Editing Rehoboam

{{Short description|Biblical figure; first monarch of the Kingdom of Judah}}
{{About|the monarch of the Hebrew Bible|the wine bottle size|Rehoboam (unit)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Rehoboam<br />{{Script/Hebrew|רְחַבְעָם}}
| title        = King
| image        = Rehoboam of Israel.png
| caption      = Rehoboam from [[Guillaume Rouillé]]'s ''[[Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum]]'', 1553
| succession   = [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|King of Israel]]
| reign        = {{circa|931 BCE}}
| birth_date   = {{circa|972 BCE|lk=no}}
| death_date   = {{circa|913 BCE|lk=no}}
| predecessor  = [[Solomon]]
| successor    = ''Position abolished''
| house        = [[Davidic line|House of David]]
| father       = [[Solomon]]
| mother       = [[Naamah (wife of Solomon)|Naamah]]
| spouse       = {{ubl
 | [[Mahalath (wife of Rehoboam)|Mahalath]]
 | [[Maacah]]
 | Abihail
 | 16 other wives
 | 60 concubines
}}
| issue        = {{ubl
 | Jeush
 | Shemariah
 | Zaham
 | 60 daughters
}}
| succession2  = [[Kings of Judah|King of Judah]]
| reign2       = {{circa|931–913 BCE|lk=no}}
| successor2   = [[Abijah of Judah|Abijah]]
}}
'''Rehoboam''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|r|iː|ə|ˈ|b|oʊ|.|əm}}; {{Langx|he|{{Script/Hebr|רְחַבְעָם}}}}, {{Transliteration|he|Rəḥaḇʿām}}, {{Translation|"an enlarged people"}}; {{Langx|el|Ροβοάμ}}, {{Transliteration|el|Roboam}}; {{langx|la|Roboam}}) was, according to the [[Hebrew Bible]], the first monarch of the [[Kingdom of Judah]] after [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|the split of the united Kingdom of Israel]]. He was a son of and the successor to [[Solomon]] and a grandson of [[David]].

In the account of [[Books of Kings|I Kings]] and [[Books of Chronicles|II Chronicles]], Rehoboam saw his rule limited to only the Kingdom of Judah in the south following a rebellion by the ten northern [[Twelve Tribes of Israel|tribes of Israel]] in 932/931 BCE, which led to the formation of the independent [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]] under the rule of [[Jeroboam]] in the north.

[[Image:Rehoboam. Fragment of Wall Painting from Basel Town Hall Council Chamber, by Hans Holbein the Younger..jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Rehoboam depicted on a fragment of the wall painting originally in the Great Council Chamber of [[Basel Town Hall]], but now kept at the [[Kunstmuseum Basel]] in [[Switzerland]]]]
Extrabiblical evidence for Judah’s stability under Rehoboam is limited, with indications that the biblical accounts of Rehoboam and Jeroboam may be retrojections.<ref>{{cite book
 | last       = Frevel
 | first      = Christian
 | title      = History of Ancient Israel
 | publisher  = SBL Press
 | year       = 2023
 | isbn       = 978-1-62837-514-5
 | url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=Yvy6EAAAQBAJ
 | page       = 230, 240-241
}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:Rehoboam's Insolence, by Hans Holbein the Younger.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''The Arrogance of Rehoboam'', drawing by [[Hans Holbein the Younger]]]]
According to the ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'', "Solomon's wisdom and power were not sufficient to prevent the rebellion of several of his border cities. [[Aram Damascus|Damascus]] under [[Rezon the Syrian|Rezon]] secured its independence [from] Solomon; and Jeroboam, a superintendent of works, his ambition stirred by the words of the prophet [[Ahijah the Shilonite|Ahijah]],<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Kings|11:29-40|NKJV}}</ref> fled to [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]]. Thus, before the death of Solomon, the apparently unified kingdom of David began to disintegrate. With Damascus independent and a powerful man of [[Tribe of Ephraim|Ephraim]], the most prominent of the Ten Tribes, awaiting his opportunity, the future of Solomon's kingdom became dubious".<ref name=je>"[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12647-rehoboam Rehoboam]". ''Jewish Encyclopedia''. 1906. {{PD-notice}}</ref>

According to First Book of Kings 11:1–13,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{bibleverse|1|Kings|11:1-13|NKJV}}</ref> Solomon had broken the mandate of the [[Torah]]<ref>{{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|7:3|NKJV}}</ref> by marrying foreign wives and being influenced by them, worshipping and building shrines to the [[Moab]]ite and [[Ammon]]ite gods:
{{Blockquote|So the Lord became angry with Solomon because his heart had turned from the Lord God of Israel ... Therefore the Lord said to Solomon, "Because you have done this, and have not kept My [[Covenant (biblical)|covenant]] and My statutes, which I have commanded you, I will surely tear the kingdom away from you and give it to your servant. Nevertheless, I will not do it in your days, for the sake of your father David; I will tear it out of the hand of your son."||[[1 Kings 11]]:1–13<ref name="ReferenceA">{{bibleverse|1|Kings|11:1-13|NKJV}}</ref>}}

Rehoboam's mother, [[Naamah (wife of Solomon)|Naamah]], was an Ammonitess, and thus one of the foreign wives whom Solomon married.<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Kings|14:21|NKJV}}</ref> In the [[Revised Version]] she is referred to as "the Ammonitess".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biblehub.com/erv/1_kings/14.htm |title=1 Kings 14:21, English Revised Version}}</ref>

== Reign ==
=== Accession to the throne ===
Conventional [[Chronology of the Bible|biblical chronology]] dates the start of Rehoboam's reign to the mid-10th century BC. His reign is described in [[1 Kings 12]] and [[1 Kings 14]]:21–31<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Kings|14:21-31|HE}}</ref> and in [[2 Chronicles]]<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Chronicles|10-12|HE}}</ref> in the [[Hebrew Bible]]. Rehoboam was 41 years old (16 in Chapter 12 of [[3 Kings]] in the [[Septuagint]]) when he ascended the throne.<ref name=je />
[[File:The divided kingdom.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The United Kingdom of Solomon breaks up, with Jeroboam ruling over the Northern Kingdom of Israel (in green on the map).]]

The ten northern tribes assembled at [[Shechem]] to proclaim Rehoboam King of Israel. At the assembly, the tribes requested certain reforms in the policy followed by Rehoboam's father, Solomon. The reforms requested would materially reduce the royal exchequer and hence its power to continue the magnificence of Solomon's court.<ref name=je /> The older men counselled Rehoboam at least to speak to the people in a civil manner (it is not clear whether they counselled him to accept the demands). However, the new king sought the advice from the young men with which he had grown up, who advised the king to show no weakness to the people, and to tax them even more, which Rehoboam did.

Although the ostensible reason was the heavy burden laid upon Israel because of Solomon's great outlay for buildings and for luxury of all kinds, the other reasons include the historical opposition between the north and the south. The two sections had acted independently until David, by his victories, succeeded in uniting all the tribes, though the Ephraimitic jealousy was ever ready to develop into open revolt. Religious considerations were also operative. The building of the [[Solomon's Temple|Temple]] was a severe blow for the various sanctuaries scattered through the land, and the priests of the high places probably supported the revolt. [[Josephus]] (Ant., VIII., viii. 3) has the rebels exclaim: "We leave to Rehoboam the Temple his father built."<ref name=kittle>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/encyc/encyc09/htm/iv.vii.cxxi.htm |title=Kittle, R., "Rehoboam", ''The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge'', Vol. IX: Petri – Reuchlin, Samuel Macauley Jackson (ed.), Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1953}}</ref>

Jeroboam and the people rebelled, with the [[Ten Lost Tribes|ten northern tribes]] breaking away and forming a separate kingdom. The new breakaway kingdom continued to be called [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]] and was also known as [[Samaria]], or [[Ephraim]] or the northern kingdom. The realm Rehoboam was left with was called [[Kingdom of Judah]].<ref name=geikie />

During Rehoboam's 17-year reign,<ref>[[1 Kings 14:21]]</ref> he retained [[Jerusalem]] as Judah's capital but
{{blockquote|Judah did what was evil in the sight of the Lord, and they provoked him to jealousy with their sins which they committed, more than all that their fathers had done. For they also built for themselves high places and pillars, and [[Asherah pole|Ashe′rim]] on every high hill and under every green tree, and there were also male cult prostitutes in the land. They did according to all the abominations of the nations which the Lord drove out before the people of Israel.||1 Kings 14:22–24<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Kings|14:22-24|RSV}}</ref>}}

=== Civil war ===
Rehoboam went to war against the new Kingdom of Israel with a force of 180,000 soldiers. However, he was advised against fighting his brethren and so returned to Jerusalem.<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Kings|12:22-24|HE}}, {{bibleverse|2|Chronicles|11:2-4|HE}}</ref> The narrative reports that Israel and Judah were in a state of war throughout his 17-year reign.<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Chronicles|12:15|HE}}</ref>

=== Egyptian invasion ===
[[File:Bubastis portal at Karnak.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[Bubastite Portal]] at [[Karnak]], showing [[cartouche]]s of [[Sheshonq I]] mentioning the invasion from the Egyptian perspective.]]
In the fifth year of Rehoboam's reign, [[Shishak]], king of Egypt, brought a huge army and took many cities. According to Joshua, son of Nadav, the mention in 2 Chronicles 11, 6 sqq., that Rehoboam built fifteen fortified cities, indicates that the attack was not unexpected.<ref name=kittle /> The account in Chronicles states that Shishak marched with 1,200 chariots, 60,000 horsemen and troops who came with him from Egypt: Libyans, Sukkites, and Kushites.<ref name="cojs">{{cite web|title="Relief and Stelae of Pharaoh Shoshenq I: Rehoboam's Tribute, c. 925 BCE", The Centre for Online Judaic Studies|url=http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Relief_and_Stelae_of_Pharaoh_Shoshenq_I:_Rehoboam%E2%80%99s_Tribute,_c._925_BCE|url-status=dead|access-date=2014-08-10|archive-date=2012-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412061727/http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Relief_and_Stelae_of_Pharaoh_Shoshenq_I:_Rehoboam%E2%80%99s_Tribute%2C_c._925_BCE}}</ref> Shishak's armies captured all of the fortified towns leading to Jerusalem between Gezer and Gibeon. When they laid siege to Jerusalem, Rehoboam gave Shishak all of the treasures out of the temple as a tribute. The Egyptian campaign cut off trade with south Arabia via Elath and the Negev that had been established during Solomon's reign.<ref name=aharoni>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AMtoyNxWw0UC&dq=rehoboam+in+the+bible&pg=PA330| title = Aharoni, Yohanan. ''The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography'', Chap. IV, Westminster John Knox Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1979| isbn = 978-0-664-24266-4| last1 = Aharoni| first1 = Yohanan| date = January 1979| publisher = Westminster John Knox Press}}</ref> Judah became a vassal state of Egypt.

This invasion is confirmed by records from the [[Bubastite Portal]] in [[Karnak]] and another archaeological find. [[Shishak]] is generally identified with the [[Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt|Egyptian]] [[pharaoh]] [[Shoshenq I]], who invaded Judah. One of the most difficult issues in identifying Shishak with Shoshenq I is the biblical statement that "King Shishak of Egypt attacked Jerusalem. He seized the treasures of the Lord's temple and the royal palace",<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Kings|14:25-26}}</ref> whereas the Bubastite Portal lists do not include Jerusalem or any city from central Judea among the surviving names in the list of Shoshenq's conquests.<ref>{{cite book|last=Van De Mieroop |first=Marc |title=A History of Ancient Egypt |year=2007 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-1-4051-6071-1 |pages=400}}</ref>

=== Succession ===
Rehoboam had 18 wives and 60 [[concubine]]s. They bore him 28 sons and 60 daughters. His wives included his cousin Mahalath, the daughter of Jerimoth the son of David, and Abihail, the daughter of Eliab the son of Jesse. His sons with Mahalath were Jeush, Shemariah, and [[Zaham]]. After Mahalath he married his cousin [[Maacah]], daughter (or grand-daughter) of [[Absalom]], David's son. His sons with Maacah were [[Abijam of Judah|Abijam]], Attai, Ziza, and Shelomith.<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Chronicles|11:18-21|HE}}</ref> The names of his other wives, sons and all his daughters are not given.

Rehoboam reigned for 17 years.<ref name="geikie">[https://books.google.com/books?id=4LdaAAAAYAAJ&dq=rehoboam+in+the+bible&pg=PA29 Geikie, Cunningham. ''Hours with the Bible: From Rehoboam to Hezekiah''], [[John B. Alden]], New York, 1887</ref><ref>1 Kings 14:21</ref> When he died, he was buried beside his ancestors in Jerusalem. He was succeeded by his son [[Abijam|Abijah]].<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Chronicles|12:16}}</ref>

== Historicity ==

Extrabiblical evidence for a stable monarchy in Judah during Rehoboam’s reign is scarce, with minimal interest from [[Shoshenq I]] and little indication of significant political or economic activity in the region.<ref>{{cite book
 | last       = Frevel
 | first      = Christian
 | title      = History of Ancient Israel
 | publisher  = SBL Press
 | year       = 2023
 | isbn       = 978-1-62837-514-5
 | url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=Yvy6EAAAQBAJ
 | page       = 230
 | quote      = Thus, the extrabiblical evidence for a stable monarchy in Judah at the end of the tenth century BCE remains quite thin. In addition, the Egyptian pharaoh, Shoshenq I (946/45-924 BCE), seems to have taken little interest in the hill country of Judah during his campaign…, probably because it was more or less politically and economically meaningless. Nothing outside the Hebrew Bible points to consolidation measures, trade, construction measures, border conflicts, and so on. As a result, this means that a post-Solomonic Judean monarchy at the time of Rehoboam is barely historically comprehensible.
}}</ref> The similar names of Jeroboam and Rehoboam, along with historical inconsistencies and narrative elements, suggest that their biblical portrayal may be a constructed retrojection.<ref>{{cite book
 | last       = Frevel
 | first      = Christian
 | title      = History of Ancient Israel
 | publisher  = SBL Press
 | year       = 2023
 | isbn       = 978-1-62837-514-5
 | url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=Yvy6EAAAQBAJ
 | pages      = 240-241
 | quote      = The similarity of the names Jeroboam and Rehoboam (i.e., ‘the people's contender’ and ‘the people's enlarger’ respectively), as well as the fact that there is a second king Jeroboam II (787-747 BCE) for whom much of what is biblically told about Jeroboam I is more plausible, must be noted. The fact that there were such retrojections of names and rulers is shown by the mention of Ben-Hadad instead of Hadadezer (ca. 875-845 BCE) in 1 Kgs 20 next to Ahab and perhaps even the mention of Ben-Hadad in 1 Kgs 15:18, 20... Rehoboam's elevation to king in Shechem and not in Jerusalem does not fit into a strong preceding reign of Solomon. Jeroboam's flight to the Egyptian royal court can hardly be considered historical considering that it is tied to Solomon's construction activities on the one hand and the oracle of the prophet Ahijah of Shiloh on the other (1 Kgs 11:40; 12:2-3). Furthermore, it is interspersed with echoes of the exodus narrative and set within the context of the ‘division of the kingdom.’ All this suggests that the pairing of Jeroboam/Rehoboam is a construct.
}}</ref>

== Rabbinic literature ==
It was difficult to maintain the Messianic claims of the house of David due to that Rehoboam, the son of King Solomon, was born of an Ammonite woman (I Kings, xiv. 21–31); but it was adduced as an illustration of divine Providence which selected the "two doves," Ruth, the Moabite, and Naamah, the Ammonitess, for honourable distinction (B. Ḳ. 38b).<ref>[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1414-ammon-ammonites Jewish encyclopedia ammon-ammonites]{{PD-notice}}</ref> Naamah was one of Solomon's wives and mother of Rehoboam (I Kings xiv. 21, 31; II Chron. xii. 13). In the second Greek account (I Kings xii. 24), Naamah is said to have been the daughter of Hanun (Ἄνα), son of Nahash, a king of Ammon (II Sam. x. 1–4). Naamah is praised, in B. Ḳ. 38b, for her righteousness, on account of which Moses had previously been warned by God not to make war upon the Ammonites (comp. Deut. ii. 19), as Naamah was to descend from them.<ref>[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11254-naamah Jewish encyclopedia Naamah]{{PD-notice}}</ref>

Rehoboam was the son of an Ammonite woman; and when David praised God because it was permissible to marry Ammonites and Moabites, he held the child upon his knees, giving thanks for himself as well as for Rehoboam, since this permission was of advantage to them both (Yeb. 77a). Rehoboam was stricken with a running sore as a punishment for the curse which David had invoked upon Joab (II Sam. iii. 29) when he prayed that Joab's house might forever be afflicted with [[leprosy]] and running sores (Sanh. 48b). All the treasures which Israel had brought from Egypt were kept until the Egyptian king Shishak (I Kings xiv. 25, 26) took them from Rehoboam (Pes. 119a).<ref>[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12647-rehoboam#anchor4 Jewish encyclopedia Rehboam]{{PD-notice}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Rehoboam is portrayed by [[Gino Leurini]] in ''[[The Queen of Sheba (1952 film)|The Queen of Sheba]]'' (1952) and by [[Dexter Fletcher]] in ''[[Solomon (film)|Solomon]]'' (1997).

In Season 3 of the [[HBO]] show [[Westworld (TV series)|Westworld]], the artificial intelligence entity dictating the fate of humans through algorithmic analysis is named “Rehoboam”. It is the successor to a prior version called “Solomon” (which was the successor to “David”.) Like the historical Rehoboam, this AI version coincided with the demise of the rule of its line.

In the third episode of season 7 of [[The Simpsons]], titled "[[Home Sweet Homediddly-Dum-Doodily]]", where the Flanders' adopt the Simpson children, and perform emergency baptisms after learning the children are unbaptized, Ned Flanders quizzes the Simpson children on their Bible knowledge, during which he references the “Serpent of Rehoboam”.

== References ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Davidic line|House of David]]<br /><small>''Contemporary [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|King of Israel]]:''</small> [[Jeroboam]] I||||}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Solomon]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Kings of Judah|King of Judah]]|years=932–915 BCE}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Abijah of Judah|Abijam]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{IsraeliteKings}}
{{Solomon}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:10th-century BC kings of Judah]]
[[Category:Children of Solomon]]
[[Category:10th-century BC births]]
[[Category:910s BC deaths]]
[[Category:Jewish royalty]]
[[Category:Dethroned monarchs]]