Editing Regino of Prüm

{{Short description|Carolingian monk and chronicler}}
[[File:Regino von Prüm.jpg|thumb|Regino of Prüm, [[Carnegie Library of Reims]].]]
[[File:Prüm 113.jpg|thumb|Regino monument in Prüm]]
'''Regino of Prüm''' or '''of Prum''' ({{langx|la|Regino Prumiensis}}, {{langx|de|Regino von Prüm}}; died 915 AD) was a [[Benedictine Order|Benedictine]] monk, who served as [[abbot]] of [[Prüm Abbey|Prüm]] (892–99) and later of [[St. Maximin's Abbey, Trier|Saint Martin's]] at [[Trier]], and chronicler, whose ''Chronicon'' is an important source for late [[Carolingian]] history.

==Biography==
According to the statements of a later era, Regino was the son of noble parents and was born at the stronghold of [[Altrip]] on the Rhine near [[Speyer]] at an unknown date. From his election as abbot and from his writings, it is evident that he had entered the [[Benedictine Order]], probably at Prüm itself, and that he had been a diligent student. The rich and celebrated [[Imperial Abbey of Prüm]] suffered greatly during the 9th century from the marauding incursions of the [[Norsemen]]. It had been twice seized and ravaged, in 882 AD and 892 AD. After its second devastation by the [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]], the abbot [[Farabert]] resigned his office and Regino was elected his successor in 892 AD. His labours for the restoration of the devastated abbey were hampered by the struggle between contending parties in [[Lotharingia|Lorraine]].

In 899 AD Regino was driven from his office by [[Richarius (Bishop of Liège)|Richarius]], later [[Bishop of Liège]], the brother of Count Gerhard and count Mattfried of [[County of Hainaut|Hainaut]]. Richarius was made abbot; Regino had lost the position and relocated to Trier, where he was honourably received by [[Ratbod (Archbishop of Trier)|Archbishop Ratbod]] and was appointed abbot of St Martin's, a house which he later reformed. He supported the archbishop in the latter's efforts to carry out ecclesiastical reforms in that troubled era, rebuilt the Abbey of St. Martin that had been laid waste by the Norsemen, accompanied the archbishop on visitations, and used his leisure for writing.  Regino died at Trier in 915 AD and was buried in [[St. Maximin's Abbey, Trier]], his tomb being discovered there in 1581.

==Works==
Regino's works are edited in volume 132 of [[Migne]]'s [[Patrologia Latina]].

===''De harmonica institutione'' and ''Tonarius''===
Regino's earliest work was ''Epistola de harmonica institutione'', a treatise on music which he wrote in the form of a letter to [[Ratbod (archbishop of Trier)|Archbishop Radbod]]. Its primary objective was to improve the [[Plainsong|liturgical singing]] in the churches of the diocese and probably to ensure Radbod's support for this. He also wrote the ''Tonarius'', a collection of chants.<ref>ed. [[Edmond de Coussemaker]], ''Scriptores de musica medii aevi'', II (Paris, 1867), 1-73.</ref>

===''Chronicon''===
Regino's most influential work is his ''Chronicon'', a [[universal history (genre)|universal history]] from the [[Incarnation]] of [[Jesus Christ]] to 906 AD. The ''Chronicon''{{'}}s focus is a history of the Carolingian empire that connected the rise and fall of the Carolingian dynasty with his own affairs.<ref>Stuart Airlie, "Sad stories of the death of kings": Narrative Patterns and Structures of Authority in Regino of Prum's Chronicle." in ''Narrative and History in the Early Medieval West'', (eds) Elizabeth M. Tyler and Ross Balzaretti (Turnhout, 2006), p. 109.</ref> The work's intended recipient is unknown, but may have been [[Louis the Child]] ({{reign|900|911}}), and was dedicated to [[Adalberon (bishop of Augsburg)|Adalberon]], [[bishop of Augsburg]] (†909), someone personally close to the child king.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} The ''Chronicon'' was later continued from 906 until 967 (known as the ''Continuatio Reginonis''), and edited by a certain Adalbert, a monk at the Benedictine [[St. Maximin's Abbey, Trier|monastery of Saint Maximinus]] in [[Trier]], possibly [[Adalbert, Archbishop of Magdeburg]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

The first book contains broad narratives on the fortunes of various rulers and church men, which are organised against the regnal spans of Roman and Byzantine emperors, and ends in the year 741 with the death of [[Charles Martel]]. It consists of extracts taken from [[Bede]], [[Paulus Diaconus]], the ''Deeds of Dagobert'', the [[Annals of Saint-Amand]] and the chronicle ''[[Liber Historiae Francorum]]''.  Of the second book (741–906), the first part is a long excerpt of the ''[[Royal Frankish Annals]]'' down to 813. From 814 onwards, however, the work is made up of eyewitness accounts, Paulus Diaconus and in relation to events in [[Lotharingia]], the work of [[Adventius, Bishop of Metz]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = West | first1 = Charles | year = 2016 | title = Knowledge of the past and judgement of history in tenth century Trier: Regino of Prum and the lost manuscript of Bishop Adventius of Metz | url = http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/90610/1/Knowledge%20of%20the%20past%20and%20the%20judgement%20of%20history%20in%20tenth-century%20Trier.pdf| journal = Early Medieval Europe | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 143–147 | doi = 10.1111/emed.12138 }}</ref> In the later sections of book two, Regino discusses and deals with the various kings attempting to take power in [[Lotharingia]], in particular criticising Zwentibald, the son of powerful magnate and later king [[Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Maclean | first1 = Simon | year = 2013 | title = Shadow Kingdom: Lotharingia and the Frankish World, c.850-c.1050 | journal = History Compass | volume = 11 | issue = 6| pages = 447–452 | doi = 10.1111/hic3.12049 | hdl = 10023/4176 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> The chronological accuracy of the work has been questioned, however; Regino had adapted and changed Bede's [[Anno Mundi]] dating system to [[Anno Domini]] to reflect the works starting point of the Incarnation of Jesus.<ref>Simon Maclean, ''History and Politics in Late Carolingian and Ottonian Europe: the Chronicle of Regino of Prum and Adalbert of Magdeburg'', (Manchester, 2009) pp. 20–22.</ref> The work is deemed important by modern scholars due to the fact it is the first chronicle to conventionally apply the AD dating system.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Maclean | first1 = Simon | year = 2009 | title = Insinuation, Censorship and the Struggle for Late Carolingian Lotharingia in Regino of Prum's Chronicle | journal = English Historical Review | volume = 506 | page = 6 }}</ref>

Regino's chronicle is an important source on [[History of Bulgaria|Bulgarian medieval history]] in that it is the only contemporary text hinting at the organisation of the [[Council of Preslav]] ("… <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Boris I of Bulgaria|Boris I]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> gathered his entire empire and placed his younger son <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Simeon I of Bulgaria|Simeon I]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> as [[List of Bulgarian rulers|prince]]…").{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Historians who made use of Regino's chronicle include [[Cosmas of Prague]].<ref>Marie Bláhová, "The Function of the Saints in Early Bohemian Historical Writing." In ''The Making of Christian Myths in the Periphery of Latin Christendom (ca 1000–1300)'', ed. Lars Boje Mortensen. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanums Forlag, 2006. p. 97.</ref>

The chronicle was [[editio princeps|first printed]] at Mainz in 1521.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

=== ''De ecclesiasticis disciplinis'' ===
{{see also|Canon law of the Catholic Church|Jus antiquum|Collections of ancient canons}}
[[File:Reginon de ecclesiasticis disciplinis 09907.jpg|thumb|"de ecclesiasticis disciplinis".]]
Regino also drew up, at the request of his friend and patron [[Radbod, Archbishop of Trier]] (d. 915), a [[Collections of Ancient Canons|collection of canons]], ''Libri duo de synodalibus causis et disciplinis ecclesiasticis'', dedicated to [[Hatto I, Archbishop of Mainz]]. It was a work on ecclesiastical discipline for use in ecclesiastical visitations. The work is divided into 434 sections. The title of the work in Migne's edition is ''Libellus DE ECCLESIASTICIS DISCIPLINIS ET RELIGIONE CHRISTIANA, COLLECTUS Ex jussu domini metropolitani Rathbodi Trevericae urbis episcopi, a Reginone quondam abbate Prumiensis monasterii, ex diversis sanctorum Patrum conciliis et decretis Romanorum pontificum''. Substantial portions of this work were included in the ''[[Decretum Burchardi]]'' of 1012.

Section 364 (corresponding to Burchard 10.1) is the so-called ''[[Canon Episcopi]]'' (after its incipit ''Ut episcopi episcoporumque ministri omnibus viribus elaborare studeant'') dealing with popular superstition.

==== Miscellaneous ====
Around 900, Regino lists four distinctive features of ethnicity: {{Wikt-lang|la|genus}} (origin, race), {{Wikt-lang|la|mores}} (customs, behavior), {{Wikt-lang|la|lingua}} (language), and {{Wikt-lang|la|leges}} (law). These categories would be considered key nominal qualifiers for ethnic identity from the Carolingian period onwards.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qjE9DwAAQBAJ&q=Frenkisk&pg=PA114|title=The ʿAbbasid and Carolingian Empires: Comparative Studies in Civilizational Formation|last=Tor|first=D. G.|date=2017-10-20|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004353046|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Canon Law|volume=5|pages=193–203}} (See p.&nbsp;196.)
*{{Catholic|wstitle=Regino of Prüm}} 
*{{ill|Hubert Maximilian Ermisch|de}}, ''Die Chronik des Regino bis 813'' (Göttingen, 1872)
*Paul Schulz, ''Die Glaubwürdigkeit des Abtes Regino van Prüm'' (Hamburg, 1894)
*Carl Josef Wawra, ''De Reginone Prumensis'' (Breslau, 1901)
*[[Auguste Molinier]], ''Les Sources de l'histoire de France'', Tome I (1901)
*[[Wilhelm Wattenbach]], ''Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen'', Band I (1904).

===Editions and translations===
*''Chronicon'':
**MacLean, Simon (ed. and tr.). ''History and politics in late Carolingian and Ottonian Europe. The chronicle of Regino of Prüm and Adalbert of Magdeburg''. Manchester, 2009.
**Kurze, Friedrich (ed.). ''Reginonis abbatis Prumiensis Chronicon cum continuatione Treverensi''. MGH SS rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi 50. Hanover, 1890. [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_rer_germ_50/index.htm#page/(III)/mode/1up Available from the Digital MGH]
**An earlier edition is in volume I of the ''[[Monumenta Germaniae Historica|Monumenta Germaniae historica Scriptores]]'' (1826).
**German translation (only 2.book): By Ernst Dümmler "Die Chronik des Abtes Regino von Prüm". Several editions, introduction dated twice, 1856 & 1889; [https://archive.org/details/DieChronikDesAbtesReginoVonPrm 5. unveränderte Auflage (1939)], at archive.org
*''Tonarius''
**''Tonarius'', ed. [[Edmond de Coussemaker]], ''Scriptores de musica medii aevi''. Vol. II. Paris, 1867. 1-73.
**''De harmonica institutione'', ed. Gerbert, ''Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra''. Vol. I. 1784.
*''Libri duo de synodalibus causis et disciplines ecclesiasticis''
** {{Cite book|title=De synodalibus causis et disciplinis ecclesiasticis|publisher=François Muguet|location=Paris|year=1671|language=la|url=https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=13757737}}
**[http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_10_0882-0915-_Regino_Prumiensis_Abbas.html ''Opera Omnia'' by Migne Patrologia Latina, vol. 132, with analytical indexes]
**''Das Sendhandbuch des Regino von Prüm'', ed. F. W. H. Wasserschleben and Wilfried Hartmann (Darmstad, 2004).

===Further reading===
*{{cite book|last=Airlie |first= Stuart |chapter='Sad Stories of the death of kings': Narrative Patterns and Structures of Authority in Regino of Prum's Chronicle |editor1-first=  Elizabeth M. |editor1-last=Tyler |editor2-first= Ross |editor2-last= Balzaretti |title=Narrative and History in the Early Medieval West |location= Turnhout |date=2006}}
*{{cite journal|last=Maclean |first=Simon |title=Insinuation, Censorship and the Struggle for Late Carolingian Lotharingia in Regino of Prüm's ''Chronicle'' |journal=[[English Historical Review]] |volume=74 |date=February 2009|url=https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/10023/4179/1/EHR_repository_version.pdf }}
*{{cite journal|last=Maclean |first= Simon |title=Shadow Kingdom: Lotharingia and the Frankish World, c.850-c.1050 |journal= History Compass |volume= 11 |date=2013|issue= 6 |pages= 443–457 |doi= 10.1111/hic3.12049 |hdl= 10023/4176 |hdl-access= free }}
*{{cite journal|last=West |first=Charles |title=Knowledge of the past and the judgement of history in tenth-century Trier: Regino of Prum and the lost manuscript of Bishop Adventius of Metz |journal=Early Medieval Europe |volume= 24 |date=2016|issue=2 |pages=137–159 |doi=10.1111/emed.12138 |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/90610/1/Knowledge%20of%20the%20past%20and%20the%20judgement%20of%20history%20in%20tenth-century%20Trier.pdf }} [http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/90610/ Open access version]
* “''Ubaldo di Saint-Amand, Musica. Reginone di Prüm, Epistola de harmonica institutione''”, Introduzione, traduzione e commento a cura di Alessandra Fiori, Firenze, Sismel - Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2011 ([[Società Internazionale per lo Studio del Medioevo Latino]])

== External links ==
*[http://www.musicologie.org/publirem/jmw/notices/reginon_de_prum.html ''Reginon and music'', musicologie.org] {{in lang|fr}}.
*Chartier, Yves. ''Reginon de Prüm: Epistola de Armonica Institutione''. {{in lang|fr}}. [http://www.musicologie.org/publirem/hmt/hmt.html musicologie.org]
*{{BBKL|r/regino_v_p|band=7|autor=Hans Hubert Anton|artikel=Regino von Prüm|spalten=1483-1487}}
*[https://www.e-codices.ch/en/list/one/sbs/min0109 Digitized Edition of the ''Chronicon''] at [[E-codices]].
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Regino of Prum}}
[[Category:9th-century births]]
[[Category:915 deaths]]
[[Category:Chroniclers from the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:10th-century German historians]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:German music theorists]]
[[Category:Tonaries]]
[[Category:Benedictine abbots]]
[[Category:Eifel in the Middle Ages]]
[[Category:10th-century German writers]]
[[Category:10th-century writers in Latin]]
[[Category:10th-century jurists]]
[[Category:Canon law jurists]]
[[Category:9th-century Christian abbots]]
[[Category:10th-century Christian abbots]]