Editing Red–green alliance

{{short description|Political alliance between socialists or social democrats and greens or agrarians}}
{{redirect|Red Greens||Red green (disambiguation)}}
{{Social democracy sidebar}}
{{Green politics sidebar}}
In [[politics]], a '''red–green alliance''' or '''red–green coalition''' is an alliance of "red" (often [[social-democratic]] or [[democratic socialist]]) parties with "green" (often [[green politics|green]] and/or occasionally [[Agrarianism|agrarian]]) parties. The alliance is often based on common left political views, especially a shared distrust of [[corporation|corporate]] or capitalist [[institution]]s. While the "red" social-democratic parties tend to focus on the effects of [[capitalism]] on the [[working class]], the "green" [[environmentalist]] parties tend to focus on the environmental effects of capitalism.

== Red–green coalition governments ==
There have been a number of red–green governments in [[Europe]] since the 1990s.
* In [[Politics of Germany|Germany]], a red–green coalition of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (SPD) and [[Alliance '90/The Greens]] led by [[Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany|Chancellor]] [[Gerhard Schröder]] formed the federal government from September 1998 to September 2005. This coalition, later headed by [[Olaf Scholz]], governs Germany as a minority since November 2024 after the former [[traffic light coalition]] collapsed.
* In [[Politics of France|France]], the '[[Plural Left]]' coalition of the [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] (PS), [[The Greens (France)|The Greens]], [[French Communist Party]] and allies governed from 1997 until 2002. The [[Ayrault government]] which governed from May 2012 until March 2014 had ministers affiliated with the PS, [[Radical Party of the Left]] (PRG) and [[Europe Ecology – The Greens]]. The [[second Valls government]] (August 2014 to December 2016) and [[Cazeneuve Government]] (December 2016 to May 2017) were both formed of ministers from the PS, PRG and [[Ecologist Party (France)|Ecologist Party]].
* In [[Politics of Finland|Finland]], Prime Minister [[Paavo Lipponen]]'s [[Paavo Lipponen's first cabinet|first]] and [[Paavo Lipponen's second Cabinet|second cabinet]]s contained ministers from the [[Social Democratic Party of Finland]] (SDP), including Lipponen himself, and the [[Green League]]. The Green League participated in government from April 1995 until May 2002. The [[Rinne Cabinet]] formed in June 2019 is formed by the SDP as largest party, in coalition with the Green League, agrarian [[Centre Party (Finland)|Centre Party]], [[Swedish People's Party of Finland|Swedish People's Party]] and Left Alliance.
* In [[Politics of Norway|Norway]], the [[Red–green coalition (Norway)|Red-Green Coalition]] of the [[Labour Party (Norway)|Labour Party]], [[Socialist Left Party (Norway)|Socialist Left Party]] and [[Centre Party (Norway)|Centre Party]] governed Norway as a majority government from the [[2005 Norwegian parliamentary election|2005 general election]] until [[2013 Norwegian parliamentary election|2013]]. The 'green' element was the Centre Party, an [[Nordic agrarian parties|agrarian party]] with green as its official color.
* In [[Politics of Iceland|Iceland]], the [[First cabinet of Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir|First]] and [[Second cabinet of Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir|Second]] Cabinets of Prime Minister [[Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir]] were formed from a coalition of the [[Social Democratic Alliance]] and [[Left-Green Movement]], governing from February 2009 to May 2013.
* In [[Politics of Italy|Italy]], from 1996 to 2001 and 2006–2008, the [[Prodi I Cabinet|Prodi I]], [[D'Alema I Cabinet|D'Alema I]], [[D'Alema II Cabinet|D'Alema II]], [[Amato II Cabinet|Amato II]] and [[Prodi II Cabinet|Prodi II]] Cabinets included the social-democratic [[Democrats of the Left]] (later to become the [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]]) as the largest party, with the [[Federation of the Greens]] receiving at least one ministry. However, unlike a straightforward red–green alliance, these centre-left cabinets involved a broad range of political parties that were [[Catholic]]-inspired [[Christian left]], [[Social liberalism|social-liberal]] and even [[Italian Communist Party|communist]] backgrounds.
* In [[Politics of Denmark|Denmark]], the [[Thorning-Schmidt I Cabinet|Thorning-Schmidt government]], which governed from October 2011 to February 2014, contained the [[Social Democrats (Denmark)|Social Democrats]] as the largest party in coalition with the [[Danish Social Liberal Party|Social Liberals]] and [[Socialist People's Party (Denmark)|Socialist People's Party]], the latter being a green party and member of the [[European Green Party]] and [[Global Greens]].
* In [[Politics of Sweden|Sweden]], the [[Löfven I Cabinet]] established on 3 October 2014 was a [[minority government]] coalition of the [[Swedish Social Democratic Party|Social Democratic Party]] and [[Green Party (Sweden)|Greens]]. This coalition was renewed on 21 January 2019 as the [[Löfven II Cabinet]] and 9 July 2021 as the [[Löfven III Cabinet]], before being replaced on 30 November 2021 by the [[Andersson Cabinet]], formed by the Social Democrats alone with external support from the Greens, [[Left Party (Sweden)|Left Party]] and agrarian [[Centre Party (Sweden)|Centre Party]].
* In [[Politics of Portugal|Portugal]], the [[XXI Constitutional Government of Portugal|First António Costa Cabinet]] established on 26 November 2015 was a [[minority government]] led by the [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|Socialist Party]] with external support from the [[Left Bloc (Portugal)|Left Bloc]], [[Portuguese Communist Party]] and [[Ecologist Party "The Greens"|The Greens]], which governed until 26 October 2019.

==Red–red–green coalition==
{{mainarticle|Red–red–green coalition}}
A '''red–red–green coalition''' or '''red–green–red coalition''' is a [[left-wing]] alliance of two "red" [[social democratic]], [[democratic socialist]], or [[socialist]] parties with one "[[Green politics|green]]" [[environmentalist]] party. In France, [[Jean-Luc Mélenchon]]'s [[New Ecologic and Social People's Union]] is an example of a left–green alliance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61874751|title=France elections: Macron to meet rival parties after losing majority|publisher=BBC|date=21 June 2022|access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mallet|first=Victor|date=20 June 2022|url=https://www.ft.com/content/da289aa2-cce9-488e-a575-6623119306e6 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/da289aa2-cce9-488e-a575-6623119306e6 |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription|title=French left threatens vote of no confidence against Macron's government|newspaper=Financial Times|access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref>

== Radical red–green alliances ==
{{Main|Green left}}
Political parties or [[electoral alliance|joint electoral lists]] have been formed over the years, most often between [[socialism|socialists]] and left-oriented [[green politics|greens]]. Example include:

* [[GroenLinks|GreenLeft]] of the [[Netherlands]]: a political party that began in 1989 as a [[Political coalition|political alliance]] comprising the [[Communist Party of the Netherlands]], [[Pacifist Socialist Party]] and the [[Christian left]] parties [[Evangelical People's Party (Netherlands)|Evangelical People's Party]] and [[Political Party of Radicals]]. The alliance had been known as [[Rainbow (Netherlands)|Rainbow]] for the [[1989 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|1989 European elections]].
* [[Red–Green Alliance (Denmark)|Unity List – The Red–Greens]] of Denmark:  a political party, originally a political alliance, formed in 1989 by the [[Left Socialists]] (VS), [[Communist Party of Denmark]] (DKP) and [[Socialist Workers Party (Denmark)|Socialist Workers Party]] (SAP).
* The [[Nordic Green Left Alliance]] was a European political alliance formed by the [[Left Alliance (Finland)|Left Alliance]] ([[Finland]]), the ''[[Left-Green Movement]]'' ([[Iceland]]), the [[Left Party (Sweden)|Left Party]] ([[Sweden]]), the [[Socialist Left Party (Norway)|Socialist Left Party]] ([[Norway]]) and the [[Socialist People's Party (Denmark)|Socialist People's Party]] ([[Denmark]]). The [[Member of the European Parliament|MEPs]] of the NGLA sat in the [[European United Left–Nordic Green Left]] (GUE/NGL) group in the European Parliament, although the MEPs of the Socialist People's Party sat in [[The Greens–European Free Alliance]] (G/EFA) group and later joined the [[European Green Party]].
* [[Left Ecology Freedom]] (SEL): a former political party in [[Italy]] that was initially formed as a political alliance comprising socialists, greens and social democrats. The political alliance was itself a partial successor to the short-lived [[The Left – The Rainbow]] electoral alliance which had existed in Italy from December 2007 until May 2008 comprising the [[Federation of the Greens]] (FdV), the [[Communist Refoundation Party]], [[Party of Italian Communists]] and the [[Democratic Left (Italy)|Democratic Left]] (SD). In 2022 a new alliance, [[Greens and Left Alliance]], composed of the successor of SEL and SD [[Italian Left]] and the successor of FdV [[Green Europe]], was formed.
* The [[Syriza|Coalition of the Radical Left]] (SYRIZA), a Greek party formed by the merger of a broad set of left-wing and eco-socialist parties, many of which were themselves formerly red–green alliances, such as the [[Coalition of Left, of Movements and Ecology]] (Synaspismos), [[Renewing Communist Ecological Left]] (AKOA), and Ecosocialists of Greece. The SYRIZA-led [[Second Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras|cabinet of Alexis Tsipras]] contains ones junior minister, [[Giannis Tsironis]], from the [[Ecologist Greens]].
* [[Green–Left Coalition]] of Croatia: formed by the [[We can! (Croatia)|We can!]] and [[Green Alternative – Sustainable Development of Croatia]] and by the left-wing [[New Left (Croatia)|New Left]] and [[Workers' Front (Croatia)|Workers' Front]] (the latter left the alliance).
* [[Green Left (Hungary)|Green Left]] of [[Hungary]]: was a merger of [[Alliance of Green Democrats]] and the [[Workers' Party of Hungary 2006 – European Left|Workers' Party of Hungary 2006]].

== Red–green alliances with centre-left parties ==
There are also red/green political alliances and/or electoral agreements between social-democratic or [[liberalism|liberal]] parties cooperate with green parties
*In Canada, the term ''red–green alliance'' has been used to describe the limited co-operation between the [[Liberal Party of Canada]] which uses red as its colour, and the [[Green Party of Canada]],<ref>[https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/01/19/could_the_redgreen_coalition_be_revived.html TheStar.com | News | Could the 'red-green coalition' be revived?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> which is centre-left but not seen as being as radical as many of its overseas sister parties and take a more moderate stance than [[New Democratic Party]].
* A red–green alliance of sorts occurred during the campaign leading up to the [[2008 London mayoral election]]. Incumbent mayor [[Ken Livingstone]], candidate for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], formed an electoral pact with the [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]] mayoral candidate [[Siân Berry]] via the [[Contingent vote#Supplementary Vote|supplementary voting system]], in which Labour voters were encouraged to place the Green candidate as their second preference, and vice versa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/mar/18/london08.politicalnews|title=Greens and Livingstone join forces against Johnson|last=Taylor|first=Matthew|date=19 March 2008|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-11-28|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* In Italy, [[The Olive Tree (Italy)|The Olive Tree]] and [[The Union (Italy)|The Union]] coalitions comprised the [[Federation of the Greens]] along with social-democratic, [[Christian left|social Christian]], [[centrism|centrist]] and other parties in a broad heterogenous centre-left alliance. The successor party to the Olive Tree, the [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]], maintains an internal faction of greens called the [[Democratic Ecologists]].
* In Australia, the term ''red–green alliance'' has been used to describe the co-operation between the centre-left [[Australian Labor Party]] and the [[Australian Greens]]. The Greens supported Labor to form the [[minority government]] in [[2010 Australian federal election|2010]]. As the Greens is the third party in the [[Australian Senate]] which hold the balance power from [[crossbench]], the Labor minority government needed to rely support from the Greens from 2010 to 2013.
* In New Zealand, after the [[2017 New Zealand general election|2017 general election]], the [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour]] and the [[Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand|Greens]] signed a [[memorandum of understanding]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/political/305285/labour,-greens-to-work-to-change-govt|title=Labour, Greens to work to change govt|date=2016-05-31|work=Radio New Zealand|access-date=2017-06-07|language=en-nz}}</ref> This formed a loose relationship between the two parties with the goal of working together when possible to unseat the incumbent [[Fifth National Government of New Zealand|National Government]]. Later, the two parties also agreed to a set of budget responsibility rules, committing both parties to sustainable surpluses and capping debt, amongst other rules.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/politics/90775621/Labour-Greens-have-signed-up-to-a-joint-position-on-surpluses-cutting-debt|title=Labour-Greens have signed up to a joint position on surpluses, cutting debt|last=Small|first=Vernon|date=2017-03-24|work=Stuff.co.nz|access-date=2017-06-07|language=en}}</ref> Following the [[2020 New Zealand general election|2020 election]], a Labour majority government was formed, supported by the Greens through a confidence and supply arrangement.
* In Hungary, [[Unity (Hungary)|Unity]] comprised the social democratic [[Hungarian Socialist Party]] and [[Democratic Coalition (Hungary)|Democratic Coalition]] and the green [[Dialogue for Hungary]] alongside smaller liberal parties.
* In France, [[New Ecological and Social People's Union]] includes the left-wing [[La France Insoumise]] and [[French Communist Party]], the centre-left [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] and the green [[Ecologist Pole]].
* In the Netherlands, [[GreenLeft]] and the [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]] formed an [[GroenLinks–PvdA|alliance]] during the [[2021-2022 Dutch cabinet formation|2021-2022 cabinet formation]], vowing to only join a government coalition together. In 2023, the parliamentary groups in the [[Senate (Netherlands)|Senate]] merged following a joint election campaign. In the [[2023 Dutch general election|2023 snap election]], the two parties ran on a joint list, after members of both parties voted in favour.

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Blackberry coalition]]
* [[Black–green coalition]]
* [[Black-red-green coalition]]
* [[Eco-socialism]]
* [[German governing coalition]]
* [[Green ban]] — a strike undertaken to advance environmentalist or conservationist goals
* [[Green Left (disambiguation)]]
* [[Green socialist (disambiguation)]]
* [[Greens and Left Alliance]]
* [[Jamaica coalition (politics)]]
* [[Red–green–brown alliance]]
* [[Red–purple coalition]]
* [[Red–red–green coalition]]
* [[Social Movement Unionism]]
* [[Traffic light coalition]]
* [[United front]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Red-Green Alliance}}
[[Category:Alliance 90/The Greens]]
[[Category:Cabinets of Germany|*]]
[[Category:Democratic socialism]]
[[Category:Eco-socialism]]
[[Category:Green politics]]
[[Category:Left-wing political party alliances|*]]
[[Category:Social democracy]]
[[Category:Social Democratic Party of Germany]]
[[Category:Political terminology in Germany]]