Editing Remy de Gourmont

{{Short description|French writer (1858–1915)}}
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| notableworks     = ''The Book of Masks''<br />''Esthetique de la langue française''<br />''Le Problème du style''<ref>{{cite book |last1=France |first1=Peter |title=The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French |date=1995 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=9780198661252 |page=353}}</ref>
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'''Remy de Gourmont''' (4 April 1858 – 27 September 1915) was a French [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolist]] poet, [[novelist]], and influential [[literary criticism|critic]].  He was widely read in his era, and an important influence on [[Blaise Cendrars]] and [[Georges Bataille]].<ref>Gourmont was Georges Bataille's bedtime reading as a student. Michel Surya, ''Georges Bataille: an intellectual biography'', New York: Verso, 2002, p. 27-28.</ref> The spelling ''Rémy'' de Gourmont is incorrect, albeit common.

==Life==
Gourmont was born at [[Bazoches-au-Houlme]], [[Orne]], into a [[publishing]] family from [[Cotentin]]. He was the son of [[Count]] Auguste-Marie de Gourmont and his countess, born Mathilde de Montfort. In 1866 he moved to a manor close to [[Villedieu-les-Poêles|Villedieu]] near [[English Channel|La Manche]]. He studied [[law]] at [[Caen]], and was awarded a bachelor's degree in law in 1879; upon his graduation he moved to Paris.

In 1881, Gourmont was employed by the [[Bibliothèque nationale]]. He began to write for general circulation periodicals such as ''[[Le Monde (Paris, 1860)|Le Monde]]'' and ''[[Le Contemporain]]''. He took an interest in ancient literature, following the footsteps of [[Gustave Kahn]]. During this period, he also met [[Berthe Courrière]], model for, and heir of, the sculptor [[Auguste Clésinger]], with whom he formed a lifelong attachment, he and Berthe living together for the rest of their lives.

Gourmont also began a literary alliance with [[Joris-Karl Huysmans]], to whom he dedicated his prose work ''Le Latin mystique'' (Mystical Latin). In 1889 Gourmont became one of the founders of the ''[[Mercure de France]]'', which became a rallying point of the Symbolist movement.<ref>Burne, Glen S. (1963). ''Remy de Gourmont: His Ideas and Influence in England and America.'' Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.</ref> Between 1893 and 1894 he was the co-editor, along with [[Alfred Jarry]], of [[L'Ymagier]], a magazine dedicated to symbolist wood carvings. In 1891 he published a polemic called ''Le Joujou Patriotisme'' (Patriotism, a toy) in which he argued that France and Germany shared an aesthetic culture and urged a rapprochement between the two countries, contrary to the wishes of nationalists in the French government. This political essay led to his losing his job at the Bibliothèque Nationale,<ref>Curtis, Michael (1959). ''Three Against the Third Republic: Sorel, Barrès and Maurras.'' New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, p. 40.</ref> despite [[Octave Mirbeau]]'s chronicles{{what?|date=May 2022}}.

[[Image:Picture of Gourmont, Symons and Ellis.jpg|220px|thumb|Gourmont, [[Arthur Symons]] and [[Havelock Ellis]].]]
During this same period, Gourmont was stricken with [[lupus vulgaris]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Denkinger | first = Marc | title = Remy de Gourmont Critique | journal = PMLA | volume = 52 | issue = 4 | date = 1937 | pages = 1148 | doi = 10.2307/458509 | jstor=458509| s2cid = 163530219 }} Denkinger refers to the disease as "lupus tuberculeux", apparently lupus vulgaris, which is a form of tuberculosis of the skin, unrelated to [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], the disease now commonly known as lupus.</ref>  Disfigured by this illness, he largely retired from public view appearing only at the offices of the ''Mercure de France''. In 1910, Gourmont met [[Natalie Clifford Barney]], to whom he dedicated his ''Lettres à l'Amazone'' (Letters to the Amazon).

Gourmont's health continued to decline and he began to suffer from [[locomotor ataxia]] and be increasingly unable to walk. He was deeply depressed by the outbreak of [[World War I]] and died in [[Paris]] of [[cerebral congestion]] in 1915. Berthe Courrière was his sole heir, inheriting a substantial body of unpublished work which she sent to his brother Jean de Gourmont, and dying within the year. Gourmont and Courrière are buried Chopins tomb in [[Père-Lachaise Cemetery]].

==Works==
Gourmont was a literary critic and essayist of great importance, most notably his ''Le Problème du Style''.<ref>Gourmont, Remy de (1902). [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k99853s ''Le Probleme du Style.''] Paris: Société du Mercure de France.</ref> Created in response to [[Antoine Albalat]]'s ''The Art of Writing in Twenty Lessons'' (1899),<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mattix|first1=Micah|date=28 May 2014|title=The Art of Writing Well|url=http://www.theamericanconservative.com/prufrock/the-art-of-writing-well/|access-date=17 Aug 2016|website=theamericanconservative.com|publisher=The American Conservative}}</ref> ''Le Problème du Style'' was a source book for many of the ideas that inspired the literary developments in both England and France<ref>Read, Herbert (1957). ''The Tenth Muse.'' London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.</ref> and was also admired by [[T. S. Eliot]] and [[Ezra Pound]] in that capacity.

His novels, in particular ''Sixtine'', explore the theme of [[Schopenhauerian]] [[Idealism]] with its emphasis on individual [[subjectivity]], as well as the [[Decadent movement|Decadent]] relationship between sexuality and artistic creativity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=France |first1=Peter |title=The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French |date=1995 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=9780198661252 |page=353}}</ref> In 1922 [[Aldous Huxley]] translated Gourmont's novel ''A Virgin Heart''.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/cihm_71634#page/n7/mode/2up ''A Virgin Heart''] (translator Aldous Huxley) Toronto: Musson Books, 1922.</ref>

Gourmont's poetic works include ''Litanies de la Rose'' (1892), ''Les Saintes du Paradis'' (1898), and ''Divertissements'' (1912). His anthology ''Hieroglyphes'' (1894), contains his experiments with the possibilities of sound and rhythm.<ref>Burne (1963).</ref> It plunges from perhaps ironic piety to equally ironic blasphemy, reflecting, more than anything else, his interest in medieval [[Latin literature]], and his works led to a fad for late Latin literature among authors like [[Joris-Karl Huysmans]]. Pound observed in 1915 that the English [[Imagist]] poetic movement derived from the French [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolistes]],<ref>''The Ezra Pound Encyclopedia'', Ed., Demetres P. Tryphonopoulos and Stephen Adams. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2005, p. 227.</ref> Eliot describing Gourmont as the "critical conscience of his generation".<ref>Eliot, T.S. (1928). Preface to ''The Sacred Wood.'' London: Methuen & Co.</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}

===Poetry===
* ''Litanies de la Rose'' (1892).
* ''Fleurs de Jadis'' (1893).
* ''Hiéroglyphes'' (1894).
* ''Les Saintes du Paradis'' (1899).
* ''Oraisons Mauvaises'' (1900).
* ''Simone'' (1901).
* ''Divertissements'' (1912).
* ''Poésies Inédites'' (1921).
* ''Rimes Retrouvées'' (1979).
* ''L'Odeur des Jacynthes'' (1991).

===Fiction===
* ''Merlette'' (novel, 1886).
* ''Sixtine'' (novel, 1890).
* ''Le Fantôme'' (1893).
* ''Le Château Singulier'' (1894).
* ''Proses Moroses'' (short stories, 1894).
* ''Histoire Tragique de la Princesse Phénissa'' (1894).
* ''Histoires Magiques'' (1884).
* ''Le Pèlerin du Silence'' (1896).
* ''Phocas'' (1895).
* ''Les Chevaux de Diomède'' (novel, 1897).
* ''D'un Pays Lointain. Miracles. Visages de Femmes'' (1898).
* ''Le Songe d'une Femme'' (novel, 1899).
* ''Une Nuit au Luxembourg'' (1906).
* ''Un Cœur Virginal'' (1907).
* ''Couleurs, Contes Nouveaux Suivi de Choses Anciennes'' (1908).
* ''Lettres d'un Satyre'' (1913).
* ''Lettres à l'Amazone'' (1914).
* ''Monsieur Croquant'' (1918).
* ''La Patience de Grisélidis'' (1920).
* ''Lettres à Sixtine'' (1921).
* ''Le Vase Magique'' (1923).
* ''Fin de Promenade et Trois Autres Contes'' (short stories, 1925).
* ''Le Désarroi'' (novel, 2006).

===Theatre===
* ''Lilith'' (1892).
* ''Théodat'' (1893).
* ''Le Vieux Roi'' (1897).
* ''L'Ombre d'une Femme'' (1923).

===Nonfiction===
* ''Un Volcan en Éruption'' (1882).
* ''Une Ville Ressuscitée'' (1883).
* ''Bertrand Du Guesclin'' (1883).
* ''Tempêtes et Naufrages'' (1883).
* ''Les Derniers Jours de Pompéi'' (1884).
* ''En Ballon'' (1884).
* ''Les Français au Canada et en Acadie'' (1888).
* ''Chez les Lapons, Mœurs, Coutumes et Légendes de la Laponie Norvégienne'' (1890).
* ''Le Joujou Patriotisme'' (1891).
* ''Le Latin Mystique. Les Poètes de l'Antiphonaire et la Symbolique au Moyen Âge'' (with a preface by [[J. K. Huysmans]], 1892).
* ''L'Idéalisme'' (1893).
* ''L'Ymagier'' (with [[Alfred Jarry]], 1896).
* ''La Poésie Populaire'' (1896).
* ''Le Livre des Masques'' (1896).
* ''Almanach de "L'Ymagier", Zodiacal, Astrologique, Littéraire, Artistique, Magique, Cabalistique et Prophétique'' (1897).
* ''Le Deuxième Livre des Masques'' (1898).
* ''Esthétique de la Langue Française'' (1899).
* ''La Culture des Idées'' (1900).
* Preface to ''Les Petites Revues'' (1900).
* ''Le Chemin de Velours'' (1902).
* ''Le Problème du Style'' (1902).
* ''Épilogues: Réflexions sur la Vie, 1895-1898'' (1903).
* ''Physique de l'Amour. Essai sur l'Instinct Sexuel'' (1903).
* ''Promenades Littéraires'' (1904).
* ''Judith Gautier'' (1904).
* ''Promenades Philosophiques'' (1905).
* ''Dante, Béatrice et la Poésie Amoureuse. Essai sur l'Idéal Féminin en Italie à la Fin du XIIIe Siècle'' (1908).
* ''Le Chat de Misère. Idées et Images'' (1912).
* ''La Petite Ville'' (1913).
* ''Des pas sur le Sable'' (1914).
* ''La Belgique Littéraire'' (1915).
* ''Pendant l'Orage, Bois d'André Rouveyre'' (1915).
* ''Dans la Tourmente (Avril-juillet 1915)'' (with a preface by {{Interlanguage link multi|Jean de Gourmont|fr|3=Jean de Gourmont (écrivain)}}, 1916).
* ''Pendant la Guerre. Lettres pour l'Argentine'' (with a preface by Jean de Gourmont, 1917).
* ''Les Idées du Jour'' (1918).
** Vol. I: ''(Octobre 1914-avril 1915)''.
** Vol. II: ''(Mai 1915-septembre 1915)''.
* ''Trois Légendes du Moyen Âge'' (1919).
* ''Pensées Inédites'' (with a Preface by [[Guillaume Apollinaire]], 1920).
* ''Le Livret de "L'Ymagier"'' (1921).
* ''Petits Crayons'' (1921).
* ''Le Puits de la Vérité'' (1922).
* ''Dernières Pensées Inédites'' (1924).
* ''Dissociations'' (1925).
* ''Nouvelles Dissociations'' (1925).
* ''La Fin de l'Art'' (1925).
* ''Les Femmes et le Langage'' (1925).
* ''Deux Poètes de la Nature: Bryant et Emerson'' (1925).
* ''Le Joujou et Trois Autres Essais'' (1926).
* ''Lettres Intimes à l’Amazone'' (1926).
* ''Promenades Littéraires'' (1929).

===In English translation===
* [https://archive.org/stream/nightinluxembour00gouruoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''A Night in the Luxembourg''] (with preface by [[Arthur Ransome]], 1912).
* "A French View of 'Kultur'," ''The New Republic'' (1915).
* ''Theodat, a Play'' (1916).
* [https://archive.org/stream/philosophicnight00gour#page/n3/mode/2up ''Philosophic Nights in Paris''] (1920).
* [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011020909;view=1up;seq=287 "Dust for Sparrows,"] [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011020909;view=1up;seq=472 Part II], [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011020909;view=1up;seq=600 Part III], [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011020909;view=1up;seq=755 Part IV], ''The Dial,'' Vol. LXIX, 1920; [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044012431730;view=1up;seq=50 Part V], [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044012431730;view=1up;seq=216 Part VI], [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044012431730;view=1up;seq=381 Part VII], [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044012431730;view=1up;seq=505 Part VIII], [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044012431730;view=1up;seq=671 Part IX], ''The Dial,'' Vol. LXX, 1921.
* [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924027212301#page/n5/mode/2up ''The Book of Masks''] (1921).
* ''A Virgin Heart'' (1921).
* [https://archive.org/stream/decadenceotheres00gouriala#page/n9/mode/2up ''Decadence, and Other Essays on the Culture of Ideas''] (1922).
* [https://archive.org/stream/naturalphilosoph00gouriala#page/n1/mode/2up ''The Natural Philosophy of Love''] (1922).
* [https://archive.org/stream/mrantiphilossaty00gourrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''Mr. Antiphilos, Satyr''] (1922).
* [https://archive.org/stream/verywomansixtine00gouriala#page/n5/mode/2up ''Very Woman: A Cerebral Novel''] (1922).
* ''The Horses of Diomedes'' (1923).
* ''Epigrams of Remy de Gourmont'' (1923).
* ''Stories in Yellow, Black, White, Blue, Violet, and Red'' (1924).
* ''Stories in Green, [[Zinzolin]], Rose, Purple, Mauve, Lilac, and Orange'' (1924).
* ''Dream of a Woman'' (1927). 
* ''The Prostituted Woman: The Sexless One in the Singular Château'' (1929).
* ''Letters to the Amazon'' (1931).
* ''Lilith, a Play'' (1946).
* ''The Angels of Perversity'' (1992).
* ''French Decadent Tales'', by Stephen Romer (2013). 
{{div col end}}

==Quotation==
{{French literature sidebar}}

:Que tes mains soient bénies, car elles sont impures!
:Elles ont des péchés cachés à toutes les jointures;
:Leur peau blanche s'est trempée dans l'odeur âpre des caresses
:Secrètes, parmi l'ombre blanche où rampent les caresses,
:Et l'opale prisonnière qui se meurt à ton doigt,
:C'est le dernier soupir de Jésus sur la croix.

:::::---Oraisons mauvaises

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* [[Richard Aldington|Aldington, Richard]] (1915). [http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1288985927275125.pdf "Remy de Gourmont,"] ''The Little Review,'' Vol. II, No. 3, pp. 10–13.
* [[Richard Aldington|Aldington, Richard]] (1919). [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.47422279;view=1up;seq=717 "Remy de Gourmont,"] ''The Living Age,'' Vol. CCCIII, pp. 665–668.
* [[Richard Aldington|Aldington, Richard]] (1919). [http://library.brown.edu/cds/repository2/repoman.php?verb=render&id=1298985987984377&view=pageturner&pageno=34 "Remy de Gourmont, After the Interim,"] ''The Little Review,'' Vol. V, No. 10/11, pp. 32–34.
* [[Richard Aldington|Aldington, Richard]] (1928). ''Remy de Gourmont: A Modern Man of Letters.'' Seattle: University of Washington Book Store.
* Amalric, Jean-Claude (1984). "Shaw, Hamon, and Rémy de Gourmont," ''Shaw,'' Vol. 4, pp. 129–137.
* [[Kenneth Burke|Burke, Kenneth]] (1921). [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044012431730;view=1up;seq=169 "Approaches to Remy de Gourmont,"] ''The Dial,'' Vol. LXX, pp. 125–138.
* Clayton, T. T. (1919). [http://library.brown.edu/cds/repository2/repoman.php?verb=render&id=1298985987984377&view=pageturner&pageno=29 "Le Latin Mystique,"] ''The Little Review,'' Vol. V, No. 10/11, pp. 27–29.
* Cornetz, Victor (1922). [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.32000000707713;view=1up;seq=117 "Remy de Gourmont, J.H. Fabre and the Ants,"] ''The Living Age,'' Vol. CCCXV, pp. 105–110.
* [[Havelock Ellis|Ellis, Havelock]] (1915). "Remy de Gourmont," ''The New Republic,'' Vol. V, No. 59, pp. 166–167.
* [[Havelock Ellis|Ellis, Havelock]] (1936). [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b703781;view=1up;seq=319 "Remy de Gourmont."] In: ''From Rousseau to Proust.'' London: Constable & Company, pp. 307–327.
* [[Edmund Gosse|Gosse, Edmund]] (1922). [https://archive.org/stream/aspectsimpressio00gossrich#page/202/mode/2up "Two French Critics: Émile Faguet—Remy de Gourmont."] In: ''Aspects and Impressions.'' London: Cassell & Company, pp. 203–223.
* Greene, Henry Copley (1894). [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044107294258;view=1up;seq=126 "French Prose Symbolism,"] ''The Harvard Monthly,'' Vol. XVIII, pp. 106–121.
* [[James Huneker|Huneker, James Gibbons]] (1917). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25121546 "Remy de Gourmont,"] ''The North American Review,'' Vol. CCV, No. 739, pp. 935–942.
* Jacob, Paul Emile (1931). [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024050067;view=1up;seq=181 "Remy de Gourmont,"] ''Illinois Studies in Language and Literature'', Vol. XVI, No. 2, pp. 7–176.
* [[Joseph Wood Krutch|Krutch, Joseph Wood]] (1928). "The Nihilism of Remy de Gourmont," ''The Nation'', pp. 357–359.
* [[Amy Lowell|Lowell, Amy]] (1915). [https://archive.org/stream/sixfrenchpoetsst00loweuoft#page/n127/mode/2up "Remy de Gourmont."] In: ''Six French Poets.'' New York: The Macmillan Company, pp. 105–146.
* [[Ludwig Lewisohn|Lewisohn, Ludwig]] (1916). [https://archive.org/stream/poetsmodernfran00lewigoog#page/n4/mode/2up ''The Poets of Modern France.''] New York: B.W. Huebsch.
* Macy, John (1922). [https://archive.org/stream/criticalgame00macygoog#page/n156/mode/2up "Remy de Gourmont."] In: ''The Critical Game.'' New York: Boni & Liveright, pp. 153–159.
* [[Frederic Manning|Manning, Frederic]] (1919). [http://library.brown.edu/cds/repository2/repoman.php?verb=render&id=1298985987984377&view=pageturner&pageno=21 "M. De Gourmont and the Problem of Beauty,"] ''The Little Review,'' Vol. V, No. 10/11, pp. 19–27.
* [[Giovanni Papini|Papini, Giovanni]] (1922). [https://archive.org/stream/fourtwentyminds00papirich#page/198/mode/2up "Remy de Gourmont."] In: ''Four and Twenty Minds''. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, pp. 198–207.
* Parker, Robert Allerton (1915). "Remy de Gourmont's Criticism of Morality," ''The Forum,'' Vol. LV, pp. 593–600.
* [[Ezra Pound|Pound, Ezra]] (1916). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20570672 "Remy de Gourmont,"] ''Poetry,'' Vol. VII, No. 4, pp. 197–202.
* [[Ezra Pound|Pound, Ezra]] (1919). [http://library.brown.edu/cds/repository2/repoman.php?verb=render&id=1298985987984377&view=pageturner&pageno=3 "De Gourmont: A Distinction,"] ''The Little Review,'' Vol. V, No. 10/11, pp. 1–19.
* [[John Cowper Powys|Powys, John Cowper]] (1916). [https://archive.org/stream/suspendedjudgme00powygoog#page/n234/mode/2up "Remy de Gourmont."] In: ''Suspended Judgements.'' New York: G. Arnold Shaw, pp. 225–254.
* [[Arthur Ransome|Ransome, Arthur]] (1913). [https://archive.org/stream/portraitsspecula00ransuoft#page/160/mode/2up "Remy de Gourmont."] In: ''Portraits and Speculations.'' London: Macmillan & Co., pp. 161–186.
* [[John Rodker|Rodker, John]] (1919). [http://library.brown.edu/cds/repository2/repoman.php?verb=render&id=1298985987984377&view=pageturner&pageno=31 "De Gourmont―Yank,"] ''The Little Review,'' Vol. V, No. 10/11, pp. 29–32.
* [[Arthur Symons|Symons, Arthur]] (1919). [https://archive.org/stream/symbolistmovemen00symouoft#page/n9/mode/2up ''The Symbolist Movement in Literature.''] New York: E.P. Dutton & Company.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=6996| name=Remy de Gourmont}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Remy de Gourmont}}
* {{Librivox author |id=9584}}
* [https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?filter=&Search=Search&wc=on&fc=off&globalSearch=&sbbBox=&sbjBox=&sbpBox=&Query=au:%22Remy+De+Gourmont%22&si=1 Works by Remy de Gourmont], at [[JSTOR]]
* [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Gourmont,%20Remy%20de,%201858-1915.%22&type=author&inst= Works by Remy de Gourmont], at [[Hathi Trust]]
* [http://poesie.webnet.fr/auteurs/gourmont.html Selected Poems by Remy de Gourmont] (in French)
* [http://www.remydegourmont.org/ Les Amateurs de Remy de Gourmont] (In French)
* [http://fortnightlyreview.co.uk/2014/05/problem-style/ Selections] (in English) from ''Le Probléme du Style''
* [http://fortnightlyreview.co.uk/2014/03/ezra-pound-remy-de-gourmont/ Ezra Pound on Remy de Gourmont]
* [http://fortnightlyreview.co.uk/2014/05/secular-monk/ Richard Aldington on Remy de Gourmont]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gourmont, Remy De}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Orne]]
[[Category:Writers from Normandy]]
[[Category:19th-century French novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century French novelists]]
[[Category:French poets]]
[[Category:Symbolist novelists]]
[[Category:Symbolist poets]]
[[Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery]]
[[Category:French male poets]]
[[Category:French male novelists]]
[[Category:19th-century French male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century French male writers]]