the reduction of the men-at-arms set on foot by the king, with whose military operations against the English he was closely associated. He entered [[Rouen]] with him in November 1449.{{sfn|Kekewich|2008|p=118-119}}

After his second marriage with [[Jeanne de Laval]], daughter of [[Guy XIV, Count of Laval|Guy of Laval]] and [[Isabella of Brittany]],{{sfn|Kekewich|2008|p=148}} René took a less active part in public affairs, devoting himself to composing poetry and painting miniatures, gardening and raising animals.{{sfn|Baynes|1878|pp=58–59}} The fortunes of his house declined in his old age: in 1466, the rebellious [[Catalonia|Catalans]] offered the crown of Aragon to René. His son John, unsuccessful in Italy, was sent to take up the conquest of that kingdom but died —apparently by poison— at [[Barcelona]] on 16 December 1470.{{sfn|Kekewich|2008|p=220-221}} John's eldest son Nicholas perished in 1473, also under suspicion of poisoning.{{sfn|Kekewich|2008|p=230}} In 1471, René's daughter [[Margaret of Anjou|Margaret]] was finally defeated in the [[Wars of the Roses]]. Her [[Henry VI of England|husband]] and her [[Edward of Westminster|son]] were killed and she herself became a prisoner who had to be ransomed by [[Louis XI of France|Louis&nbsp;XI]] in 1476.{{sfn|Kekewich|2008|p=236}}

René retired to [[Aix-en-Provence]]{{sfn|Baynes|1878|pp=58–59}} and in 1474 made a will by which he left Bar to his grandson René II, Duke of Lorraine; and Anjou and Provence to his nephew [[Charles, count of Le Maine]]. King Louis XI seized Anjou and Bar, and two years later sought to compel René to exchange the two duchies for a pension. The offer was rejected, but further negotiations assured the lapse to the crown of the duchy of Anjou and the annexation of Provence was only postponed until the death of the Count of Le Maine. René died on 10 July 1480 at [[Aix-en-Provence|Aix]], but was buried in the [[Angers Cathedral]], Angers.{{sfn|Gertz|2010|p=66}} In the 19th century, historians bestowed on him the epithet "the good".{{sfn|Morby|1978|p=12}}

He founded an order of chivalry, the ''[[Ordre du Croissant]]'', which preceded the royal foundation of St Michael but did not survive René.{{sfn|Abulafia|1997|p=203}}

==Arts==
[[File:Nicolas Froment 004.jpg|thumb|upright|Side panels of the [[Burning Bush Triptych|''Burning Bush'' triptych]], showing René and his second wife, Jeanne de Laval.]]
[[File:Französischer_Meister_um_1500_001.jpg|thumb|left|Miniature by or after [[Barthélemy d'Eyck]] from ''Le Livre du cœur d'Amour épris'' depicting Love giving Desire to the heart of the ailing king]]
The King of Sicily's fame as an amateur painter{{Refn|group=lower-alpha|A letter from the Neapolitan [[Renaissance humanism|humanist]] [[Pietro Summonte]] to Marcantonio Michiel, of 20 March 1524, reporting on the state of art in Naples, and works there by Netherlandish painters, states that "King René was also a skilled painter and was very keen on the study of the discipline, but according to the [[Early Netherlandish painting|style of Flanders]]". The letter was published by Niccolini{{sfn|Niccolini|1925|pp=161–163}} in 1925 and translated by Richardson & al.{{sfn|Richardson|Woods|Franklin|2007|pp=193–196}} in 2007.}} formerly led to the optimistic attribution to him of many paintings in Anjou and Provence, in many cases simply because they bore his arms. These works are generally in the [[Early Netherlandish painting|Early Netherlandish]] style, and were probably executed under his patronage and direction, so that he may be said to have formed a school of the fine arts in sculpture, painting, goldsmith's work and tapestry.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=98}} He employed [[Barthélemy d'Eyck]] as both painter and ''[[varlet de chambre]]'' for most of his career.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

Two of the most famous works formerly attributed to René are the [[triptych]] of the ''Burning Bush'' of [[Nicolas Froment]] of [[Avignon]] in [[Aix Cathedral]], showing portraits of René and his second wife, [[Jeanne de Laval]], and two illuminated [[Book of Hours]] in the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] and the [[British Library]]. Among the men of letters attached to his court was [[Antoine de la Sale]], whom he made tutor to his son John. He encouraged the performance of [[mystery play]]s; on the performance of a mystery of the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion]] at [[Saumur]] in 1462 he remitted four years of taxes to the town, and the representations of the Passion at [[Angers]] were carried out under his auspices.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=98}}

[[File:René d'Anjou Livre des tournois France Provence XVe siècle Barthélemy d'Eyck2.jpg|thumb|Watercolour, probably by [[Barthélemy d'Eyck]], from King René's Tournament Book.]]
He exchanged verses with his kinsman, the poet [[Charles of Orléans]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=98}} René was also the author of two allegorical works: a devotional dialogue, ''Le Mortifiement de vaine plaisance'' (''The Mortification of Vain Pleasure,'' 1455), and a love quest, ''Le Livre du Cuer d'amours espris'' (''The Book of the Love-Smitten Heart,'' 1457).  The latter fuses the conventions of Arthurian romance with an allegory of love based on the ''Romance of the Rose. '' Both works were exquisitely illustrated by his court painter, Barthélémy d'Eyck.  ''Le Mortifiement'' survives in eight illuminated manuscripts. Although Barthélémy's original is lost, the extant manuscripts include copies of his miniatures by Jean le Tavernier, Jean Colombe, and others. René is sometimes credited with the pastoral poem "Regnault and Jeanneton",{{refn|group=lower-alpha|As, for instance, by the 11th edition of the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=97–98}}}} but this was more likely a gift to the king honoring his marriage to Jeanne de Laval.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

[[King René's Tournament Book]] (''{{lang|fr|Le Livre des tournois}}'' or ''{{lang|fr|Traicte de la Forme de Devis d'un Tournoi}}''; {{circa|lk=no|1460}}) describes rules of a [[Tournament (medieval)|tournament]]. The most famous and earliest of the many manuscript copies<ref>BN MS Fr 2695.</ref> is kept in the [[Bibliothèque Nationale|French National Library]]. This is—unusually for a deluxe manuscript—on paper and painted in [[watercolor]].  It may represent [[drawing]]s by [[Barthélemy d'Eyck]], intended as preparatory only, which were later illuminated by him or another artist.  There are twenty-six full and double page miniatures. The description given in the book is different from that of the [[pas d'armes]] held at [[Razilly]] and [[Saumur]]; conspicuously absent are the [[allegory|allegorical]] and chivalresque ornamentations that were in vogue at the time. René instead emphasizes he is reporting on ancient tournament customs of France, Germany and the Low Countries, combining them in a new suggestion on how to hold a tournament. The tournament described is a [[melee]] fought by two sides. Individual [[jousting|joust]]s are only briefly mentioned.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

As a patron, René commissioned translations and retranslations of classical works into French prose. These include [[Strabo]], which [[Guarino da Verona]] completed in 1458;{{sfn|Diller|Kristeller|1971}} and [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' by an unknown translator, completed in 1467.{{sfn|C. De Boer|1954}}

Rene also kept a theater troupe at his court, led by a jester and playwright [[Triboulet (playwright)|Triboulet]]. The duke rewarded Triboulet generously for his talents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roy |first=Bruno |date=January 1980 |title=Triboulet, Josseaume et Pathelin à la Cour de René d'Anjou |url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/10.1484/J.LMFR.3.71 |journal=Le Moyen Français |language=fr |volume=7 |pages=7–56 |doi=10.1484/J.LMFR.3.71 |issn=0226-0174}}</ref>

==Marriages and issue==
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2017}}
[[File:Aix - le roi René.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Fontaine du Roi René|Statue]] in [[Aix-en-Provence]] of King René holding the [[Muscat (grape)|Muscat]] grapes he brought to Provence]]

René married:
# [[Isabelle, Duchess of Lorraine]] (1400 – 28 February 1453) on 24 October 1420.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Staley |first=Edgcumbe |title=King Rene D'anjou and His Seven Queens |date=1912 |publisher=JOHN LONG, LIMITED}}</ref>
# [[Jeanne de Laval]], on 10 September 1454, at the Abbey of St. Nicholas in Angers

His legitimate children by Isabelle were:

# [[John II, Duke of Lorraine|John II]] (2 August 1424 – 16 December 1470), Duke of Lorraine and King of Naples, married Marie de Bourbon, daughter of [[Charles I, Duke of Bourbon]], by whom he had issue. He also had several illegitimate children.
# [[Louis of Anjou, Marquis of Pont-à-Mousson|Louis]] (16 October 1427 – between 22 May and 16 October 1444), [[Marquis of Pont-à-Mousson]] and ''Lieutenant General of Lorraine''. At the age of five, in 1432, he was sent as a hostage to [[Dijon]] with his brother John in exchange for their captive father. John was released, but Louis was not and died of [[pneumonia]] in prison.
# Nicholas, (2 November 1428 – 1430), twin with Yolande, [[Duke of Bar]].
# [[Yolande, Duchess of Lorraine|Yolande]] (2 November 1428 – 23 March 1483), married Frederick of Lorraine, count of Vaudemont; mother, among others, of Duke [[René II, Duke of Lorraine|René II of Lorraine]].
# [[Margaret of Anjou|Margaret]] (23 March 1430 – 25 August 1482), married King [[Henry VI of England]], by whom she had a son, [[Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales]].
# Charles (1431 – 1432), [[Count of Guise]].
# Isabelle (died young).<ref name=":0" />
# René (died young).<ref name=":0" />
# Louise (1436 – 1438).
# Anna (1437 – 1450, buried in [[Gardanne]]).

He also had three illegitimate children:

# John, Bastard of Anjou (d. 1536), Marquis of Pont-à-Mousson, married 1500 Marguerite de Glandeves-Faucon.{{sfn|Belleval|1901|p=103}}
# Jeanne Blanche (d. 1470), Lady of [[Mirebeau]], married in Paris 1467 Bertrand de Beauvau (d. 1474).{{sfn|Belleval|1901|p=104}}
# Madeleine (d. aft. 1515), Countess of [[Montferrand (crusader castle)|Montferrand]], married in [[Tours]] 1496 Louis Jean, seigneur de Bellenave.{{sfn|Belleval|1901|p=104}}

==Cultural references==
[[File:King Rene-s Honeymoon 1864.jpg|thumb|upright|''King René's Honeymoon'', 1864, an imaginary scene in the life of the king by Ford Madox Brown.]]
He appears as "Reignier" in [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Henry VI, part 1]]''. His alleged poverty for a king is satirised. He pretends to be the Dauphin to deceive Joan of Arc, but she sees through him. She later claims to be pregnant with his child.

René's honeymoon, devoted with his bride to the arts, is imagined in [[Walter Scott]]'s novel ''[[Anne of Geierstein]]'' (1829). The imaginary scene of his honeymoon was later depicted by the Pre-Raphaelite painters [[Ford Madox Brown]], [[Edward Burne-Jones]] and [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]].<ref>[http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999961&workid=1601&searchid=9776 Tate Gallery Website]</ref>

In 1845 the Danish poet [[Henrik Hertz]] wrote the play ''[[King René's Daughter]]'' about René and his daughter [[Yolande de Bar]]; this was later adapted into the opera ''[[Iolanta]]'' by Tchaikovsky.

René and his Order of the Crescent were adopted as "historical founders" by the [[Lambda Chi Alpha]] fraternity in 1912, as exemplars of Christian [[chivalry]] and charity. Ceremonies of the Order of the Crescent were referenced in formulating ceremonies for the fraternity.

In [[conspiracy theories]], such as the one promoted in ''[[The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail]]'', René has been alleged to be the ninth [[Priory of Sion#Alleged Grand Masters|Grand Master of the Priory of Sion]].

''[[La Cheminée du roi René]]'' (''The Fireplace of King René''), op. 205, is a [[suite (music)|suite]] for [[wind quintet]], composed in 1941 by [[Darius Milhaud]].

''Chant du Roi René'' (''Song of King René'') is a piece for [[Organ (music)|organ]] (or [[Pump organ|harmonium]]) by [[Alexandre Guilmant]] (1837–1911) from his collection of ''Noels (Op.60)''.  The theme used throughout this piece was alleged to have been written by René (Guilmant's source was Alphonse Pellet, organist at [[Nîmes Cathedral]]).

== Arms ==
René frequently changed his coat of arms, which represented his numerous and fluctuating claims to titles, both actual and nominal.
The Coat of arms of René in 1420; Composing the arms of the [[House of Valois-Anjou]] (top left and bottom right), [[Duchy of Bar]] (top right and bottom left), and of the [[Duchy of Lorraine]] (superimposed shield). In 1434 were added [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], [[Kingdom of Naples]] and [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]. The arms of the [[Crown of Aragon]] were shown from 1443 to 1470. In 1453 the arms of Lorraine were removed and in 1470 Valois-Anjou were substituted for the modern arms of the duchy (superimposed shield).
<gallery>
Image:Arms of Rene dAnjou (1).svg|1420–1434
Image:Arms of Rene dAnjou (2).svg|1434–1443
Image:Arms of Rene dAnjou (3).svg|1443–1453
Image:Arms of Rene dAnjou (4).svg|1453–1470
Image:Arms of Rene dAnjou (5).svg|1470–1480
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Pas de la Bergère]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{citation |last=Abulafia |first=David S. H.|title=The Western Mediterranean Kingdoms: The Struggle for Dominion, 1200-1500 |publisher=Pearson Education Limited |year=1997 }}203
* {{citation |ref={{harvid|BDA}} |chapter=René d'Anjou and de Lorraine" |title=Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Oxford Art Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=27 February 2017 |chapter-url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/benezit/B00151022 |chapter-url-access=subscription }}
* {{citation |last=Belleval|first=René |title=Les bâtards de la Maison de France |publisher=Librairie Historique et Militaire |year=1901 |pages=103–104 |language=fr}}
* {{citation |title=Ovide moralisé en prose (Texte du quinzième siècle) |series = Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. Letterkunde, Nieuwe Reeks, Deel 61.2 |date=1954 |publisher=North-Holland Publishing Company |location=Amsterdam |editor=C. De Boer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMYlAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{citation |last1=Diller |first1=Aubrey |last2=Kristeller |first2=Paul Oskar |title=Strabo |journal=Catalogus Translationum et Commentariorum  |date=1971 |volume=2 |pages=225–33 |url=http://catalogustranslationum.org/index.php/archives/volume-ii}}
* {{citation |last=Gertz |first=Sunhee Kim |title=Visual Power and Fame in René d'Anjou, Geoffrey Chaucer, and the Black Prince |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2010  }}66
* {{citation |last=Kekewich |first=Margaret L. |title=The Good King: Rene of Anjou and Fifteenth Century Europe |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2008 }}
* {{citation |last=Morby |first=John E. |title=The Sobriquets of Medieval European Princes |journal=Canadian Journal of History |volume=13 |number=1 |year=1978 |page=12|doi=10.3138/cjh.13.1.1 }}
* {{citation |last1=Neubecker |first1=Ottfried |last2=Harmingues |first2=Roger  |title=Le Grand livre de l'héraldique |year=1988 |publisher=Bordas |isbn=2-04-012582-5}}
* {{citation |last=Niccolini |first=Fausto  |date=1925  |title=L'arte napoletana del Rinascimento |location=Naples|publisher=Riccardo Ricciardi Editore |pages=161–63}}
* {{citation |last1=Richardson |first1=Carol M.  |last2=Woods |first3=Michael |first2=Kim W. |last3=Franklin |date=2007|title=Renaissance Art Reconsidered: An Anthology of Primary Sources  |pages=193–96 }}
* {{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=René, Duke of Anjou  |volume=2 |pages=58–59 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Règlements, délits et organisation des ventes dans la forêt de Nieppe (début XIVe-début XVIe siècle) |first=Monique |last=Sommé |journal=Revue du Nord |volume= 72| issue = 287 |publisher=Charles de Gaulle University |year=1990 |pages=511–528 |doi=10.3406/rnord.1990.4564 }}

'''Attribution:'''
* {{EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=René I. |volume=23 |pages=97-98 }}

==Further reading==
* Unterkircher F., ''[[King René's Book of Love]]'' (''Le Cueur d'Amours Espris''), 1980, George Braziller, New York, {{ISBN|0807609897}}
* {{citation |first1=Noël |last1=Coulet |first2=Alice |last2=Planche |first3=Françoise |last3=Robin |title=Le roi René: le prince, le mécène, l'écrivain, le mythe |location=Aix-en-Provence |publisher=Édisud |year=1982}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Bouchet |editor-first=Florence |title=René d'Anjou, écrivain et mécène (1409–1480) |location= [[Turnhout]]|publisher=[[Brepols]] |date=2011 |isbn=978-2503533506}}

==External links==
{{commons category|René I of Naples}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20020702200440/http://www.guice.org/ Website about Rene I of Naples]}}
* [http://www.princeton.edu/~ezb/rene/renehome.html King René's Tournament Book]
* [http://mandragore.bnf.fr/jsp/rechercheExperte.jsp BnF 27 images] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228053741/http://mandragore.bnf.fr/jsp/rechercheExperte.jsp |date=28 February 2009 }} Add "Français 2695" to left "Cote" box, click "Chercher" and "Images"
* [http://www.princeton.edu/~ezb/rene/renehome.html online translation of text]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou | [[House of Valois-Anjou]] |19 January|1409|10 July|1480|[[Capetian dynasty]]}}

{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Louis I, Duke of Bar|Louis I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Bar]]|years=1420s–1480|regent1=[[Louis I, Duke of Bar|Louis I]]|years1=1420s – 1430}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Yolande, Duchess of Lorraine|Yolande]]}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Charles II, Duke of Lorraine|Charles II]] }}
{{s-ttl| title  = [[Duke of Lorraine]]
       | regent1= [[Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine|Isabella]]
       | years  = 1431–1453 }}
{{s-aft| after  = [[John II, Duke of Lorraine|John II]] }}
{{s-bef | before = [[Louis III of Naples|Louis III]] }}
{{s-ttl| title  = [[Duke of Anjou]]<br>[[Count of Provence]]
       | years  = 1434–1480 }}
{{s-aft | after  = [[Charles IV of Anjou|Charles IV]] }}
{{s-bef|before=[[Joanna II of Naples|Joanna II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of Naples]]|years=1435–1442}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso I]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Dukes of Anjou}}
{{Kings of Naples}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rene, Anjou}}
[[Category:1409 births]]
[[Category:1480 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century Aragonese monarchs]]
[[Category:15th-century monarchs of Naples]]
[[Category:Counts of Barcelona]]
[[Category:Counts of Guise]]
[[Category:Counts of Piedmont]]
[[Category:Counts of Provence]]
[[Category:Dukes of Anjou]]
[[Category:Dukes of Bar]]
[[Category:Dukes of Calabria]]
[[Category:Dukes of Lorraine]]
[[Category:House of Valois-Anjou]]
[[Category:Claimant kings of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Marquesses of Pont-à-Mousson]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Naples]]
[[Category:People from Angers]]
[[Category:15th-century peers of France]]
[[Category:Sons of kings]]
[[Category:Jure uxoris dukes]]
[[Category:Remarried jure uxoris officeholders]]