Editing Ravenna

{{Short description|City in Emilia-Romagna, Italy}}
{{about|the city in Italy}}
{{stack|
{{Infobox Italian comune
| name                 = Ravenna
| official_name        = 
| native_name          = {{native name|rgn|Ravèna, Ravêna}}
| image_skyline        = 
{{multiple image
|border            = infobox
|perrow            = 1/2/3/2
|total_width       = 290
|caption_align = center
|image1 = Ravenna Cattedrale Metropolitana della Risurrezione di Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo Esterno Lato Nord 1.jpg
|caption1 = [[Ravenna Cathedral]]
|image2 = Ravenna Basilica di San Vitale Esterno 07.jpg
|caption2 = [[Basilica of San Vitale]]
|image3 = Mauselo Galla Placidia, esterno.jpg
|caption3 = [[Mausoleum of Galla Placidia]]
|image4 = Ravenna Basilica di Sant'Apollinare Nuovo Interno Navata Est 1.jpg
|caption4 = [[Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo]]
|image5 = Piazza del Popolo Ravenna notturna 1.jpg
|caption5 = Fontanella Piazza del Popolo
}}

| image_flag           = Flag of Ravenna.svg
| image_shield         = Ravenna-Stemma.svg
| shield_alt           = 
| image_map            = 
| map_alt              = 
| map_caption          = 
| pushpin_map          = Italy Emilia-Romagna#Italy#Europe
| coordinates          = {{coord|44|24|58|N|12|12|06|E|type:city|display=inline,title}}
| region               = [[Emilia-Romagna]]
| province             = [[Province of Ravenna|Ravenna]] (RA)
| frazioni             = {{Collapsible list
|framestyle=border:none; padding:0;
|titlestyle = font-size:100%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;background:#eee;
|title=(subdivisions)
|liststyle=line-height:1.1;
|Casalborsetti, Lido di Savio, Lido di Classe, Lido di Dante, Lido Adriano, Marina di Ravenna, Punta Marina Terme, Porto Corsini, Porto Fuori, [[Marina Romea]], Ammonite, Camerlona, Mandriole, Savarna, Grattacoppa, Conventello, Torri, Mezzano, Sant'Antonio, San Romualdo, Sant'Alberto, Borgo Montone, Fornace Zarattini, Piangipane, San Marco, San Michele, Santerno, Villanova di Ravenna, Borgo Sisa, Bastia, Borgo Faina, Carraie, Campiano, Casemurate, Caserma, Castiglione di Ravenna, Classe, Coccolia, Ducenta, Durazzano, Filetto, Fosso Ghiaia, Gambellara, Ghibullo, Longana, Madonna dell'Albero, Massa Castello, Mensa Matellica, Osteria, Pilastro, Roncalceci, Ragone, Santo Stefano, San Bartolo, San Zaccaria, Savio, S. Pietro in Trento, San Pietro in Vincoli, San Pietro in Campiano
}}
| mayor_party          = [[Democratic Party (Italy)|PD]]
| mayor                = [[Michele De Pascale]]
| area_footnotes       = 
| area_total_km2       = 652.89
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web|title=Monthly Demographic Balance|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?l=en&a=2025&i=D7B|publisher=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]]}}</ref>
| population_total     = 156444
| population_as_of     = 2025
| population_demonym   = Ravennate, Ravennese{{refn|Generally speaking, adjectival "Ravenna" and "Ravennate" are more common for most adjectival uses&mdash;the ''[[Ravenna Cosmography]]'', [[Ravenna grass]], the Ravennate fleet&mdash;while "Ravennese" is more common in reference to people. The neologism "Ravennan" is also encountered. The Italian form is ''ravennate''; in Latin, ''Ravennatus'', ''Ravennatis'', and ''Ravennatensis'' are all encountered.}}
| elevation_footnotes  = 
| elevation_m          = 4
| twin1                = 
| twin1_country        = 
| saint                = [[Apollinaris of Ravenna|Saint Apollinaris]]
| day                  = July 23
| postal_code          = 48100
| area_code            = 0544
| website              = {{official website|http://www.comune.ravenna.it}}
}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| WHS      = Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna
| Image    = Mosaic of Justinianus I - Basilica San Vitale (Ravenna).jpg
| Caption  = Mosaic of the Emperor [[Justinian I]] from the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna
| ID       = 788
| Criteria = Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv
| Year     = 1996
| Area     = 1.32 ha
}}}}
'''Ravenna''' ({{IPAc-en|r|ə|ˈ|v|ɛ|n|ə}} {{respell|rə|VEN|ə}}; {{IPA|it|raˈvenna|lang}}, <small>also</small> {{IPA|it|raˈvɛn(n)a|local|audio=It-Ravenna.ogg|generic=yes}}; {{langx|rgn|Ravèna, Ravêna}}) is the capital city of the [[Province of Ravenna]], in the [[Emilia-Romagna]] region of [[Northern Italy]]. It was the capital city of the [[Western Roman Empire]] during the 5th century until its [[Fall of Rome|collapse in 476]], after which it served as the capital of the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] and then the Byzantine [[Exarchate of Ravenna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Storia dell'Esarcato d'Italia |url=https://www.homolaicus.com/storia/medioevo/esarcato.htm |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.homolaicus.com |archive-date=2024-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212103701/https://www.homolaicus.com/storia/medioevo/esarcato.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It has 156,444 inhabitants as of 2025.<ref name="population" />{{Historical populations|1861|55973|1871|58544|1881|59696|1901|62723|1911|69802|1921|70502|1931|76335|1936|80658|1951|91248|1961|114854|1971|131176|1981|137375|1991|135844|2001|134631|2011|153740|2021|155836|type=|align=right|widths=50px|heights=50px|footnote=Source: [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]}}Initially settled by the [[Umbri]] people, Ravenna came under [[Roman Republic]] control in 89 BC. [[Augustus|Octavian]] built the military harbor of [[Classe, ancient port of Ravenna|Classis]] at Ravenna, and the city remained an important seaport on the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] until the early [[Middle Ages]]. The city prospered under imperial rule. In 401, Western Roman emperor [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] moved his court from [[Mediolanum]] to Ravenna; it then served as capital of the empire for most of the 5th century.

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Ravenna became the capital of [[Odoacer]] until he was defeated by the [[Ostrogoths|Ostrogoth]] king [[Theodoric the Great|Theodoric]]. In 540, [[Belisarius]] conquered Ravenna for the [[Byzantine Empire]], and the city became the capital of Byzantine Italy. After a brief [[Lombards|Lombard]] control, Ravenna came under the authority of the [[Pope|Papacy]] and, save for minor interruptions, remained part of the [[Papal States]] until the mid-19th century when it was incorporated into the newly unified [[Kingdom of Italy]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ravenna - Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ravenna_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/,%20https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ravenna_(Dizionario-di-Storia)/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Treccani |language=it}}</ref>

Although it is an inland city, Ravenna is connected to the [[Adriatic Sea]] by the [[Candiano Canal]]. It is known for its well-preserved late Roman and Byzantine architecture, with eight buildings comprising the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] "Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/788 |title=Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna |access-date=2019-12-26 |archive-date=2010-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703190440/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/788 |url-status=live }}</ref> Because of the high concentration of mosaics, the city has been associated with workshops and schools teaching mosaics, and is often given titles like the "capital of mosaics".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Day Trip to Ravenna: What to See in Italy's Mosaic Capital |url=https://www.italymagazine.com/featured-story/day-trip-ravenna-what-see-italys-mosaic-capital |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=ITALY Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Franceschini {{!}} |first=Giulia |date=2023-04-24 |title=Ravenna, the capital of Italian mosaic |url=https://italoamericano.org/ravenna-mosaic/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=L'Italo-Americano – Italian American bilingual news source |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fiorentino |first1=Sara |last2=Chinni |first2=Tania |last3=Vandini |first3=Mariangela |date=2020-11-01 |title=Ravenna, its mosaics and the contribution of archaeometry. A systematic reassessment on literature data related to glass tesserae and new considerations |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207420303915 |journal=Journal of Cultural Heritage |language=en |volume=46 |pages=335–349 |doi=10.1016/j.culher.2020.06.003 |s2cid=225764842 |issn=1296-2074|hdl=11585/764608 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==History==
{{For timeline}}
The origin of the name ''Ravenna'' is unclear. Some have speculated that "Ravenna" is related to "Rasenna" (or "Rasna"), the term that the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]] used for themselves, but there is no agreement on this point.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Names |first=All Things Baby |date=2019-05-31 |title=Ravenna Name Meaning, Origin, Popularity, and More |url=https://www.allthingsbabynames.com/ravenna-name-meaning/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=All Things Baby Names |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111202204/https://www.allthingsbabynames.com/ravenna-name-meaning/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.turismo.ravenna.it/contenuti/index.php?t=arte_storia&id=1&cat=&lang=2 Tourism in Ravenna – Official site – History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121183040/http://www.turismo.ravenna.it/contenuti/index.php?t=arte_storia&id=1&cat=&lang=2 |date=2011-11-21 }}. Turismo.ravenna.it (2010-06-20). Retrieved on 2011-06-20.</ref>

===Ancient era===
The origins of Ravenna are uncertain.<ref>Deborah M. Deliyannis, Ravenna in Late Antiquity (Cambridge University Press, 2010), for this and much of the information that follows</ref> The oldest archaeological evidence found dates the [[Umbri]] presence in Ravenna at least to the 5th century BC, where it was undisturbed until the 3rd century BC, when first contact with Roman civilization began.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mascanzoni|first=Leardo|title=Ravenna: Una storia millenaria|publisher=Giunti Barbera Editore|year=1990|pages=3–50|language=it}}</ref> Its territory was settled also by the [[Senones]], especially the southern countryside of the city (that was not part of the lagoon), the ''Ager Decimanus''. Ravenna consisted of houses built on piles on a series of small islands in a marshy lagoon – a situation similar to [[Venice]] several centuries later. The Romans ignored it during their conquest of the [[Po River]] Delta, but later accepted it into the [[Roman Republic]] as a federated town in 89 [[Common Era|BC]].<ref name=":0" />

In 49 BC, it was where [[Julius Caesar]] gathered his forces before crossing the [[Rubicon]]. Later [[Augustus|Octavian]], after his battle against [[Mark Antony]] in 31 BC, founded the military harbor of [[Classe, ancient port of Ravenna|Classis]].<ref>From the Latin for "fleet".</ref> This harbor, protected at first by its own walls, was an important station of the [[Roman Navy|Roman Imperial Fleet]]. Nowadays the city is landlocked, but Ravenna remained an important [[seaport]] on the [[Adriatic]] until the early [[Middle Ages]]. During the Germanic campaigns, [[Thusnelda]], widow of [[Arminius]], and [[Marbod]], King of the [[Marcomanni]], were confined at Ravenna.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Ravenna(Peutinger Map).png|thumb|left|The city of Ravenna in the 4th century as shown on the [[Peutinger Map]]]]
Ravenna greatly prospered under Roman rule. Emperor [[Trajan]] built a {{convert|70|km|2|abbr=on}} long [[Aqueduct (Roman)|aqueduct]] at the beginning of the 2nd century. During the [[Marcomannic Wars]], [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] settlers in Ravenna revolted and managed to seize possession of the city. For this reason, Marcus Aurelius decided not only against bringing more barbarians into Italy, but even banished those who had previously been brought there.<ref>Dio 72.11.4-5; Birley, ''Marcus Aurelius''</ref> In AD 401, [[Emperor Honorius]] transferred the capital of the [[Western Roman Empire]] from [[Mediolanum]] (current Milan) to Ravenna; it subsequently served as the capital of the empire for most of the 5th century and the last de facto western emperor [[Romulus Augustulus]] was deposed there in AD 476. At that time it was home to 50,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/1166147 |title=The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind |website=Academia |last1=Fischer |first1=Svante |last2=Victor |first2=Helena |access-date=2017-12-28 |archive-date=2022-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601135045/https://www.academia.edu/1166147 |url-status=live }}</ref> The transfer was made partly for defensive purposes: Ravenna was surrounded by swamps and marshes, and was perceived to be easily defensible (although in fact the city fell to opposing forces numerous times in its history); it is also likely that the move to Ravenna was due to the city's port and good sea-borne connections to the [[Eastern Roman Empire]]. In 409, King [[Alaric I]] of the [[Kingdom of the Visigoths|Visigoths]] simply bypassed Ravenna, and went on to [[Sack of Rome (410)|sack]] [[Rome]] in 410 and to take [[Galla Placidia]], daughter of Emperor [[Theodosius I]], hostage.

After many vicissitudes, Galla Placidia returned to Ravenna with her son, Emperor [[Valentinian III]], due to the support of her nephew [[Theodosius II]]. Ravenna enjoyed a period of peace, during which time the Christian religion was favoured by the imperial court, and the city gained some of its most famous monuments, including the Orthodox Baptistry, the misnamed [[Mausoleum of Galla Placidia]] (she was not actually buried there), and [[San Giovanni Evangelista, Ravenna|San Giovanni Evangelista]].

=== Ostrogothic Kingdom ===
{{see also|Ostrogothic Ravenna}}

The late 5th century saw the dissolution of Roman authority in the west, and [[Romulus Augustulus]] was deposed in 476 by the general [[Odoacer]]. Odoacer ruled as King of Italy for 13 years, but in 489 the Eastern Emperor [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno]] sent the [[Ostrogoth]] King [[Theodoric the Great]] to re-take the Italian peninsula. After losing the [[Battle of Verona (489)|Battle of Verona]], [[Odoacer]] retreated to Ravenna, where he withstood a siege of three years by Theodoric, until the taking of [[Rimini]] deprived Ravenna of supplies. Theodoric took Ravenna in 493, supposedly slew Odoacer with his own hands, and Ravenna became the capital of the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] of Italy. Theodoric, following his imperial predecessors, also built many splendid buildings in and around Ravenna, including his palace church [[Sant'Apollinare Nuovo]], an Arian cathedral (now Santo Spirito) and Baptistery, and his own [[Mausoleum of Theodoric|Mausoleum]] just outside the walls.

[[File:Mausoleum of Theoderic.JPG|left|thumb|The [[Mausoleum of Theodoric]]]]

Both Odoacer and Theodoric and their followers were [[Arianism|Arian]] Christians, but co-existed peacefully with the Latins, who were largely Catholic Orthodox. Ravenna's Orthodox bishops carried out notable building projects, of which the sole surviving one is the [[Archbishop's Chapel, Ravenna|Cappella Arcivescovile]]. Theodoric allowed Roman citizens within his kingdom to be subject to Roman law and the Roman judicial system. The Goths, meanwhile, lived under their own laws and customs. In 519, when a mob had burned down the synagogues of Ravenna, Theodoric ordered the town to rebuild them at its own expense.

Theodoric died in 526 and was succeeded by his young grandson [[Athalaric]] under the authority of his daughter [[Amalasunta]], but by 535 both were dead and Theodoric's line was represented only by Amalasuntha's daughter [[Matasuntha]]. Various Ostrogothic military leaders took the Kingdom of Italy, but none were as successful as Theodoric had been. Meanwhile, the [[Orthodoxy|orthodox Christian]] [[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine]] Emperor [[Justinian I]] opposed both Ostrogoth rule and the [[Arianism|Arian]] variety of Christianity. In 535 his general [[Belisarius]] [[Gothic War (535–554)|invaded Italy]] and in 540 conquered Ravenna. After the conquest of Italy was completed in 554, Ravenna became the seat of Byzantine government in Italy.

From 540 to 600, Ravenna's bishops embarked upon a notable building program of churches in Ravenna and in and around the port city of Classe. Surviving monuments include the [[Basilica of San Vitale]] and the [[Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe]], as well as the partially surviving San Michele in Africisco.

===Exarchate of Ravenna===
[[File:Ravenna SantApollinare Classe3.jpg|thumb|[[Transfiguration of Jesus]]. Allegorical image with {{lang|la|[[Crux gemmata]]}} and lambs represent apostles, 533–549, [[apse]] of [[Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe]].]]
{{Main|Exarchate of Ravenna}}
Following the conquests of [[Belisarius]] for Eastern Roman Emperor [[Justinian I]] in the 6th century, Ravenna became the seat of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] governor of Italy, the [[Exarch]], and was known as the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]]. It was at this time that the [[Ravenna Cosmography]] was written.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Storia di Ravenna. Dalla preistoria all'anno Duemila |url=https://www.ilpontevecchio.com/vicus/89-storia-di-ravenna-dalla-preistoria-all-anno-duemila-9788865415955.html |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=ilpontevecchio |language=it-it |archive-date=2024-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105172424/https://www.ilpontevecchio.com/vicus/89-storia-di-ravenna-dalla-preistoria-all-anno-duemila-9788865415955.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Under Byzantine rule, the archbishop of the [[Archbishopric of Ravenna|Archdiocese of Ravenna]] was temporarily granted [[autocephaly]] from the Roman Church by the emperor, in 666, but this was soon revoked. Nevertheless, the archbishop of Ravenna held the second place in Italy after the pope, and played an important role in many theological controversies during this period.

===Middle Ages and Renaissance===
The [[Lombards]], under [[King Liutprand]], occupied Ravenna in 712, but were forced to return it to the Byzantines.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Noble |first1=Thomas F. X. |title=The Republic of St. Peter: The Birth of the Papal State, 680–825. |url=https://archive.org/details/republicofstpete0000nobl |url-access=registration |date=1984 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press. |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |isbn=0-8122-1239-8}}</ref> Shortly after [[Aistulf]], the Lombard Duke of Friuli, was crowned King of the Lombards in 749, he pursued an aggressive policy of expansion into the Byzantine’s Exarchate of Ravenna and the territory claimed by the Pope through the Patrimony of Saint Peter.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gwatkin |editor1-first=Henry Melvill |editor2-last=Whitney |editor2-first=James Pounder |title=The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume II |date=1913 |publisher=Macmillan Company |location=New York |page=215 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Zfh20mwPuoC&dq=Grimoald%2C+King+of+the+Lombards&q=Cambridge#v=snippet&q=Cambridge&f=false |access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref> 

In 751, the Byzantines surrendered the Exarchate of Ravenna to Aistulf. Aistulf then proceeded farther south and threated Rome claiming jurisdiction and demanding tribute and acknowledgement of his sovereignty. [[Pope Stephen II]] appealed to Aistulf but to no avail. In 753, Pope Stephen traveled to France to seek the help of [[Pepin the Short|Pepin, King of the Franks]]. Pepin responded favorably and ultimately conducted two campaigns to the Italian Peninsula to confront Aistulf with respect to territory that had been taken illegally.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gwatkin |editor1-first=Henry Melvill |editor2-last=Whitney |editor2-first=James Pounder |title=The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume II |date=1913 |publisher=Macmillan Company |location=New York |pages=215-217 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Zfh20mwPuoC&dq=Grimoald%2C+King+of+the+Lombards&q=Cambridge#v=snippet&q=Cambridge&f=false |access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref> 

Finally in 756, Aistulf conceded defeat, and agreed to pay reparations and surrender the territory taken five years earlier. At that time, Pepin fulfilled a promise that he had made two years prior in France and granted the pope the right to large territories that included the former Exarchate of Ravenna and the Roman duchy. This act has become known as the [[Donation of Pepin]] and provided the legal basis for the creation of the [[Papal States]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Donation of Pippin |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Donation-of-Pippin |website=Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc |access-date=29 March 2025 |date=2025}}</ref>

After Pepin’s Donation and the establishment of the Papal States, Byzantine-era administrative structures collapsed during the 9th and 10th Centuries. Papal control was indirect, with local dukes and Lombard lords exercising de facto power. During the 11th and 12th Centuries, Ravenna became a contested city between the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy, with imperial appointees often clashing with papal legates. 

The beginning of the 13th Century was a period of great turmoil for the city of Ravenna. At that time, conflict between the [[Guelphs and Ghibellines]] was intensifying. In 1198, Ravenna led a league of [[Romagna]] cities and Marches against the Holy Roman Emperor, Otto IV. Pope Innocent III was able to capitalized on the anti-imperial sentiment in Romagna to strengthen papal influence over Ravenna and other cities in the region.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Benigni |first1=U |title=Archdiocese of Ravenna |url=https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/archdiocese-of-ravenna |website=Catholic Answers |publisher=Catholic Answers |access-date=31 March 2025 |date=2025 |archive-date=31 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331210801/https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/archdiocese-of-ravenna |url-status=live }}</ref> 

In 1218, Pietro [[Traversari]] came to power in Ravenna after defeating the Ubertini and Mainardi factions during the Guelph-Ghibelline conflict. The Traversari family ruled Ravenna for 22 years until 1240 when Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II besieged Ravenna and expelled the Traversari after the Traversari aligned themselves with the pro-papal Guelphs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Benigni |first1=U |title=Archdiocese of Ravenna |url=https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/archdiocese-of-ravenna |website=Catholic Answers |publisher=Catholic Answers |access-date=31 March 2025 |date=2025}}</ref> 

Frederick’s Imperial Vicar ruled Ravenna for eight years until 1248 when Pope Innocent IV took Ravenna, and the Traversari returned to power. In 1275, the Traversari were driven from the city by Guido Novello da Polenta. The [[Da Polenta]] family established a hereditary lordship and governed with increasing independence as a papal vassal.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Benigni |first1=U |title=Archdiocese of Ravenna |url=https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/archdiocese-of-ravenna |website=Catholic Answers |publisher=Catholic Answers |access-date=31 March 2025 |date=2025 |archive-date=31 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331210801/https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/archdiocese-of-ravenna |url-status=live }}</ref>  

One of the most illustrious residents of Ravenna at this time was the exiled Florentine poet [[Dante]]. The last of the Da Polenta, [[Ostasio III da Polenta|Ostasio III]], was ousted by the [[Republic of Venice]] in February 1441, and the city was annexed to the Venetian territories by the [[Treaty of Cremona (1441)|Treaty of Cremona]].

Ravenna was then ruled by Venice until 1509, when the region was invaded in the course of the [[War of the League of Cambrai]]. At the [[Battle of Agnadello]] on 14 May, the French largely destroyed the Venetian army. Thereafter, the members of the League of Cambrai occupied Venice's mainland territories. After the Venetian withdrawal, Ravenna was again ruled by legates of the Pope as part of the Papal States. The Papal States retained control of Ravenna as the war continued, however in 1511, the Pope created a new alliance with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire against France. In the conflict that ensued, France besieged Ravenna and then decisively defeated the League's relief forces at the [[Battle of Ravenna (1512)]]. After that victory, the French sacked Ravenna and occupied the city for four months before withdrawing. 

In 1527, notwithstanding their alliance with Pope Clement VII, the Venetians occupied Ravenna and the Romagna, which, however, they were compelled to restore in 1529.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Benigni |first1=U |title=Archdiocese of Ravenna |url=https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/archdiocese-of-ravenna |website=Catholic Answers |publisher=Catholic Answers |access-date=31 March 2025 |date=2025 |archive-date=31 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331210801/https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/archdiocese-of-ravenna |url-status=live }}</ref>  

The city was damaged in a tremendous flood in May 1636. Over the next 300 years, a network of [[canals]] diverted nearby rivers and drained nearby swamps, thus reducing the possibility of flooding and creating a large belt of agricultural land around the city.
[[File:Ravenna quattrino.jpg|thumb|An 18th-century [[quattrino]] from Ravenna depicting [[Apollinaris of Ravenna|Saint Apollinaris]]]]

===Modern age===

In the 17th and 18th Centuries, Ravenna was part of the Papal States up until 1796, when it was annexed into the French puppet state of the [[Cisalpine Republic]] / [[Italian Republic (Napoleonic)|Italian Republic]], and then made part of the [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)]] in 1802. It was returned to the Papal States in 1814. Occupied by Piedmontese troops in 1859, Ravenna and the surrounding [[Romagna]] area became part of the new unified [[unification of Italy|Kingdom of Italy]] in 1861.

During [[World War II]], the town suffered severe damage. Fifty-two Allied bombing raids during the course of the Second World War had taken their toll, destroying some of Ravenna's noteworthy, unequalled early Christian art. Bombs intended for the railway station and its sidings had pulverised the [[San Giovanni Evangelista, Ravenna|Basilica of San Giovanni Evangelista]] in August 1944.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://the-past.com/feature/the-riches-of-ravenna/|title=The riches of Ravenna|date=10 December 2020|access-date=5 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105130752/https://the-past.com/feature/the-riches-of-ravenna/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 November 1944 troops of 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards, 5th Canadian Armoured Division and the British [[27th Lancers]] entered and liberated Ravenna. A total of 937 Commonwealth soldiers who died in the winter of 1944–45 are buried in Ravenna War Cemetery, including 438 Canadians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/history/second-world-war/canada-Italy-1943-to-1945|title=Canada - Italy 1943-1945 - the Second World War - History - Remembrance - Veterans Affairs Canada|date=23 June 2021|access-date=4 December 2019|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507055850/https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/history/second-world-war/canada-Italy-1943-to-1945|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Government==
{{See also|List of mayors of Ravenna}}

==Major monuments==
[[File:Basilica of San Vitale - triumphal arch mosaics.jpg|thumbnail|left|Triumphal arch mosaics of the [[Basilica of San Vitale]]]]
[[File:Mausoleum of Galla Placidia ceiling mosaics.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Garden of Eden]] mosaic in [[mausoleum of Galla Placidia]] (5th century CE)]]
[[File:Ravenna — Arian Baptistry — Ceiling mosaic.jpg|thumb|Arian Baptistry ceiling mosaic]]
[[File:Ravenna_—_Baptistery_of_Neon_mosaic.jpg|thumb|Baptistry of Neon mosaic]]
[[File:Christus Ravenna Mosaic.jpg|thumb|6th-century [[mosaic]] in Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, portrays Jesus long-haired and bearded, dressed in Byzantine style.]]
[[File:Baptistery.Arians02.jpg|The Arian Baptistery|thumb]]
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| image1            = Dante's tomb (Ravenna) - Facade.jpg
| width1            = 105
| alt1              = 
| caption1          = 
| image2            = Dante Alighieri tomb in Ravenna (interior).jpg
| width2            = 110
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = 
| footer            = Dante's tomb exterior and interior, built in 1780
}}

[[File:Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna.JPG|The so-called "Mausoleum of Galla Placidia" in Ravenna|thumb]]
[[File:Theodoric's Palace - Sant'Apollinare Nuovo - Ravenna 2016 (crop).jpg|Mosaic of the Palace of Theodoric in Sant'Apollinare Nuovo|thumb]]
Eight early Christian buildings of Ravenna are inscribed on the [[World Heritage List]]. These are
* [[Baptistery of Neon|Orthodox Baptistery]] also called ''Baptistery of Neon'' ({{circa|430}})
* [[Mausoleum of Galla Placidia]] ({{circa|430}})
* [[Arian Baptistery]] ({{circa|500}})
* [[Archbishop's Chapel, Ravenna|Archiepiscopal Chapel]] ({{circa|500}})
* [[Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo]] ({{circa|500}})
* [[Mausoleum of Theodoric]] (520)
* [[Basilica of San Vitale]] (548)
* [[Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe]] (549)

Other historic sites include:
* The church of [[San Giovanni Evangelista, Ravenna|San Giovanni Evangelista]] is from the 5th century, erected by [[Galla Placidia]] after she survived a storm at sea. It was restored after the World War II bombings. The bell tower contains four bells, the two majors dating back to 1208.
* The 6th-century church of the ''Spirito Santo'', which has been quite drastically altered since the 6th century. It was originally the Arian cathedral. The façade has a 16th-century portico with five arcades.
* The [[Basilica of San Francesco, Ravenna|Basilica of San Francesco]], rebuilt in the 10th–11th centuries over a precedent edifice dedicated to the Apostles and later to St. Peter. Behind the humble brick façade, it has a nave and two aisles. Fragments of mosaics from the first church are visible on the floor, which is usually covered by water after heavy rains (together with the crypt). Here the funeral ceremony of [[Dante Alighieri]] was held in 1321. The poet is buried in a tomb annexed to the church, the local authorities having resisted for centuries all demands by Florence for the return of the remains of its most famous exile.
* The [[Baroque]] church of ''Santa Maria Maggiore'' (525–532, rebuilt in 1671). It houses a picture by [[Luca Longhi]].
* The church of [[San Giovanni Battista, Ravenna|San Giovanni Battista]] (1683), also in Baroque style, with a Middle Ages campanile.
* The basilica of [[Santa Maria in Porto Basilica|Santa Maria in Porto]] (16th century), with a rich façade from the 18th century. It has a nave and two aisles, with a high [[cupola]]. It houses the image of famous ''Greek Madonna'', which was allegedly brought to Ravenna from Constantinople.
* The nearby Communal Gallery has various works from Romagnoli painters.
* The ''Rocca Brancaleone'' (Brancaleone Castle), built by the [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]] in 1457. Once part of the city walls, it is now a public park. It is divided into two parts: the true Castle and the Citadel, the latter having an extent of {{convert|14000|m²|2|abbr=on}}.
* The "so-called Palace of Theodoric", in fact the entrance to the former church of [[Holy Saviour|San Salvatore]]. It includes mosaics from the [[Palace of Theodoric|true palace]] of the Ostrogoth king.
* The church of ''[[Sant'Eufemia, Ravenna|Sant'Eufemia]]'' (18th century), gives access to the so-called Stone Carpets Domus (6th–7th century): this houses splendid mosaics from a Byzantine palace.
* The National Museum
* The [[Archiepiscopal Museum, Ravenna|Archiepiscopal Museum]]
* The [[Capanno Garibaldi]], a [[hunting cabin]] on the road to {{Ill|Porto Corsini|it|}} known for having sheltered [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] on the night of 6–7 August 1849<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=21 May 2022 |title=La storia del capanno Garibaldi, in vetrina al Private Banking foto d'epoca e dipinti |trans-title=The history of the Garibaldi hut on display at Private Banking: Vintage photos and paintings |url=https://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/ravenna/cronaca/la-storia-del-capanno-garibaldi-in-vetrina-al-private-banking-foto-depoca-e-dipinti-5951ef7a |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=[[Il Resto del Carlino]] |language=it}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2022 |title=Al "Private Banking" de La Cassa di Ravenna una nuova mostra dedicata al Capanno Garibaldi |trans-title=At the “Private Banking” of La Cassa di Ravenna, a new exhibition dedicated to the Capanno Garibaldi |url=https://www.ravennanotizie.it/cultura-spettacolo/2022/05/20/al-private-banking-de-la-cassa-di-ravenna-una-nuova-mostra-dedicata-a-il-capanno-garibaldi/ |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=ravennanotizie.it |language=it |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704134405/https://www.ravennanotizie.it/cultura-spettacolo/2022/05/20/al-private-banking-de-la-cassa-di-ravenna-una-nuova-mostra-dedicata-a-il-capanno-garibaldi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Music==
The city annually hosts the [[Ravenna Festival]], one of Italy's prominent classical music gatherings. Opera performances are held at the [[Teatro Comunale Alighieri|Teatro Alighieri]] while concerts take place at the Palazzo Mauro de André as well as in the ancient [[Basilica of San Vitale]] and [[Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe]]. Chicago Symphony Orchestra music director [[Riccardo Muti]], a longtime resident of the city, regularly participates in the festival, which invites orchestras and other performers from around the world.

==In literature==
[[File:Giovanni Mochi - Dante Alighieri in atto di presentare Giotto a Guido da Polenta.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Dante Alighieri]] presenting [[Giotto]] to [[Guido I da Polenta|Guido da Polenta]]'', painting by [[Juan Mochi|Giovanni Mochi]] (19th century), [[Gallery of Modern Art, Florence|Galleria d'Arte Moderna]], Florence]]
 
* After his banishment from his native [[Florence]], [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]] spent most of the rest of his life in Ravenna, and he mentions the city in Canto V of his ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]''.
* Also in the 16th century, [[Nostradamus]] provides four prophecies:
** "The Magnavacca (canal) at Ravenna in great trouble, Canals by fifteen shut up at Fornase", in reference to fifteen French saboteurs.<ref>{{cite book |title=Nostradamus |last=Jones |first=Tom |publisher=Dorrance Publishing |location=Pittsburgh, PA |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2NxuxGqHyJ0C |isbn=978-1-4349-1823-9}}</ref>
** As the place of a battle extending to [[Perugia]] and a sacred escape in its aftermath, leaving rotting horses left to eat.
** In relation to the snatching of a lady "near Ravenna" and then the [[Piedmont|legate of Lisbon]] seizing 70 souls at sea.
** Ravenna is one of three-similarly named contenders for the birth of the third and final [[Antichrist]] who enslaves [[Slovenia]] (see [[Ravne na Koroškem]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Complete Prophesies of Nostradamus |author=Reading, Mario |year=2009 |publisher=Watkins Publishing |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzvcTC3ck8YC |isbn=978-1-906787-39-4}}</ref>
* Ravenna is the setting for ''[[The Witch (play)|The Witch]]'', a play written in the 1610s by [[Thomas Middleton]].
* [[Lord Byron]] lived in Ravenna between 1819 and 1821, led by the love for a local aristocratic and married young woman, [[Teresa, Contessa Guiccioli|Teresa Guiccioli]]. Here he continued ''[[Don Juan (poem)|Don Juan]]'' and wrote ''Ravenna Diary'', ''My Dictionary'' and ''Recollections''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turismo.ra.it/contenuti/index.php?t=scrittori&id=21&cat=3 |title=Sito Ufficiale – Ufficio Turismo del Comune di Ravenna – I grandi scrittori |publisher=Turismo.ra.it |access-date=2009-05-06 |archive-date=2012-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220024101/http://www.turismo.ra.it/contenuti/index.php?t=scrittori&id=21&cat=3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Ravenna is the location where Lionel, the protagonist of [[Mary Shelley]]'s post-apocalyptic novel ''[[The Last Man]]'', comes ashore after losing his companions to a howling storm in the Aegean Sea.
* [[Oscar Wilde]] (1854–1900) wrote a poem ''Ravenna'' in 1878.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.infomotions.com/etexts/literature/english/1800-1899/wilde-ravenna-609.htm |title=''Ravenna'' |access-date=2007-07-12 |archive-date=2021-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214061154/http://www.infomotions.com/etexts/literature/english/1800-1899/wilde-ravenna-609.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Symbolist, lyrical poet [[Alexander Blok]] (1880–1921) wrote a poem entitled ''Ravenna'' (May–June 1909) inspired by his Italian journey (spring 1909).
* During his travels, German poet and philosopher [[Hermann Hesse]] (1877–1962) came across Ravenna and was inspired to write two poems of the city. They are entitled ''Ravenna (1)'' and ''Ravenna (2)''.
* [[T. S. Eliot]]'s (1888–1965) poem "Lune de Miel" (written in French) describes a honeymooning couple from Indiana sleeping not far from the ancient [[Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe]] (just outside Ravenna), famous for the carved capitals of its columns, which depict [[Acanthus (ornament)|acanthus]] leaves buffeted by the wind, unlike the leaves in repose on similar columns elsewhere.
* [[J. R. R. Tolkien|J.R.R. Tolkien]] (1892–1973) may have based his city of [[Gondor|Minas Tirith]] at least in part on Ravenna.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/23/jrr-tolkien-middle-earth-annotated-map-blackwells-lord-of-the-rings?CMP=fb_gu |title=Tolkien's annotated map of Middle-earth discovered inside copy of Lord of the Rings |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=23 October 2015}}</ref>

==In film==
[[Michelangelo Antonioni]] filmed his 1964 movie [[Red Desert (film)|''Red Desert'']] (''Deserto Rosso'') within the industrialised areas of the Pialassa valley.

==Transport==
Ravenna has an important commercial and tourist [[Port of Ravenna|port]].

[[Ravenna railway station]] has direct [[Trenitalia]] service to [[Bologna]], [[Ferrara]], [[Lecce]], [[Milan]], [[Parma]], [[Rimini]], and [[Verona]].

[[Ravenna Airport]] is located in Ravenna. The nearest commercial airports are those of [[Forlì Airport|Forlì]], [[Federico Fellini International Airport|Rimini]] and [[Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport|Bologna]].

Freeways crossing Ravenna include: [[Autostrada A14 (Italy)|A14-bis]] from the hub of Bologna; on the north–south axis of [[European route E45|EU routes E45]] (from Rome) and [[European route E55|E55]] (SS-309 "Romea" from Venice); and on the regional Ferrara-Rimini axis of SS-16 (partially called "Adriatica").

==Amusement parks==
* [[Mirabilandia (Italy)|Mirabilandia]]
* [[Safari Ravenna]]

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}}
Ravenna is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Città gemellate |url=http://www.comune.ra.it/La-Citta/Rapporti-internazionali/Citta-gemellate |website=comune.ra.it |publisher=Ravenna |language=it |access-date=2021-03-28 |archive-date=2016-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311024507/http://www.comune.ra.it/La-Citta/Rapporti-internazionali/Citta-gemellate |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Chichester]], United Kingdom, since 1996
*{{flagicon|DEU}} [[Speyer]], Germany, since 1989
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Chartres]], France, since 1957

==Sports==
The traditional [[Football in Italy|football]] club of the city is [[Ravenna F.C.]] Currently it plays in the fourth tier of Italian football, [[Serie D]].

[[A.P.D. Ribelle 1927]] is the football club of Castiglione di Ravenna, a town to the south of Ravenna.

The beaches of Ravenna hosted the [[2011 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup]], in September 2011.

==People==
*[[Valentinian III]] (419–455), Roman Emperor
*[[Matteo Plazzi]], Italian sailor
*[[Patrizio Ravennate]] (active in the late 14th Century), historian and chronicler
*[[Giacomo Anziani]] (1681–1723), Italian architect, painter, and engraver
*[[Laura Pausini]] (born 1974), Italian pop singer-songwriter, record producer and television personality
*[[Raul Gardini]] (1933–1993), Italian businessman
*[[Franco Manzecchi]] (1931–1979), Jazz drummer
*[[Andrea Montanari]] (born 1965), Italian sprinter
*[[Arcangelo Corelli]] (1653–1713), Baroque violinist and composer
*[[Luigi Legnani]] (1790–1877), guitarist and luthier
*[[Tullio Bassi]] (born 1937), Italian violin maker
*[[Peter Damian]] ({{circa|988}} – 1072 or 1073), Catholic Saint and Cardinal
*[[Francesco Ingoli]] (1578–1649), Theatine scientist, lawyer, and disputer of Galileo
*[[Francesca da Rimini]] (1255 – {{circa|1285}}), historical person
*[[Guido I da Polenta]] (died 1310), lord of Ravenna
*[[Francesco Baracca]] (1888–1918), Italy's top fighter ace of World War I
*[[Federico Caricasulo]] (born 1996), motorcycle road racer
*[[Marco Melandri]] (born 1982), motorcycle road racer
*[[Davide Tardozzi]] (born 1959), Superbike racer and team manager
*[[Ivano Marescotti]] (1946–2023), actor
*[[Amadeus (presenter)]] (born 1962), presenter
*[[Romolo Gessi]] (1831–1881), explorer
*[[Romuald]] ({{circa|951|1025/27}}), abbot, founder of the [[Camaldolese]] order
*[[Marco Dente]] (1493–1527), engraver
*[[Paolo Roversi]] (born 1947), fashion photographer
*[[Camillo Spreti]] (1743–1830), marquis and writer
*[[Angelo Mariani (conductor)]] (1821–1873), conductor
*[[Giuseppe Vitali]] (1875–1932), mathematician
*[[Evangelista Torricelli]] (1606–1647), physicist and mathematician
*[[Federico Marchetti (businessman)]] (born 1969), founder of YOOX
*[[Gianluca Costantini]] (born 1971), artist
*[[Luigi Legnani]] (1790–1877), musician and composer
*[[Luigi Rossini]] (1790–1857), artist
*[[Alex Majoli]] (born 1971), photographer
*[[Gianluca de Lorenzi]] (born 1972), racing driver and team owner
*[[Fabio Fabiani]] (born 1974), racing driver
*[[Eugenio Pisani]] (born 1991), racing driver

==Climate==

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|collapsed = Y
|location =  Ravenna (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1947–present)
|Jan record high C = 20.2
|Feb record high C = 20.3
|Mar record high C = 25.4
|Apr record high C = 31.8
|May record high C = 35.0
|Jun record high C = 36.0
|Jul record high C = 38.4
|Aug record high C = 39.0
|Sep record high C = 34.1
|Oct record high C = 28.3
|Nov record high C = 24.4
|Dec record high C = 21.8
|Jan record low C = -13.8
|Feb record low C = -14.0
|Mar record low C = -5.4
|Apr record low C = -1.8
|May record low C = 2.8
|Jun record low C = 7.0
|Jul record low C = 10.0
|Aug record low C = 11.0
|Sep record low C = 5.8
|Oct record low C = 1.8
|Nov record low C = -3.6
|Dec record low C = -7.8
|Jan high C = 7.6
|Feb high C = 10.2
|Mar high C = 14.3
|Apr high C = 18.3
|May high C = 23.7
|Jun high C = 28.0
|Jul high C = 30.6
|Aug high C = 30.5
|Sep high C = 25.9
|Oct high C = 20.4
|Nov high C = 13.9
|Dec high C = 8.4
| year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 4.4
|Feb mean C = 6.1
|Mar mean C = 9.8
|Apr mean C = 13.7
|May mean C = 18.6
|Jun mean C = 22.7
|Jul mean C = 25.1
|Aug mean C = 25.0
|Sep mean C = 20.8
|Oct mean C = 16.2
|Nov mean C = 10.6
|Dec mean C = 5.2
| year mean C = 
|Jan low C = 1.2
|Feb low C = 1.9
|Mar low C = 5.4
|Apr low C = 9.0
|May low C = 13.5
|Jun low C = 17.5
|Jul low C = 19.6
|Aug low C = 19.5
|Sep low C = 15.6
|Oct low C = 11.9
|Nov low C = 7.3
|Dec low C = 2.1
| year low C = 
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 45
|Feb precipitation mm = 44
|Mar precipitation mm = 53
|Apr precipitation mm = 56
|May precipitation mm = 58
|Jun precipitation mm = 44
|Jul precipitation mm = 49
|Aug precipitation mm = 53
|Sep precipitation mm = 58
|Oct precipitation mm = 55
|Nov precipitation mm = 84
|Dec precipitation mm = 57
|year precipitation mm = 
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 5
| Feb precipitation days = 6
| Mar precipitation days = 6
| Apr precipitation days = 7
| May precipitation days = 7
| Jun precipitation days = 5
| Jul precipitation days = 4
| Aug precipitation days = 4
| Sep precipitation days = 6
| Oct precipitation days = 7
| Nov precipitation days = 8
| Dec precipitation days = 7
| year precipitation days =
| source 1 = Climi e viaggi<ref name=Clim>{{cite web
| url = https://www.climieviaggi.it/clima/italia/ravenna
| title = Clima - Ravenna (Emilia Romagna)
| publisher= Climi e viaggi
| access-date = 8 December 2024}}</ref>
| source 2 = Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (precipitation 1951–1980)<ref name=ISPRA>{{cite web
| url = https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/files/pubblicazioni/SA_55_14_Valori_climatici_normali.pdf
| title = Valori climatici normali di temperatura e precipitazione in Italia
| publisher = Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale
| access-date = 8 December 2024
| archive-date = 22 December 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241222224710/https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/files/pubblicazioni/SA_55_14_Valori_climatici_normali.pdf
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Temperature estreme in Toscana (extremes)<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/ravenna-punta-marina/
|language = it
|title=Ravenna Punta Marina
| publisher = Temperature estreme in Toscana
| access-date = 8 December 2024}}</ref>
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Italy|European Union|Cities}}

==References== 
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources ==
{{See also|Timeline of Ravenna#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Ravenna}}
* Cameron, Averil. "Ravenna: Capital of Empire, Crucible of Europe". ''History Today'' (September 2020) pp 94–97.  
* Janet Nelson, Judith Herrin, ''Ravenna: its role in earlier medieval change and exchange'', London, Institute of Historical Research, 2016, {{ISBN|978-1-909646-14-8}}

==External links==
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12662b.htm Ravenna - Catholic encyclopedia] 
* [https://www.turismo.ra.it/ Tourism and culture] Official website {{in lang|it|en}}
* ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12542 Ravenna, A Study]'' (1913) by [[Edward Hutton (writer)|Edward Hutton]], from [[Project Gutenberg]]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12662b.htm Ravenna's early history and its monuments - Catholic Encyclopedia]


{{Province of Ravenna}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Italy}}
{{Cities in Italy}}
{{Ancient Rome topics|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Subject bar|commons=y|voy=y|wikt=y|s=y}}

[[Category:Ravenna| ]]
[[Category:Capitals of former nations]]
[[Category:Castles in Italy]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Emilia-Romagna]]
[[Category:Former islands of Italy]]
[[Category:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Italy]]
[[Category:Papal States]]
[[Category:Pre-Roman cities in Italy]]
[[Category:Roman harbors in Italy]]
[[Category:Roman sites of Emilia-Romagna]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Italy]]