Editing Ramsey Abbey

{{short description|English Benedictine abbey, now ruins}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox historic site
|name = Ramsey Abbey
|image = Abbey Gate House - geograph.org.uk - 1330157.jpg
|caption = Remains of [[Ramsey Abbey Gatehouse]]
|locmapin = Cambridgeshire
|map_caption = Location of Ramsey Abbey in Cambridgeshire
|coordinates = {{coord|52|26|54|N|0|06|03|W|type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki|display=inline,title}}
|location = [[Ramsey, Cambridgeshire]], England
|area = [[Huntingdonshire]]
|founded = 969
|built = 10th–16th centuries
|demolished = 1537
|architect =
|governing_body = 
|designation1= Scheduled Ancient Monument
|designation1_offname= Ramsey Abbey (remains of)
|designation1_date= 
|designation1_number= 1006838
}}

'''Ramsey Abbey''' was a [[Order of Saint Benedict|Benedictine]] [[abbey]] in [[Ramsey, Cambridgeshire|Ramsey]], [[Huntingdonshire]] (now part of [[Cambridgeshire]]), England. It was founded about AD 969 and [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|dissolved]] in 1539.

The site of the abbey in Ramsey is now a [[Scheduled monument|Scheduled Ancient Monument]].<ref>{{NHLE |num=1006838 |desc=Ramsey Abbey (remains of) |access-date=27 June 2017}}</ref> Most of the abbey's buildings were demolished after the dissolution but surviving structures are [[Listed building#Categories of listed building|Grade I and Grade II* listed]] buildings. [[Ramsey Abbey Gatehouse]] is in the care of the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] and the [[Church of St Thomas à Becket, Ramsey]] was one of the buildings of the abbey.

==The Abbey==
Ramsey Abbey was founded in 969 by [[Oswald of Worcester|Oswald]], [[Bishop of Worcester]] on land donated by [[Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia]] (Earl Ailwyn), where he had already built a wooden chapel for three monks. The foundation was part of the mid-10th century [[English Benedictine reform]],<ref> {{cite ODNB |author=Brooks, N. P. |author-link=Nicholas Brooks (historian) |title=Oswald [St Oswald] |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/20917}}</ref> in which [[Ely Cathedral|Ely]] and [[Peterborough Cathedral|Peterborough]] were also refounded. Æthelwine gave the new foundation properties including an estate at nearby Bodsey and [[Houghton Mill]].<ref name=vch>{{cite book |editor1-last=Page |editor1-first=WH |editor2-last=Proby |editor2-first=Granville |last3=Norris |first3=HE |year=1926 |title=A History of the County of Huntingdon |volume=1 |series=[[Victoria County History]] |place=London |publisher=St Catherine Press |pages=377–385 |url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/hunts/vol1/pp377-385 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Page |editor1-first=WH |editor2-last=Proby |editor2-first=Granville |year=1932 |title=A History of the County of Huntingdon |volume=1 |series=[[Victoria County History]] |place=London |publisher=St Catherine Press |pages=178–81 |url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/hunts/vol2/pp178-181 }}</ref>

The Frankish scholar [[Abbo of Fleury]] came to Ramsey at Oswald's invitation during the period 985–7, when his fortunes at [[Fleury Abbey]] were at a low ebb. He wrote two surviving works for his students while he was there; the ''Passio S. Eadmundi'' and the ''questiones grammaticales''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenfield, Stanley B.|title=A new critical history of Old English literature|date=1986|publisher=New York University Press|others=Calder, Daniel Gillmore., Lapidge, Michael.|isbn=978-0-8147-3855-9|location=New York|oclc=805494651}}</ref>

[[File:Psalter of Oswald - Harley 2904 f3v Crucifixion.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Tinted drawing of the [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Crucifixion]] from the [[Ramsey Psalter]]]] 
The important [[Ramsey Psalter]] or Psalter of Oswald ([[British Library]], [[Harleian Collection|Harley]] MS 2904) is an [[Anglo-Saxon art|Anglo-Saxon]] [[illuminated manuscript|illuminated]] [[psalter]] of the last quarter of the tenth century.<ref>Brown, 119</ref> Certain liturgical features have suggested that it was intended for use at Ramsey Abbey, or for the personal use of Ramsey's founder Oswald of Worcester. This is not to be confused with another Ramsey Psalter in the [[Pierpont Morgan Library]], New York (MS M. 302), made between 1286 and 1316.

Æthelwine at the suggestion of [[Oswald of Worcester]] founded a small hermitage for three hermits with a wooden chapel at a location indicated by the actions of a bull, on the island of Ramsey with impassible [[The Fens|fen]] on three sides. Impressed by the story Oswald sent a prior, [[Germanus of Winchester|Germanus]] and twelve monks from [[Westbury-on-Trym]] to form the Abbey.  Starting in 969, a large stone-built church was built over the next five years. Two towers stood up at the topmost points of the roofs, the smaller one at the front of the church towards the west, 'offered a beautiful sight from afar' to people coming to the island.  The larger one, in the middle of a four-armed structure rested on four columns stabilised by connecting arches.  This abbey building remained until a Norman abbot had a grander church built in the 12th century.

In 1143 [[Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex|Geoffrey de Mandeville]] expelled the monks, used the abbey as a fortress and considerably damaged the buildings. The abbey suffered for three centuries from disputes with the [[Bishop of Ely|bishops of Ely ]] over the manors of [[Chatteris]] and [[Somersham]].<ref>"Houses of Benedictine monks: The abbey of Ramsey." ''A History of the County of Huntingdon'': Volume 1. Eds. William Page, Granville Proby, and H E Norris. London: Victoria County History, 1926. 377-385. British History Online. Retrieved 14 May 2019. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/hunts/vol1/pp377-385.</ref>  It paid 4,000 eels yearly to [[Peterborough Abbey]] for access to its quarries of limestone at [[Barnack]].

In the order of precedence for abbots in Parliament, Ramsey was third after [[Glastonbury Abbey|Glastonbury]] and [[St Alban's Abbey|St Alban's]].<ref name=CE>{{cite Catholic Encyclopedia |wstitle=Ramsey Abbey |volume=12}}</ref>

The abbey was an international centre of Hebrew scholarship in the late Middle Ages. It prospered until the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] in 1537. At the time of the Dissolution there were 34 monks.

In 1787 Mark Noble noted:{{sfn|Noble|1787|pp=18, 19}}
{{quote|
The abbey of Ramsey, i.e. the Ram's isle, was one of the richest foundations in the kingdom: the abbot was mitred, and sat in the house of lords as baron of Broughton; the abbey had 387 [[Hide (unit)|hide]]s of land, 200 of which were in Huntingdonshire: the monks were not famed for their liberality, if we believe the following ancient lines:
:Crowland as courteous, as courteous as may bee,
:Thorney the bane of many a good Tree,
:Ramsey the rich, and Peterborough the proud,
:Sawtry by the way that poor abbay, 
:Gave more almes than all they.}}

==After the Dissolution==
In 1540 [[the Crown]] sold the abbey lands to Sir [[Richard Williams (alias Cromwell)]].<ref name=CE/> He used most of the abbey buildings as a source of stone for walls and cottages at hand, and to provide good [[Barnack stone]] for new buildings. He had part of the [[Ramsey Abbey Gatehouse|abbey gatehouse]] dismantled and re-erected at [[Hinchingbrooke House]]. Much stone was taken to Cambridge to build [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Gonville and Caius]], [[King's College, Cambridge|King's]] and [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity]] colleges. Stone was taken for the tower for the parish church of St Mary the Virgin in [[Godmanchester]]. This included a doorway from the abbey that was dismantled and re-erected as the west doorway of St Mary's. As late as 1672 stone for a new tower for Ramsey's own [[Church of St Thomas à Becket, Ramsey|parish church of St Thomas à Becket]] was also taken from the Abbey.

[[File:Ramsey Abbey 1.jpg|thumb|Ramsey Abbey House, remodelled in 1804–06 by Sir [[John Soane]]]]
Around 1600 Sir [[Henry Williams (alias Cromwell)]] had a house built on the site of the abbey church. Six bays of the 13th-century Lady Chapel survive as the basement of the house.<ref name=NHLE-School>{{NHLE |num=1156544 |desc=Ramsey Abbey School |grade=I |access-date=27 June 2017}}</ref>

In 1737 [[Coulson Fellowes]], later MP for [[Huntingdonshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Huntingdonshire]], bought the house. It passed down through several generations of the family. In 1804–06 [[William Henry Fellowes]] had the abbey house enlarged to designs by Sir [[John Soane]]. In 1889 his son [[Edward Fellowes, 1st Baron de Ramsey|Edward Fellowes]] was created 1st [[Baron de Ramsey]]. In 1931 at the coming of age of [[John Ailwyn Fellowes, 4th Baron de Ramsey]] the family moved its seat to [[Abbots Ripton]] Hall. In 1937 the Fellowes leased the building for 99 years to Ramsey Abbey School. In 1952 Major The Hon. Henry Rogers Broughton gave the gatehouse to the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] in memory of his late wife The Hon. Diana Broughton ({{nee|Fellowes}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=Fellowes Family |url=https://ramseyabbey.co.uk/lords-de-ramsey/ |access-date=12 May 2013 |work=History of Ramsey abbey |publisher=Clive Beeke}}</ref>

==Surviving buildings and artefacts==
[[File:Ramsey Censer and Incense Boat.JPG|thumb|upright|Ramsey Abbey Censer and Incense Boat, early to mid 14th-century, in the [[Victoria and Albert Museum|V&A Museum]], London]]
Ramsey Abbey House, the Gatehouse, and the [[Church of St Thomas à Becket, Ramsey|parish church of St Thomas à Becket]] all survive,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ramseytown.com/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080514202828/http://www.ramseytown.com/homepage.html |archive-date=14 May 2008 |title= Ramsey Town |work=ramseytown.com}}</ref> along with part of the abbey's medieval precinct wall.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1130265 |desc=Precinct wall running along the eastern and southern side of Church Green, along the eastern and southern side of Abbey Green, and along the eastern side of Hollow Lane |grade=II* |access-date=27 June 2017}}</ref>

Ramsey Abbey House, the former 17th century home of Sir Henry Cromwell and latterly the seat of the Fellowes family, is currently part of [[Abbey College, Ramsey]]. The Bodsey [[monastic grange]] survives as the Grade-I listed Bodsey House.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1166717 |desc=Bodsey House, Ramsey |grade=I |access-date= 16 May 2019}}</ref>

The [[Ramsey Abbey Gatehouse|Abbey Gatehouse]] is a [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] property.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/ramsey-abbey-gatehouse/|title=Ramsey Abbey Gatehouse|work=nationaltrust.org.uk}}</ref> This is believed to be an inner gatehouse, the main outer gatehouse was removed by Sir Henry Williams (alias Cromwell), the son and heir of Sir Richard, to form the main gateway to [[Hinchingbrooke House]] in Huntingdon, his newly built winter residence.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hhpac.co.uk/aboutus.htm |title=About Hinchingbrooke House |publisher= Hinchingbrooke House and Performing Arts Centre }}</ref> Today what remains of the gatehouse also forms a part of the Abbey College.{{efn |The new establishment [[Abbey College, Ramsey]] was formed from the amalgamation of Ramsey Abbey School with the adjacent Ailwyn School and has been operational from September 2006, leaving the previous two names defunct.}}

The [[Church of St Thomas à Becket, Ramsey]] was built in about 1180 or 1190 as either the ''[[Hospitium#Medieval Hospitia|hospitium]]'' or the infirmary of the abbey. It was originally an aisled hall with a chapel at the east end with a vestry on the north side and the warden's lodgings on the south, but both these have been demolished. The building was converted into a parish church in about 1222.

When [[Whittlesey Mere]] was drained, a [[thurible]] and other silver items were found in the bed of the mere and, from the ram's head on one of these pieces, were believed to have come from the Abbey.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ramsey Abbey Censer |url=https://ramseyabbey.co.uk/ramsey-abbey-censer-and-incense-boat/ |work=History of Ramsey Abbey |publisher=Clive Beeke}}</ref> The thurible (or [[censer]]),<ref>{{cite web |url= https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O115260/the-ramsey-abbey-censer-censer-unknown/ |title=The Ramsey Abbey Censer |work=Collections |date=25 March 2024 |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum }}</ref> and an incense boat<ref>{{cite web |url= https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O110087/the-ramsey-abbey-incense-boat-incense-boat-unknown/ |title=The Ramsey Abbey Incense Boat |work=Collections |date=25 March 2024 |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum }}</ref> are now in the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Also found in the bed were blocks of quarried stone,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://yaxleyhistory.org/portfolio-view/ramsey-abbey-stones/ |title=Ramsey Abbey Stones |work=Yaxley History |date=12 October 2012 }}</ref> that are conjectured to have fallen from a barge on the way to the Abbey.

==Burials==
*St [[Felix of Burgundy]], whose remains were publicly displayed as relics
*[[Ivo of Ramsey]] who gave his name to [[St Ives, Huntingdonshire]]

==Abbots==
The names of abbots from AD 993 onwards are known.<ref>{{cite web |title=Abbots of Ramsey |url=https://www.ramseyabbey.co.uk/abbots |access-date=27 June 2017 |work=History of Ramsey Abbey |publisher=Clive Beeke}}</ref> Notable among them are:
*[[Eadnoth the Younger]], who was also Bishop of [[Dorchester Abbey|Dorchester]], and was killed at the [[Battle of Assandun]] in 1016 
* Aelfwine, abbot of Ramsey Abbey who witnessed the [[Accord of Winchester]] in 1072
*[[Herbert de Losinga]], the first [[Bishop of Norwich]], who died in 1119
*Reginald, commenced rebuilding of abbey in 1116<ref name=vch/>
*Walter, abbot from 1133 to 1161, during the reign of [[Stephen,_King_of_England|Stephen]] and the invasion of Ramsey by [[Geoffrey_de_Mandeville,_1st_Earl_of_Essex|Geoffrey de Mandeville]], first Earl of Essex.
*Hugh de Sulgrave, 1254-67<ref name=vch/>
*William de Godmanchester, 1276<ref name=vch/>
*Simon de Eye, 1330<ref name=vch/>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
'''Attribution'''
*{{source-attribution|{{cite book |last=Noble |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Noble (biographer) |year=1787 |edition=3 |title=Memoirs of the Protectorate-house of Cromwell: Deduced from an Early Period, and Continued Down to the Present Time,... |volume=1 |place=London |publisher=CGJ and J Robinson |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SFkUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA5 5]–20 }} }}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |editor-last=Lapidge |editor-first=Michael |year=2009 |chapter=Ramsey in the Time of Byrhtferth |title=Byrhtferth of Ramsey: The Lives of St Oswald and St Ecgwine |place=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |pages=xv-xxix |isbn= 978-0-19-955078-4 }}
*{{cite book |last=Pevsner |first=Nikolaus |author-link=Nikolaus Pevsner |year=1968 |title=Bedfordshire and the County of Huntingdon and Peterborough |series=[[Pevsner Architectural Guides#Buildings of England|The Buildings of England]] |place=Harmondsworth |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=0-14-0710-34-5 |pages=330–334 }}
*{{cite book |editor=RCHME |editor-link=Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England |year=1926 |title=An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in Huntingdonshire |place=London |publisher=[[The Stationery Office|His Majesty's Stationery Office]] |pages=204–211 |url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/hunts/ }}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Ramsey Abbey}}
*{{cite web |url= http://www.ramseyabbey.co.uk |title=History of Ramsey Abbey |publisher=Clive Beeke}}
*{{cite web |url= https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/ramsey-abbey-gatehouse |title=Ramsey Abbey Gatehouse |publisher=[[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]}}

{{Benedictine houses of England and Wales}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:969 establishments]]
[[Category:10th-century establishments in England]]
[[Category:1537 disestablishments in England]]
[[Category:Anglo-Saxon monastic houses]]
[[Category:Benedictine monasteries in England]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Huntingdonshire]]
[[Category:Christian monasteries established in the 10th century]]
[[Category:Grade I listed monasteries]]
[[Category:Monasteries in Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Scheduled monuments in Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Ramsey, Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Monasteries dissolved under the English Reformation]]